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Cheng R, Luo A, Orr M, Ge D, Hou Z, Qu Y, Guo B, Zhang F, Sha Z, Zhao Z, Wang M, Shi X, Han H, Zhou Q, Li Y, Liu X, Shao C, Zhang A, Zhou X, Zhu C. Cryptic diversity begets challenges and opportunities in biodiversity research. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38263700 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
How many species of life are there on Earth? This is a question that we want to know but cannot yet answer. Some scholars speculate that the number of species may reach 2.2 billion when considering cryptic diversity and that each morphology-based insect species may contain an average of 3.1 cryptic species. With nearly two million described species, such high estimates of cryptic diversity would suggest that cryptic species are widespread. The development of molecular species delimitation has led to the discovery of a large number of cryptic species, and cryptic biodiversity has gradually entered our field of vision and attracted more attention. This paper introduces the concept of cryptic species, how they evolve, and methods by which they may be discovered and confirmed, and provides theoretical and methodological guidance for the study of hidden species. A workflow of how to confirm cryptic species is provided. In addition, the importance and reliability of multi-evidence-based integrated taxonomy are reaffirmed as a way to better standardize decision-making processes. Special focus on cryptic diversity and increased funding for taxonomy is needed to ensure that cryptic species in hyperdiverse groups are discoverable and described. An increased focus on cryptic species in the future will naturally arise as more difficult groups are studied, and thereby, we may finally better understand the rules governing the evolution and maintenance of cryptic biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Arong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Orr
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Entomologie, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong'e Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baocheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanning Li
- Institute of Oceanography, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aibing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences/International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Gautam S, Gadhave KR, Buck JW, Dutta B, Coolong T, Adkins S, Simmons AM, Srinivasan R. Effects of Host Plants and Their Infection Status on Acquisition and Inoculation of A Plant Virus by Its Hemipteran Vector. Pathogens 2023; 12:1119. [PMID: 37764927 PMCID: PMC10537197 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (B cryptic species), transmits cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV) in a persistent fashion. CuLCrV affects several crops such as squash and snap bean in the southeastern United States. CuLCrV is often found as a mixed infection with whitefly transmitted criniviruses, such as cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) in hosts such as squash, or as a single infection in hosts such as snap bean. The implications of different host plants (inoculum sources) with varying infection status on CuLCrV transmission/epidemics is not clear. This study conducted a series of whitefly mediated CuLCrV transmission experiments. In the first experiment, three plants species: squash, snap bean, and tobacco were inoculated by whiteflies feeding on field-collected mixed-infected squash plants. In the second experiment, three plant species, namely squash, snap bean, and tobacco with varying infection status (squash infected with CuLCrV and CYSDV and snap bean and tobacco infected with CuLCrV), were used as inoculum sources. In the third experiment, squash plants with differential CuLCrV accumulation levels and infection status (either singly infected with CuLCrV or mixed infected with CuLCrV and CYSDV) were used as inoculum sources. Irrespective of plant species and its infection status, CuLCrV accumulation in whiteflies was dependent upon the CuLCrV accumulation in the inoculum source plants. Furthermore, differential CuLCrV accumulation in whiteflies resulted in differential transmission, CuLCrV accumulation, and disease phenotype in the recipient squash plants. Overall, results demonstrate that whitefly mediated CuLCrV transmission between host plants follows a virus density dependent phenomenon with implications for epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
| | - Kiran R. Gadhave
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 6500 W Amarillo Blvd, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - James W. Buck
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St., Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 3250 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Timothy Coolong
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 Miller Plant Sciences, 120 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Scott Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S., Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Alvin M. Simmons
- USDA-ARS, U.S., Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA;
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
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3
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Iqbal MJ, Zia-Ur-Rehman M, Ilyas M, Hameed U, Herrmann HW, Chingandu N, Manzoor MT, Haider MS, Brown JK. Sentinel plot surveillance of cotton leaf curl disease in Pakistan- a case study at the cultivated cotton-wild host plant interface. Virus Res 2023; 333:199144. [PMID: 37271420 PMCID: PMC10352719 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A sentinel plot case study was carried out to identify and map the distribution of begomovirus-betasatellite complexes in sentinel plots and commercial cotton fields over a four-year period using molecular and high-throughput DNA 'discovery' sequencing approaches. Samples were collected from 15 study sites in the two major cotton-producing areas of Pakistan. Whitefly- and leafhopper-transmitted geminiviruses were detected in previously unreported host plant species and locations. The most prevalent begomovirus was cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus-Burewala (CLCuKoV-Bu). Unexpectedly, a recently recognized recombinant, cotton leaf curl Multan virus-Rajasthan (CLCuMuV-Ra) was prevalent in five of 15 sites. cotton leaf curl Alabad virus (CLCuAlV) and cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus-Kokhran, 'core' members of CLCuD-begomoviruses that co-occurred with CLCuMuV in the 'Multan' epidemic were detected in one of 15 sentinel plots. Also identified were chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus and 'non-core' CLCuD-begomoviruses, okra enation leaf curl virus, squash leaf curl virus, and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) was the most prevalent CLCuD-betasatellite, and less commonly, two 'non-core' betasatellites. Recombination analysis revealed previously uncharacterized recombinants among helper virus-betasatellite complexes consisting of CLCuKoV, CLCuMuV, CLCuAlV and CLCuMuB. Population analyses provided early evidence for CLCuMuV-Ra expansion and displacement of CLCuKoV-Bu in India and Pakistan from 2012-2017. Identification of 'core' and non-core CLCuD-species/strains in cotton and other potential reservoirs, and presence of the now predominant CLCuMuV-Ra strain are indicative of ongoing diversification. Investigating the phylodynamics of geminivirus emergence in cotton-vegetable cropping systems offers an opportunity to understand the driving forces underlying disease outbreaks and reconcile viral evolution with epidemiological relationships that also capture pathogen population shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Javed Iqbal
