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Schultz CM, McGinley JJ, Clark VC, Hawkins ND, Radel LC, Jones JC. Primary Care Considerations for the Adolescent Wrestler. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2024:10.1007/s12178-024-09920-z. [PMID: 39085676 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adolescent wrestlers undergo intense physical combat. While guidelines are effective in keeping the sport safer, concerns specific to the adolescent wrestler may be missed at primary care visits without knowledge of the unique challenges faced by these athletes. The following review highlights important characteristics of the adolescent wrestler which are of interest to primary care providers. RECENT FINDINGS Recommendations for concussion management are evolving to gradual return-to-sport after physician clearance rather than total sport removal. Prolonged skin-to-skin contact also places athletes at greater risk of dermatologic infections, which often require removal from competition, treatment, and/or coverage. Finally, adolescent nutritional literature recommends limiting pre-match weight loss to 3-5% body weight due to noted kidney damage that may result from larger deficits. Adolescent wrestlers are more prone to acute injuries than chronic overuse injuries, with most injuries occurring above the trunk. Primary care providers should consider obtaining imaging to rule out severe injuries or referring to specialist providers. Current guidelines for skin infections require frequent pre-match skin checks and mandatory waiting periods when certain infections are identified. However, the primary care provider is well-equipped for more in-depth skin examination, discussion of skin hygiene, and appropriate treatment of skin infections. Athletes attempting to meet lower weight classes may put themselves at risk of acute kidney damage, under-fueling, and eating disorders. Current guidelines attempt to mitigate excessive weight changes in the adolescent wrestler during competition season, but primary care providers should emphasize healthier methods of weight fluctuation and look for indicators of physiological or psychological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacob C Jones
- Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Podvin C, Morrison T, Dabis J, McGinley JJ, Ellis HB, Wilson PL, Ulman S. Trends in Nutrition-Related Risk Factors Identified Post-Operatively in Patients Treated for a Lower-Extremity Injury. Nutrients 2024; 16:1847. [PMID: 38931202 PMCID: PMC11206554 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated trends within a custom Sports Nutrition Assessment for Consultation (SNAC) survey designed to identify nutrition-related risk factors among post-operative lower-extremity youth athletes. Athletes aged 8-18 years who completed the SNAC at a sports medicine institution after lower-extremity surgery were reviewed for associations between SNAC questions and age/sex differences. Of 477 patients (15.0 ± 2.0 years; 47.8% female), 319 (66.9%) answered 'yes' to at least one question and were identified for a consult, though 216 (64.3%) declined. The most frequent questions to prompt a consult were a desire to better understand nutrition for recovery (41.5%) and regularly skipping at least one meal a day (29.8%). Inter-question responses were often significantly related, especially regarding appetite changes, weight changes, and/or meal-skipping. While consult acceptance was not significantly different between sex/age, males were more likely to report a desire to better understand nutrition (p = 0.004) and a weight change (p = 0.019), and females were more likely to report struggling with dizziness/fatigue (p < 0.001). Additionally, older athletes reported an appetite change (p = 0.022), meal-skipping (p = 0.002), a desire to better understand nutrition (p < 0.001), a weight change (p < 0.001), and an effort/recommendation to change their body composition/weight (p = 0.005). These findings demonstrate a link between risky nutrition behaviors and physical detriments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Podvin
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
| | - Taylor Morrison
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
| | - Jessica Dabis
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
| | - James J. McGinley
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
| | - Henry B. Ellis
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philip L. Wilson
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sophia Ulman
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Khatib MA, Aljaaly EA, Hafiz MS, Alamri A, Alzahrani W. The risk of low energy availability among athlete females in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1411724. [PMID: 38873295 PMCID: PMC11169597 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1411724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low energy availability (LEA) is a state of inadequate energy reserves that results from a negative energy balance. This condition can lead to severe health risks such as amenorrhea and osteoporosis. Various causes for LEA, such as eating disorders and exercise addiction, have been reported in the literature. However, data in Saudi Arabia are lacking. This cross-sectional study measures the prevalence of LEA, eating disorders, and exercise addiction among adult females in Saudi Arabia and identifies possible associated risk factors. Methods The sample comprised 119 female athletes who filled out an online survey adapted from the LEA in Females Questionnaire, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, and the Exercise Addiction Inventory. Results Participants showed a high prevalence of LEA (66.4%), eating disorder (33.6%), and exercise addiction (10.1%), confirming the association between normal weight and LEA in females living in Saudi Arabia (p < 0.00). Discussion and conclusion With an increasing number of females in the country interested in following a healthy lifestyle, there is a need to raise the awareness of the population on the issues of LEA, eating disorders, and exercise addiction and their effects on the body by developing educational programs about energy intake and healthy physical activity routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A. Khatib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Food, Nutrition, and Lifestyle Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Obesity Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elham A. Aljaaly
