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Reheman A, Wang Y, Cai H, Wei P, Cao G, Chen X. The Role of Rv1476 in Regulating Stress Response and Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1556-1566. [PMID: 38392218 PMCID: PMC10888442 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is related to many factors, including intracellular survival, cell wall permeability, and cell envelope proteins. However, the biological function of the M. tuberculosis membrane protein Rv1476 remains unclear. To investigate the potential role played by Rv1476, we constructed an Rv1476 overexpression strain and found that overexpression of Rv1476 enhanced the intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis, while having no impact on the growth rate in vitro. Stress experiments demonstrated that the Rv1476 overexpression strain displayed increased susceptibility to different stresses compared to the wild-type strain. Transcriptome analysis showed that Rv1476 overexpression causes changes in the transcriptome of THP-1 cells, and differential genes are mainly enriched in cell proliferation, fatty acid degradation, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and immune response pathways. Rv1476 overexpression inhibited the expression of some anti-tuberculosis-related genes, such as CCL1, IL15, IL16, ISG15, GBP5, IL23, ATG2A, IFNβ, and CSF3. Altogether, we conclude that Rv1476 may play a critical role for M. tuberculosis in macrophage survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikebaier Reheman
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huaiyuan Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pingyang Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Bio-Medical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zhao D, Song YH, Li D, Zhang R, Xu JB, Shi K, Li JM, Leng X, Zong Y, Zeng FL, Gong QL, Du R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3435c regulates inflammatory cytokines and promotes the intracellular survival of recombinant Mycobacteria. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106974. [PMID: 37355194 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacterium that is parasitic in macrophages and show high adaptation to the host's immune response. It can also trigger a complex immune response in the host. This relies on proteins encoded by a series of M. tuberculosis-encoded virulence genes. We found that the M. tuberculosis Rv3435c gene is highly conserved among pathogenic mycobacteria, and might be a virulence gene. To explore the gene function of Rv3435c, we used Mycobacterium smegmatis to construct a recombinant mycobacterium expressing Rv3435c heterologously. The results that Rv3435c is a cell wall-related protein that changes bacterial and colony morphology, inhibits the growth rate of recombinant mycobacteria, and enhances their resistance to various stresses. We also found that the fatty acid levels of the recombinant strain changed. Simultaneously, Rv3435c can inhibit the expression and secretion of inflammatory factors and host cell apoptosis, and enhance the survival of recombinant bacteria in macrophages. Experimental data indicated that Rv3435c might play an important role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Ginseng and Antler Products Testing Center of the Ministry of Agricultural PRC, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hao Song
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Biao Xu
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Li Zeng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China.
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China.
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China.
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3
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Guo F, Wei J, Song Y, Li B, Qian Z, Wang X, Wang H, Xu T. Immunological effects of the PE/PPE family proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255920. [PMID: 37841250 PMCID: PMC10569470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and its incidence and mortality are increasing. The BCG vaccine was developed in the early 20th century. As the most widely administered vaccine in the world, approximately 100 million newborns are vaccinated with BCG every year, which has saved tens of millions of lives. However, due to differences in region and race, the average protective rate of BCG in preventing tuberculosis in children is still not high in some areas. Moreover, because the immune memory induced by BCG will weaken with the increase of age, it is slightly inferior in preventing adult tuberculosis, and BCG revaccination cannot reduce the incidence of tuberculosis again. Research on the mechanism of Mtb and the development of new vaccines against TB are the main strategies for preventing and treating TB. In recent years, Pro-Glu motif-containing (PE) and Pro-Pro-Glu motif-containing (PPE) family proteins have been found to have an increasingly important role in the pathogenesis and chronic protracted infection observed in TB. The development and clinical trials of vaccines based on Mtb antigens are in progress. Herein, we review the immunological effects of PE/PPE proteins and the development of common PE/PPE vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Guo
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yamin Song
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Baiqing Li
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhongqing Qian
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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4
