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Sheng A, Liu F, Wang Q, Fu H, Mao J. The roles of TRPC6 in renal tubular disorders: a narrative review. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2376929. [PMID: 39022902 PMCID: PMC11259070 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2376929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channel, a nonselective cation channel that allows the passage of Ca2+, plays an important role in renal diseases. TRPC6 is activated by Ca2+ influx, oxidative stress, and mechanical stress. Studies have shown that in addition to glomerular diseases, TRPC6 can contribute to renal tubular disorders, such as acute kidney injury, renal interstitial fibrosis, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the tubule-specific physiological functions of TRPC6 have not yet been elucidated. Its pathophysiological role in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is debatable. Thus, TRPC6 may have dual roles in I/R injury. TRPC6 induces renal fibrosis and immune cell infiltration in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model. Additionally, TRPC6 overexpression may modify G2 phase transition, thus altering the DNA damage checkpoint, which can cause genomic instability and RCC tumorigenesis and can control the proliferation of RCC cells. This review highlights the importance of TRPC6 in various conditions of the renal tubular system. To better understand certain renal disorders and ultimately identify new therapeutic targets to improve patient care, the pathophysiology of TRPC6 must be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Sheng
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianhui Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haidong Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang R, Wang Q, Li Y, Li Q, Zhou X, Chen X, Dong Z. A new perspective on proteinuria and drug therapy for diabetic kidney disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1349022. [PMID: 39144629 PMCID: PMC11322372 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1349022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease worldwide and significantly increases the risk of premature death due to cardiovascular diseases. Elevated urinary albumin levels are an important clinical feature of DKD. Effective control of albuminuria not only delays glomerular filtration rate decline but also markedly reduces cardiovascular disease risk and all-cause mortality. New drugs for treating DKD proteinuria, including sodium-glucose cotransporter two inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and endothelin receptor antagonists, have shown significant efficacy. Auxiliary treatment with proprietary Chinese medicine has also yielded promising results; however, it also faces a broader scope for development. The mechanisms by which these drugs treat albuminuria in patients with DKD should be described more thoroughly. The positive effects of combination therapy with two or more drugs in reducing albuminuria and protecting the kidneys warrant further investigation. Therefore, this review explores the pathophysiological mechanism of albuminuria in patients with DKD, the value of clinical diagnosis and prognosis, new progress and mechanisms of treatment, and multidrug therapy in patients who have type 2 diabetic kidney disease, providing a new perspective on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qihu Li
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zheyi Dong
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, China
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3
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Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Lightstone L, Jha V, Pollock C, Tuttle K, Kotanko P, Wiecek A, Anders HJ, Remuzzi G, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Levin A, Vanholder R. A new era in the science and care of kidney diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:460-472. [PMID: 38575770 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Notable progress in basic, translational and clinical nephrology research has been made over the past five decades. Nonetheless, many challenges remain, including obstacles to the early detection of kidney disease, disparities in access to care and variability in responses to existing and emerging therapies. Innovations in drug development, research technologies, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have the potential to improve patient outcomes. Exciting prospects include the availability of new drugs to slow or halt the progression of chronic kidney disease, the development of bioartificial kidneys that mimic healthy kidney functions, and tissue engineering techniques that could enable transplantable kidneys to be created from the cells of the recipient, removing the risk of rejection. Cell and gene therapies have the potential to be applied for kidney tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, about 30% of kidney disease cases are monogenic and could potentially be treated using these genetic medicine approaches. Systemic diseases that involve the kidney, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, might also be amenable to these treatments. Continued investment, communication, collaboration and translation of innovations are crucial to realize their full potential. In addition, increasing sophistication in exploring large datasets, implementation science, and qualitative methodologies will improve the ability to deliver transformational kidney health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Zoccali
- Kidney Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (Biogem), Ariano Irpino, Italy.
- Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia Trapianto Kidney (IPNET), c/o Nefrologia, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit Azienda Ospedaliera "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli", Reggio Calabria, Italy
- CNR-IFC, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vivek Jha
- George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, New Delhi, India
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Medical Education, Manipal, India
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Tuttle
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Inland Northwest, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter Kotanko
- Kidney Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrzej Wiecek
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027, Katowice, Poland
| | - Hans Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCSS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, California, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, Irvine, USA
- Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Division of Nephrology, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Adeera Levin
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia, Provincial Kidney Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raymond Vanholder
- European Kidney Health Alliance, Brussels, Belgium
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Sun AB, Li FH, Zhu L, Zeng XX, Zhu M, Lei QH, Liao YH. TRPC6 Knockout Alleviates Renal Fibrosis through PI3K/AKT/GSK3B Pathway. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:589-602. [PMID: 38748370 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Renal fibrosis is the ultimate pathway of various forms of acute and chronic kidney damage. Notably, the knockout of transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6) has shown promise in alleviating renal fibrosis. However, the regulatory impact of TRPC6 on renal fibrosis remains unclear. METHODS In vivo, TRPC6 knockout (TRPC6-/-) mice and age-matched 129 SvEv (WT) mice underwent unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion (uIR) injury surgery on the left renal pedicle or sham operation. Kidneys and serum were collected on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after euthanasia. In vitro, primary tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) were isolated from TRPC6-/- and WT mice, followed by treatment with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) for 72 h. The anti-fibrotic effect of TRPC6-/- and the underlying mechanisms were assessed through hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson staining, immunostaining, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting. RESULTS Increased TRPC6 expression was observed in uIR mice and PTECs treated with TGFβ1. TRPC6-/- alleviated renal fibrosis by reducing the expression of fibrotic markers (Col-1, α-SMA, and vimentin), as well as decreasing the apoptosis and inflammation of PTECs during fibrotic progression both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, we found that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) signaling pathway, a pivotal player in renal fibrosis, was down-regulated following TRPC6 deletion. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the ablation of TRPC6 may mitigate renal fibrosis by inhibiting the apoptosis and inflammation of PTECs through down-regulation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway. Targeting TRPC6 could be a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Bang Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang-Hua Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xi-Xi Zeng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qing-Hua Lei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- National Basic Medical Teaching Demonstration Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yan-Hong Liao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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5
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Diebolt CM, Schaudien D, Junker K, Krasteva-Christ G, Tschernig T, Englisch CN. New insights in the renal distribution profile of TRPC3 - Of mice and men. Ann Anat 2024; 252:152192. [PMID: 37977270 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Several reports previously investigated the Transient Receptor Potential Canonical subfamily channel 3 (TRPC3) in the kidney. However, most of the conclusions are based on animal samples or cell cultures leaving the door open for human tissue investigations. Moreover, results often disagreed among investigators. Histological description is lacking since most of these studies focused on functional aspects. Nevertheless, the same reports highlighted the potential key-role of TRPC3 in renal disorders. Hence, our interest to investigate the localization of TRPC3 in human kidneys. For this purpose, both healthy mouse and human kidney samples that were originated from tumor nephrectomies have been prepared for immunohistochemical staining using a knockout-validated antibody. A blocking peptide was used to confirm antibody specificity. A normalized weighted diaminobenzidine (DAB) area score between 0 and 3 comparable to a pixelwise H-score was established and employed for semiquantitative analysis. Altogether, our results suggest that glomeruli only express little TRPC3 compared to several segments of the tubular system. Cortical and medullary proximal tubules are stained, although intracortical differences in staining exist in mice. Intermediate tubules, however, are only weakly stained. The distal tubule was studied in three localizations and staining was marked although slightly varying throughout the different subsegments. Finally, the collecting duct was also immunolabeled in both human and mouse tissue. We therefore provide evidence that TRPC3 is expressed in various localizations of both human and mouse samples. We verify results of previous studies and propose until now undescribed localizations of TRPC3 in the mouse but especially and of greater interest in the human kidney. We thereby not only support the translational concept of the TRPC3 channel as key-player in physiology and pathophysiology of the human kidney but also present new potential targets to functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline M Diebolt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hanover 30625, Germany
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany.
