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Ye JJ, Bao P, Deng K, Dong X, He J, Xia Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Tang Y, Feng J, Zhang XZ. Engineering cancer cell membranes with endogenously upregulated HSP70 as a reinforced antigenic repertoire for the construction of material-free prophylactic cancer vaccines. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:386-399. [PMID: 38016511 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells distinguish cancer cells mainly relying on their membrane-membrane communication. The major challenge of cancer vaccines exists in difficult identification of cancer neoantigens and poor understanding over immune recognition mechanisms against cancer cells, particularly the combination among multiple antigens and the cooperation between antigens and immune-associated proteins. We exploit cancer cell membranes as the whole cancer antigen repertoire and reinforce its immunogenicity by cellular engineering to modulate the cytomembrane's immune-associated functions. This study reports a vaccine platform based on radiation-engineered cancer cells, of which the membrane HSP70 protein as the immune chaperon/traitor is endogenously upregulated. The resulting positive influences are shown to cover immunogenic steps occurring in antigen-presenting cells, including the uptake and the cross-presentation of the cancer antigens, thus amplifying cancer-specific immunogenicity. Membrane vaccines offer chances to introduce desired metal ions through membrane-metal complexation. Using Mn2+ ion as the costimulatory interferon genes agonist, immune activity is enhanced to further boost adaptive cancer immunogenicity. Results have evidenced that this artificially engineered membrane vaccine with favorable bio-safety could considerably reduce tumorigenicity and inhibit tumor growth. This study provides a universally applicable and facilely available cancer vaccine platform by artificial engineering of cancer cells to inherit and amplify the natural merits of cancer cell membranes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The major challenge of cancer vaccines exists in difficult identification of cancer neoantigens and poor understanding over immune recognition mechanisms against cancer cells, particularly the combination among multiple antigens and the cooperation between antigens and immune-associated proteins. Cancer cell membrane presents superior advantages as the whole cancer antigen repertoire, including the reported and the unidentified antigens, but its immunogenicity is far from satisfactory. Cellular engineering approaches offer chances to endogenously modulate the immune-associated functions of cell membranes. Such a reinforced vaccine based on the engineered cancer cell membranes matches better the natural immune recognition pathway than the conventional vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Peng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xue Dong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jinlian He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM) School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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2
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Chen YJ, Cheng SY, Liu CH, Tsai WC, Wu HH, Huang MD. Exploration of the truncated cytosolic Hsp70 in plants - unveiling the diverse T1 lineage and the conserved T2 lineage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1279540. [PMID: 38034583 PMCID: PMC10687569 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1279540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) are chaperone proteins involved in protein folding processes. Truncated Hsp70 (Hsp70T) refers to the variant lacking a conserved C-terminal motif, which is crucial for co-chaperone interactions or protein retention. Despite their significance, the characteristics of Hsp70Ts in plants remain largely unexplored. In this study, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of 192 sequenced plant and green algae genomes to investigate the distribution and features of Hsp70Ts. Our findings unveil the widespread occurrence of Hsp70Ts across all four Hsp70 forms, including cytosolic, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial, and chloroplast Hsp70s, with cytosolic Hsp70T being the most prevalent and abundant subtype. Cytosolic Hsp70T is characterized by two distinct lineages, referred to as T1 and T2. Among the investigated plant and green algae species, T1 genes were identified in approximately 60% of cases, showcasing a variable gene count ranging from one to several dozens. In contrast, T2 genes were prevalent across the majority of plant genomes, usually occurring in fewer than five gene copies per species. Sequence analysis highlights that the putative T1 proteins exhibit higher similarity to full-length cytosolic Hsp70s in comparison to T2 proteins. Intriguingly, the T2 lineage demonstrates a higher level of conservation within their protein sequences, whereas the T1 lineage presents a diverse range in the C-terminal and SBDα region, leading to categorization into four distinct subtypes. Furthermore, we have observed that T1-rich species characterized by the possession of 15 or more T1 genes exhibit an expansion of T1 genes into tandem gene clusters. The T1 gene clusters identified within the Laurales order display synteny with clusters found in a species of the Chloranthales order and another species within basal angiosperms, suggesting a conserved evolutionary relationship of T1 gene clusters among these plants. Additionally, T2 genes demonstrate distinct expression patterns in seeds and under heat stress, implying their potential roles in seed development and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sou-Yu Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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3
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Yingsunthonwattana W, Junprung W, Supungul P, Tassanakajon A. Heat shock protein 90 of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is possibly involved in promoting white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:405-418. [PMID: 35964878 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viruses cause up to 60% of disease-associated losses in shrimp aquaculture, and the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major viral pathogen in shrimp. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are host chaperones that help promote many viral infections. We investigated the involvement of Litopenaeus vannamei (Lv) HSP90 in WSSV infections. Expression of LvHSP90 at the transcript and protein levels were upregulated after WSSV infection. Silencing LvHSP90 resulted in the increased cumulative mortality rate and the reduction of circulating hemocytes. The inhibition of LvHSP90 also induced the expression of apoptosis-related genes which indicated the induction of apoptotic pathway and might lead to shrimp death. However, lower the number of WSSV-infected cells and viral copy numbers were detected in the LvHSP90-silenced shrimp compared with those of the controls, corresponding with significantly decreased expressions of viral genes, including the immediate-early genes WSV083 and WSV249 and viral DNA polymerase. Conversely, injecting shrimp with WSSV that had been co-incubated with a recombinant LvHSP90 (rLvHSP90) promoted WSSV infection as evidenced by an increased cumulative mortality rate and viral copy numbers at 40-48 h post infection (hpi). Subcellular localization of LvHSP90 in WSSV-infected hemocytes at 3, 6 and 12 hpi demonstrated increased expression and translocation of LvHSP90 into the nucleus where WSSV DNA can replicate. Thus, LvHSP90 might be involved in the WSSV pathogenesis by promoting WSSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warumporn Yingsunthonwattana
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wisarut Junprung
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Premruethai Supungul
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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4
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Seth P. Insights Into the Role of Mortalin in Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:903031. [PMID: 35859895 PMCID: PMC9292388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortalin is a chaperone protein that regulates physiological functions of cells. Its multifactorial role allows cells to survive pathological conditions. Pharmacological, chemical, and siRNA-mediated downregulation of mortalin increases oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction leading to unregulated inflammation. In addition to its well-characterized function in controlling oxidative stress, mitochondrial health, and maintaining physiological balance, recent evidence from human brain autopsies and cell culture–based studies suggests a critical role of mortalin in attenuating the damage seen in several neurodegenerative diseases. Overexpression of mortalin provides an important line of defense against accumulated proteins, inflammation, and neuronal loss, a key characteristic feature observed in neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of progressive disorders, sharing pathological features in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Aggregation of insoluble amyloid beta-proteins and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease are among the leading cause of neuropathology in the brain. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the degeneration of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. A substantial synaptic loss leading to cognitive decline is the hallmark of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Brain autopsies and cell culture studies showed reduced expression of mortalin in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and HAND cases and deciphered the important role of mortalin in brain cells. Here, we discuss mortalin and its regulation and describe how neurotoxic conditions alter the expression of mortalin and modulate its functions. In addition, we also review the neuroprotective role of mortalin under neuropathological conditions. This knowledge showcases the importance of mortalin in diverse brain functions and offers new opportunities for the development of therapeutic targets that can modulate the expression of mortalin using chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Seth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
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5