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1140 E South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, New Campus Canal Road Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia-Ur-Rehman
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, New Campus Canal Road Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1140 E South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Usman Hameed
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, New Campus Canal Road Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hans Werner Herrmann
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1140 E South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Nomatter Chingandu
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1140 E South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Muhammad Tariq Manzoor
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, New Campus Canal Road Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Haider
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, New Campus Canal Road Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1140 E South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
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Brown JK, Paredes-Montero JR, Stocks IC. The Bemisia tabaci cryptic (sibling) species group - imperative for a taxonomic reassessment. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 57:101032. [PMID: 37030511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomy of the Bemisia tabaci cryptic species group remains a challenge due to the lack of morphological differentiation and porous species boundaries among its members. Additionally, it is unclear whether B. tabaci consists of several species in evolutionary stasis with limited morphological change or is the result of a recent adaptive radiation characterized by great ecological diversity but little morphological divergence. Here, a historical overview of the development of the nomenclature used to classify B. tabaci is provided covering changes after synonymizing several species in 1957 until recent insights gained from whole-genome sequencing data. The article discusses the limitations of using a 3.5% mtCOI threshold and argues that a 1% nuclear divergence cutoff better reflects ecological and biogeographic species boundaries. Finally, a plan of action is outlined for naming B. tabaci species using a Latin binomial system in accordance with the International Comission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
| | - Jorge R Paredes-Montero
- Biology Department, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI 48710, United States; Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Ian C Stocks
- Animal and Plant Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, USDA, Rm. 320, Bldg. 003, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
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5
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Shahid MS, Paredes-Montero JR, Ashfaq M, Al-Sadi AM, Brown JK. Native and Non-Native Bemisia tabaci NAFME Haplotypes Can Be Implicated in Dispersal of Endemic and Introduced Begomoviruses in Oman. INSECTS 2023; 14:268. [PMID: 36975953 PMCID: PMC10056824 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Irrigated agriculture and global trade expansion have facilitated diversification and spread of begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), transmitted by the Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) cryptic species. Oman is situated on major crossroads between Africa and South Asia, where endemic/native and introduced/exotic begomoviruses occur in agroecosystems. The B. tabaci 'B mitotype' belongs to the North Africa-Middle East (NAFME) cryptic species, comprising at least eight endemic haplotypes, of which haplotypes 6 and/or 8 are recognized invasives. Prevalence and associations among native and exotic begomoviruses and NAFME haplotypes in Oman were investigated. Nine begomoviral species were identified from B. tabaci infesting crop or wild plant species, with 67% and 33% representing native and exotic species, respectively. Haplotypes 2, 3, and 5 represented 31%, 3%, and 66% of the B. tabaci population, respectively. Logistic regression and correspondence analyses predicted 'strong'- and 'close' virus-vector associations involving haplotypes 5 and 2 and the exotic chili leaf curl virus (ChiLCV) and endemic tomato yellow leaf curl virus-OM, respectively. Patterns favor a hypothesis of relaxed virus-vector specificity between an endemic haplotype and the introduced ChiLCV, whereas the endemic co-evolved TYLCV-OM and haplotype 2 virus-vector relationship was reinforced. Thus, in Oman, at least one native haplotype can facilitate the spread of endemic and introduced begomoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafiq Shahid
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod 123, Oman
| | - Jorge R. Paredes-Montero
- Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, Saginaw, MI 48710, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Guayaquil 090605, Ecuador
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod 123, Oman
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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6
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In Silico Identification of Cassava Genome-Encoded MicroRNAs with Predicted Potential for Targeting the ICMV-Kerala Begomoviral Pathogen of Cassava. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020486. [PMID: 36851701 PMCID: PMC9963618 DOI: 10.3390/v15020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is caused by several divergent species belonging to the genus Begomovirus (Geminiviridae) transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci cryptic species group. In India and other parts of Asia, the Indian cassava mosaic virus-Kerala (ICMV-Ker) is an emergent begomovirus of cassava causing damage that results in reduced yield loss and tuber quality. Double-stranded RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an evolutionary conserved mechanism in eukaryotes and highly effective, innate defense system to inhibit plant viral replication and/or translation. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize cassava genome-encoded microRNAs (mes-miRNA) that are predicted to target ICMV-Ker ssDNA-encoded mRNAs, based on four in silico algorithms: miRanda, RNA22, Tapirhybrid, and psRNA. The goal is to deploy the predicted miRNAs to trigger RNAi and develop cassava plants with resistance to ICMV-Ker. Experimentally validated mature cassava miRNA sequences (n = 175) were downloaded from the miRBase biological database and aligned with the ICMV-Ker genome. The miRNAs were evaluated for base-pairing with the cassava miRNA seed regions and to complementary binding sites within target viral mRNAs. Among the 175 locus-derived mes-miRNAs evaluated, one cassava miRNA homolog, mes-miR1446a, was identified to have a predicted miRNA target binding site, at position 2053 of the ICMV-Ker genome. To predict whether the cassava miRNA might bind predicted ICMV-Ker mRNA target(s) that could disrupt viral infection of cassava plants, a cassava locus-derived miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was constructed using Circos software. The in silico-predicted cassava locus-derived mes-miRNA-mRNA network corroborated interactions between cassava mature miRNAs and the ICMV-Ker genome that warrant in vivo analysis, which could lead to the development of ICMV-Ker resistant cassava plants.