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Li F, Guo X, Bi Y, Jia R, Pitt ME, Pan S, Li S, Gasser RB, Coin LJ, Song J. Digerati - A multipath parallel hybrid deep learning framework for the identification of mycobacterial PE/PPE proteins. Comput Biol Med 2023; 163:107155. [PMID: 37356289 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains a relatively high percentage (10%) of genes that are poorly characterised because of their highly repetitive nature and high GC content. Some of these genes encode proteins of the PE/PPE family, which are thought to be involved in host-pathogen interactions, virulence, and disease pathogenicity. Members of this family are genetically divergent and challenging to both identify and classify using conventional computational tools. Thus, advanced in silico methods are needed to identify proteins of this family for subsequent functional annotation efficiently. In this study, we developed the first deep learning-based approach, termed Digerati, for the rapid and accurate identification of PE and PPE family proteins. Digerati was built upon a multipath parallel hybrid deep learning framework, which equips multi-layer convolutional neural networks with bidirectional, long short-term memory, equipped with a self-attention module to effectively learn the higher-order feature representations of PE/PPE proteins. Empirical studies demonstrated that Digerati achieved a significantly better performance (∼18-20%) than alignment-based approaches, including BLASTP, PHMMER, and HHsuite, in both prediction accuracy and speed. Digerati is anticipated to facilitate community-wide efforts to conduct high-throughput identification and analysis of PE/PPE family members. The webserver and source codes of Digerati are publicly available at http://web.unimelb-bioinfortools.cloud.edu.au/Digerati/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Li
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Xudong Guo
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yue Bi
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Runchang Jia
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Miranda E Pitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Shirui Pan
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Shuqin Li
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lachlan Jm Coin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Jiangning Song
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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5
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Zhuang L, Ye Z, Li L, Yang L, Gong W. Next-Generation TB Vaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1304. [PMID: 37631874 PMCID: PMC10457792 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, BCG demonstrates limited efficacy, particularly in adults. Efforts to develop effective TB vaccines have been ongoing for nearly a century. In this review, we have examined the current obstacles in TB vaccine research and emphasized the significance of understanding the interaction mechanism between MTB and hosts in order to provide new avenues for research and establish a solid foundation for the development of novel vaccines. We have also assessed various TB vaccine candidates, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and the emerging mRNA vaccines as well as virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, which are currently in preclinical stages or clinical trials. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with developing different types of TB vaccines and outlined future directions for TB vaccine research, aiming to expedite the development of effective vaccines. This comprehensive review offers a summary of the progress made in the field of novel TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Linsheng Li
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
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6
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Ramon-Luing LA, Palacios Y, Ruiz A, Téllez-Navarrete NA, Chavez-Galan L. Virulence Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as Modulators of Cell Death Mechanisms. Pathogens 2023; 12:839. [PMID: 37375529 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modulates diverse cell death pathways to escape the host immune responses and favor its dissemination, a complex process of interest in pathogenesis-related studies. The main virulence factors of Mtb that alter cell death pathways are classified according to their origin as either non-protein (for instance, lipomannan) or protein (such as the PE family and ESX secretion system). The 38 kDa lipoprotein, ESAT-6 (early antigen-secreted protein 6 kDa), and another secreted protein, tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT), induces necroptosis, thereby allowing mycobacteria to survive inside the cell. The inhibition of pyroptosis by blocking inflammasome activation by Zmp1 and PknF is another pathway that aids the intracellular replication of Mtb. Autophagy inhibition is another mechanism that allows Mtb to escape the immune response. The enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) protein, other proteins, such as ESX-1, SecA2, SapM, PE6, and certain microRNAs, also facilitate Mtb host immune escape process. In summary, Mtb affects the microenvironment of cell death to avoid an effective immune response and facilitate its spread. A thorough study of these pathways would help identify therapeutic targets to prevent the survival of mycobacteria in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero A Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yadira Palacios
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11200, Mexico
- Department of Biological Systems, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Andy Ruiz
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Norma A Téllez-Navarrete
- Department of Healthcare Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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7
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Kramarska E, De Maio F, Delogu G, Berisio R. Structural Basis of PE_PGRS Polymorphism, a Tool for Functional Modulation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050812. [PMID: 37238682 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mycobacterial PE_PGRS protein family is present only in pathogenic strains of the genus mycobacterium, such as Mtb and members of the MTB complex, suggesting a likely important role of this family in pathogenesis. Their PGRS domains are highly polymorphic and have been suggested to cause antigenic variations and facilitate pathogen survival. The availability of AlphaFold2.0 offered us a unique opportunity to better understand structural and functional properties of these domains and a role of polymorphism in Mtb evolution and dissemination. METHODS We made extensive use of AlphaFold2.0 computations and coupled them with sequence distribution phylogenetic and frequency analyses, and antigenic predictions. RESULTS Modeling of several polymorphic forms of PE_PGRS33, the prototype of the PE_PGRS family and sequence analyses allowed us to predict the structural impact of mutations/deletions/insertions present in the most frequent variants. These analyses well correlate with the observed frequency and with the phenotypic features of the described variants. CONCLUSIONS Here, we provide a thorough description of structural impacts of the observed polymorphism of PE_PGRS33 protein and we correlate predicted structures to the known fitness of strains containing specific variants. Finally, we also identify protein variants associated with bacterial evolution, showing sophisticated modifications likely endowed with a gain-of-function role during bacterial evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kramarska