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Adult Podiatric Adolescent Obesity Clinic, MNT Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam S. Hafiz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alkhuzama Alamri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Huang J, Chan SC, Pang WS, Chow SH, Fung YC, Keung VMW, Cheung CKM, Lo ASC, Mui LWH, Lee A, Wong MCS. Factors associated with consuming unhealthy food in school children: A population-based study from Hong Kong. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1964. [PMID: 38476586 PMCID: PMC10927937 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Unhealthy diets were found to be the main contributor to the overweight problem among adolescents. In this study, we aim to identify the factors causing unhealthy eating habits in adolescents. Methods School-aged children and adolescents participated in this cross-sectional observational study with additional school and parental consent. A self-administered survey was conducted by 30 primary schools and 25 secondary schools. Participants were asked about the frequency of consuming unhealthy food and the types of unhealthy food consumed. A descriptive analysis was performed to demonstrate the proportions of characteristics. The prevalence of the outcome among participants of various factors was also analyzed using separate binary regression models. Results A total of 4884 responses were collected. Among primary school students (grade 4, mean age: 10.06), people who (1) were actively gaining weight (aOR: 1.651, 95% CI 1.006-2.708, p = 0.047), (2) went to bed after 11 p.m. (aOR: 1.652, 95% CI 1.065-2.563, p = 0.025), (3) had more than 2 h of gaming (aOR: 2.833, 95% CI 1.913-4.195, p < 0.001), (4) suffered from self-report depressive symptoms (aOR: 1.753, 95% CI 1.233-2.493, p = 0.002) was more likely to consume unhealthy food. As for secondary school students (grade 3, mean age: 15.28), (1) males (aOR: 1.266, 95% CI 1.0004-1.601, p = 0.0496), (2) average-to-high socioeconomic status (Average: aOR: 1.471, 95% CI 1.115-1.941, p = 0.006; High: aOR: 2.253, 95% CI 1.585-3.202. p < 0.001), (3) having more than 2 h of gaming (aOR: 1.342, 95% CI 1.069-1.685, p = 0.011), (4) suffering from psychological distress (aOR: 1.395, 95% CI 1.051-1.852, p = 0.021) were associated with the increased odds of consuming unhealthy food. Conclusion Several lifestyle and health factors were significantly associated with unhealthy eating behaviors in school-aged children and adolescents in Hong Kong, sharing similarities with many other countries. In conjunction with implementing a policy that addresses factors for unhealthy eating habits, further research should investigate potential interventions targeting these factors to ultimately tackle the overweight and obesity concern for children and adolescents in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Huang
- Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Sze Chai Chan
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Wing Sze Pang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Shui Hang Chow
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yat Ching Fung
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Vera M. W. Keung
- Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Calvin K. M. Cheung
- Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Amelia S. C. Lo
- Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Lancelot W. H. Mui
- Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Albert Lee
- Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Martin C. S. Wong
- Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- The School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- The School of Public HealthThe Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and The Peking Union Medical CollegesBeijingChina
- The School of Public HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Ghazzawi HA, Nimer LS, Haddad AJ, Alhaj OA, Amawi AT, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trabelsi K, Seeman MV, Jahrami H. A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the prevalence of self-reported disordered eating and associated factors among athletes worldwide. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:24. [PMID: 38326925 PMCID: PMC10851573 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-00982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide a pooled prevalence estimate of self-reported disordered eating (SRDE) in athletes based on the available literature, and to identify risk factors for their occurrence. METHODS Across ten academic databases, an electronic search was conducted from inception to 7th January 2024. The proportion of athletes scoring at or above predetermined cutoffs on validated self-reporting screening measures was used to identify disordered eating (DE). Subgroup analysis per country, per culture, and per research measure were also conducted. Age, body mass index (BMI), and sex were considered as associated/correlated factors. RESULTS The mean prevalence of SRDE among 70,957 athletes in 177 studies (132 publications) was 19.23% (17.04%; 21.62%), I2 = 97.4%, τ2 = 0.8990, Cochran's Q p value = 0. Australia had the highest percentage of SRDE athletes with a mean of 57.1% (36.0%-75.8%), while Iceland had the lowest, with a mean of 4.9% (1.2%-17.7%). The SRDE prevalence in Eastern countries was higher than in Western countries with 29.1% versus 18.5%. Anaerobic sports had almost double the prevalence of SRDE 37.9% (27.0%-50.2%) compared to aerobic sports 19.6% (15.2%-25%). Gymnastics sports had the highest SRDE prevalence rate, with 41.5% (30.4%-53.6%) while outdoor sports showed the lowest at 15.4% (11.6%-20.2%). Among various tools used to assess SRDE, the three-factor eating questionnaire yielded the highest SRDE rate 73.0% (60.1%-82.8%). Meta-regression analyses showed that female sex, older age, and higher BMI (all p < 0.01) are associated with higher prevalence rates of SRDE. CONCLUSION The outcome of this review suggests that factors specific to the sport affect eating behaviors throughout an athlete's life. As a result, one in five athletes run the risk of developing an eating disorder. Culture-specific and sport-specific diagnostic tools need to be developed and increased attention paid to nutritional deficiencies in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel A Ghazzawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lana S Nimer
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Areen Jamal Haddad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Omar A Alhaj
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Adam T Amawi
- Department of Exercise Science and Kinesiology, School of Sport Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal
- Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, University of Sfax, EM2S, LR19JS013000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain.
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
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Hasanpouri A, Rahmani B, Gharakhanlou BJ, Solaimanian S, Shahsavari S, Rasouli A, Abbasi S, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Rouzitalab T, Hoseinabadi Z, Shiri-Shahsavar MR. Nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice of professional athletes in an Iranian population (a cross-sectional study). BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:164. [PMID: 38049912 PMCID: PMC10696817 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper nutrition is vital in promoting community health, yet insufficient knowledge and improper dietary practices can lead to deficiencies and diseases. Professional athletes depend on optimal nutrition for their performance and recovery, but a lack of understanding can impede their potential. The nutritional status of athletes impacts their overall health and sports performance. Inadequate sports nutrition knowledge may result in suboptimal practices, reducing strength, power, endurance, and immunity. Additionally, disordered attitudes can lead to dietary imbalances and an increased risk of injury. This study, conducted in Qazvin, Iran, examined athletes' nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices. By addressing these factors, there is potential to enhance dietary behaviors and ultimately improve athletes' performance. METHODS The study employed a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional design to investigate the nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of professional athletes in Qazvin, Iran. A total of 320 purposefully selected professional athletes (68.13% male, 31.87% female) from various sports fields participated in the research. The data collection tool consisted of demographic questions and a KAP questionnaire, including 27 nutritional knowledge questions, 16 nutritional attitude questions, and 14 nutritional performance questions. The quota sampling method was used to estimate sample sizes. Data analysis was carried out by SPSS v.26 using one sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient test. RESULTS The results showed that nutritional knowledge (the mean value was 79.594 ± 7.015 - the optimal knowledge level = 84) and attitude (the mean value was 23.347 ± 5.300 - the optimal attitude level = 26) for athletes are low, but their nutritional practice (the mean value was 21.788 ± 3.450 - the optimal performance level = 24) was moderate. Also, professional athletes' nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice were lower than normal (p < 0.05). Significant positive correlations were among knowledge, attitude, and practice (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice among the subjects of different age groups, genders, and sports types (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that the nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice of professional Iranian athletes in Qazvin province were low; therefore, the implementation of more theoretical and applied nutrition education, such as using knowledge assessment tools and interventions, irrespective of their age, sport's field, and gender, is compelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hasanpouri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Heath, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Bita Rahmani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Jamali Gharakhanlou
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahabaddin Solaimanian
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahsavari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Rasouli
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Rouzitalab