| | - Colya N Englisch
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
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6
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Li S, Ma Q, Ma Z, Shi Y, Yu X, Gu B, Sun S, Yu C, Pang L. Renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury is promoted by transcription factor NF-kB p65, which inhibits TRPC6 expression by activating miR-150. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024; 86:369-382. [PMID: 37980653 PMCID: PMC11091637 DOI: 10.3233/ch-231979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism by which NF-κB p65 activates miR-150 to suppress TRPC6 expression and promote renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS To assess the transcription of miR-150, NF-B p65, and TRPC6 in HK-2 cells treated with hypoxia reperfusion and rat kidney tissue damaged by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), qPCR was implemented. The protein production of NF-κB p65 and TRPC6 was assessed by Western blot (WB) analysis. The histological score of rat kidney tissue was assessed using H&E (hematoxylin and eosin) staining. To assess the rate of apoptosis of renal tissue cells following I/R injury, we used the TACS TdT In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit. To find out the impairment of renal function, blood levels of creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were tested in rats. Concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α, were detected in HK-2 cells and rat renal tissue cells utilizing ELISA kits. FITC and CCK-8 were employed to analyze the death rate and cellular proliferation of HK-2 cells. To analyse the mechanism of engagement between NF-κB p65 and the miR-150 promoter, coupled with the detrimental impact of miR-150 on TRPC6, we adopted the dual-luciferase reporter assay. To confirm the activating effect of NF-κB p65 on miR-150,we implemented the ChIP assay. RESULTS NF-κB p65 expression was significantly upregulated in rat renal tissue following IRI. Applying the dual-luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that the specific attachment of NF-B p65 with the miR-150 promoter location is viable, resulting in the promotion of the activity of the promoter. When miR-150 was overexpressed, we observed a notable reduction in cell proliferation. And it notably increased the rate of cellular apoptosis rate and amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α. Employing the dual-luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that miR-150 transfection diminished the function of luciferase in the TRPC6-WT group, whereas luciferase activity in the TRPC6-MUT group remained unchanged, indicating that miR-150 is a targeted inhibitor of TRPC6. In the rat renal I/R model, when miR-150 was inhibited or TRPC6 was overexpressed in the rat kidney I/R model, the histological score of rat kidney tissue significantly decreased, so did the quantities of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) contents and the rate of cell apoptosis in kidney tissue. CONCLUSION Activation of miR-150 by NF-κB p65 results in downregulation of TRPC6 expression and promotion of IRI in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiubo Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zengwei Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Baohua Gu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunlei Yu
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
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7
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‘t Hart DC, van der Vlag J, Nijenhuis T. A Putative Role for TRPC6 in Immune-Mediated Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16419. [PMID: 38003608 PMCID: PMC10671681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of the immune system is the cause of a wide variety of renal diseases. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the aberrant activation of the immune system in the kidneys often remain unknown. TRPC6, a member of the Ca2+-permeant family of TRPC channels, is important in glomerular epithelial cells or podocytes for the process of glomerular filtration. In addition, TRPC6 plays a crucial role in the development of kidney injuries by inducing podocyte injury. However, an increasing number of studies suggest that TRPC6 is also responsible for tightly regulating the immune cell functions. It remains elusive whether the role of TRPC6 in the immune system and the pathogenesis of renal inflammation are intertwined. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge of how TRPC6 coordinates the immune cell functions and propose the hypothesis that TRPC6 might play a pivotal role in the development of kidney injury via its role in the immune system.
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8
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Batool L, Hariharan K, Xu Y, Kaßmann M, Tsvetkov D, Gohlke BO, Kaden S, Gossen M, Nürnberg B, Kurtz A, Gollasch M. An inactivating human TRPC6 channel mutation without focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:265. [PMID: 37615749 PMCID: PMC10449997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channel-6 (TRPC6) gene mutations cause familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), which is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease. In patients with TRPC6-related FSGS, all mutations map to the N- or C-terminal TRPC6 protein domains. Thus far, the majority of TRPC6 mutations are missense resulting in increased or decreased calcium influx; however, the fundamental molecular mechanisms causing cell injury and kidney pathology are unclear. We report a novel heterozygous TRPC6 mutation (V691Kfs*) in a large kindred with no signs of FSGS despite a largely truncated TRPC6 protein. We studied the molecular effects of V691Kfs* TRPC6 mutant using the tridimensional cryo-EM structure of the tetrameric TRPC6 protein. The results indicated that V691 is localized at the pore-forming transmembrane region affecting the ion conduction pathway, and predicted that V691Kfs* causes closure of the ion-conducting pathway leading to channel inactivation. We assessed the impact of V691Kfs* and two previously reported TRPC6 disease mutants (P112Q and G757D) on calcium influx in cells. Our data show that the V691Kfs* fully inactivated the TRCP6 channel-specific calcium influx consistent with a complete loss-of-function phenotype. Furthermore, the V691Kfs* truncation exerted a dominant negative effect on the full-length TRPC6 proteins. In conclusion, the V691Kfs* non-functional truncated TRPC6 is not sufficient to cause FSGS. Our data corroborate recently characterized TRPC6 loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutants suggesting that one defective TRPC6 gene copy is not sufficient to cause FSGS. We underscore the importance of increased rather than reduced calcium influx through TRPC6 for podocyte cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilas Batool
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krithika Hariharan
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yao Xu
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin D-Geriatrie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mario Kaßmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin D-Geriatrie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dmitry Tsvetkov
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin D-Geriatrie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Björn-Oliver Gohlke
- Department of Information Technology, Science-IT, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Kaden
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Aktive Polymere, Hereon TeltowAbteilung Stammzellmodifikation und Biomaterialien, Teltow, Germany
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kurtz
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Biomedical Data and Bioethics, Fraunhofer-Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin D-Geriatrie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald, Germany.
- Klinik für Nephrologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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May CJ, Chesor M, Hunter SE, Hayes B, Barr R, Roberts T, Barrington FA, Farmer L, Ni L, Jackson M, Snethen H, Tavakolidakhrabadi N, Goldstone M, Gilbert R, Beesley M, Lennon R, Foster R, Coward R, Welsh GI, Saleem MA. Podocyte protease activated receptor 1 stimulation in mice produces focal segmental glomerulosclerosis mirroring human disease signaling events. Kidney Int 2023; 104:265-278. [PMID: 36940798 PMCID: PMC7616342 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
About 30% of patients who have a kidney transplant with underlying nephrotic syndrome (NS) experience rapid relapse of disease in their new graft. This is speculated to be due to a host-derived circulating factor acting on podocytes, the target cells in the kidney, leading to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Our previous work suggests that podocyte membrane protease receptor 1 (PAR-1) is activated by a circulating factor in relapsing FSGS. Here, the role of PAR-1 was studied in human podocytes in vitro, and using a mouse model with developmental or inducible expression of podocyte-specific constitutively active PAR-1, and using biopsies from patients with nephrotic syndrome. In vitro podocyte PAR-1 activation caused a pro-migratory phenotype with phosphorylation of the kinase JNK, VASP protein and docking protein Paxillin. This signaling was mirrored in podocytes exposed to patient relapse-derived NS plasma and in patient disease biopsies. Both developmental and inducible activation of transgenic PAR-1 (NPHS2 Cre PAR-1Active+/-) caused early severe nephrotic syndrome, FSGS, kidney failure and, in the developmental model, premature death. We found that the non-selective cation channel protein TRPC6 could be a key modulator of PAR-1 signaling and TRPC6 knockout in our mouse model significantly improved proteinuria and extended lifespan. Thus, our work implicates podocyte PAR-1 activation as a key initiator of human NS circulating factor and that the PAR-1 signaling effects were partly modulated through TRPC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J May
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Bryony Hayes
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel Barr
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tim Roberts
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Lan Ni
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodney Gilbert
- Renal Medicine and Nephrology, Southampton General Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matt Beesley
- Pathology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medical and Health Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Richard Coward
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK.
