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Liaudanskas M, Šedbarė R, Janulis V. Determination of Biologically Active Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity In Vitro in Fruit of Small Cranberries ( Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) Growing in Natural Habitats in Lithuania. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1045. [PMID: 39334704 PMCID: PMC11428458 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The composition of flavonols, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, triterpene compounds, and chlorogenic acid in small cranberry fruit samples collected in natural habitats in Lithuania and variation in the antioxidant capacity of cranberry fruit extracts was determined. This study showed that in the flavonol group, hyperoside and myricetin-3-O-galactoside predominated in cranberry fruit samples; in the anthocyanin group, the predominant compounds were cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, peonidin-3-O-galactoside, and peonidin-3-O-arabinoside, and in the group of triterpene compounds, ursolic acid was predominant. The highest total amounts of flavonols and anthocyanins were found in the samples collected in Čepkeliai State Strict Nature Reserve (2079.44 ± 102.99 μg/g and 6993.79 ± 350.22 μg/g, respectively). Cluster analysis of the chemical composition of small cranberry fruit samples revealed trends in the accumulation of bioactive compounds in cranberry fruit. Cranberry fruit samples collected in central Lithuania had higher levels of triterpene compounds. Statistical correlation analysis showed the strongest correlation between the quantitative composition of cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside and peonidin-3-O-arabinoside and the reducing capacity of the ethanolic extracts of the cranberry fruit samples assessed in vitro by the FRAP assay (r = 0.882, p < 0.01 and r = 0.805, p < 0.01, respectively). Summarizing the results, the geographical factor affects the variation of the quantitative composition of biologically active compounds in cranberry fruit samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Liaudanskas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Šedbarė
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Valdimaras Janulis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Straube J, Hurtado G, Zeisler-Diehl V, Schreiber L, Knoche M. Cuticle deposition ceases during strawberry fruit development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:623. [PMID: 38951751 PMCID: PMC11218262 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideally, the barrier properties of a fruit's cuticle persist throughout its development. This presents a challenge for strawberry fruit, with their rapid development and thin cuticles. The objective was to establish the developmental time course of cuticle deposition in strawberry fruit. RESULTS Fruit mass and surface area increase rapidly, with peak growth rate coinciding with the onset of ripening. On a whole-fruit basis, the masses of cutin and wax increase but on a unit surface-area basis, they decrease. The decrease is associated with marked increases in elastic strain. The expressions of cuticle-associated genes involved in transcriptional regulation (FaSHN1, FaSHN2, FaSHN3), synthesis of cutin (FaLACS2, FaGPAT3) and wax (FaCER1, FaKCS10, FaKCR1), and those involved in transport of cutin monomers and wax constituents (FaABCG11, FaABCG32) decreased until maturity. The only exceptions were FaLACS6 and FaGPAT6 that are presumably involved in cutin synthesis, and FaCER1 involved in wax synthesis. This result was consistent across five strawberry cultivars. Strawberry cutin consists mainly of C16 and C18 monomers, plus minor amounts of C19, C20, C22 and C24 monomers, ω-hydroxy acids, dihydroxy acids, epoxy acids, primary alcohols, carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids. The most abundant monomer is 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Waxes comprise mainly long-chain fatty acids C29 to C46, with smaller amounts of C16 to C28. Wax constituents are carboxylic acids, primary alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes, sterols and esters. CONCLUSION The downregulation of cuticle deposition during development accounts for the marked cuticular strain, for the associated microcracking, and for their high susceptibility to the disorders of water soaking and cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Straube
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Grecia Hurtado
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany.