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Kitchen LC, Berman M, Halper J, Chazot P. Rationale for 1068 nm Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) as a Novel, Non-Invasive Treatment for COVID-19 and Other Coronaviruses: Roles of NO and Hsp70. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095221. [PMID: 35563611 PMCID: PMC9105035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers from across the world are seeking to develop effective treatments for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which arose as a major public health issue in 2019, and was declared a pandemic in early 2020. The pro-inflammatory cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple-organ failure, neurological problems, and thrombosis have all been linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) fatalities. The purpose of this review is to explore the rationale for using photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) of the particular wavelength 1068 nm as a therapy for COVID-19, investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Our findings illustrate the efficacy of PBMT 1068 nm for cytoprotection, nitric oxide (NO) release, inflammation changes, improved blood flow, and the regulation of heat shock proteins (Hsp70). We propose, therefore, that PBMT 1068 is a potentially effective and innovative approach for avoiding severe and critical illness in COVID-19 patients, although further clinical evidence is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C. Kitchen
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
| | - Marvin Berman
- Quietmind Foundation, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA; (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - James Halper
- Quietmind Foundation, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA; (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Paul Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
- Correspondence:
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6
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Jia J, Liu G, Zhong J, Yan R, Song X, Zheng K, Ren Z, He Z, Zhu Q. Heat Shock Protein A6 Is Especially Involved in Enterovirus 71 Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:865644. [PMID: 35308396 PMCID: PMC8931677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.865644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection is still a major infectious disease threatening children’s life and health in the absence of effective antiviral drugs due to its high prevalence and neurovirulence. A study of EV71-specific host response might shed some light on the reason behind its unique epidemiologic features and help to find means to conquer EV71 infection. We reported that host heat shock protein A6 (HSPA6) was induced by EV71 infection and involved infection in both Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and neurogliocytes. Most importantly, we found that EV71 did not induce the expression of other heat shock proteins HSPA1, HSPA8, and HSPB1 under the same conditions, and other HFMD-associated viruses including CVA16, CVA6, CVA10, and CVB1-3 did not induce the upregulation of HSPA6. In addition, EV71 infection enhanced the cytoplasmic aggregation of HSPA6 and its colocalization with viral capsid protein VP1. These findings suggest that HSPA6 is a potential EV71-specific host factor worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyan Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ge Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xun Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhendan He
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhendan He,
| | - Qinchang Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Qinchang Zhu,
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7
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Jaishankar D, Cosgrove C, Ramesh P, Mahon J, Shivde R, Dellacecca ER, Yang SF, Mosenson J, Guevara-Patiño JA, Le Poole IC. HSP70i Q435A to subdue autoimmunity and support anti-tumor responses. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:845-857. [PMID: 34542825 PMCID: PMC8492854 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing immunosuppressive therapies for autoimmune diseases comes with a caveat that immunosuppression may promote the risk of developing other conditions or diseases. We have previously shown that biolistic delivery of an expression construct encoding inducible HSP70 (HSP70i) with one amino acid modification in the dendritic cell (DC) activating moiety 435-445 (HSP70iQ435A) to mouse skin resulted in significant immunosuppressive activity of autoimmune vitiligo, associated with fewer tissue infiltrating T cells. To prepare HSP70iQ435A as a potential therapeutic for autoimmune vitiligo, in this study we evaluated whether and how biolistic delivery of HSP70iQ435A in mice affects anti-tumor responses. We found that HSP70iQ435A in fact supports anti-tumor responses in melanoma-challenged C57BL/6 mice. Biolistic delivery of the HSP70iQ435A-encoding construct to mice elicited significant anti-HSP70 titers, and anti-HSP70 IgG and IgM antibodies recognize surface-expressed and cytoplasmic HSP70i in human and mouse melanoma cells. A peptide scan revealed that the anti-HSP70 antibodies recognize a specific C-terminal motif within the HSP70i protein. The antibodies elicited surface CD107A expression among mouse NK cells, representative of antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), supporting the concept, that HSP70iQ435A-encoding DNA elicits a humoral response to the stress protein expressed selectively on the surface of melanoma cells. Thus, besides limiting autoimmunity and inflammation, HSP70iQ435A elicits humoral responses that limit tumor growth and may be used in conjunction with immune checkpoint inhibitors to not only control tumor but to also limit adverse events following tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Dermatology & Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Cormac Cosgrove
- Department of Dermatology & Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Prathyaya Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology & Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James Mahon
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rohan Shivde
- Department of Dermatology & Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emilia R Dellacecca
- Department of Dermatology & Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shiayin F Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mosenson
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - José A Guevara-Patiño
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - I Caroline Le Poole
- Department of Dermatology & Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Cano I, Santos EM, Moore K, Farbos A, van Aerle R. Evidence of Transcriptional Shutoff by Pathogenic Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus in Rainbow Trout. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061129. [PMID: 34208332 PMCID: PMC8231187 DOI: 10.3390/v13061129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basis of pathogenicity of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was analysed in the transcriptome of a rainbow trout cell line inoculated with pathogenic and non-pathogenic VHSV isolates. Although both VHSV isolates showed similar viral replication patterns, the number of differentially expressed genes was 42-fold higher in cells inoculated with the non-pathogenic VHSV at 3 h post inoculation (hpi). Infection with the non-pathogenic isolate resulted in Gene Ontologies (GO) enrichment of terms such as immune response, cytokine-mediated signalling pathway, regulation of translational initiation, unfolded protein binding, and protein folding, and induced an over-representation of the p53, PPAR, and TGF-β signalling pathways. Inoculation with the pathogenic isolate resulted in the GO enrichment of terms related to lipid metabolism and the salmonella infection KEGG pathway involved in the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Antiviral response was evident at 12hpi in cells infected with the pathogenic isolate. Overall, the data showed a delay in the response of genes involved in immune responses and viral sensing in cells inoculated with the pathogenic isolate and suggest transcriptional shutoff and immune avoidance as a critical mechanism of pathogenicity in VHSV. These pathways offer opportunities to further understand and manage VHSV pathogenicity in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, Dorset, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduarda M. Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK;
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Karen Moore
- Exeter Sequencing Service, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK; (K.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Audrey Farbos
- Exeter Sequencing Service, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK; (K.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, Dorset, UK;
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
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9
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de Oliveira AA, Nunes KP. Crosstalk of TLR4, vascular NADPH oxidase, and COVID-19 in diabetes: What are the potential implications? Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 139:106879. [PMID: 34051372 PMCID: PMC8152239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) contributes to the pathophysiology of diabetes. This happens, at least in part, because TLR4 modulates the enzyme NADPH oxidase, a primary source of ROS in vascular structures. Increased oxidative stress disrupts key vascular signaling mechanisms and drives the progression of diabetes, elevating the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases. Recently, it has been shown that patients with diabetes are also at a higher risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given the importance of the interaction between TLR4 and NADPH oxidase to the disrupted diabetic vascular system, we put forward the hypothesis that TLR4-mediated NADPH oxidase-derived ROS might be a critical mechanism to help explain why this disparity appears in diabetic patients, but unfortunately, conclusive experimental evidence still lacks in the literature. Herein, we focus on discussing the pathological implications of this signaling communication in the diabetic vasculature and exploring this crosstalk in the context of diabetes-associated severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Almeida de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, United States
| | - Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, United States.