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7
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Fortes IM, Pérez-Padilla V, Romero-Rodríguez B, Fernández-Muñoz R, Moyano C, Castillo AG, De León L, Moriones E. Begomovirus Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus Is Seedborne but Not Seed Transmitted in Melon. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:473-479. [PMID: 35771117 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-1930-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seed transmission can be of considerable relevance to the dissemination of plant viruses in nature and for their prevalence and perpetuation. Long-distance spread of isolates of the begomovirus species Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) has recently occurred from Asia to the Middle East and the Mediterranean Basin. Here, we investigated the possible transmission by melon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds of a tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) isolate of the "Spain" strain widely distributed in the Mediterranean area as an alternative mechanism for long-distance spread. PCR amplification detection of ToLCNDV in floral parts and mature seeds of melon plants reveals that this virus is seedborne. "Seedborne" is defined as the ability of a virus to be carried through seeds, which does not necessarily lead to transmission to the next generation. Treatment with a chemical disinfectant significantly reduced the detectable virus associated with melon seeds, suggesting ToLCNDV contamination of the external portion of the seed coat. Also, when the internal fraction of the mature seed (seed cotyledons + embryo) was analyzed by quantitative PCR amplification, ToLCNDV was detectable at low levels, suggesting the potential for viral contamination or infection of the internal portions of seed. However, grow-out studies conducted with melon progeny plants germinated from mature seeds collected from ToLCNDV-infected plants and evaluated at early (1-leaf) or at late (20-leaf) growth stages did not support the transmission of ToLCNDV from seeds to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Fortes
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora", E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Verónica Pérez-Padilla
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero-Rodríguez
- IHSM, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora", E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Moyano
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- IHSM, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Leandro De León
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora", E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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8
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Renault D, Elfiky A, Mohamed A. Predicting the insecticide-driven mutations in a crop pest insect: Evidence for multiple polymorphisms of acetylcholinesterase gene with potential relevance for resistance to chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18937-18955. [PMID: 36219281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious invasive herbivorous insect pest worldwide. The excessive use of pesticides has progressively selected B. tabaci specimens, reducing the effectiveness of the treatments, and ultimately ending in the selection of pesticide-resistant strains. The management of this crop pest has thus become challenging owing to the level of resistance to all major classes of recommended insecticides. Here, we used in silico techniques for detecting sequence polymorphisms in ace1 gene from naturally occurring B. tabaci variants, and monitor the presence and frequency of the detected putative mutations from 30 populations of the silverleaf whitefly from Egypt and Pakistan. We found several point mutations in ace1-type acetylcholinesterase (ace1) in the studied B. tabaci variants naturally occurring in the field. By comparing ace1 sequence data from an organophosphate-susceptible and an organophosphate-resistant strains of B. tabaci to ace1 sequence data retrieved from GenBank for that species and to nucleotide polymorphisms from other arthropods, we identified novel mutations that could potentially influence insecticide resistance. Homology modeling and molecular docking analyses were performed to determine if the mutation-induced changes in form 1 acetylcholinesterase (AChE1) structure could confer resistance to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides. Mutations had small effects on binding energy (ΔGb) interactions between mutant AChE1 and insecticides; they altered the conformation of the peripheral anionic site of AChE1, and modified the enzyme surface, and these changes have potential effects on the target-site sensitivity. Altogether, the results from this study provide information on genic variants of B. tabaci ace1 for future monitoring insecticide resistance development and report a potential case of environmentally driven gene variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR, 6553, Rennes, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Abdo Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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9
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Saleem M, Hussain D, Hasan MU, Sagheer M, Ghouse G, Zubair M, Brown J, Cheema SA. Differential insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) field populations in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12010. [PMID: 36544822 PMCID: PMC9761603 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has a propensity for developing high-level resistance to insecticides. Management of B. tabaci in cotton grown in Pakistan depends on insecticide use, resistance monitoring has become essential to minimize the development of resistance. In this study, resistance was monitored in adult whiteflies collected from cotton fields in the Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Lodhran, Multan, and Vehari districts of the Punjab Province, Pakistan during 2017, 2018, and 2019. Resistance monitoring was carried out for two insect growth regulators (pyriproxyfen