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10
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Thimm C, Erichsen L, Wruck W, Adjaye J. Unveiling Angiotensin II and Losartan-Induced Gene Regulatory Networks Using Human Urine-Derived Podocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10551. [PMID: 37445727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized cells that play a pivotal role in the blood filtration process in the glomeruli of the kidney, and their dysfunction leads to renal diseases. For this reason, the study and application of this cell type is of great importance in the field of regenerative medicine. Hypertension is mainly regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), with its main mediator being angiotensin II (ANG II). Elevated ANG II levels lead to a pro-fibrotic, inflammatory, and hypertrophic milieu that induces apoptosis in podocytes. The activation of RAAS is critical for the pathogenesis of podocyte injury; as such, to prevent podocyte damage, patients with hypertension are administered drugs that modulate RAAS signaling. A prime example is the orally active, non-peptide, selective angiotensin-II-type I receptor (AGTR1) blocker losartan. Here, we demonstrate that SIX2-positive urine-derived renal progenitor cells (UdRPCs) and their immortalized counterpart (UM51-hTERT) can be directly differentiated into mature podocytes. These podocytes show activation of RAAS after stimulation with ANG II, resulting in ANG II-dependent upregulation of the expression of the angiotensin-II-type I receptor, AGTR1, and the downregulated expression of the angiotensin-II-type II receptor 2 (AGTR2). The stimulation of podocytes with losartan counteracts ANG II-dependent changes, resulting in a dependent favoring of the specific receptor from AGTR1 to AGTR2. Transcriptome analysis revealed 94 losartan-induced genes associated with diverse biological processes and pathways such as vascular smooth muscle contraction, the oxytocin signaling pathway, renin secretion, and ECM-receptor interaction. Co-stimulation with losartan and ANG II induced the exclusive expression of 106 genes associated with DNA methylation or demethylation, cell differentiation, the developmental process, response to muscle stretch, and calcium ion transmembrane transport. These findings highlight the usefulness of UdRPC-derived podocytes in studying the RAAS pathway and nephrotoxicity in various kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Thimm
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Erichsen
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Diseases in Children (ZCR), University College London (UCL), 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
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11
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Honigberg MC, Truong B, Khan RR, Xiao B, Bhatta L, Vy HMT, Guerrero RF, Schuermans A, Selvaraj MS, Patel AP, Koyama S, Cho SMJ, Vellarikkal SK, Trinder M, Urbut SM, Gray KJ, Brumpton BM, Patil S, Zöllner S, Antopia MC, Saxena R, Nadkarni GN, Do R, Yan Q, Pe'er I, Verma SS, Gupta RM, Haas DM, Martin HC, van Heel DA, Laisk T, Natarajan P. Polygenic prediction of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Nat Med 2023; 29:1540-1549. [PMID: 37248299 PMCID: PMC10330886 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia and gestational hypertension are common pregnancy complications associated with adverse maternal and child outcomes. Current tools for prediction, prevention and treatment are limited. Here we tested the association of maternal DNA sequence variants with preeclampsia in 20,064 cases and 703,117 control individuals and with gestational hypertension in 11,027 cases and 412,788 control individuals across discovery and follow-up cohorts using multi-ancestry meta-analysis. Altogether, we identified 18 independent loci associated with preeclampsia/eclampsia and/or gestational hypertension, 12 of which are new (for example, MTHFR-CLCN6, WNT3A, NPR3, PGR and RGL3), including two loci (PLCE1 and FURIN) identified in the multitrait analysis. Identified loci highlight the role of natriuretic peptide signaling, angiogenesis, renal glomerular function, trophoblast development and immune dysregulation. We derived genome-wide polygenic risk scores that predicted preeclampsia/eclampsia and gestational hypertension in external cohorts, independent of clinical risk factors, and reclassified eligibility for low-dose aspirin to prevent preeclampsia. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insights into the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and have the potential to advance pregnancy risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Honigberg
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Buu Truong
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raiyan R Khan
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brenda Xiao
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laxmi Bhatta
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Ha My T Vy
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael F Guerrero
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Art Schuermans
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Margaret Sunitha Selvaraj
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aniruddh P Patel
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Satoshi Koyama
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - So Mi Jemma Cho
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Integrative Research Center for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shamsudheen Karuthedath Vellarikkal
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Trinder
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah M Urbut
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn J Gray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben M Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Snehal Patil
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mariah C Antopia
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ron Do
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itsik Pe'er
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Rajat M Gupta
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Haas
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hilary C Martin
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Mishra S, Ma J, McKoy D, Sasaki M, Farinelli F, Page RC, Ranek MJ, Zachara N, Kass DA. Transient receptor potential canonical type 6 (TRPC6) O-GlcNAcylation at Threonine-221 plays potent role in channel regulation. iScience 2023; 26:106294. [PMID: 36936781 PMCID: PMC10014292 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical type 6 (TRPC6) is a non-voltage-gated channel that principally conducts calcium. Elevated channel activation contributes to fibrosis, hypertrophy, and proteinuria, often coupled to stimulation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT). TRPC6 is post-translationally regulated, but a role for O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) as elevated by diabetes, is unknown. Here we show TRPC6 is constitutively O-GlcNAcylated at Ser14, Thr70, and Thr221 in the N-terminus ankryn-4 (AR4) and linker (LH1) domains. Mutagenesis to alanine reveals T221 as a critical controller of resting TRPC6 conductance, and associated NFAT activity and pro-hypertrophic signaling. T→A mutations at sites homologous in closely related TRPC3 and TRPC7 also increases their activity. Molecular modeling predicts interactions between Thr221-O-GlcNAc and Ser199, Glu200, and Glu246, and combined alanine substitutions of the latter similarly elevates resting NFAT activity. Thus, O-GlcNAcylated T221 and interactions with coordinating residues is required for normal TRPC6 channel conductance and NFAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Mishra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Junfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Desirae McKoy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Federica Farinelli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard C. Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Mark J. Ranek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Natasha Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A. Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author
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13
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Yang F, Sivils A, Cegielski V, Singh S, Chu XP. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in Pain, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054714. [PMID: 36902145 PMCID: PMC10003176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacomodulation of membrane channels is an essential topic in the study of physiological conditions and disease status. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are one such family of nonselective cation channels that have an important influence. In mammals, TRP channels consist of seven subfamilies with a total of twenty-eight members. Evidence shows that TRP channels mediate cation transduction in neuronal signaling, but the full implication and potential therapeutic applications of this are not entirely clear. In this review, we aim to highlight several TRP channels which have been shown to mediate pain sensation, neuropsychiatric disorders, and epilepsy. Recent findings suggest that TRPM (melastatin), TRPV (vanilloid), and TRPC (canonical) are of particular relevance to these phenomena. The research reviewed in this paper validates these TRP channels as potential targets of future clinical treatment and offers patients hope for more effective care.