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Kawash J, Erndwein L, Johnson-Cicalese J, Knowles S, Vorsa N, Polashock J. Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis and Marker Development for Fruit Rot Resistance in Cranberry Shows Potential Genetic Association with Epicuticular Wax. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1366-1372. [PMID: 38281162 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-23-0477-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Fruit rot is a fungal disease complex that threatens cranberry yields in North American growing operations. Management of fruit rot is especially difficult because of the diversity of the infecting fungal species, and although infections take place early in the season, the pathogens usually remain latent in the ovary until the fruit ripen. Control methods heavily rely on fungicide applications, a practice that may be limited in viability long term. Breeding for fruit rot resistance (FRR) is essential for sustainable production. It is likely that field resistance is multifaceted and involves a myriad of traits that fortify cranberry plants against the biotic and abiotic stresses contributing to fruit rot. In this study, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FRR in a segregating population. Interestingly, a QTL associated with resistance was found to overlap with one associated with fruit epicuticular wax (ECW). A single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay successfully identified accessions that exhibit the desired phenotypes (i.e., less rot and more ECW), thus making it a useful tool for marker-assisted selection. Candidate genes that may contribute to FRR and ECW were also identified. This work will expedite breeding for improved cranberry fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kawash
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - Lindsay Erndwein
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - Jennifer Johnson-Cicalese
- Rutgers University, P.E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - Sara Knowles
- Rutgers University, P.E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - Nicholi Vorsa
- Professor Emeritus, Rutgers University, P.E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - James Polashock
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
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Li Y, Liu J, Li J, Xiao H, Xu Y, Fan S, Xie Z, Guo M, Yang J, Jing X, Cheng C. Chemical characterization and discovery of novel quality markers in Citrus aurantium L. fruit from traditional cultivation areas in China using GC-MS-based cuticular waxes analysis. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100890. [PMID: 38144759 PMCID: PMC10740023 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus aurantium L. fruit is a commonly used Chinese medicine whose therapeutic effects tends to be affected by growing conditions. In order to gain insights into the effects of growing location on the cuticular wax composition of C. aurantium L. fruit, we analyzed the differences in the wax composition of its fruits collected from different regions. The findings showed that the cuticular waxes in the fruit peels were mainly composed of fatty acids, which differed quantitatively in the chemical profiles of C. aurantium L. samples from different geographical conditions. Particularly, the concentrations of linoleic acid and stearic acid in the total component content of the fruit peel were above 1%, with a greater level in the geo-authentic samples. Thus, GC-MS-based wax analysis was first used for the chemical characterization and quantification of cuticular waxes, which could be considered as a rapid way for evaluating the quality of medicinal fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, PR China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Haijing Xiao
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yiyun Xu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Siqing Fan
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhaoqi Xie
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Min Guo
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Xue Jing
- Jiujiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Chunsong Cheng
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, PR China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Zhang X, Li M, Zhu L, Geng Z, Liu X, Cheng Z, Zhao M, Zhang Q, Yang X. Sea Buckthorn Pretreatment, Drying, and Processing of High-Quality Products: Current Status and Trends. Foods 2023; 12:4255. [PMID: 38231612 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea buckthorn is a kind of berry rich in nutritional and industrial value. Due to its thin skin, juicy pulp, and short shelf life, it is usually preserved via freezing methods or directly processed into sea buckthorn puree after harvest. It can also be dried and processed into products such as dried sea buckthorn fruit, freeze-dried sea buckthorn powder, and sea buckthorn oil. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the existing state of drying and high-quality processing of sea buckthorn. The effects of different pretreatment and drying techniques on the drying characteristics and quality of sea buckthorn and the existing problems of superior-quality processing of sea buckthorn products are summarised. The development trend of sea buckthorn drying methods and the ways to achieve high-quality processing of sea buckthorn products are indicated. These ways are mainly related to the following: (1) The application of combined pretreatment and drying techniques to find a balance between economy, ecology, and efficiency; (2) Introducing new online measurement and control technology into drying equipment; (3) Optimising the existing process to form a complete sea buckthorn industrial chain and develop the sea buckthorn deep-processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Mengqing Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Lichun Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhihua Geng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zheyu Cheng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Mengxu Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Production Mechanization of Oasis Special Economic Crop, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xuhai Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Machinery, Shihezi 832003, China