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10
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Li S, Liu W, Chen Y, Wang L, An W, An X, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H, Lu C. Transcriptome analysis of cepharanthine against a SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:1378-1386. [PMID: 33423067 PMCID: PMC7929461 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral therapies targeting the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently required. We studied an already-approved botanical drug cepharanthine (CEP) in a cell culture model of GX_P2V, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related virus. RNA-sequencing results showed the virus perturbed the expression of multiple genes including those associated with cellular stress responses such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)-mediated heat shock response, of which heat shock response-related genes and pathways were at the core. CEP was potent to reverse most dysregulated genes and pathways in infected cells including ER stress/unfolded protein response and HSF1-mediated heat shock response. Additionally, single-cell transcriptomes also confirmed that genes of cellular stress responses and autophagy pathways were enriched in several peripheral blood mononuclear cells populations from COVID-19 patients. In summary, this study uncovered the transcriptome of a SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus infection model and anti-viral activities of CEP, providing evidence for CEP as a promising therapeutic option for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Wenli Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Yangzhen Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Liqin Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Wenlin An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Xiaoping An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Lihua Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Huahao Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Chenyang Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
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11
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Reynard S, Gloaguen E, Baillet N, Madelain V, Guedj J, Raoul H, de Lamballerie X, Mullaert J, Baize S. Early control of viral load by favipiravir promotes survival to Ebola virus challenge and prevents cytokine storm in non-human primates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009300. [PMID: 33780452 PMCID: PMC8031739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus has been responsible for two major epidemics over the last several years and there has been a strong effort to find potential treatments that can improve the disease outcome. Antiviral favipiravir was thus tested on non-human primates infected with Ebola virus. Half of the treated animals survived the Ebola virus challenge, whereas the infection was fully lethal for the untreated ones. Moreover, the treated animals that did not survive died later than the controls. We evaluated the hematological, virological, biochemical, and immunological parameters of the animals and performed proteomic analysis at various timepoints of the disease. The viral load strongly correlated with dysregulation of the biological functions involved in pathogenesis, notably the inflammatory response, hemostatic functions, and response to stress. Thus, the management of viral replication in Ebola virus disease is of crucial importance in preventing the immunopathogenic disorders and septic-like shock syndrome generally observed in Ebola virus-infected patients. Ebola virus was responsible for several epidemics in the recent years and is now considered as a major public health concern in Central and West African countries. We and others demonstrated that pathogenic events observed during Ebola virus disease are linked to a deleterious immune response. However, the mechanisms implicated are not fully understood. Here, we studied immune responses depending on the viral loads observed in infected cynomolgus monkeys. An antiviral treatment allowed the reduction of viral load in some animals and we observed that these animals did not experience deleterious immune response and the loss of hemostasis. The release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns may thus be limited by the inhibition of viral replication, avoiding the overstimulation of the immune system and consequently the pathogenic events observed in Ebola virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Reynard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Nicolas Baillet
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Raoul
- Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux–INSERM, INSERM US003, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE Aix-Marseille Université-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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12
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Perez C, Rico J, Guerrero C, Acosta O. Role of heat-shock proteins in infection of human adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 by tumor-adapted rotavirus isolates. COLOMBIA MEDICA (CALI, COLOMBIA) 2021; 52:e2024196. [PMID: 33911319 PMCID: PMC8054709 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v51i4.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Viruses are being used as alternative and complementary tools for treating cancers. Oncolytic viruses exhibit tumor tropism, ability to enhance anti-tumor immunity and ability to be used in combination with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We have recently selected some rotavirus isolates which are adapted to efficiently infect and kill tumor cell lines. Aim: We tested five tumor cell-adapted rotavirus isolates for their ability to infect the human adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. Methods: Cell surface membrane-associated proteins mediating virus particle attachment were characterized using ELISA, immunoprecipitation, FACS analysis, and antibody blocking. Results: It was found that heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp60, and Hsp40 are expressed on the cell surface forming complexes with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), integrin β3, and heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) in lipid raft microdomains. Interaction of rotavirus isolates with these cellular proteins was further confirmed by a competition assay and an inhibition assay involving the HSPs tested. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the tumor cell-adapted rotavirus isolates studied here offer a promising tool for killing tumor cells, thus encouraging further research into this topic, including animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Perez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Bogota, D.C., Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiological Sciences Bogota Colombia
| | - José Rico
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Bogota, D.C., Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiological Sciences Bogota Colombia
| | - Carlos Guerrero
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Bogota, D.C., Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiological Sciences Bogota Colombia
| | - Orlando Acosta
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Bogota, D.C., Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiological Sciences Bogota Colombia
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13
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Lai CF, Wang TY, Yeh MI, Chen TY. Characterization of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) interferon regulatory factor 4 regulated by heat shock factor 1 during heat stress in response to antiviral immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:755-767. [PMID: 32858187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), in conjunction with thermogenic regulation, is a negative regulator of immune responses. Therefore, we examined whether temperature changes regulated the antiviral response of IRF4 in nervous necrosis virus (NNV)-infected orange-spotted groupers. We found that osgIRF4 mRNA expression was responsive to poly I:C stimulation and NNV infection. In vitro overexpression of osgIRF4 caused a marked decrease in the promoter activity of the antiviral protein Mx1, and magnified NNV replication. Notably, we showed that the IAD domain of osgIRF4 exerted a dominant inhibitory effect on the Mx1 promoter. Furthermore, on exposure to high temperatures, the action of osgIRF4 was dependent on heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) expression. Additionally, small interfering RNA knockdown of HSF1 abrogated high temperature-mediated osgIRF4 activity. These findings suggest that osgIRF4 is an essential negative regulator of innate antiviral immunity and enhances viral replication during heat stress in the orange-spotted grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Foong Lai
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Min-I Yeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yueh Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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14
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The Role of Molecular Chaperones in Virus Infection and Implications for Understanding and Treating COVID-19. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113518. [PMID: 33143379 PMCID: PMC7693988 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic made imperative the search for means to end it, which requires a knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning the multiplication and spread of its cause, the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Many viruses use members of the hosts’ chaperoning system to infect the target cells, replicate, and spread, and here we present illustrative examples. Unfortunately, the role of chaperones in the SARS-CoV-2 cycle is still poorly understood. In this review, we examine the interactions of various coronaviruses during their infectious cycle with chaperones in search of information useful for future research on SARS-CoV-2. We also call attention to the possible role of molecular mimicry in the development of autoimmunity and its widespread pathogenic impact in COVID-19 patients. Viral proteins share highly antigenic epitopes with human chaperones, eliciting anti-viral antibodies that crossreact with the chaperones. Both, the critical functions of chaperones in the infectious cycle of viruses and the possible role of these molecules in COVID-19 autoimmune phenomena, make clear that molecular chaperones are promising candidates for the development of antiviral strategies. These could consist of inhibiting-blocking those chaperones that are necessary for the infectious viral cycle, or those that act as autoantigens in the autoimmune reactions causing generalized destructive effects on human tissues.