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14
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Staruschenko A, Ma R, Palygin O, Dryer SE. Ion channels and channelopathies in glomeruli. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:787-854. [PMID: 36007181 PMCID: PMC9662803 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential step in renal function entails the formation of an ultrafiltrate that is delivered to the renal tubules for subsequent processing. This process, known as glomerular filtration, is controlled by intrinsic regulatory systems and by paracrine, neuronal, and endocrine signals that converge onto glomerular cells. In addition, the characteristics of glomerular fluid flow, such as the glomerular filtration rate and the glomerular filtration fraction, play an important role in determining blood flow to the rest of the kidney. Consequently, disease processes that initially affect glomeruli are the most likely to lead to end-stage kidney failure. The cells that comprise the glomerular filter, especially podocytes and mesangial cells, express many different types of ion channels that regulate intrinsic aspects of cell function and cellular responses to the local environment, such as changes in glomerular capillary pressure. Dysregulation of glomerular ion channels, such as changes in TRPC6, can lead to devastating glomerular diseases, and a number of channels, including TRPC6, TRPC5, and various ionotropic receptors, are promising targets for drug development. This review discusses glomerular structure and glomerular disease processes. It also describes the types of plasma membrane ion channels that have been identified in glomerular cells, the physiological and pathophysiological contexts in which they operate, and the pathways by which they are regulated and dysregulated. The contributions of these channels to glomerular disease processes, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and diabetic nephropathy, as well as the development of drugs that target these channels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stuart E Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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15
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Englisch CN, Paulsen F, Tschernig T. TRPC Channels in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Renal Tubular System: What Do We Know? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010181. [PMID: 36613622 PMCID: PMC9820145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels has dramatically increased during the past few years. TRP channels function as sensors and effectors in the cellular adaptation to environmental changes. Here, we review literature investigating the physiological and pathophysiological roles of TRPC channels in the renal tubular system with a focus on TRPC3 and TRPC6. TRPC3 plays a key role in Ca2+ homeostasis and is involved in transcellular Ca2+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule and the collecting duct. TRPC3 also conveys the osmosensitivity of principal cells of the collecting duct and is implicated in vasopressin-induced membrane translocation of AQP-2. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) can often be attributed to mutations of the PKD2 gene. TRPC3 is supposed to have a detrimental role in ADPKD-like conditions. The tubule-specific physiological functions of TRPC6 have not yet been entirely elucidated. Its pathophysiological role in ischemia-reperfusion injuries is a subject of debate. However, TRPC6 seems to be involved in tumorigenesis of renal cell carcinoma. In summary, TRPC channels are relevant in multiples conditions of the renal tubular system. There is a need to further elucidate their pathophysiology to better understand certain renal disorders and ultimately create new therapeutic targets to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colya N. Englisch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-1626-100
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16
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Liu J, Li X, Xu N, Han H, Li X. Role of ion channels in the mechanism of proteinuria (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 25:27. [PMID: 36561615 PMCID: PMC9748662 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria is a common clinical manifestation of kidney diseases, such as glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, immunoglobulin A nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, proteinuria is considered to be a risk factor for renal dysfunction. Furthermore, proteinuria is also significantly associated with the progression of kidney diseases and increased mortality. Its occurrence is closely associated with damage to the structure of the glomerular filtration membrane. An impaired glomerular filtration membrane can affect the selective filtration function of the kidneys; therefore, several macromolecular substances, such as proteins, may pass through the filtration membrane and promote the manifestation of proteinuria. It has been reported that ion channels play a significant role in the mechanisms underlying proteinuria. Ion channel mutations or other dysfunctions have been implicated in several diseases, therefore ion channels could be used as major therapeutic targets. The mechanisms underlying the action of ion channels and ion transporters in proteinuria have been overlooked in the literature, despite their importance in identifying novel targets for treating proteinuria and delaying the progression of kidney diseases. The current review article focused on the four key ion channel groups, namely Na+, Ca2+, Cl- and K+ ion channels and the associated ion transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Huirong Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangling Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Xiangling Li, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yu He Road, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
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17
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Lin BL, Shin JY, Jeffreys WP, Wang N, Lukban CA, Moorer MC, Velarde E, Hanselman OA, Kwon S, Kannan S, Riddle RC, Ward CW, Pullen SS, Filareto A, Kass DA. Pharmacological TRPC6 inhibition improves survival and muscle function in mice with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e158906. [PMID: 36099033 PMCID: PMC9675567 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mutations causing loss of dystrophin result in the severe muscle disease known as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Despite efforts at genetic repair, DMD therapy remains largely palliative. Loss of dystrophin destabilizes the sarcolemmal membrane, inducing mechanosensitive cation channels to increase calcium entry and promote cell damage and, eventually, muscle dysfunction. One putative channel is transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6); we have shown that TRPC6 contributed to abnormal force and calcium stress-responses in cardiomyocytes from mice lacking dystrophin that were haplodeficient for utrophin (mdx/utrn+/- [HET] mice). Here, we show in both the HET mouse and the far more severe homozygous mdx/utrn-/- mouse that TRPC6 gene deletion or its selective pharmacologic inhibition (by BI 749327) prolonged survival 2- to 3-fold, improving skeletal and cardiac muscle and bone defects. Gene pathways reduced by BI 749327 treatment most prominently regulated fat metabolism and TGF-β1 signaling. These results support the testing of TRPC6 inhibitors in human trials for other diseases as a novel DMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Esteban Velarde
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Filareto
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - David A. Kass
- Department of Cardiology
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Yan P, Ke B, Fang X. Ion channels as a therapeutic target for renal fibrosis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1019028. [PMID: 36277193 PMCID: PMC9581181 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1019028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ion channel transport and electrolyte disturbances play an important role in the process of functional impairment and fibrosis in the kidney. It is well known that there are limited effective drugs for the treatment of renal fibrosis, and since a large number of ion channels are involved in the renal fibrosis process, understanding the mechanisms of ion channel transport and the complex network of signaling cascades between them is essential to identify potential therapeutic approaches to slow down renal fibrosis. This review summarizes the current work of ion channels in renal fibrosis. We pay close attention to the effect of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), transmembrane Member 16A (TMEM16A) and other Cl− channel mediated signaling pathways and ion concentrations on fibrosis, as well as the various complex mechanisms for the action of Ca2+ handling channels including Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ channel (CRAC), purinergic receptor, and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Furthermore, we also focus on the contribution of Na+ transport such as epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), Na+, K+-ATPase, Na+-H+ exchangers, and K+ channels like Ca2+-activated K+ channels, voltage-dependent K+ channel, ATP-sensitive K+ channels on renal fibrosis. Proposed potential therapeutic approaches through further dissection of these mechanisms may provide new therapeutic opportunities to reduce the burden of chronic kidney disease.
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19
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Tetrandrine Attenuates Podocyte Injury by Inhibiting TRPC6-Mediated RhoA/ROCK1 Pathway. Anal Cell Pathol 2022; 2022:7534181. [PMID: 36247873 PMCID: PMC9553700 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7534181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrandrine (Tet), a compound found in a traditional Chinese medicine, presents the protective effect for kidney function. Our study is aimed at clarifying the efficacy and underlying mechanism of Tet on podocyte injury. In this study, podocyte injury was induced in rats with adriamycin (ADR), and MPC5 podocytes were constructed with TRPC6 overexpression. We found that Tet treatment reduced the levels of proteinuria, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen and increased plasma albumin levels in ADR-induced rats. Tet reduced intracellular Ca2+ influx and apoptosis in MPC5 podocytes overexpressing TRPC6. Tet downregulated the expression of renal TRPC6, RhoA, and ROCK1 and upregulated the expression of synaptopodin; meanwhile, it reduced calcineurin activity in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, Tet protects against podocyte by affecting TRPC6 and its downstream RhoA/ROCK1 signaling pathway.