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Waller TJ, Häggblom MM, Oudemans PV. The Role of Fatty Acids from Plant Surfaces in the Infectivity of Colletotrichum fioriniae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1908-1915. [PMID: 37932127 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-23-0031-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts derived from flowers stimulate germination, secondary conidiation, and appressorial formation of various latent fruit rotting fungi. Even raindrops passing over flowers accumulate sufficient activity to influence the infectivity of fruit rotting fungi. Using a spore germination bioassay, high levels of bioactivity were found in chloroform extracts from plant tissues, implicating the nonpolar components of the cuticle. The fatty acid (FA) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition (C9-C20) of blueberry and cranberry tissues as well as aqueous flower extracts were characterized using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The FAs and FAMEs found in the plant extracts were then tested for bioactivity using a spore germination bioassay. The C16:0 and C18:2 FAs and FAMEs, as well as the C18:0 FAME and the C20:0 FA, all stimulated appressorial formation while the C10:0 FA stimulated secondary conidiation. The C10:0 and C16:0 FAs were the only two bioactive components also identified from the aqueous floral extracts of both blueberry and cranberry and are therefore considered as contributors to the bioactivity observed in these extracts. The aqueous extracts from surfaces other than flowers showed little or no activity, and it is speculated that the movement of FAs may be related to the level of polymerization and cutin polyester development in flowers versus other plant organs. This study highlights the importance of the bloom period for infection and that the apparent effects on host susceptibility may therefore depend on the availability of specific FAs or combinations thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Waller
- Plant Biology, P. E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
| | - Max M Häggblom
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Peter V Oudemans
- Plant Biology, P. E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019
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Šedbarė R, Grigaitė O, Janulis V. Peculiarities of the Variation of Biologically Active Compounds in Fruit of Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Growing in the Čepkeliai State Strict Nature Reserve. Molecules 2023; 28:5888. [PMID: 37570858 PMCID: PMC10421140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to analyze the accumulation patterns of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, chlorogenic acid, and triterpene compounds in fruit samples of Vaccinium oxycoccos L. berries growing in the Čepkeliai State Strict Nature Reserve in Lithuania. Studies were carried out on the phytochemical composition of cranberry fruit samples during the period of 2020-2022. Anthocyanins, flavonols, chlorogenic acid and triterpene compounds were identified and quantified using UPLC-DAD methods, and proanthocyanins were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The content of identified compounds varied, as reflected in the total amounts of anthocyanins (710.3 ± 40 µg/g to 6993.8 ± 119 µg/g), proanthocyanidins (378.4 ± 10 µg EE/g to 3557. 3 ± 75 µg EE/g), flavonols (479.6 ± 9 µg/g to 7291.2 ± 226 µg/g), chlorogenic acid (68.0 ± 1 µg/g to 3858.2 ± 119 µg/g), and triterpenoids (3780.8 ± 98 µg/g to 7226.9 ± 224 µg/g). Cranberry fruit samples harvested from open oligotrophic wetland habitats contained higher levels of anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, flavonol glycosides, and proanthocyanidins. The highest levels of triterpene compounds were found in the cranberry fruits harvested in the spring of the following year after the snowmelt. The use of principal component analysis showed that cranberry plant material harvested in October and November had higher levels of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Šedbarė
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Onutė Grigaitė
- Dzūkija National Park and Čepkeliai State Nature Reserve Directorate, 65334 Merkinė, Lithuania
| | - Valdimaras Janulis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Composition, metabolism and postharvest function and regulation of fruit cuticle: A review. Food Chem 2023; 411:135449. [PMID: 36669336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of plants, a hydrophobic membrane that covers their aerial organs, is crucial to their ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors. Fruit is the reproductive organ of plants, and an important dietary source that can offer a variety of nutrients for the human body, and fruit cuticle performs a crucial protective role in fruit development and postharvest quality. This review discusses the universality and diversity of the fruit cuticle composition, and systematically summarizes the metabolic process of fruit cuticle, including the biosynthesis, transport and regulatory factors (including transcription factors, phytohormones and environmental elements) of fruit cuticle. Additionally, we emphasize the postharvest functions and postharvest regulatory technologies of fruit cuticle, and propose future research directions for fruit cuticle.