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Yu F, Wang L, Li W, Wang H, Que S, Lu L. Aquareovirus NS31 protein serves as a specific inducer for host heat shock 70-kDa protein. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:145-155. [PMID: 31859614 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of heat-shock protein expression, known as cellular heat-shock responses, occurs during infection of many viruses, which is involved in viral replication through various mechanisms. Herein, transcriptome analysis revealed that over-expression of non-structural protein NS31 of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney (CIK) cells specifically induced expression of heat-shock response (HSR) genes HSP30 and HSP70. We further found that, among the HSR genes, only HSP70 protein were shown to be efficiently induced in fish cells following NS31 over-expression or GCRV infection. Employing a luciferase assay, we were able to show that the promoter of the HSP70 gene can be specifically activated by NS31. In addition, over-expressing HSP70 in grass carp CIK cells resulted in enhanced replication efficiency of GCRV, and an inhibitor for HSP70 resulted in the inhibition of GCRV replication, indicating that HSP70 should serve as a pro-viral factor. We also found that NS31 could activate HSP70 expression in cells of other vertebrate animals. Similar inducing effect on HSP70 expression was demonstrated for NS31-homologue proteins of other aquareoviruses including American grass carp reovirus (AGCRV) and GRCV (green river chinook virus). All these results indicated NS31 proteins in the Aquareovirus genus should play a key role for up-regulating specific HSP70 gene during viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Institute of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Longlong Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wanjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shunzheng Que
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
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Assessing the oncolytic potential of rotavirus on mouse myeloma cell line Sp2/0-Ag14. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 40:362-381. [PMID: 32673463 PMCID: PMC7505517 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, surpassed only by cardiovascular disease. However, cancer has now overtaken cardiovascular disease as the main cause of death in 12 countries in Western Europe. The burden of cancer is posing a major challenge to health care systems worldwide and demanding improvements in methods for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Alternative and complementary strategies for orthodox surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy need to be developed. OBJECTIVE To determine the oncolytic potential of tumor cell-adapted rotavirus in terms of their ability to infect and lysate murine myeloma Sp2/0-Ag14 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We inoculated rotaviruses Wt1-5, WWM, TRUYO, ECwt-O, and WTEW in Sp2/0-Ag14 cells and we examined their infectious effects by immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and DNA fragmentation assays. RESULTS Rotavirus infection involved the participation of some heat shock proteins, of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and integrin β3. We detected the accumulation of viral antigens within the virus-inoculated cells and in the culture medium in all the rotavirus isolates examined. The rotavirus-induced cell death mechanism in Sp2/0-Ag14 cells involved changes in cell membrane permeability, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation, which were compatible with cytotoxicity and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The ability of the rotavirus isolates Wt1-5, WWM, TRUYO, ECwt-O, and WTEW to infect and cause cell death of Sp2/0-Ag14 cells through mechanisms that are compatible with virus-induced apoptosis makes them potential candidates as oncolytic agents.
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Silva FRD, Guerreiro RDC, Andrade HDA, Stieler E, Silva A, de Mello MT. Does the compromised sleep and circadian disruption of night and shiftworkers make them highly vulnerable to 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19)? Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:607-617. [PMID: 32432519 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1756841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rotating and permanent night shiftwork schedules typically result in acute and sometimes chronic sleep deprivation plus acute and sometimes chronic disruption of the circadian time structure. Immune system processes and functionalities are organized as circadian rhythms, and they are also strongly influenced by sleep status. Sleep is a vital behavioral state of living beings and a modulator of immune function and responsiveness. Shiftworkers show increased risk for developing viral infections due to possible compromise of both innate and acquired immunity responses. Short sleep and sleep loss, common consequences of shiftwork, are associated with altered integrity of the immune system. We discuss the possible excess risk for COVID-19 infection in the context of the common conditions among shiftworkers, including nurses, doctors, and first responders, among others of high exposure to the contagion, of sleep imbalance and circadian disruption. ABBREVIATIONS ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC: Antigen.-presenting .cells; CCL: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CD+: .Adhesion molecule expression; COVID-19: 2019 coronavirus disease; DCs: Dendritic cells; GH: Growth hormone; HPA: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; HSF: Heat shock factor; HSP70: Heat shock protein 70; HSP90: Heat shock protein 90; IL: Interleukin; INFγ: Interferon-gamma; LT/LB: T/B lymphocytes; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; NK: Natural .killer; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SARS: .Severe acute respiratory syndrome; SCN: Suprachiasmatic nucleus;SD: Sleep deprivation; SNS: Sympathetic nervous system; Th1/Th2: T helper lymphocytes 1/2; TLR2/TLR4: Toll-like receptor 2/4; TNF-α: Tumor .necrosis .factor alpha; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eduardo Stieler
- Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Aviner R, Frydman J. Proteostasis in Viral Infection: Unfolding the Complex Virus-Chaperone Interplay. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a034090. [PMID: 30858229 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on their hosts for protein synthesis, genome replication, and viral particle production. As such, they have evolved mechanisms to divert host resources, including molecular chaperones, facilitate folding and assembly of viral proteins, stabilize complex structures under constant mutational pressure, and modulate signaling pathways to dampen antiviral responses and prevent premature host death. Biogenesis of viral proteins often presents unique challenges to the proteostasis network, as it requires the rapid and orchestrated production of high levels of a limited number of multifunctional, multidomain, and aggregation-prone proteins. To overcome such challenges, viruses interact with the folding machinery not only as clients but also as regulators of chaperone expression, function, and subcellular localization. In this review, we summarize the main types of interactions between viral proteins and chaperones during infection, examine evolutionary aspects of this relationship, and discuss the potential of using chaperone inhibitors as broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranen Aviner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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Pérez C, Rico J, A. Guerrero C, Acosta O. Role of heat-shock proteins in infection of human adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 by tumor-adapted rotavirus isolates. Colomb Med (Cali) 2020. [DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i1.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Viruses are being used as alternative and complementary tools for treating cancers. Oncolytic viruses exhibit tumor tropism, ability to enhance anti-tumor immunity and ability to be used in combination with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We have recently selected some rotavirus isolates which are adapted to efficiently infect and kill tumor cell lines.
Aim:
We tested five tumor cell-adapted rotavirus isolates for their ability to infect the human adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7.
Methods:
Cell surface membrane-associated proteins mediating virus particle attachment were characterized using ELISA, immunoprecipitation, FACS analysis, and antibody blocking.