- Department of Biochemistry, Nutrition Therapy, and Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hoseinabadi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shiri-Shahsavar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Heath, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Lin JA, Jhe G, Adhikari R, Vitagliano JA, Rose KL, Freizinger M, Richmond TK. Triggers for eating disorder onset in youth with anorexia nervosa across the weight spectrum. Eat Disord 2023; 31:553-572. [PMID: 37039575 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2023.2201988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
To aid in more targeted eating disorder (ED) prevention efforts, we sought to identify sociodemographic and weight-related risk factors for identified triggers for the onset of anorexia nervosa (AN) in youth. We conducted a retrospective chart review of youth admitted for medical treatment of AN between January 2015 and February 2020. From multidisciplinary admission notes, we extracted patient-reported reasons for diet/exercise changes. We used qualitative thematic analysis to identify ED triggers, then categorized each trigger as binary variables (presence/absence) for logistic regression analysis of risks associated with each trigger. Of 150 patients, mean (SD) age was 14.1(2.3) years. A total of 129 (86%) were female and 120 (80%) were Non-Hispanic White. Triggers included environmental stressors (reported by 30%), external pressures of the thin/fit ideal (29%), internalized thin/fit ideal (29%), weight-related teasing (19%), and receiving health education (14%). Younger age was associated with higher odds of weight-related teasing (p = .04) and health education (p = .03). Males had greater odds of internalized thin/fit ideal than females (p = .04). Those with premorbid body mass indices ≥85th percentile for age and sex had greater odds of reporting positive reinforcement (p = .03) and weight-related teasing (p = .04) than those with weights <85th percentile. We use these findings to detail potential targets for advancing ED prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Lin
- Division of Adolescent and Transition Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace Jhe
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Julia A Vitagliano
- Health and Social Behavior, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelsey L Rose
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Melissa Freizinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tracy K Richmond
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Mathisen TF, Ackland T, Burke LM, Constantini N, Haudum J, Macnaughton LS, Meyer NL, Mountjoy M, Slater G, Sundgot-Borgen J. Best practice recommendations for body composition considerations in sport to reduce health and performance risks: a critical review, original survey and expert opinion by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1148-1158. [PMID: 37752006 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of body composition (BC) in sport raises concern for athlete health, especially where an overfocus on being lighter or leaner increases the risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) and disordered eating. METHODS We undertook a critical review of the effect of BC on performance (29 longitudinal, prospective or intervention studies) and explored current practice related to BC considerations via a follow-up to a 2013 internationally distributed survey. RESULTS The review found that a higher level of body fat was negatively associated with endurance performance, while a gain in muscle mass resulted in performance benefits across sports. BC did not contribute to early talent identification, and no unique cut-off to signify a performance advantage for BC was identified. BC appears to be one of an array of variables impacting performance, and its influence should not be overstated. The survey (125 practitioners, 61 sports and 26 countries) showed subtle changes in BC considerations over time, such as an increased role for sport dietitian/nutrition practitioners as BC measurers (2013: 54%, 2022: 78%); less emphasis on reporting of body fat percentage (2013: 68%, 2022: 46%) and reduced frequency of BC assessment if ≥every fourth week (2013: 18%, 2022: 5%). Respondents remained concerned about a problematic focus on BC (2013: 69%, 2022: 78%). To address these findings, we provide detailed recommendations for BC considerations, including an overview of preferable BC methodology. CONCLUSIONS The 'best practice' guidelines stress the importance of a multidisciplinary athlete health and performance team, and the treatment of BC data as confidential medical information. The guidelines provide a health focus around BC, aiming to reduce the associated burden of disordered eating, problematic low energy availability and REDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Ackland
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naama Constantini
- Sport Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Judith Haudum
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Nanna L Meyer