and buprofezin) four neonicotinoids acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, and the historically used pyrethroid, bifenthrin and organophosphate, chlorpyrifos. Results based on resistance ratio (RR) showed that moderate to high level of resistance against noenicitinoids insecticides have been observed in all four districts while whiteflies exhibited very low to low resistance to pyriproxyfen and buprofezin. The RRs for acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid varied from 7.60 to 50.99, 19.32 to 65.72, 17.18 to 54.65 and 6.49-47.49-fold, respectively. Bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos showed very low toxicity against whiteflies in all districts except Faisalabad, with RRs of 12.28-50.56-fold and 7.94-26.24-fold, respectively. The results will facilitate 'smart' selection and guide rates of insecticide applications for whitefly management in cotton for effective whitefly management while also delaying the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dilbar Hussain
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor ul Hasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sagheer
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Ghouse
- Pest Warning & Quality Control of Pesticide, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Oil Seed Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - J.K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721 USA
| | - Sikander Ali Cheema
- Oil Seed Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Mugerwa H, Gautam S, Catto MA, Dutta B, Brown JK, Adkins S, Srinivasan R. Differential Transcriptional Responses in Two Old World Bemisia tabaci Cryptic Species Post Acquisition of Old and New World Begomoviruses. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132060. [PMID: 35805143 PMCID: PMC9265393 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are transmitted by several cryptic species of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), in a persistent and circulative manner. Upon virus acquisition and circulative translocation within the whitefly, a multitude of molecular interactions occur. This study investigated the differentially expressed transcript profiles associated with the acquisition of the Old World monopartite begomovirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and two New World bipartite begomoviruses, sida golden mosaic virus (SiGMV) and cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), in two invasive B. tabaci cryptic species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED). A total of 881 and 559 genes were differentially expressed in viruliferous MEAM1 and MED whiteflies, respectively, compared with their non-viruliferous counterparts, of which 146 genes were common between the two cryptic species. For both cryptic species, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with TYLCV and SiGMV acquisition were higher compared with DEGs associated with CuLCrV acquisition. Pathway analysis indicated that the acquisition of begomoviruses induced differential changes in pathways associated with metabolism and organismal systems. Contrasting expression patterns of major genes associated with virus infection and immune systems were observed. These genes were generally overexpressed and underexpressed in B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED adults, respectively. Further, no specific expression pattern was observed among genes associated with fitness (egg production, spermatogenesis, and aging) in viruliferous whiteflies. The weighted gene correlation network analysis of viruliferous B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED adults identified different hub genes potentially implicated in the vector competence and circulative tropism of viruses. Taken together, the results indicate that both vector cryptic species and the acquired virus species could differentially affect gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibu Mugerwa
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Michael A. Catto
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 3250 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Scott Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-770-229-3099
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11
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Marchant WG, Gautam S, Dutta B, Srinivasan R. Whitefly-Mediated Transmission and Subsequent Acquisition of Highly Similar and Naturally Occurring Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Variants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:720-728. [PMID: 34370554 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0248-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses are whitefly-transmitted viruses that infect many agricultural crops. Numerous reports exist on individual host plants harboring two or more begomoviruses. Mixed infection allows recombination events to occur among begomoviruses. However, very few studies have examined mixed infection of different isolates/variants/strains of a Begomovirus species in hosts. In this study, the frequency of mixed infection of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) variants in field-grown tomato was evaluated. At least 60% of symptomatic field samples were infected with more than one TYLCV variant. These variants differed by a few nucleotides and amino acids, resembling a quasispecies. Subsequently, in the greenhouse, single and mixed infection of two TYLCV variants (variant #2 and variant #4) that shared 99.5% nucleotide identity and differed by a few amino acids was examined. Plant-virus variant-whitefly interactions including transmission of one and/or two variants, variants' concentrations, competition between variants in inoculated tomato plants, and whitefly acquisition of one and/or two variants were assessed. Whiteflies transmitted both variants to tomato plants at similar frequencies; however, the accumulation of variant #4 was greater than that of variant #2 in tomato plants. Despite differences in variants' accumulation in inoculated tomato plants, whiteflies acquired variant #2 and variant #4 at similar frequencies. Also, whiteflies acquired greater amounts of TYLCV from singly infected plants than from mixed-infected plants. These results demonstrated that even highly similar TYLCV variants could differentially influence component (whitefly-variant-plant) interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223
| | - Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
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12
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Paredes‐Montero JR, Rizental M, Quintela ED, de Abreu AG, Brown JK. Earlier than expected introductions of the Bemisia tabaci B mitotype in Brazil reveal an unprecedented, rapid invasion history. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8557. [PMID: 35127052 PMCID: PMC8796915 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During 1991, in Brazil, the presence of the exotic Bemisia tabaci B mitotype was reported in São Paulo state. However, the duration from the time of initial introduction to population upsurges is not known. To investigate whether the 1991 B mitotype outbreaks in Brazil originated in São Paulo or from migrating populations from neighboring introduction sites, country-wide field samples of B. tabaci archived from 1989-2005 collections were subjected to analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) and nuclear RNA-binding protein 15 (RP-15) sequences. The results of mtCOI sequence analysis identified all B. tabaci as the NAFME 8 haplotype of the B mitotype. Phylogenetic analyses of RP-15 sequences revealed that the B mitotype was likely a hybrid between a B type parent related to a haplotype Ethiopian endemism (NAFME 1-3), and an unidentified parent from the North Africa-Middle East (NAF-ME) region. Results provide the first evidence that this widely invasive B mitotype has evolved from a previously undocumented hybridization event. Samples from Rio de Janeiro (1989) and Ceará state (1990), respectively, are the earliest known B mitotype records in Brazil. A simulated migration for the 1989 introduction predicted a dispersal rate of 200-500 km/year, indicating that the population was unlikely to have reached Ceará by 1990. Results implicated two independent introductions of the B mitotype in Brazil in 1989 and 1990, that together were predicted to have contributed to the complete invasion of Brazil in only 30 generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R. Paredes‐Montero
- School of Plant SciencesThe University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Facultad de Ciencias de la VidaEscuela Superior Politécnica del LitoralESPOLGuayaquilEcuador
| | - Muriel Rizental
- Federal University of GoiásGoiâniaBrazil
- EMBRAPA Rice and BeansSanto Antônio de GoiásBrazil
| | | | | | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant SciencesThe University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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13
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Phylogeographic and SNPs Analyses of Bemisia tabaci B Mitotype Populations Reveal Only Two of Eight Haplotypes Are Invasive. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101048. [PMID: 34681147 PMCID: PMC8533152 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The whitefly Bemisia tabaci taxon consists of an undefined number of morphologically identical genetic variants of which only a few, including the B, harbor invasive haplotypes. These haplotypes have potential to upsurge and become important pests and plant virus vectors in irrigated agroecosystems worldwide. In the 1980s, unprecedented outbreaks associated with the B variant were reported worldwide, however, the precise origin(s) of the invasive haplotypes has not been determined. In this study, available B. tabaci mitochondrial gene sequences were examined for patterns of conserved single nucleotide changes (SNPs). The whitefly sequence records represented North Africa-Middle Eastern habitats, the proposed B variant center of origin, and distant locales recently invaded by haplotype(s) of the B variant. Unexpectedly, the analysis revealed eight SNPs groups (haplotypes) demonstrating that the genetic architecture of the B mitoype is more complex than previously recognized. Also, the distribution patterns of the eight B haplotypes were tightly linked to well-defined eco-geographic regions, suggesting the different groups have diversified by geographic isolation. Contrary to claims that collectively, the B variant is invasive, only two of the eight haplotypic groups have established in geographical locations outside of their zone of endemism. Abstract The Bemisia tabaci cryptic species contains 39 known mitotypes of which the B and Q are best recognized for having established outside their extant endemic range. In the 1980s, previously uncharacterized haplotype(s) of the B mitotype rapidly established in tropical and subtropical locales distant from their presumed center of origin, leading to displacement of several native mitotypes and extreme damage to crops and other vegetation particularly in irrigated agroecosystems. To trace the natural and evolutionary history of the invasive B haplotypes, a phylo-biogeographic study was undertaken. Patterns of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and signatures potentially indicative of geographic isolation were investigated using a globally representative mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI) sequence database. Eight haplotype groups within the North Africa-Middle East (NAFME) region were differentiated, NAFME 1–8. The NAFME 1–3 haplotypes were members of the same population that is associated with warm desert climate niches of the Arabian Peninsula and east coastal Africa-Ethiopia. The NAFME 4 and 5 haplotypes are endemic to warm and cold semi-arid niches delimited by the Irano-Turanian floristic region, itself harboring extensive biodiversity. Haplotypes 6 and 7 co-occurred in the Middle East along eastern Mediterranean Sea landmasses, while NAFME 8 was found to be endemic to Cyprus, Turkey, and desert micro-niches throughout Egypt and Israel. Contrary to claims that collectively, the B mitotype is invasive, NAFME 6 and 8 are the only haplotypes to have established in geographical locations outside of their zone of endemism.