Results:
It was found that heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp60, and Hsp40 are expressed on the cell surface forming complexes with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), integrin β3, and heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) in lipid raft microdomains. Interaction of rotavirus isolates with these cellular proteins was further confirmed by a competition assay and an inhibition assay involving the HSPs tested.
Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that the tumor cell-adapted rotavirus isolates studied here offer a promising tool for killing tumor cells, thus encouraging further research into this topic, including animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pérez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - José Rico
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Guerrero
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Orlando Acosta
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
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Vahabpour R, Soleymani S, Roohvand F, Zabihollahi R, Bolhassani A. In Vitro Anti-Viral Effects of Small Heat Shock Proteins 20 and 27: A Novel Therapeutic Approach. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 20:1011-1017. [PMID: 31362669 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190729104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protective effects of heat shock proteins (Hsps) were studied in some infectious and non-infectious diseases, but their specificity was slightly known in various disorders. Among Hsps, small Hsps (e.g. Hsp27 and Hsp20) have important roles in protein folding and translocation, and also in immunity. METHODS In this study, overexpression of Hsp20 and Hsp27 was performed by transfection of the plasmids encoding Hsp20 and Hsp27 (pEGFP-Hsp20 and pEGFP-Hsp27) into Huh7.5, Hela and Vero cells using Lipofectamine along with heat shock. Then, their anti-herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), anti- human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) effects, as well as cytotoxicity, were evaluated in vitro, for the first time. RESULTS Our data showed that simultaneous treatment with Lipofectamine and heat shock augmented the rate of transfection and subsequently the expression of Hsps in these cells. Moreover, overexpression of Hsp20 in HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells, HIV-infected Hela cells and HSV-infected Vero cells reduced the replication of HCV, HIV and HSV, respectively. In contrast, overexpression of Hsp27 significantly decreased HSV replication similar to Hsp20, but it did not affect the replication of HIV and HCV. CONCLUSION Generally, Hsp20 was identified as a novel anti-HCV, anti-HSV and anti-HIV agent, but Hsp27 was efficient in the suppression of HSV infection. These Hsps may act through suppression of virus entry and/ or through interaction with viral proteins. Thus, it is necessary to determine their exact mechanisms in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Vahabpour
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Soleymani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Zabihollahi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Heat shock proteins in infection. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 498:90-100. [PMID: 31437446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are constitutively expressed under physiological conditions in most organisms but their expression can significantly enhance in response to four types of stimuli including physical (e.g., radiation or heat shock), chemical and microbial (e.g., pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi) stimuli, and also dietary. These proteins were identified for their role in protecting cells from high temperature and other forms of stress. HSPs control physiological activities or virulence through interaction with various regulators of cellular signaling pathways. Several roles were determined for HSPs in the immune system including intracellular roles (e.g., antigen presentation and expression of innate receptors) as well as extracellular roles (e.g., tumor immunosurveillance and autoimmunity). It was observed that exogenously administered HSPs induced various immune responses in immunotherapy of cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity. Moreover, virus interaction with HSPs as molecular chaperones showed important roles in regulating viral infections including cell entry and nuclear import, viral replication and gene expression, folding/assembly of viral protein, apoptosis regulation, and host immunity. Viruses could regulate host HSPs at different levels such as transcription, translation, post-translational modification and cellular localization. In this review, we attempt to overview the roles of HSPs in a variety of infectious diseases.
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Štajner N, Radišek S, Mishra AK, Nath VS, Matoušek J, Jakše J. Evaluation of Disease Severity and Global Transcriptome Response Induced by Citrus bark cracking viroid, Hop latent viroid, and Their Co-Infection in Hop ( Humulus lupulus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3154. [PMID: 31261625 PMCID: PMC6651264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroids are small non-capsidated, single-stranded, covalently-closed circular noncoding RNA replicons of 239-401 nucleotides that exploit host factors for their replication, and some cause disease in several economically important crop plants, while others appear to be benign. The proposed mechanisms of viroid pathogenesis include direct interaction of the genomic viroid RNA with host factors and post-transcriptional or transcriptional gene silencing via viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) generated by the host defensive machinery. Humulus lupulus (hop) plants are hosts to several viroids among which Hop latent viroid (HLVd) and Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) are attractive model systems for the study of viroid-host interactions due to the symptomless infection of the former and severe symptoms induced by the latter in this indicator host. To better understand their interactions with hop plant, a comparative transcriptomic analysis based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to reveal the transcriptional alterations induced as a result of single HLVd and CBCVd infection in hop. Additionally, the effect of HLVd on the aggressiveness of CBCVd that underlies severe stunting in hop in a mixed infection was studied by transcriptomic analysis. Our analysis revealed that CBCVd infection resulted in dynamic changes in the activity of genes as compared to single HLVd infection and their mixed infection. The differentially expressed genes that are involved in defense, phytohormone signaling, photosynthesis and chloroplasts, RNA regulation, processing and binding; protein metabolism and modification; and other mechanisms were more modulated in the CBCVd infection of hop. Nevertheless, Gene Ontology (GO) classification and pathway enrichment analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in the proteolysis mechanism is more active in a mixed infection as compared to a single one, suggesting co-infecting viroids may result in interference with host factors more prominently. Collectively, our results provide a deep transcriptome of hop and insight into complex single HLVd, CBCVd, and their coinfection in hop-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Štajner
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Plant Protection Department, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vishnu Sukumari Nath
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Matoušek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jernej Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Przybylski M, Dzieciątkowski T, Borysowski J, Międzybrodzki R, Górski A. Inhibitory Effects of Bacteriophage Preparations on Adenoviral Replication. Intervirology 2019; 62:37-44. [PMID: 31189156 DOI: 10.1159/000500540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses of bacteria. Escherichia coli phage (T4) can potentially interfere with adsorption of HAdV-5 to cellular integrins by its KGD motif, while staphylococcal A5/80 phage does not possess this structure. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of T4 and A5/80 phage preparations on type 5 human adenovirus (HAdV-5) DNA synthesis and the expression of HAdV-5 genes. METHODS Experiments were performed on the A549 cell line. HAdV-5 DNA synthesis was investigated with real-time PCR. Expression of HAdV-5 early (DBP) and late (hexon) genes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in preincubation and coincubation experiments. RESULTS While both phage preparations significantly reduced the expression of HAdV-5 genes, synthesis of HAdV-5 DNA was inhibited only by T4. CONCLUSION Phage preparations show promise as novel antiviral agents. However, further studies are required to investigate their antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Przybylski
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jan Borysowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,
| | - Ryszard Międzybrodzki
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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24
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Chaperoning the Mononegavirales: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120699. [PMID: 30544818 PMCID: PMC6315898 DOI: 10.3390/v10120699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Mononegavirales harbors numerous viruses of significant relevance to human health, including both established and emerging infections. Currently, vaccines are only available for a small subset of these viruses, and antiviral therapies remain limited. Being obligate cellular parasites, viruses must utilize the cellular machinery for their replication and spread. Therefore, targeting cellular pathways used by viruses can provide novel therapeutic approaches. One of the key challenges confronted by both hosts and viruses alike is the successful folding and maturation of proteins. In cells, this task is faced by cellular molecular chaperones, a group of conserved and abundant proteins that oversee protein folding and help maintain protein homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how the Mononegavirales interact with cellular chaperones, highlight key gaps in our knowledge, and discuss the potential of chaperone inhibitors as antivirals.