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Vilkickyte G, Petrikaite V, Marksa M, Ivanauskas L, Jakstas V, Raudone L. Fractionation and Characterization of Triterpenoids from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Cuticular Waxes and Their Potential as Anticancer Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020465. [PMID: 36830023 PMCID: PMC9952570 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit and leaf cuticular waxes are valuable source materials for the isolation of triterpenoids that can be applied as natural antioxidants and anticancer agents. The present study aimed at the semi-preparative fractionation of triterpenoids from cuticular wax extracts of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (lingonberry) leaves and fruits and the evaluation of their cytotoxic potential. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of obtained extracts and triterpenoid fractions was performed using HPLC-PDA method, followed by complementary analysis by GC-MS. For each fraction, cytotoxic activities towards the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29), malignant melanoma cell line (IGR39), clear renal carcinoma cell line (CaKi-1), and normal endothelial cells (EC) were determined using MTT assay. Furthermore, the effect of the most promising samples on cancer spheroid growth and viability was examined. This study allowed us to confirm that particular triterpenoid mixtures from lingonberry waxes may possess stronger cytotoxic activities than crude unpurified extracts. Fractions containing triterpenoid acids plus fernenol, complexes of oleanolic:ursolic acids, and erythrodiol:uvaol were found to be the most potent therapeutic candidates in the management of cancer diseases. The specificity of cuticular wax extracts of lingonberry leaves and fruits, leading to different purity and anticancer potential of obtained counterpart fractions, was also enclosed. These findings contribute to the profitable utilization of lingonberry cuticular waxes and provide considerable insights into the anticancer effects of particular triterpenoids and pharmacological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vilkickyte
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (L.R.)
| | - Vilma Petrikaite
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Marksa
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Valdas Jakstas
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lina Raudone
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (L.R.)
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Šedbarė R, Jakštāne G, Janulis V. Phytochemical Composition of the Fruit of Large Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) Cultivars Grown in the Collection of the National Botanic Garden of Latvia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:771. [PMID: 36840117 PMCID: PMC9964011 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols and triterpenoids in samples of introduced and bred large cranberry fruits from the collection of the National Botanic Garden of Latvia. The highest total anthocyanin levels (8638-9316 µg/g) were detected in the fruit samples of the cranberry cultivars 'Black Veil', 'Franclin' and 'Early Black'. The highest total proanthocyanidin levels (2775-3389 µg/g) were found in cranberries of cultivars 'Kalnciema Agrā', 'Kalnciema Tumšā', 'Searles', 'Howes', and 'Kalnciema Ražīgā'. The highest levels of flavonol compounds (1373-1402 µg/g) were detected in cranberries of cultivars 'Howes', 'Black Veil' and 'Salaspils Melnās'. The highest levels of triterpenoids (5292-5792 µg/g) were determined in cranberries of cultivars 'Kalnciema Agrā', 'Septembra', 'Džbrūklene' and 'Early Black'. The results of our study allow for the estimation of differences in the content of secondary metabolites in the fruit samples of the studied cranberry cultivars and for the selection of promising cultivars for further introduction and cultivation in the climatic conditions of the Baltic countries. These results are also important for the selection of the most promising cranberry cultivars for the preparation of cranberry raw material, and the high-quality composition of plant material ensures the effectiveness of cranberry supplements and other cranberry preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Šedbarė
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ginta Jakštāne
- Department of Food, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, National Botanic Garden, 2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Valdimaras Janulis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Dhal S, Alhamidi A, Al-Zahrani SM, Anis A, Pal K. The Influence of Emulsifiers on the Physiochemical Behavior of Soy Wax/Rice Bran Oil-Based Oleogels and Their Application in Nutraceutical Delivery. Gels 2023; 9:47. [PMID: 36661813 PMCID: PMC9858175 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This research evaluated the influence of stearic acid, sunflower lecithin, and sorbitan monooleate on soy wax (SYW)/rice bran oil (RBO)-based oleogels. The physiochemical behavior of oleogel samples was evaluated using colorimetry, microscopy, FTIR, mechanical, crystallization kinetics, X-ray diffraction, and a drug release investigation. The prepared