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20
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Yu H, Chen Y, Ma H, Wang Z, Zhang R, Jiao J. TRPC6 mediates high glucose-induced mitochondrial fission through activation of CDK5 in cultured human podocytes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:984760. [PMID: 36213244 PMCID: PMC9535336 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.984760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the precise mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in DN remain unclear. Transient receptor potential canonical channel-6 (TRPC6), a non-selective cation channel permeable to Ca2+, has been shown to regulate mitochondrial dynamics. This study was therefore aimed to explore the regulatory role and mechanisms of TRPC6 in high glucose (HG)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in podocytes. Here we found that TRPC6 expression and TRPC6-induced Ca2+ influx were increased in HG-treated podocytes. Furthermore, the TRPC6 inhibitor and TRPC6 siRNA ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in HG-treated podocytes. BAPTA-AM, an intracellular calcium chelating agent, attenuated mitochondrial fission under HG conditions as well. Then, we found the activity of calpain and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) was markedly enhanced in HG-treated podocytes, which can be blocked by pretreatment with the TRPC6 inhibitor. Calpain-1 inhibition by calpeptin or by calpain-1 siRNA transfection not only attenuated HG-induced mitochondrial fission but also reduced the activity of CDK5. Additionally, the CDK5 inhibitor and its siRNA decreased mitochondrial fragmentation in HG-treated podocytes. Collectively, we revealed the essential role of TRPC6 in regulating HG-induced mitochondrial fission and apoptosis through the calpain-1/CDK5 pathway in human podocytes, which may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yili Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jundong Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Jundong Jiao,
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21
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Chen L, Zhang Z, Tian H, Jiang S, Ji Y, Liu M, Shen J, Cao Z, Wang K. Synthesis of AC1903 analogs as potent transient receptor potential canonical channel 4/5 inhibitors and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116853. [PMID: 35653869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are a class of non-selective cation channels expressed in a variety of tissues and organ systems where they functionally regulate physiological and pathological processes. TRPC5 has been shown to be a promising target for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis treatment. In this study, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of benzimidazole-based TRPC5 inhibitors. One compound, 8b, is 100-fold more potent than the parent compound, AC1903, in the suppression of TRPC5 channel activity. Interestingly, both AC1903 and 8b also suppressed TRPC4 channel activity with similar potency. Compound 8b also significantly blunts protamine sulfate-induced reorganization of podocyte cytoskeleton, interleukin (IL)-17-induced cell proliferation, and the expression of proinflammatory mediators in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Long Mian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Long Mian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yunyun Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Long Mian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Mengru Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Long Mian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Long Mian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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22
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Lin L, Tian E, Ren J, Wu Z, Deng J, Yang J. Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Primary Podocytosis: From Fundamental Science to Clinical Research. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:932739. [PMID: 36003509 PMCID: PMC9393213 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.932739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes form a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Damage to podocytes is referred to as “podocyte disease.” There are many causes of podocyte injury, including primary injury, secondary injury, and gene mutations. Primary podocytosis mostly manifests as nephrotic syndrome. At present, first-line treatment is based on glucocorticoid administration combined with immunosuppressive therapy, but some patients still progress to end-stage renal disease. In Asia, especially in China, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) still plays an important role in the treatment of kidney diseases. This study summarizes the potential mechanism of TCM and its active components in protecting podocytes, such as repairing podocyte injury, inhibiting podocyte proliferation, reducing podocyte apoptosis and excretion, maintaining podocyte skeleton structure, and upregulating podocyte-related protein expression. At the same time, the clinical efficacy of TCM in the treatment of primary podocytosis (including idiopathic membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) is summarized to support the development of new treatment strategies for primary podocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - En Tian
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangwen Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatism and Immunology, Jiulongpo District People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jurong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jurong Yang,
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23
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Brown BJ, Boekell KL, Stotter BR, Talbot BE, Schlondorff JS. Gain-of-function, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Trpc6 mutation minimally affects susceptibility to renal injury in several mouse models. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272313. [PMID: 35913909 PMCID: PMC9342776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in TRPC6 are a cause of autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in humans. Many of these mutations are known to have a gain-of-function effect on the non-specific cation channel function of TRPC6. In vitro studies have suggested these mutations affect several signaling pathways, but in vivo studies have largely compared wild-type and Trpc6-deficient rodents. We developed mice carrying a gain-of-function Trpc6 mutation encoding an E896K amino acid change, corresponding to a known FSGS mutation in TRPC6. Homozygous mutant Trpc6 animals have no appreciable renal pathology, and do not develop albuminuria until very advanced age. The Trpc6E896K mutation does not impart susceptibility to PAN nephrosis. The animals show a slight delay in recovery from the albumin overload model. In response to chronic angiotensin II infusion, Trpc6E896K/E896K mice have slightly greater albuminuria initially compared to wild-type animals, an effect that is lost at later time points, and a statistically non-significant trend toward more glomerular injury. This phenotype is nearly opposite to that of Trpc6-deficient animals previously described. The Trpc6 mutation does not appreciably impact renal interstitial fibrosis in response to either angiotensin II infusion, or folate-induced kidney injury. TRPC6 protein and TRPC6-agonist induced calcium influx could not be detected in glomeruli. In sum, these findings suggest that a gain-of-function Trpc6 mutation confers only a mild susceptibility to glomerular injury in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J. Brown
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimber L. Boekell
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Stotter
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brianna E. Talbot
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Johannes S. Schlondorff
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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How immunosuppressive drugs may directly target podocytes in glomerular diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:1431-1441. [PMID: 34244853 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are the direct target of immunologic injury in many immune-mediated glomerular diseases, leading to proteinuria and subsequent kidney failure. Immunosuppressive agents such as steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and rituximab are the commonly used treatment strategies in this context for their immunotherapeutic or anti-inflammatory properties. However, in recent years, studies have demonstrated that immunosuppressive agents can have a direct effect on podocytes, introducing the concept of the non-immunologic mechanism of kidney protection by immunomodulators. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which these agents may directly target the podocyte independent of their systemic effects and examine their clinical significance.
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25
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Ye Q, Lan B, Liu H, Persson PB, Lai EY, Mao J. A critical role of the podocyte cytoskeleton in the pathogenesis of glomerular proteinuria and autoimmune podocytopathies. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13850. [PMID: 35716094 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective glomerular filtration relies on the membrane separating the glomerular arterioles from the Bowman space. As a major component of the glomerular filtration barrier, podocytes form foot processes by the actin cytoskeleton, which dynamically adjusts in response to environmental changes to maintain filtration barrier integrity. The slit diaphragms bridge the filtration slits between neighboring foot processes and act as signaling hubs interacting with the actin cytoskeleton. Focal adhesions relay signals to regulate actin dynamics while allowing podocyte adherence to the basement membrane. Mutations in actin regulatory and signaling proteins may disrupt the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in foot process retraction, effacement, and proteinuria. Large-scale gene expression profiling platforms, transgenic animal models, and other in vivo gene delivery methods now enhance our understanding of the interactions among podocyte focal adhesions, slit diaphragms, and actin dynamics. In addition, our team found that at least 66% of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) children have podocyte autoantibodies, which was defined as a new disease subgroup-, autoimmune podocytopathies. This review outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms of podocyte cytoskeleton protein interactions in proteinuria and glomerular podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Lan
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pontus B Persson
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - En Yin Lai
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Wang Z, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Fu Y, Jaynes LT, Sears J, Li X, Mouton AJ, Omoto ACM, Xu BP, Hall JE. Transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) deficiency leads to increased body weight and metabolic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R81-R97. [PMID: 35537100 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00097.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
TRPC6, a member of the TRPC family, is expressed in the hypothalamus and modulates cell Ca2+ influx. However, the role of TRPC6 in controlling metabolic and cardiovascular functions under normal conditions has not been previously determined. Thus, the impacts of TRPC6 deletion on energy balance, metabolic and cardiovascular regulation as well as the anorexic responses to leptin and melanocortin 3/4 receptor (MC3/4R) activation were investigated in this study. Extensive cardiometabolic phenotyping was conducted in male and female TRPC6 knock out (KO) and control mice from 6 to 24 weeks of age to assess mechanisms by which TRPC6 influences regulation of energy balance and blood pressure (BP). We found that TRPC6 KO mice are heavier with greater adiposity, hyperphagic, and have reduced energy expenditure, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and increased liver fat compared to controls. TRPC6 KO mice also have smaller brains, reduced POMC mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, and impaired anorexic response to leptin but not to MC3/4R activation. BP and heart rate, assessed by telemetry, were similar in TRPC6 KO and control mice, and BP responses to air-jet stress were attenuated in TRPC6 KO mice despite increased body weight and metabolic disorders that normally raise BP and increase BP responses to stress. Our results provide evidence for a novel and important role of TRPC6 in controlling energy balance, adiposity, and glucose homeostasis, which suggests that normal TRPC6 function may be necessary to link weight gain and hyperleptinemia with BP responses to acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Yiling Fu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Lance T Jaynes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jaylan Sears
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Alan J Mouton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Ana C M Omoto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Brittney P Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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27