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25
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Commensal microflora-induced T cell responses mediate progressive neurodegeneration in glaucoma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3209. [PMID: 30097565 PMCID: PMC6086830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and a leading cause of blindness worldwide. The mechanisms causing glaucomatous neurodegeneration are not fully understood. Here we show, using mice deficient in T and/or B cells and adoptive cell transfer, that transient elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is sufficient to induce T-cell infiltration into the retina. This T-cell infiltration leads to a prolonged phase of retinal ganglion cell degeneration that persists after IOP returns to a normal level. Heat shock proteins (HSP) are identified as target antigens of T-cell responses in glaucomatous mice and human glaucoma patients. Furthermore, retina-infiltrating T cells cross-react with human and bacterial HSPs; mice raised in the absence of commensal microflora do not develop glaucomatous T-cell responses or the associated neurodegeneration. These results provide compelling evidence that glaucomatous neurodegeneration is mediated in part by T cells that are pre-sensitized by exposure to commensal microflora.
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26
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Cheng W, Jia H, Wang X, He X, Jin Q, Cao J, Jing Z. Ectromelia virus upregulates the expression of heat shock protein�70 to promote viral replication. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1044-1053. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu�730046, P.R.�China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Qiwang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB�R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
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27
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Collet B, Collins C, Lester K. Engineered cell lines for fish health research. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:34-40. [PMID: 28108246 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As fish farming continues to increase worldwide, the related research areas of fish disease and immunology are also expanding, aided by the revolution in access to genomic information and molecular technology. The genomes of most fish species of economic importance are now available and annotation based on sequence homology with characterised genomes is underway. However, while useful, functional homology is more difficult to determine, there being a lack of widely distributed and well characterised reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, traditionally used in mammalian studies, to help with confirming functions and cellular interactions of fish molecules. In this context, fish cell lines and the possibility of their genetic engineering offer good prospects for studying functional genomics with respect to fish diseases. In this review, we will give an overview of available permanently genetically engineered fish cell lines, as cell-based reporter systems or platforms for expression of endogenous immune or pathogen genes, to investigate interactions and function. The advantages of such systems and the technical challenge for their development will be discussed.
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28
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Jaing C, Rowland RRR, Allen JE, Certoma A, Thissen JB, Bingham J, Rowe B, White JR, Wynne JW, Johnson D, Gaudreault NN, Williams DT. Gene expression analysis of whole blood RNA from pigs infected with low and high pathogenic African swine fever viruses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10115. [PMID: 28860602 PMCID: PMC5579198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a macrophage-tropic virus responsible for ASF, a transboundary disease that threatens swine production world-wide. Since there are no vaccines available to control ASF after an outbreak, obtaining an understanding of the virus-host interaction is important for developing new intervention strategies. In this study, a whole transcriptomic RNA-Seq method was used to characterize differentially expressed genes in pigs infected with a low pathogenic ASFV isolate, OUR T88/3 (OURT), or the highly pathogenic Georgia 2007/1 (GRG). After infection, pigs infected with OURT showed no or few clinical signs; whereas, GRG produced clinical signs consistent with acute ASF. RNA-Seq detected the expression of ASFV genes from the whole blood of the GRG, but not the OURT pigs, consistent with the pathotypes of these strains and the replication of GRG in circulating monocytes. Even though GRG and OURT possess different pathogenic properties, there was significant overlap in the most upregulated host genes. A small number of differentially expressed microRNAs were also detected in GRG and OURT pigs. These data confirm previous studies describing the response of macrophages and lymphocytes to ASFV infection, as well as reveal unique gene pathways upregulated in response to infection with GRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Jaing
- Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America.
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E Allen
- Computation Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James B Thissen
- Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - John Bingham
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brenton Rowe
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - John R White
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dayna Johnson
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David T Williams
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Shrestha A, Champagne DE, Culbreath AK, Rotenberg D, Whitfield AE, Srinivasan R. Transcriptome changes associated with Tomato spotted wilt virus infection in various life stages of its thrips vector, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2156-2170. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Shrestha
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | | | | | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Anna E. Whitfield
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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30
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Wu XM, Hu YW, Xue NN, Ren SS, Chen SN, Nie P, Chang MX. Role of zebrafish NLRC5 in antiviral response and transcriptional regulation of MHC related genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:58-68. [PMID: 27876605 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are emerging as critical regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the NLR family member NLRC5 is functionally defined, the role of NLRC5 in regulating innate immune signaling has been controversial in mammals, and is poorly understood in teleost fish. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of zebrafish NLRC5. The cloned NLRC5 consists of 6435 bp which encodes 1746 amino acids. The N-terminal effector-binding domain of zebrafish NLRC5 is absent which is different from all other human NLRs. Fluorescence microscopy showed that zebrafish NLRC5 is located throughout the entire cell. The higher expression of zebrafish NLRC5 in embryo than in larvae was observed, suggesting the action phase of NLRC5 in zebrafish ontogenetic stages. When the modulation of NLRC5 in pathogen infection was analyzed, it was found that zebrafish NLRC5 was upregulated by both bacterial and viral infection. Overexpression of zebrafish NLRC5 resulted in significant inhibition of SVCV replication in vivo and in vitro, but failed to activate interferon (IFN) promoters and type I IFN signaling pathway. Interestingly, NLRC5 overexpression could activate mhc2dab promoter, and induce the expression of MHC class II genes. All together, these results demonstrate that zebrafish NLRC5 is involved in IFN-independent antiviral response, and also functions as a transcriptional regulator of MHC class II genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Na Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shi Si Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China.
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Abstract
Emerging pathogenic viruses such as Ebola and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can cause acute infections through the evasion of the host's antiviral immune responses and by inducing the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. This immune dysregulation, termed a cytokine storm or hypercytokinemia, is potentially fatal and is a significant underlying factor in increased mortality of infected patients. The prevalence of global outbreaks in recent years has offered opportunities to study the progression of various viral infections and have provided an improved understanding of hypercytokinemia associated with these diseases. However, despite this increased knowledge and the study of the infections caused by a range of emerging viruses, the therapeutic options still remain limited. This review aims to explore alternative experimental strategies for treating hypercytokinemia induced by the Ebola, avian influenza and Dengue viruses; outlining their modes of action, summarizing their preclinical assessments and potential clinical applications.