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- REDs Consensus Writing Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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Vicente F, Holanda M, Ramalho R, Mendes J, Marques-Vidal P, Pereira P. Lower calcium and iron intake in adolescent gymnasts: A case of concern for youth sports nutrition. Nutrition 2023; 110:112020. [PMID: 36963267 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diet is important for the appropriate development and maturation of young amateur athletes. The aim of this study was to determine whether young gymnasts were consuming adequate amounts of nutrients, particularly calcium and iron. METHODS This cross-sectional survey was conducted in Portugal's Almada and Lisbon regions in 2020. To determine if participants' diet was adequate, weight, height, and skinfold measurements were taken. Dietary consumption was examined using two 24-h recalls. We collected data from 66 participants (60% females, 12-18 y of age), of whom 82% had normal weight and 39% had ideal body fat. RESULTS The daily total energy intake (TEI) was1605 ± 601 kcal. Of the TEI, 19%, 31%, and 50% were comprised of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, respectively. The most often consumed protein sources were poultry and ultra-processed meat products (52% and 45%, respectively). The average daily consumption of calcium and iron was 626 ± 293 and 9 ± 3 mg, respectively. Only 2 of the 66 participants had calcium intake within recommended levels, and 1of 5 had iron intake within recommended levels, the percentage of which was lower in girls than boys (7.5% versus 38.5%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite having a sufficient macronutrient distribution, Portuguese gymnasts consume a high amount of ultra-processed items and a low amount of calcium and iron. The low proportion of female gymnasts with adequate iron consumption is cause for worry in sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Vicente
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CIIEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal; Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição Aplicada (GENA), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Marcela Holanda
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal; Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição Aplicada (GENA), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Renata Ramalho
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CIIEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal; Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição Aplicada (GENA), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Mendes
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CIIEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paula Pereira
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CIIEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal; Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição Aplicada (GENA), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
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10
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Chaikali P, Kontele I, Grammatikopoulou MG, Oikonomou E, Sergentanis TN, Vassilakou T. Body Composition, Eating Habits, and Disordered Eating Behaviors among Adolescent Classical Ballet Dancers and Controls. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020379. [PMID: 36832508 PMCID: PMC9955284 DOI: 10.3390/children10020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent classical ballet dancers are nutritionally vulnerable, as they try to retain a lean body shape during a life period of high nutritional requirements due to rapid growth. Studies conducted on adult dancers have indicated a high risk for the development of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), but research on adolescent dancers remains scarce. The aim of the present case-control study was to compare the body composition, dietary habits, and DEBs of female adolescent classical ballet dancers and their non-dancer same-sex peers. Self-reported questionnaires, namely the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and a 19-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), were used for the assessment of habitual diet and DEBs. The assessment of body composition included the measurements of body weight, height, body circumference, and skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The results indicate that the dancers were leaner than the controls, with lower weight, BMIs, and hip and arm circumferences, leaner skinfolds, and less fat mass. No differences were observed between the two groups regarding eating habits and the EAT-26 scores, but almost 1 out of 4 (23.3%) participants scored ≥ 20, indicative of DEBs. Participants with an EAT-26 score ≥ 20 had significantly higher body weight, BMIs, body circumferences, fat mass, and fat-free mass than those with a score < 20. Adolescents must be educated on nutrition and healthy methods to control body weight through evidence-based information and programs, and whenever appropriate, also through individual counseling by the appropriate health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Chaikali
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kontele
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Theodoros N. Sergentanis
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Tonia Vassilakou
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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11