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Wen D, Gao Y, Ho C, Yu L, Zhang Y, Lyu G, Hu D, Li Q, Zhang Y. Focusing on Mechanoregulation Axis in Fibrosis: Sensing, Transduction and Effecting. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:804680. [PMID: 35359592 PMCID: PMC8963247 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.804680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, a pathologic process featured by the excessive deposition of connective tissue components, can affect virtually every organ and has no satisfactory therapy yet. Fibrotic diseases are often associated with organ dysfunction which leads to high morbidity and mortality. Biomechanical stmuli and the corresponding cellular response havebeen identified in fibrogenesis, as the fibrotic remodeling could be seen as the incapacity to reestablish mechanical homeostasis: along with extracellular matrix accumulating, the physical property became more “stiff” and could in turn induce fibrosis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of mechanoregulation in fibrosis, from initialing cellular mechanosensing to intracellular mechanotransduction and processing, and ends up in mechanoeffecting. Our contents are not limited to the cellular mechanism, but further expand to the disorders involved and current clinical trials, providing an insight into the disease and hopefully inspiring new approaches for the treatment of tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Wen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chiakang Ho
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guozhong Lyu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Dahai Hu
- Burns Centre of PLA, Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qingfeng Li, ; Yifan Zhang,
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qingfeng Li, ; Yifan Zhang,
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28
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Ning B, Guo C, Kong A, Li K, Xie Y, Shi H, Gu J. Calcium Signaling Mediates Cell Death and Crosstalk with Autophagy in Kidney Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113204. [PMID: 34831428 PMCID: PMC8622220 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is an important organ for the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis in the body. However, disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis will cause a series of kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), podocytopathy, and diabetic nephropathy. During the progression of kidney disease, Ca2+ signaling plays key roles in various cell activities such as necrosis, apoptosis, eryptosis and autophagy. Importantly, there are complex Ca2+ flux networks between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and lysosomes which regulate intracellular Ca2+ signaling in renal cells and contribute to kidney disease. In addition, Ca2+ signaling also links the crosstalk between various cell deaths and autophagy under the stress of heavy metals or high glucose. In this regard, we present a review of Ca2+ signaling in cell death and crosstalk with autophagy and its potential as a therapeutic target for the development of new and efficient drugs against kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ning
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Chuanzhi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Anqi Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Kongdong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Yimin Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University—Yixing Hospital, Yixing 214200, China;
| | - Haifeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jie Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0511-88791923
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29
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Li SS, Sun Q, Hua MR, Suo P, Chen JR, Yu XY, Zhao YY. Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719880. [PMID: 34483931 PMCID: PMC8415231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays important roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Wnt signaling is induced, and β-catenin is activated, associated with the development and progression of renal fibrosis. Wnt/β-catenin controls the expression of various downstream mediators such as snail1, twist, matrix metalloproteinase-7, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, transient receptor potential canonical 6, and renin-angiotensin system components in epithelial cells, fibroblast, and macrophages. In addition, Wnt/β-catenin is usually intertwined with other signaling pathways to promote renal interstitial fibrosis. Actually, given the crucial of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in renal fibrogenesis, blocking this signaling may benefit renal interstitial fibrosis. There are several antagonists of Wnt signaling that negatively control Wnt activation, and these include soluble Fzd-related proteins, the family of Dickkopf 1 proteins, Klotho and Wnt inhibitory factor-1. Furthermore, numerous emerging small-molecule β-catenin inhibitors cannot be ignored to prevent and treat renal fibrosis. Moreover, we reviewed the knowledge focusing on anti-fibrotic effects of natural products commonly used in kidney disease by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, in this review, we summarize recent advances in the regulation, downstream targets, role, and mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in renal fibrosis pathogenesis. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway to treat renal fibrosis; this may shed new insights into effective treatment strategies to prevent and treat renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Meng-Ru Hua
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Suo
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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30
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Setyaningsih WAW, Arfian N, Fitriawan AS, Yuniartha R, Sari DCR. Ethanolic Extract of Centella asiatica Treatment in the Early Stage of Hyperglycemia Condition Inhibits Glomerular Injury and Vascular Remodeling in Diabetic Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6671130. [PMID: 34326888 PMCID: PMC8277496 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6671130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is marked by oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction that caused diabetic nephropathy that resulted in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Vascular dysfunction is characterized by an imbalance in vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents which underlies the mechanism of vascular injury in DM. Additionally, diminished podocytes correlate with the severity of kidney injury. Podocyturia often precedes proteinuria in several kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease. Centella asiatica (CeA) is known as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant and has neuroprotective effects. This research aimed to investigate the potential effect of CeA to inhibit glomerular injury and vascular remodeling in DM. METHODS The DM rat model was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60 mg/kg body weight (BW), and then rats were divided into 1-month DM (DM1, n = 5), 2-month DM (DM2, n = 5), early DM concurrent with CeA treatment for 2 months (DMC2, n = 5), and 1-month DM treated with CeA for 1-month (DM1C1, n = 5). The CeA (400 mg/kg BW) was given daily via oral gavage. The control group (Control, n = 5) was maintained for 2 months. Finally, rats were euthanized and kidneys were harvested to assess vascular remodeling using Sirius Red staining and the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase, podocytes marker, ACE2, eNOS, and ppET-1 using RT-PCR. RESULTS The DM groups demonstrated significant elevation of glucose level, glomerulosclerosis, and proteinuria. A significant reduction of SOD1 and SOD3 promotes the downregulation of nephrin and upregulation of TRPC6 mRNA expressions in rat glomerular kidney. Besides, this condition enhanced ppET-1 and inhibited eNOS and ACE2 mRNA expressions that lead to the development of vascular remodeling marked by an increase of wall thickness, and lumen wall area ratio (LWAR). Treatment of CeA, especially the DMC2 group, attenuated glomerular injury and showed the reversal of induced conditions. CONCLUSIONS Centella asiatica treatment at the early stage of diabetes mellitus ameliorates glomerulosclerosis and vascular injury via increasing antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwit A W Setyaningsih
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nur Arfian
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Akbar S Fitriawan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55282, Indonesia
| | - Ratih Yuniartha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dwi C R Sari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Lane BM, Murray S, Benson K, Bierzynska A, Chryst-Stangl M, Wang L, Wu G, Cavalleri G, Doyle B, Fennelly N, Dorman A, Conlon S, Vega-Warner V, Fermin D, Vijayan P, Qureshi MA, Shril S, Barua M, Hildebrandt F, Pollak M, Howell D, Sampson MG, Saleem M, Conlon PJ, Spurney R, Gbadegesin R. A Rare Autosomal Dominant Variant in Regulator of Calcineurin Type 1 ( RCAN1) Gene Confers Enhanced Calcineurin Activity and May Cause FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1682-1695. [PMID: 33863784 PMCID: PMC8425665 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020081234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocyte dysfunction is the main pathologic mechanism driving the development of FSGS and other morphologic types of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Despite significant progress, the genetic causes of most cases of SRNS have yet to be identified. METHODS Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 320 individuals from 201 families with familial and sporadic NS/FSGS with no pathogenic mutations in any known NS/FSGS genes. RESULTS Two variants in the gene encoding regulator of calcineurin type 1 (RCAN1) segregate with disease in two families with autosomal dominant FSGS/SRNS. In vitro, loss of RCAN1 reduced human podocyte viability due to increased calcineurin activity. Cells expressing mutant RCAN1 displayed increased calcineurin activity and NFAT activation that resulted in increased susceptibility to apoptosis compared with wild-type RCAN1. Treatment with GSK-3 inhibitors ameliorated this elevated calcineurin activity, suggesting the mutation alters the balance of RCAN1 regulation by GSK-3β, resulting in dysregulated calcineurin activity and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest mutations in RCAN1 can cause autosomal dominant FSGS. Despite the widespread use of calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of NS, genetic mutations in a direct regulator of calcineurin have not been implicated in the etiology of NS/FSGS before this report. The findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting RCAN1 regulatory molecules, such as GSK-3β, in the treatment of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Lane
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Susan Murray
- Irish Kidney Gene Project, Department of Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Katherine Benson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Agnieszka Bierzynska
- Department of Pediatrics, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Chryst-Stangl
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Liming Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guanghong Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gianpiero Cavalleri
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Brendan Doyle
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont General Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Neil Fennelly
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont General Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Anthony Dorman
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont General Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Shane Conlon
- Irish Kidney Gene Project, Department of Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | | | - Damian Fermin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Poornima Vijayan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad Azfar Qureshi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Moumita Barua
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Howell
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew G. Sampson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Moin Saleem
- Department of Pediatrics, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Conlon
- Irish Kidney Gene Project, Department of Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beaumont General Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Robert Spurney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rasheed Gbadegesin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Cytoskeleton Rearrangements Modulate TRPC6 Channel Activity in Podocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094396. [PMID: 33922367 PMCID: PMC8122765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton of podocytes plays a central role in the functioning of the filtration barrier in the kidney. Calcium entry into podocytes via TRPC6 (Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 6) channels leads to actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, thereby affecting the filtration barrier. We hypothesized that there is feedback from the cytoskeleton that modulates the activity of TRPC6 channels. Experiments using scanning ion-conductance microscopy demonstrated a change in migration properties in podocyte cell cultures treated with cytochalasin D, a pharmacological agent that disrupts the actin cytoskeleton. Cell-attached patch-clamp experiments revealed that cytochalasin D increases the activity of TRPC6 channels in CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells overexpressing the channel and in podocytes from freshly isolated glomeruli. Furthermore, it was previously reported that mutation in ACTN4, which encodes α-actinin-4, causes focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and solidifies the actin network in podocytes. Therefore, we tested whether α-actinin-4 regulates the activity of TRPC6 channels. We found that co-expression of mutant α-actinin-4 K255E with TRPC6 in CHO cells decreases TRPC6 channel activity. Therefore, our data demonstrate a direct interaction between the structure of the actin cytoskeleton and TRPC6 activity.