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14
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Johnson KP, Weckstein JD, Virrueta Herrera S, Doña J. The interplay between host biogeography and phylogeny in structuring diversification of the feather louse genus Penenirmus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 165:107297. [PMID: 34438049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasite diversification is influenced by many of the same factors that affect speciation of free-living organisms, such as biogeographic barriers. However, the ecology and evolution of the host lineage also has a major impact on parasite speciation. Here we explore the interplay between biogeography and host-association on the pattern of diversification in a group of ectoparasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Penenirmus) that feeds on the feathers of woodpeckers, barbets, and honeyguides (Piciformes) and some songbirds (Passeriformes). We use whole genome sequencing of 41 ingroup and 12 outgroup samples to develop a phylogenomic dataset of DNA sequences from a reference set of 2395 single copy ortholog genes, for a total of nearly four million aligned base positions. The phylogenetic trees resulting from both concatenated and gene-tree/species-tree coalescent analyses were nearly identical and highly supported. These trees recovered the genus Penenirmus as monophyletic and identified several major clades, which tended to be associated with one major host group. However, cophylogenetic analysis revealed that host-switching was a prominent process in the diversification of this group. This host-switching generally occurred within single major biogeographic regions. We did, however, find one case in which it appears that a rare dispersal event by a woodpecker lineage from North America to Africa allowed its associated louse to colonize a woodpecker in Africa, even though the woodpecker lineage from North America never became established there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jason D Weckstein
- Department of Ornithology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University and Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephany Virrueta Herrera
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA; Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jorge Doña
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA; Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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15
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Mugerwa H, Colvin J, Alicai T, Omongo CA, Kabaalu R, Visendi P, Sseruwagi P, Seal SE. Genetic diversity of whitefly ( Bemisia spp.) on crop and uncultivated plants in Uganda: implications for the control of this devastating pest species complex in Africa. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 94:1307-1330. [PMID: 34720787 PMCID: PMC8550740 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-021-01355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Over the past three decades, highly increased whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) populations have been observed on the staple food crop cassava in eastern Africa and associated with ensuing viral disease pandemics and food insecurity. Increased whitefly numbers have also been observed in other key agricultural crops and weeds. Factors behind the population surges on different crops and their interrelationships are unclear, although in cassava they have been associated with specific populations within the Bemisia tabaci species complex known to infest cassava crops in Africa. This study carried out an in-depth survey to understand the distribution of B. tabaci populations infesting crops and uncultivated plant hosts in Uganda, a centre of origin for this pest complex. Whitefly samples were collected from 59 identified plant species and 25 unidentified weeds in a countrywide survey. Identities of 870 individual adult whiteflies were determined through mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences (651 bp) in the 3' barcode region used for B. tabaci systematics. Sixteen B. tabaci and five related whitefly putative species were identified based on > 4.0% nucleotide divergence, of which three are proposed as novel B. tabaci putative species and four as novel closely related whitefly species. The most prevalent whiteflies were classified as B. tabaci MED-ASL (30.5% of samples), sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1, 22.7%) and Bemisia Uganda1 (12.1%). These species were also indicated to be the most polyphagous occurring on 33, 40 and 25 identified plant species, respectively. Multiple (≥ 3) whitefly species occurred on specific crops (bean, eggplant, pumpkin and tomato) and weeds (Sida acuta and Ocimum gratissimum). These plants may have increased potential to act as reservoirs for mixed infections of whitefly-vectored viruses. Management of whitefly pest populations in eastern Africa will require an integration of approaches that consider their degree of polyphagy and a climate that enables the continuous presence of crop and uncultivated plant hosts. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10340-021-01355-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibu Mugerwa
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223 USA
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Titus Alicai
- Root Crops Programme, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher A. Omongo
- Root Crops Programme, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Kabaalu
- Root Crops Programme, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Visendi
- Centre for Agriculture and Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4001 Australia
| | - Peter Sseruwagi
- Biotechnology Department, Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Susan E. Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
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16
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Marchant WG, Legarrea S, Smeda JR, Mutschler MA, Srinivasan R. Evaluating Acylsugars-Mediated Resistance in Tomato against Bemisia tabaci and Transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120842. [PMID: 33260730 PMCID: PMC7760652 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a major pest of cultivated tomato. Whitefly feeding-related injuries and transmission of viruses including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) cause serious losses. Management strategy includes planting resistant cultivars/hybrids. However, TYLCV resistance is incomplete and whiteflies on TYLCV-resistant cultivars/hybrids are managed by insecticides. Acylsugars'-mediated resistance against whiteflies has been introgressed from wild solanums into cultivated tomato. This study evaluated acylsugar-producing tomato lines with quantitative trait loci (QTL) containing introgressions from Solanum pennellii LA716, known to alter acylsugars' levels or chemistry. Evaluated acylsugar-producing lines were the benchmark line CU071026, QTL6/CU071026-a CU071026 sister line with QTL6, and three other CU071026 sister lines with varying QTLs-FA2/CU71026, FA7/CU071026, and FA2/FA7/CU071026. Non-acylsugar tomato hybrid Florida 47 (FL47) was also evaluated. Acylsugars' amounts in FA7/CU071026 and FA2/FA7/CU071026 were 1.4 to 2.2 times greater than in other acylsugar-producing lines. Short chain fatty acid, i-C5, was dominant in all acylsugar-producing lines. Long chain fatty acids, n-C10 and n-C12, were more abundant in FA7/CU071026 and FA2/FA7/CU071026 than in other acylsugar-producing lines. Whiteflies preferentially settled on non-acylsugar hybrid FL47 leaves over three out of five acylsugar-producing lines, and whiteflies settled 5 to 85 times more on abaxial than adaxial leaf surface of FL47 than on acylsugar-producing lines. Whiteflies' survival was 1.5 to 1.9 times lower on acylsugar-producing lines than in FL47. Nevertheless, whiteflies' developmental time was up to 12.5% shorter on acylsugar-producing lines than on FL47. TYLCV infection following whitefly-mediated transmission to acylsugar-producing lines was 1.4 to 2.8 times lower than FL47, and TYLCV acquisition by whiteflies from acylsugar-producing lines was up to 77% lower than from FL47. However, TYLCV accumulation in acylsugar-producing lines following infection and TYLCV loads in whiteflies upon acquisition from acylsugar-producing lines were not different from FL47. Combining TYLCV resistance with acylsugars'-mediated whitefly resistance in cultivated tomato could substantially benefit whiteflies and TYLCV management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G. Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (W.G.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (W.G.M.); (S.L.)