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Bergamo RR, Páscoa MA, Hespanhol JE, de Moraes AM, Guerra-Júnior G. Positive association of lean mass and negative association of protein intake on bone mass and bone geometry of adolescent soccer players. Nutrition 2023; 105:111857. [PMID: 36308916 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of food consumption and body composition on bone parameters in adolescent soccer players. METHODS There were 148 male soccer players 12 to 18 y who participated in the study. Body composition was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, comprising bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of total body without head (TBLH), lumbar spine (L1-L4), and right femoral neck (RFN). The bone geometry variables measured were femoral strength index (FSI), buckling ratio (BR), section modulus (Z), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and cross-sectional area (CSA). Food intake was analyzed using the 24-h food recall. Somatic maturation was estimated by the peak height velocity equation. For the statistical analysis, the stepwise multiple linear regression was used, with P < 0.05. RESULTS Regarding food consumption, there was a high protein intake and low calcium intake. Lean mass was a predictor of BMC of TBLH (R2 = 0.524), L1-L4 (R2 = 0.492), and RFN (R2 = 0.405); BMD of L1-L4 (R2 = 0.407) and RFN (R2 = 0.27); Z (R2 = 0.683), CSMI (R2 = 0.630), and CSA (R2 = 0.640). There was a negative correlation between protein intake with bone mass and bone geometry parameters. CONCLUSION In adolescent soccer players, lean mass was a predictor of bone parameters, and high protein intake was negatively associated with bone mass and geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiany Rosa Bergamo
- Laboratory of Growth and Development (LabCreD), Pediatrics Research Center (CIPED), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Alexandre Páscoa
- Laboratory of Growth and Development (LabCreD), Pediatrics Research Center (CIPED), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Marques de Moraes
- Faculty of Physical Education (FEF), Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUCCAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Laboratory of Growth and Development (LabCreD), Pediatrics Research Center (CIPED), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Lundqvist C, Schary DP, Eklöf E, Zand S, Jacobsson J. Elite lean athletes at sports high schools face multiple risks for mental health concerns and are in need of psychosocial support. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284725. [PMID: 37083747 PMCID: PMC10121048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined demands on an adolescence in an elite sports high school can negatively affect mental health (eg, stress, burnout, depression, anxiety). Late adolescence is also when elite-striving athletes typically transition from junior-to-senior level programs. In addition, adolescent elite lean sports athletes have an increased risk of suffering from abnormal eating pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived psychosocial needs that young, elite-striving lean sports athletes in sports high schools find essential for their sports careers and transition from junior-to-senior level sports. Eight Swedish elite-striving lean sports athletes (2 men and 6 women; median age 17.0 years, range: 16-18 years) participated in this study and sports represented were athletics (n = 1), gymnastics (n = 3), and wrestling (n = 4). Semi-structured interviews were performed, and data was analyzed by thematic analysis. Results showed integration, both in the present situation and for the future, as an overarching theme perceived as essential for a successful elite sports career over time. Three additional themes were also identified: (a) Psychosocial stress (combined performance demands, diminished social life, sports-related body weight demands, taboo talking about eating disorders, injuries), (b) Protective psychosocial factors (social support and psychological safety, communication and coordination school and sports, self-care/health behaviors), and (c) support needs junior-to-senior transition (career advice and mentorship, individualized support). As a result, elite-striving, lean sports athletes attending sports high schools need additional support to excel in their academic and athletic endeavors. Sports developmental programs continue to provide inadequate support before and during the junior-to-senior level transition. Similarly, despite the continued calls for reducing the stigma of mental health, athletes in sports schools still encounter barriers from coaches and peers, making the subject taboo, particularly surrounding eating pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lundqvist
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David P Schary
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Performance, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, United States of America
| | - Emelie Eklöf
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Zand
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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13
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Polak E, Gardzińska A, Zadarko-Domaradzka M. Anorexic Readiness Syndrome in Elite Female Acrobatic Gymnasts-International Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13181. [PMID: 36293760 PMCID: PMC9603453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anorexic Readiness Syndrome (ARS) is a concept used in research for the early detection of disordered eating (DE). It is a set of indicators located primarily within the cognitive and behavioral sphere of an individual's functioning. The aim of this study was to examine whether among the elite acrobats there are girls showing a high level of anorexic tendency, and if so, what behaviors and attitudes are the most common. In addition, an attempt to determine what sport-related factors or other non-sport variables may increase the risk of ARS was conducted. The study group was made up of 133 acrobatic gymnasts aged 10-19, representing six countries that participated in the Acro World Cup competition held in Poland. The study procedures included surveys (personal questionnaire and the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire), anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and determination of the Body Mass Index (BMI), fat percentage (Fat%), and waist to height ratio (WHtR). A high level of ARS was found in 