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33
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Kosanović M, Llorente A, Glamočlija S, Valdivielso JM, Bozic M. Extracellular Vesicles and Renal Fibrosis: An Odyssey toward a New Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083887. [PMID: 33918699 PMCID: PMC8069044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a complex disorder characterized by the destruction of kidney parenchyma. There is currently no cure for this devastating condition. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released from cells in both physiological and diseased states. Given their fundamental role in transferring biomolecules to recipient cells and their ability to cross biological barriers, EVs have been widely investigated as potential cell-free therapeutic agents. In this review, we provide an overview of EVs, focusing on their functional role in renal fibrosis and signaling messengers responsible for EV-mediated crosstalk between various renal compartments. We explore recent findings regarding the renoprotective effect of EVs and their use as therapeutic agents in renal fibrosis. We also highlight advantages and future perspectives of the therapeutic applications of EVs in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department for Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofija Glamočlija
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - José M. Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen RETIC, 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen RETIC, 25196 Lleida, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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34
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Chai XN, Ludwig FA, Müglitz A, Schaefer M, Yin HY, Brust P, Regenthal R, Krügel U. Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method to Quantify the New TRPC6 Inhibitor SH045 (Larixyl N-methylcarbamate) and Its Application in an Exploratory Pharmacokinetic Study in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030259. [PMID: 33805686 PMCID: PMC8000919 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPC6 (transient receptor potential cation channels; canonical subfamily C, member 6) is widespread localized in mammalian tissues like kidney and lung and associated with progressive proteinuria and pathophysiological pulmonary alterations, e.g., reperfusion edema or lung fibrosis. However, the understanding of TRPC6 channelopathies is still at the beginning stages. Recently, by chemical diversification of (+)-larixol originating from Larix decidua resin traditionally used for inhalation, its methylcarbamate congener, named SH045, was obtained and identified in functional assays as a highly potent, subtype-selective inhibitor of TRPC6. To pave the way for use of SH045 in animal disease models, this study aimed at developing a capable bioanalytical method and to provide exploratory pharmacokinetic data for this promising derivative. According to international guidelines, a robust and selective LC-MS/MS method based on MRM detection in positive ion mode was established and validated for quantification of SH045 in mice plasma, whereby linearity and accuracy were demonstrated for the range of 2–1600 ng/mL. Applying this method, the plasma concentration time course of SH045 following single intraperitoneal administration (20 mg/kg body weight) revealed a short half-life of 1.3 h. However, the pharmacological profile of SH045 is promising, as five hours after administration, plasma levels still remained sufficiently higher than published low nanomolar IC50 values. Summarizing, the LC-MS/MS method and exploratory pharmacokinetic data provide essential prerequisites for experimental pharmacological TRPC6 modulation and translational treatment of TRPC6 channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ning Chai
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (X.-N.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (F.-A.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Anne Müglitz
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (X.-N.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (X.-N.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Hai-Yan Yin
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (F.-A.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (X.-N.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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35
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Transient Receptor Potential Canonical Channels in Health and Disease: A 2020 Update. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030496. [PMID: 33668918 PMCID: PMC7996490 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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36
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Calcineurin and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Rationale for Using Calcineurin Inhibitors in the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031263. [PMID: 33514066 PMCID: PMC7865978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations that can affect almost all organ systems. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe complication that affects approximately half of the systemic erythematosus lupus (SLE) patients, which significantly increases the morbidity and the mortality risk. LN is characterized by the accumulation of immune complexes, ultimately leading to renal failure. Aberrant activation of T cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of both SLE and LN and is involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines, the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the affected tissues and the co-stimulation of B cells. Calcineurin is a serine-threonine phosphatase that, as a consequence of the T cell hyperactivation, induces the production of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, calcineurin is also involved in the alterations of the podocyte phenotype, which contribute to proteinuria and kidney damage observed in LN patients. Therefore, calcineurin inhibitors have been postulated as a potential treatment strategy in LN, since they reduce T cell activation and promote podocyte cytoskeleton stabilization, both being key aspects in the development of LN. Here, we review the role of calcineurin in SLE and the latest findings about calcineurin inhibitors and their mechanisms of action in the treatment of LN.
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37
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Vinayagam D, Quentin D, Yu-Strzelczyk J, Sitsel O, Merino F, Stabrin M, Hofnagel O, Yu M, Ledeboer MW, Nagel G, Malojcic G, Raunser S. Structural basis of TRPC4 regulation by calmodulin and pharmacological agents. eLife 2020; 9:e60603. [PMID: 33236980 PMCID: PMC7735759 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPC) are involved in receptor-operated and/or store-operated Ca2+ signaling. Inhibition of TRPCs by small molecules was shown to be promising in treating renal diseases. In cells, the channels are regulated by calmodulin (CaM). Molecular details of both CaM and drug binding have remained elusive so far. Here, we report structures of TRPC4 in complex with three pyridazinone-based inhibitors and CaM. The structures reveal that all the inhibitors bind to the same cavity of the voltage-sensing-like domain and allow us to describe how structural changes from the ligand-binding site can be transmitted to the central ion-conducting pore of TRPC4. CaM binds to the rib helix of TRPC4, which results in the ordering of a previously disordered region, fixing the channel in its closed conformation. This represents a novel CaM-induced regulatory mechanism of canonical TRP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Quentin
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Jing Yu-Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Oleg Sitsel
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Felipe Merino
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Markus Stabrin
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Oliver Hofnagel
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | | | | | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | | | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
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38
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Critical Role for AMPK in Metabolic Disease-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217994. [PMID: 33121167 PMCID: PMC7663488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent in 9.1% of the global population and is a significant public health problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality. CKD is associated with highly prevalent physiological and metabolic disturbances such as hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and aging, which are also risk factors for CKD pathogenesis and progression. Podocytes and proximal tubular cells of the kidney strongly express AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK plays essential roles in glucose and lipid metabolism, cell survival, growth, and inflammation. Thus, metabolic disease-induced renal diseases like obesity-related and diabetic chronic kidney disease demonstrate dysregulated AMPK in the kidney. Activating AMPK ameliorates the pathological and phenotypical features of both diseases. As a metabolic sensor, AMPK regulates active tubular transport and helps renal cells to survive low energy states. AMPK also exerts a key role in mitochondrial homeostasis and is known to regulate autophagy in mammalian cells. While the nutrient-sensing role of AMPK is critical in determining the fate of renal cells, the role of AMPK in kidney autophagy and mitochondrial quality control leading to pathology in metabolic disease-related CKD is not very clear and needs further investigation. This review highlights the crucial role of AMPK in renal cell dysfunction associated with metabolic diseases and aims to expand therapeutic strategies by understanding the molecular and cellular processes underlying CKD.