| | - John R. Smeda
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 257 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 30602, USA; (J.R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Martha A. Mutschler
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 257 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 30602, USA; (J.R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 310223, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +770-229-3099
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17
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Andreason SA, Arif M, Brown JK, Ochoa-Corona F, Wayadande A. Exploring the Use of High-Resolution Melting Analysis and Helicase-Dependent Amplification for Discrimination of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Cryptic Species and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2511-2520. [PMID: 32841358 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera; Aleyrodidae), and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), are highly problematic plant pests and virus vectors with worldwide distributions. Identification of whitefly species is typically accomplished by observation of distinct morphological characters; however, because of morphological inconsistency and indistinguishability, the discrimination of B. tabaci species variants is dependent on molecular techniques based on genetic differences. New assays were designed for the detection of B. tabaci A, B, and Q mitotype groups, and T. vaporariorum. Specific primer sets were designed for amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene of the four targets to perform in end-point PCR, real-time PCR coupled to high-resolution melting analysis (HRM), and the isothermal helicase-dependent amplification (HDA). Primer specificities were validated using end-point PCR, then tested in HRM and HDA. Bemisia tabaci A, B, and Q mitotypes, and T. vaporariorum-targeted primer sets discriminately amplified specimens of different populations within their target whitefly group. These tests provide three novel discrimination assays for the high-consequence, exotic B. tabaci B and Q groups, along with the native B. tabaci A group and T. vaporariorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Andreason
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Mohammad Arif
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Astri Wayadande
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
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18
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Mondal M, Brown JK, Flynt A. Exploiting somatic piRNAs in Bemisia tabaci enables novel gene silencing through RNA feeding. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/10/e202000731. [PMID: 32764103 PMCID: PMC7425214 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RNAi usually relies on Dicer-produced siRNAs to induce gene silencing. In many arthropods, another type of RNAi is present in the soma—the piRNA pathway. This work finds exploiting this biology is a viable alternative for gene knockdown. RNAi promises to reshape pest control by being nontoxic, biodegradable, and species specific. However, due to the plastic nature of RNAi, there is a significant variability in responses. In this study, we investigate small RNA pathways and processing of ingested RNAi trigger molecules in a hemipteran plant pest, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Unlike Drosophila, where the paradigm for insect RNAi technology was established, whitefly has abundant somatic piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs). Long regarded as germline restricted, piRNAs are common in the soma of many invertebrates. We sought to exploit this for a novel gene silencing approach. The main principle of piRNA biogenesis is the recruitment of target RNA fragments into the pathway. As such, we designed synthetic RNAs to possess complementarity to the loci we annotated. Following feeding of these exogenous piRNA triggers knockdown as effective as conventional siRNA-only approaches was observed. These results demonstrate a new approach for RNAi technology that could be applicable to dsRNA-recalcitrant pest species and could be fundamental to realizing insecticidal RNAi against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosharrof Mondal
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alex Flynt
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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19
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Owen CL, Stern DB, Hilton SK, Crandall KA. Hemiptera phylogenomic resources: Tree‐based orthology prediction and conserved exon identification. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:1346-1360. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Owen
- Computational Biology Institute George Washington University Washington DC USA
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory USDA‐ARS Beltsville MD USA
| | - David B. Stern
- Computational Biology Institute George Washington University Washington DC USA
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin ‐ Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Sarah K. Hilton
- Computational Biology Institute George Washington University Washington DC USA
- Department of Genome Sciences University of Washington Washington DC USA
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute George Washington University Washington DC USA
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20
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Paredes‐Montero JR, Ibarra MA, Arias‐Zambrano M, Peralta EL, Brown JK. Phylo‐biogeographical distribution of whitefly
Bemisia tabaci
(Insecta: Aleyrodidae) mitotypes in Ecuador. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R. Paredes‐Montero
- School of Plant Sciences The University of Arizona 1140 East South Campus Drive Tucson Arizona85721USA
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral GuayaquilEC090112Ecuador
| | - María A. Ibarra
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral GuayaquilEC090112Ecuador
| | - Myriam Arias‐Zambrano
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Estación Experimental Litoral Sur Km. 26 Vía Durán‐Tambo GuayaquilEC090112Ecuador
- Bioversity International, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II Montpellier34397France
| | - Esther L. Peralta
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral GuayaquilEC090112Ecuador
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences The University of Arizona 1140 East South Campus Drive Tucson Arizona85721USA
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21
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Wosula EN, Chen W, Amour M, Fei Z, Legg JP. KASP Genotyping as a Molecular Tool for Diagnosis of Cassava-Colonizing Bemisia tabaci. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050305. [PMID: 32423055 PMCID: PMC7290743 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci is a cryptic species complex that requires the use of molecular tools for identification. The most widely used approach for achieving this is the partial sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). A more reliable single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genotyping approach, using Nextera restriction-site-associated DNA (NextRAD) sequencing, has demonstrated the existence of six major haplogroups of B. tabaci on cassava in Africa. However, NextRAD sequencing is costly and time-consuming. We, therefore, developed a cheaper and more rapid diagnostic using the Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) approach. Seven sets of primers were designed to distinguish the six B. tabaci haplogroups based on the NextRAD data. Out of the 152 whitefly samples that were tested using these primer sets, 151 (99.3%) produced genotyping results consistent with NextRAD. The KASP assay was designed using NextRAD data on whiteflies from cassava in 18 countries across sub-Saharan Africa. This assay can, therefore, be routinely used to rapidly diagnose cassava B. tabaci by laboratories that are researching or monitoring this pest in Africa. This is the first study to develop an SNP-based assay to distinguish B. tabaci whiteflies on cassava in Africa, and the first application of the KASP technique for insect identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everlyne N. Wosula
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441 Dar es Salaa, Tanzania; (M.A.); (J.P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +255-22-2700-092
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (W.C.); (Z.F.)