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavio De Maio
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche E Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Medicine, Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026 Olbia, Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
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8
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A Structural View at Vaccine Development against M. tuberculosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020317. [PMID: 36672252 PMCID: PMC9857197 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading global cause of death from an infectious bacterial agent. Limiting tuberculosis epidemic spread is therefore an urgent global public health priority. As stated by the WHO, to stop the spread of the disease we need a new vaccine, with better coverage than the current Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine. This vaccine was first used in 1921 and, since then, there are still no new licensed tuberculosis vaccines. However, there is extremely active research in the field, with a steep acceleration in the past decades, due to the advance of technologies and more rational vaccine design strategies. This review aims to gather latest updates in vaccine development in the various clinical phases and to underline the contribution of Structural Vaccinology (SV) to the development of safer and effective antigens. In particular, SV and the development of vaccine adjuvants is making the use of subunit vaccines, which are the safest albeit the less antigenic ones, an achievable goal. Indeed, subunit vaccines overcome safety concerns but need to be rationally re-engineered to enhance their immunostimulating effects. The larger availability of antigen structural information as well as a better understanding of the complex host immune response to TB infection is a strong premise for a further acceleration of TB vaccine development.
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Wigger GW, Khani D, Ahmed M, Sayegh L, Auld SC, Fan X, Guidot DM, Staitieh BS. Alcohol impairs recognition and uptake of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by suppressing toll-like receptor 2 expression. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:2214-2224. [PMID: 36281822 PMCID: PMC9772112 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol impairs pulmonary innate immune function and is associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a pattern recognition receptor on alveolar macrophages that recognizes Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The expression of TLR2 depends, in part, on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling. Given our prior work demonstrating the suppression of GM-CSF signaling following chronic alcohol ingestion, we hypothesized that alcohol impairs TLR2 expression via the suppression of GM-CSF and thereby reduces the ability of the macrophage to recognize and phagocytose Mtb. METHODS Primary alveolar macrophages were isolated from control-fed and alcohol-fed rats. Prior to cell isolation, some alcohol-fed rats were treated with intranasal GM-CSF and then endotracheally inoculated with an attenuated strain of Mtb. Primary macrophages were then isolated and immunofluorescence was used to determine phagocytic efficiency and TLR2 expression in the presence and absence of GM-CSF treatment and phagocytic efficiency in the presence and absence of TLR2 neutralization. RESULTS TLR2 expression and phagocytosis of Mtb were significantly lower in the alveolar macrophages of alcohol-fed rats than control-fed rats. In parallel, blocking TLR2 signaling recapitulated this decreased phagocytosis of Mtb. In contrast, intranasal GM-CSF treatment restored TLR2 expression and Mtb phagocytosis in the alveolar macrophages of alcohol-fed rats to levels comparable to those of control-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcohol ingestion reduces TLR2 protein expression and phagocytosis of Mtb, likely due to impaired GM-CSF signaling. GM-CSF restores membrane-bound TLR2 expression and phagocytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Wigger
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Darya Khani
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariam Ahmed
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Layal Sayegh
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara C Auld
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xian Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David M Guidot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bashar S Staitieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Berisio R. Molecular Immunology in Bacterial Vaccine Discovery. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233803. [PMID: 36497063 PMCID: PMC9736273 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a difficult challenge, as underscored by the World Health Organization (WHO), which identifies AMR as one of the three greatest threats to human health [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, Via Pietri Castellino 111, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
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11