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32
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Kim JO, Kim JO, Kim WS, Oh MJ. Characterization of the Transcriptome and Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to NNV Infection. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8010031. [PMID: 28098800 PMCID: PMC5295026 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grouper is one of the favorite sea food resources in Southeast Asia. However, the outbreaks of the viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease due to nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection have caused mass mortality of grouper larvae. Many aqua-farms have suffered substantial financial loss due to the occurrence of VNN. To better understand the infection mechanism of NNV, we performed the transcriptome analysis of sevenband grouper brain tissue, the main target of NNV infection. After artificial NNV challenge, transcriptome of brain tissues of sevenband grouper was subjected to next generation sequencing (NGS) using an Illumina Hi-seq 2500 system. Both mRNAs from pooled samples of mock and NNV-infected sevenband grouper brains were sequenced. Clean reads of mock and NNV-infected samples were de novo assembled and obtained 104,348 unigenes. In addition, 628 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to NNV infection were identified. This result could provide critical information not only for the identification of genes involved in NNV infection, but for the understanding of the response of sevenband groupers to NNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea.
| | - Jae-Ok Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea.
| | - Wi-Sik Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea.
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea.
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33
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García-Dorival I, Wu W, Armstrong SD, Barr JN, Carroll MW, Hewson R, Hiscox JA. Elucidation of the Cellular Interactome of Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein and Identification of Therapeutic Targets. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4290-4303. [PMID: 27786485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection results in severe disease and in some cases lethal hemorrhagic fever. The infection is directed by seven viral genes that encode nine viral proteins. By definition, viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and require aspects of host cell biology in order to replicate their genetic material, assemble new virus particles, and subvert host cell antiviral responses. Currently licensed antivirals are targeted against viral proteins to inhibit their function. However, experience with treating HIV and influenza virus demonstrates that resistant viruses are soon selected. An emerging area in virology is to transiently target host cell proteins that play critical proviral roles in virus biology, especially for acute infections. This has the advantage that the protein being targeted is evolutionary removed from the genome of the virus. Proteomics can aid in discovery biology and identify cellular proteins that may be utilized by the virus to facilitate infection. This work focused on defining the interactome of the EBOV nucleoprotein and identified that cellular chaperones, including HSP70, associate with this protein to promote stability. Utilization of a mini-genome replication system based on a recent Makona isolate demonstrated that disrupting the stability of NP had an adverse effect on viral RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel García-Dorival
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L3 5RF, U.K.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool L69 3GL, U.K
| | - Weining Wu
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L3 5RF, U.K
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L3 5RF, U.K.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool L69 3GL, U.K
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Miles W Carroll
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool L69 3GL, U.K.,Public Health England , Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, U.K
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England , Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, U.K
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L3 5RF, U.K.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool L69 3GL, U.K
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34
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Sztuba-Solinska J, Diaz L, Kumar MR, Kolb G, Wiley MR, Jozwick L, Kuhn JH, Palacios G, Radoshitzky SR, J Le Grice SF, Johnson RF. A small stem-loop structure of the Ebola virus trailer is essential for replication and interacts with heat-shock protein A8. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9831-9846. [PMID: 27651462 PMCID: PMC5175359 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Filoviridae family. The leader and trailer non-coding regions of the EBOV genome likely regulate its transcription, replication, and progeny genome packaging. We investigated the cis-acting RNA signals involved in RNA–RNA and RNA–protein interactions that regulate replication of eGFP-encoding EBOV minigenomic RNA and identified heat shock cognate protein family A (HSC70) member 8 (HSPA8) as an EBOV trailer-interacting host protein. Mutational analysis of the trailer HSPA8 binding motif revealed that this interaction is essential for EBOV minigenome replication. Selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension analysis of the secondary structure of the EBOV minigenomic RNA indicates formation of a small stem-loop composed of the HSPA8 motif, a 3′ stem-loop (nucleotides 1868–1890) that is similar to a previously identified structure in the replicative intermediate (RI) RNA and a panhandle domain involving a trailer-to-leader interaction. Results of minigenome assays and an EBOV reverse genetic system rescue support a role for both the panhandle domain and HSPA8 motif 1 in virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sztuba-Solinska
- RT Biochemistry Section, Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Larissa Diaz
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mia R Kumar
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gaëlle Kolb
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael R Wiley
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lucas Jozwick
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- RT Biochemistry Section, Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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35
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Viktorovskaya OV, Greco TM, Cristea IM, Thompson SR. Identification of RNA Binding Proteins Associated with Dengue Virus RNA in Infected Cells Reveals Temporally Distinct Host Factor Requirements. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004921. [PMID: 27556644 PMCID: PMC4996428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no vaccines or antivirals available for dengue virus infection, which can cause dengue hemorrhagic fever and death. A better understanding of the host pathogen interaction is required to develop effective therapies to treat DENV. In particular, very little is known about how cellular RNA binding proteins interact with viral RNAs. RNAs within cells are not naked; rather they are coated with proteins that affect localization, stability, translation and (for viruses) replication. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Seventy-nine novel RNA binding proteins for dengue virus (DENV) were identified by cross-linking proteins to dengue viral RNA during a live infection in human cells. These cellular proteins were specific and distinct from those previously identified for poliovirus, suggesting a specialized role for these factors in DENV amplification. Knockdown of these proteins demonstrated their function as viral host factors, with evidence for some factors acting early, while others late in infection. Their requirement by DENV for efficient amplification is likely specific, since protein knockdown did not impair the cell fitness for viral amplification of an unrelated virus. The protein abundances of these host factors were not significantly altered during DENV infection, suggesting their interaction with DENV RNA was due to specific recruitment mechanisms. However, at the global proteome level, DENV altered the abundances of proteins in particular classes, including transporter proteins, which were down regulated, and proteins in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, which were up regulated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The method for identification of host factors described here is robust and broadly applicable to all RNA viruses, providing an avenue to determine the conserved or distinct mechanisms through which diverse viruses manage the viral RNA within cells. This study significantly increases the number of cellular factors known to interact with DENV and reveals how DENV modulates and usurps cellular proteins for efficient amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Viktorovskaya
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sunnie R. Thompson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Heat Shock Enhances the Expression of the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type-I (HTLV-I) Trans-Activator (Tax) Antigen in Human HTLV-I Infected Primary and Cultured T Cells. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070191. [PMID: 27409630 PMCID: PMC4974526 DOI: 10.3390/v8070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental factors that lead to the reactivation of human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-I) in latently infected T cells in vivo remain unknown. It has been previously shown that heat shock (HS) is a potent inducer of HTLV-I viral protein expression in long-term cultured cell lines. However, the precise HTLV-I protein(s) and mechanisms by which HS induces its effect remain ill-defined. We initiated these studies by first monitoring the levels of the trans-activator (Tax) protein induced by exposure of the HTLV-I infected cell line to HS. HS treatment at 43 °C for 30 min for 24 h led to marked increases in the level of Tax antigen expression in all HTLV-I-infected T cell lines tested including a number of HTLV-I-naturally infected T cell lines. HS also increased the expression of functional HTLV-I envelope gp46 antigen, as shown by increased syncytium formation activity. Interestingly, the enhancing effect of HS was partially inhibited by the addition of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)-inhibitor pifithlin-μ (PFT). In contrast, the HSP 70-inducer zerumbone (ZER) enhanced Tax expression in the absence of HS. These data suggest that HSP 70 is at least partially involved in HS-mediated stimulation of Tax expression. As expected, HS resulted in enhanced expression of the Tax-inducible host antigens, such as CD83 and OX40. Finally, we confirmed that HS enhanced the levels of Tax and gp46 antigen expression in primary human CD4⁺ T cells isolated from HTLV-I-infected humanized NOD/SCID/γc null (NOG) mice and HTLV-I carriers. In summary, the data presented herein indicate that HS is one of the environmental factors involved in the reactivation of HTLV-I in vivo via enhanced Tax expression, which may favor HTLV-I expansion in vivo.