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39
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Golosova D, Palygin O, Bohovyk R, Klemens CA, Levchenko V, Spires DR, Isaeva E, El-Meanawy A, Staruschenko A. Role of opioid signaling in kidney damage during the development of salt-induced hypertension. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/12/e202000853. [PMID: 33046522 PMCID: PMC7556751 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of kappa opioid receptors modulates calcium influx via TRPC6 channels in podocytes, which ultimately compromises the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier and promotes a marked worsening of blood pressure control and renal damage. Opioid use is associated with predictors of poor cardiorenal outcomes. However, little is known about the direct impact of opioids on podocytes and renal function, especially in the context of hypertension and CKD. We hypothesize that stimulation of opioid receptors (ORs) contributes to dysregulation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) homeostasis in podocytes, thus aggravating the development of renal damage in hypertensive conditions. Herein, freshly isolated glomeruli from Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats and human kidneys, as well as immortalized human podocytes, were used to elucidate the contribution of specific ORs to calcium influx. Stimulation of κ-ORs, but not μ-ORs or δ-ORs, evoked a [Ca2+]i transient in podocytes, potentially through the activation of TRPC6 channels. κ-OR agonist BRL52537 was used to assess the long-term effect in SS rats fed a high-salt diet. Hypertensive rats chronically treated with BRL52537 exhibited [Ca2+]i overload in podocytes, nephrinuria, albuminuria, changes in electrolyte balance, and augmented blood pressure. These data demonstrate that the κ-OR/TRPC6 signaling directly influences podocyte calcium handling, provoking the development of kidney injury in the opioid-treated hypertensive cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Golosova
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ruslan Bohovyk
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Denisha R Spires
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Elena Isaeva
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ashraf El-Meanawy
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA .,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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40
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WNT-β-catenin signalling - a versatile player in kidney injury and repair. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 17:172-184. [PMID: 32989282 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The WNT-β-catenin system is an evolutionary conserved signalling pathway that is of particular importance for morphogenesis and cell organization during embryogenesis. The system is usually suppressed in adulthood; however, it can be re-activated in organ injury and regeneration. WNT-deficient mice display severe kidney defects at birth. Transient WNT-β-catenin activation stimulates tissue regeneration after acute kidney injury, whereas sustained (uncontrolled) WNT-β-catenin signalling promotes kidney fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD), podocyte injury and proteinuria, persistent tissue damage during acute kidney injury and cystic kidney diseases. Additionally, WNT-β-catenin signalling is involved in CKD-associated vascular calcification and mineral bone disease. The WNT-β-catenin pathway is tightly regulated, for example, by proteins of the Dickkopf (DKK) family. In particular, DKK3 is released by 'stressed' tubular epithelial cells; DKK3 drives kidney fibrosis and is associated with short-term risk of CKD progression and acute kidney injury. Thus, targeting the WNT-β-catenin pathway might represent a promising therapeutic strategy in kidney injury and associated complications.
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41
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Chen X, Sooch G, Demaree IS, White FA, Obukhov AG. Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC) Channels: Then and Now. Cells 2020; 9:E1983. [PMID: 32872338 PMCID: PMC7565274 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, the first mammalian Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC) channel was cloned, opening the vast horizon of the TRPC field. Today, we know that there are seven TRPC channels (TRPC1-7). TRPCs exhibit the highest protein sequence similarity to the Drosophila melanogaster TRP channels. Similar to Drosophila TRPs, TRPCs are localized to the plasma membrane and are activated in a G-protein-coupled receptor-phospholipase C-dependent manner. TRPCs may also be stimulated in a store-operated manner, via receptor tyrosine kinases, or by lysophospholipids, hypoosmotic solutions, and mechanical stimuli. Activated TRPCs allow the influx of Ca2+ and monovalent alkali cations into the cytosol of cells, leading to cell depolarization and rising intracellular Ca2+ concentration. TRPCs are involved in the continually growing number of cell functions. Furthermore, mutations in the TRPC6 gene are associated with hereditary diseases, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The most important recent breakthrough in TRPC research was the solving of cryo-EM structures of TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5, and TRPC6. These structural data shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying TRPCs' functional properties and propelled the development of new modulators of the channels. This review provides a historical overview of the major advances in the TRPC field focusing on the role of gene knockouts and pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjuan Chen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Gagandeep Sooch
- The Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (G.S.); (I.S.D.)
| | - Isaac S. Demaree
- The Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (G.S.); (I.S.D.)
| | - Fletcher A. White
- The Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alexander G. Obukhov
- The Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (G.S.); (I.S.D.)
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Blaine J, Dylewski J. Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071700. [PMID: 32708597 PMCID: PMC7408282 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are an integral part of the glomerular filtration barrier, a structure that prevents filtration of large proteins and macromolecules into the urine. Podocyte function is dependent on actin cytoskeleton regulation within the foot processes, structures that link podocytes to the glomerular basement membrane. Actin cytoskeleton dynamics in podocyte foot processes are complex and regulated by multiple proteins and other factors. There are two key signal integration and structural hubs within foot processes that regulate the actin cytoskeleton: the slit diaphragm and focal adhesions. Both modulate actin filament extension as well as foot process mobility. No matter what the initial cause, the final common pathway of podocyte damage is dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton leading to foot process retraction and proteinuria. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton can be due to acquired causes or to genetic mutations in key actin regulatory and signaling proteins. Here, we describe the major structural and signaling components that regulate the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes as well as acquired and genetic causes of actin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Blaine
- Renal Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - James Dylewski
- Renal Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Denver Health Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +303-724-4841
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Cove-Smith A, Sharpe CC, Shattock MJ, Hendry BM. Ion-Channel modulator TH1177 reduces glomerular injury and serum creatinine in chronic mesangial proliferative disease in rats. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:187. [PMID: 32429914 PMCID: PMC7236127 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T-type calcium channels (TTCC) are involved in mesangial cell proliferation. In acute thy-1 nephritis in the rat TTCC inhibition reduces glomerular damage and cell proliferation. This work is extended here by a study of the non-selective TTCC inhibitor TH1177 in a chronic model of proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) including late treatment starting after the initial inflammation has resolved. The objective was to determine the effects of TH1177 in a model of chronic mesangioproliferative renal disease. Methods Chronic GN was induced in WKY rats by unilateral nephrectomy (day − 7) followed by day 0 injection of Ox7 thy-1 mAb. Treatment with TH1177 (10–20 mg/Kg daily IP) was started on day 2 (early treatment) or on day 14 (late treatment) and compared to vehicle-treated controls until sacrifice at day 42. Glomerular disease was assessed with a damage score, fibrosis assay, cellular counts and renal function measured by serum creatinine. Results Treatment with TH11777 was associated with reduced serum creatinine, less glomerular damage, reduced fibrosis and reduced glomerular cellularity. The results for early and late TH1177 treatments were essentially the same and differed significantly from vehicle. Conclusions The ion-channel modulator TH1177 is capable of improving glomerular outcome in chronic rat GN even when treatment starts 14 days after initiation of the disease. These data are discussed in the context of the possible targets of TH1177 including TTCC, TRP family, Stim/Orai group and other cation channels. The work supports the use of genetic models to examine the roles of individual cation channels in progressive glomerulonephritis to further define the targets of TH1177.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cove-Smith
- Renal Sciences, Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, Renal Medicine 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.,Barts Health Renal Centre, The Royal London Hospital, E1 1BB, London, UK
| | - Claire C Sharpe
- Renal Sciences, Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, Renal Medicine 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Michael J Shattock
- Cardiovascular Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Bruce M Hendry
- Renal Sciences, Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, Renal Medicine 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.
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