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Nisa A, Kipper FC, Panigrahy D, Tiwari S, Kupz A, Subbian S. Different modalities of host cell death and their impact on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1444-C1474. [PMID: 36189975 PMCID: PMC9662802 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00246.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB), a leading infectious disease of humans worldwide. One of the main histopathological hallmarks of TB is the formation of granulomas comprised of elaborately organized aggregates of immune cells containing the pathogen. Dissemination of Mtb from infected cells in the granulomas due to host and mycobacterial factors induces multiple cell death modalities in infected cells. Based on molecular mechanism, morphological characteristics, and signal dependency, there are two main categories of cell death: programmed and nonprogrammed. Programmed cell death (PCD), such as apoptosis and autophagy, is associated with a protective response to Mtb by keeping the bacteria encased within dead macrophages that can be readily phagocytosed by arriving in uninfected or neighboring cells. In contrast, non-PCD necrotic cell death favors the pathogen, resulting in bacterial release into the extracellular environment. Multiple types of cell death in the PCD category, including pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, ETosis, parthanatos, and PANoptosis, may be involved in Mtb infection. Since PCD pathways are essential for host immunity to Mtb, therapeutic compounds targeting cell death signaling pathways have been experimentally tested for TB treatment. This review summarizes different modalities of Mtb-mediated host cell deaths, the molecular mechanisms underpinning host cell death during Mtb infection, and its potential implications for host immunity. In addition, targeting host cell death pathways as potential therapeutic and preventive approaches against Mtb infection is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Franciele C Kipper
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas, El Paso, Texas
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
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12
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Ruggiero A, Choi HG, Barra G, Squeglia F, Back YW, Kim HJ, Berisio R. Structure based design of effective HtpG-derived vaccine antigens against M. tuberculosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:964645. [PMID: 36032688 PMCID: PMC9403545 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.964645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development against Tuberculosis is a strong need, given the low efficacy of the sole vaccine hitherto used, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine. The chaperone-like protein HtpGMtb of M. tuberculosis is a large dimeric and multi-domain protein with promising antigenic properties. We here used biophysical and biochemical studies to improve our understanding of the structural basis of HtpGMtb functional role and immunogenicity, a precious information to engineer improved antigens. We showed that HtpGMtb is a dimeric nucleotide-binding protein and identified the dimerisation interface on the C-terminal domain of the protein. We also showed that the most immunoreactive regions of the molecule are located on the C-terminal and middle domains of the protein, whereas no role is played by the catalytic N-terminal domain in the elicitation of the immune response. Based on these observations, we experimentally validated our predictions in mice, using a plethora of immunological assays. As an outcome, we designed vaccine antigens with enhanced biophysical properties and ease of production, albeit conserved or enhanced antigenic properties. Our results prove the efficacy of structural vaccinology approaches in improving our understanding of the structural basis of immunogenicity, a precious information to engineer more stable, homogeneous, efficiently produced, and effective vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ruggiero
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Han-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Giovanni Barra
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Young Woo Back
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hwa-Jung Kim, ; Rita Berisio,
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, Napoli, Italy
- *Correspondence: Hwa-Jung Kim, ; Rita Berisio,
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13
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Liu H, Gui X, Chen S, Fu W, Li X, Xiao T, Hou J, Jiang T. Structural Variability of Lipoarabinomannan Modulates Innate Immune Responses within Infected Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030361. [PMID: 35159170 PMCID: PMC8834380 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is an intracellular pathogen persisting in phagosomes that has the ability to escape host immune surveillance causing tuberculosis (TB). Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), as a glycolipid, is one of the complex outermost components of the mycobacterial cell envelope and plays a critical role in modulating host responses during M. tb infection. Different species within the Mycobacterium genus exhibit distinct LAM structures and elicit diverse innate immune responses. However, little is known about the mechanisms. In this study, we first constructed a LAM-truncated mutant with fewer arabinofuranose (Araf) residues named M. sm-ΔM_6387 (Mycobacterium smegmatis arabinosyltransferase EmbC gene knockout strain). It exhibited some prominent cell wall defects, including tardiness of mycobacterial migration, loss of acid-fast staining, and increased cell wall permeability. Within alveolar epithelial cells (A549) infected by M. sm-ΔM_6387, the uptake rate was lower, phagosomes with bacterial degradation appeared, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) recruitment was enhanced compared to wild type Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis). We further confirmed that the variability in the removal capability of M. sm-ΔM_6387 resulted from host cell responses rather than the changes in the mycobacterial cell envelope. Moreover, we found that M. sm-ΔM_6387 or its glycolipid extracts significantly induced expression changes in some genes related to innate immune responses, including Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), class A scavenger receptor (SR-A), Rubicon, LC3, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Bcl-2, and Bax. Therefore, our studies suggest that nonpathogenic M. smegmatis can deposit LC3 on phagosomal membranes, and the decrease in the quantity of Araf residues for LAM molecules not only impacts mycobacterial cell wall integrity but also enhances host defense responses against the intracellular pathogens and decreases phagocytosis of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Xuwen Gui
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Shixing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Microsystem, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China;
| | - Weizhe Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Tingyuan Xiao
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-411-8611-0350
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