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Kim H, Choi MS, Inn KS, Kim BJ. Inhibition of HIV-1 reactivation by a telomerase-derived peptide in a HSP90-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28896. [PMID: 27363520 PMCID: PMC4929463 DOI: 10.1038/srep28896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A peptide vaccine designed to induce T-cell immunity to telomerase, GV1001, has been shown to modulate cellular signaling pathways and confer a direct anti-cancer effect through the interaction with heat shock protein (HSP) 90 and 70. Here, we have found that GV1001 can modulate transactivation protein-mediated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 transactivation in an HSP90-dependent manner. GV1001 treatment resulted in significant suppression of HIV-1 replication and rescue of infected cells from death by HIV-1. Transactivation of HIV-long terminal repeat (LTR) was inhibited by GV1001, indicating that GV1001 suppressed the transcription from proviral HIV DNA. The anti-HIV-1 activity of GV1001 was completely abrogated by an HSP90-neutralizing antibody, indicating that the antiviral activity depends on HSP90. Further mechanistic studies revealed that GV1001 suppresses basal NF-κB activation, which is required for HIV-1 LTR transactivation in an HSP90-dependent manner. Inhibition of LTR transactivation by GV1001 suggests its potential to suppress HIV-1 reactivation from latency. Indeed, PMA-mediated reactivation of HIV-1 from latent infected cells was suppressed by GV1001. The results suggest the potential therapeutic use of GV1001, a peptide proven to be safe for human use, as an anti-HIV-1 agent to suppress the reactivation from latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Liver Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences and SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Liver Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences and SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Liu P, Wang L, Kwang J, Yue GH, Wong SM. Transcriptome analysis of genes responding to NNV infection in Asian seabass epithelial cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:342-52. [PMID: 27109582 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Asian seabass is an important food fish in Southeast Asia. Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease, triggered by nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection, has caused mass mortality of Asian seabass larvae, resulting in enormous economic losses in the Asian seabass industry. In order to better understand the complex molecular interaction between Asian seabass and NNV, we investigated the transcriptome profiles of Asian seabass epithelial cells, which play an essential role in immune regulation, after NNV infection. Using the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, we sequenced mRNA from eight samples (6, 12, 24, 48 h post-inoculation) of mock and NNV-infected Asian seabass epithelial cell line, respectively. Clean reads were de novo assembled into a transcriptome consisting of 89026 transcripts with a N50 of 2617 bp. Furthermore, 251 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to NNV infection were identified. Top DEGs include protein asteroid homolog 1-like (ASTE1), receptor-transporting protein 3 (RTP3), heat shock proteins 30 (HSP30) and 70 (HSP70), Viperin, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and other genes related to innate immunity. Our data suggest that abundant and diverse genes corresponding to NNV infection. The results of this study could also offer vital information not only for identification of novel genes involved in Asian seabass-NNV interaction, but also for our understanding of the molecular mechanism of Asian seabass' response to viral infection. In addition, 24807 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected in the assembled transcriptome, providing valuable resources for studying genetic variations and accelerating quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for disease resistance in Asian seabass in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Le Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 6 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore; National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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Temajo NO, Howard N. The virus-induced HSPs regulate the apoptosis of operatus APCs that result in autoimmunity, not in homeostasis. Immunol Res 2015; 60:208-18. [PMID: 25403694 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The viruses stand salient as environmental factors that trigger autoimmunity. The virus realizes its effects through induction of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) as well as by the viral IE-axis-mediated conversion of organ epithelial cells into virgin de novo professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The HSP is the accomplished operator in homeostasis by the logic of it being the regulator of apoptosis. By virtue of its regulation of apoptosis, the HSP is also involved in autoimmunity: (1) adornment of viral IE-axis-generated virgin de novo professional APCs with HSP-induced co-stimulatory molecules which transform these otherwise epithelial cells to competent antigen presenters, the operatus APCs, liable to apoptosis that becomes the initiator of organ damages; (2) molecular mimicry mechanism: epitopes on the HSP may be mistaken for viral peptides and be presented by operatus APCs to autoreactive TCRs resulting in the apoptosis of the operatus APCs; (3) regulation of MHC class II DR-mediated apoptosis of operatus APCS which can result in organ-specific autoimmune syndromes. We should remember, however, that Nature's intended purpose for apoptosis of the professional APCs is benevolence: as a principal regulator of immune homeostasis. But the apoptosis of our postulated operatus APCs can result in autoimmunity. The transformation of virgin de novo professional APCs to operatus APCs mirrors the maturation of DCs through their acquisition of HSP-induced costimulatory molecules. What happens to mature DCs as antigen presenters that end in homeostasis is replicated by what happens to operatus APCs that ends instead in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert O Temajo
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia,
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Ruiz-González I, Xu J, Wang X, Burghardt RC, Dunlap KA, Bazer FW. Exosomes, endogenous retroviruses and toll-like receptors: pregnancy recognition in ewes. Reproduction 2015; 149:281-91. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Conceptus–endometrial communication during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy ensures establishment of pregnancy. We hypothesized that this dialog involves exosomes, ovine endogenous jaagsiekte retroviruses (enJSRV) and toll-like receptors (TLR) which regulate the secretion of interferon tau (IFNT), the pregnancy recognition signal in ruminants. First, exosomes isolated from uterine flushings from cyclic and pregnant ewes were analyzed for exosomal content and uterine expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSC70). Then, conceptus trophectoderm cells (oTr1) treated with different doses of exosomes were analyzed for the expression of genes involved in TLR-mediated cell signaling. The results revealed that exosomes contain mRNAs for enJSRV-ENV,HSC70, interleukins, and interferon (IFN)-regulatory factors. Exosomal content of enJSRV-ENVmRNA and protein decreased from days 10 and 12 to day 16 of gestation, and uterine expression of HSC70 increased in pregnant ewes compared with cyclic ewes. The oTr1 cells proliferated and secreted IFNT in a dose-dependent manner in response to exosomes from cyclic ewes. The expression ofCD14,CD68,IRAK1,TRAF6,IRF6,andIRF7mRNAs that are key to TLR-mediated expression of type 1 IFNs was significantly influenced by day of pregnancy. This study demonstrated that exosomes are liberated into the uterine lumen during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy; however, in pregnant ewes, exosomes stimulate trophectoderm cells to proliferate and secrete IFNT coordinately with regulation of TLR-mediated cell signaling. These results support our hypothesis that free and/or exosomal enJSRV act on the trophectoderm via TLR to induce the secretion of IFNT in a manner similar to that for innate immune responses of macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells to viral pathogens.
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