9.8% of acrobats. This group most often declared attitudes and behaviors indicative of anorexic tendencies. A strong relationship with the level of ARS was noted in the following: the use of fasting and diets (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.54), limiting of fats and carbohydrates (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.60), feeling angry after eating too much (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.55), knowing the caloric value of many food products (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.59), and the desire to improve the appearance of one's body (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.52). The role played in the acrobatic partnership and the region of residence were considered as the sport-related risk factors. Among non-sport factors, the strongest predictor of ARS was the age of gymnasts (β = 0.516; p ≤ 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Polak
- Academic Sports Centre, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Adrianna Gardzińska
- Academic Sports Centre, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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14
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Uchizawa A, Kondo E, Lakicevic N, Sagayama H. Differential Risks of the Duration and Degree of Weight Control on Bone Health and Menstruation in Female Athletes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:875802. [PMID: 35571936 PMCID: PMC9094681 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.875802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Uchizawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Emi Kondo
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nemanja Lakicevic
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Weight Pressures and Eating Disorder Symptoms among Adolescent Female Gymnasts of Different Performance Levels in Greece. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9020254. [PMID: 35204974 PMCID: PMC8870309 DOI: 10.3390/children9020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the weight pressures within the gymnastics environment and explored associations between these pressures and eating disorder (ED) symptoms in adolescent female gymnasts. One hundred and forty-seven competitive gymnasts and 122 recreational-level gymnasts (11–17 years old) completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Weight-Pressures in Sport-Females (WPS-F), the Social Desirability Scale (SDS) and provided information on their training. It was found that 16.3% of competitive gymnasts and 7.4% of non-competitive gymnasts scored ≥20 in EAT-26, indicating disordered eating behavior. Competitive gymnasts scored higher than non-competitive in the total score of EAT-26 (p = 0.027), as well as in the total score of WPS-F, the sport and coaches weight pressures sub-scale and the appearance and performance weight pressures sub-scale (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analyses indicated that sport and coaches weight pressures, appearance and performance weight pressures and body mass index accounted for 30.3% of the variance of EAT-26 in competitive gymnasts, while the appearance and performance weight pressures sub-scale accounted for 16.3% of the variance of EAT-26 in non-competitive gymnasts. Sport and coaches weight pressures are associated with ED in competitive gymnasts, while body appearance and performance demands correlate with ED in female gymnasts irrespective of competitive level.
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16
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Kontele I, Grammatikopoulou MG, Vassilakou T. Level of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Weight Status among Adolescent Female Gymnasts: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8121135. [PMID: 34943331 PMCID: PMC8700392 DOI: 10.3390/children8121135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent female gymnasts are a vulnerable population in terms of their diet, as their nutritional needs are higher due to their growth and high daily training demands. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a well-known dietary pattern that is associated with a greater nutritional adequacy and a lower prevalence of overweight. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the degree of adherence to the MD among adolescent female athletes who participated in all disciplines of gymnastics in Greece, as well as to explore the potential correlations between MD adherence, body weight, and body mass index (BMI). A total of 269 female gymnasts (between 11-18 years old) completed the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) and reported their weight and height. Approximately 10% of the participants were underweight and a mere 5.6% were classified as overweight. A high adherence to the MD was reported by 34.9% of the sample and this was correlated with a healthier BMI. Moreover, specific eating habits, such as eating nuts 2-3 times per week and eating fast-food less than once-weekly, were also associated with BMI. Athletes, parents, and coaches of gymnastics should be informed and educated regarding balanced nutrition habits. Future studies could evaluate adherence to MD, as well as the factors that influence the eating behaviors of adolescent female and male athletes in various sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Kontele
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (T.V.)
| | - Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Alexander Campus, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Tonia Vassilakou
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (T.V.)
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