| | - Massoud Amour
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441 Dar es Salaa, Tanzania; (M.A.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (W.C.); (Z.F.)
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James P. Legg
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441 Dar es Salaa, Tanzania; (M.A.); (J.P.L.)
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Paredes‐Montero JR, Zia‐Ur‐Rehman M, Hameed U, Haider MS, Herrmann H, Brown JK. Genetic variability, community structure, and horizontal transfer of endosymbionts among three Asia II- Bemisia tabaci mitotypes in Pakistan. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2928-2943. [PMID: 32211166 PMCID: PMC7083670 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbionts associated with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci cryptic species are known to contribute to host fitness and environmental adaptation. The genetic diversity and population complexity were investigated for endosymbiont communities of B. tabaci occupying different micro-environments in Pakistan. Mitotypes of B. tabaci were identified by comparative sequence analysis of the mitochondria cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene sequence. Whitefly mitotypes belonged to the Asia II-1, -5, and -7 mitotypes of the Asia II major clade. The whitefly-endosymbiont communities were characterized based on 16S ribosomal RNA operational taxonomic unit (OTU) assignments, resulting in 43 OTUs. Most of the OTUs occurred in the Asia II-1 and II-7 mitotypes (r 2 = .9, p < .005), while the Asia II-5 microbiome was less complex. The microbiome OTU groups were mitotype-specific, clustering with a basis in phylogeographical distribution and the corresponding ecological niche of their whitefly host, suggesting mitotype-microbiome co-adaptation. The primary endosymbiont Portiera was represented by a single, highly homologous OTU (0%-0.67% divergence). Two of six Arsenophonus OTUs were uniquely associated with Asia II-5 and -7, and one occurred exclusively in Asia II-1, two only in Asia II-5, and one in both Asia II-1 and -7. Four other secondary endosymbionts, Cardinium, Hemipteriphilus, Rickettsia, and Wolbachia OTUs, were found at ≤29% frequencies. The most prevalent Arsenophonus OTU was found in all three Asia II mitotypes (55% frequency), whereas the same strain of Cardinium and Wolbachia was found in both Asia II-1 and -5, and a single Hemipteriphilus OTU occurred in Asia II-1 and -7. This pattern is indicative of horizontal transfer, suggestive of a proximity between mitotypes sufficient for gene flow at overlapping mitotype ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R. Paredes‐Montero
- School of Plant SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
- Facultad de Ciencias de la VidaEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
| | | | - Usman Hameed
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of the PunjabLahorePakistan
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Misaka BC, Wosula EN, Marchelo-d’Ragga PW, Hvoslef-Eide T, Legg JP. Genetic Diversity of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Colonizing Sweet Potato and Cassava in South Sudan. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010058. [PMID: 31963536 PMCID: PMC7022610 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a polyphagous, highly destructive pest that is capable of vectoring viruses in most agricultural crops. Currently, information regarding the distribution and genetic diversity of B. tabaci in South Sudan is not available. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic variability of B. tabaci infesting sweet potato and cassava in South Sudan. Field surveys were conducted between August 2017 and July and August 2018 in 10 locations in Juba County, Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. The sequences of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships between sampled B. tabaci. Six distinct genetic groups of B. tabaci were identified, including three non-cassava haplotypes (Mediterranean (MED), Indian Ocean (IO), and Uganda) and three cassava haplotypes (Sub-Saharan Africa 1 sub-group 1 (SSA1-SG1), SSA1-SG3, and SSA2). MED predominated on sweet potato and SSA2 on cassava in all of the sampled locations. The Uganda haplotype was also widespread, occurring in five of the sampled locations. This study provides important information on the diversity of B. tabaci species in South Sudan. A comprehensive assessment of the genetic diversity, geographical distribution, population dynamics, and host range of B. tabaci species in South Sudan is vital for its effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice C. Misaka
- Department of Agricultural Science, School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, South Sudan; (B.C.M.); (P.W.M.-d.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Everlyne N. Wosula
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (E.N.W.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Philip W. Marchelo-d’Ragga
- Department of Agricultural Science, School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, South Sudan; (B.C.M.); (P.W.M.-d.)
| | - Trine Hvoslef-Eide
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-93433775
| | - James P. Legg
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (E.N.W.); (J.P.L.)
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