oleogels were light yellow, and adding emulsifiers did not change their appearance. All oleogels showed an oil binding capacity of >98%, independent of emulsifier treatment. The surface topography revealed that emulsifiers smoothed the surface of the oleogels. Bright-field and polarized micrographs showed the presence of wax grains and needles. FTIR spectra indicated that oleogel samples had the same functional group diversity as the raw materials. The oleogel samples lacked a hydrogen-bonding peak. Hence, we postulated that non-covalent interactions were involved in the oleogel preparation. According to stress relaxation studies, the firmness and elastic component of oleogels were unaffected by emulsifiers. However, EML3 (oleogel containing sorbitan monooleate) showed lower relaxing characteristics than the others. EML3 exhibited the slowest crystallization profile. Due to its low d-spacing, EML3 was found to have densely packed crystal molecules and the largest crystallite size. The in vitro drug release studies showed that emulsifier-containing oleogels dramatically affected curcumin release. These results may help customize oleogels properties to adjust bioactive component release in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somali Dhal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Abdullah Alhamidi
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed M. Al-Zahrani
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arfat Anis
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
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12
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Šedbarė R, Pašakinskienė I, Janulis V. Changes in the Composition of Biologically Active Compounds during the Ripening Period in Fruit of Different Large Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) Cultivars Grown in the Lithuanian Collection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12010202. [PMID: 36616331 PMCID: PMC9824273 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In our investigation, we evaluated the content of chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, triterpenoids, and phytosterols in cranberry fruit extracts of the cultivars ‘Baifay’, ‘Early Black’, ‘Howes’, ‘Pilgrim’, ‘Red Star’, and ‘Stevens’ grown in Lithuania, as well as changes in the antioxidant activity in extracts of fruit samples of these cultivars during the period of berry maturation. The highest amount of proanthocyanidins (8.87 ± 0.57 mg EE/g EE) and flavonols (3688.52 ± 22.85 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 12 August. Remarkably, the highest anthocyanins content (9628.62 ± 266 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 22 October. The study showed that the content of phytochemical compounds in cranberries varied between 12 August and 22 October; the content of proanthocyanidins decreased by a factor of about 2, the content of chlorogenic acid decreased by a factor of about 1.3, the content of flavonols decreased by a factor of about 2, and the content of anthocyanins increased by 27 to 450 times. A strong correlation was found between the total proanthocyanidin content of cranberry fruit extracts and their in vitro antiradical and reducing activity (r = 0.781 and 0.726, respectively, p < 0.001). The data of our study detail the accumulation of the phytochemical composition of biologically active compounds in cranberry samples during the stages of maturity, therefore these data are significant for the assessment of harvest time of cranberry and can be applied to select cranberry cultivars for further cultivation in Lithuanian climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Šedbarė
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Valdimaras Janulis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania
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13
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Zhou Q, Zhao F, Zhang H, Zhu Z. Responses of the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, endogenous hormones and antioxidant activity of Carpinus betulus L. seedlings to different light intensities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1055984. [PMID: 36531368 PMCID: PMC9751822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1055984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Light is an important ecological factor that affects plant growth, survival and distribution. Carpinus betulus L. is native to central Europe and is used as an ornamental plant with strong adaptability. It is an important tree species for landscaping and timber use. What's more, the antioxidant- and anticancer-related properties of C. betulus leaf extracts are remarkable, that make it a possible raw material for medicine. Light intensity is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and physicochemical changes of C. betulus, but the mechanism of its effect on this species still remains unknown. In this study, the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, endogenous hormones and antioxidant activity responses of C. betulus seedlings to four light intensity gradients (T0: normal light; T1: 75%; T2: 50%; T3: 25% of normal light) were studied after 60 days of shading treatments. The results showed a significant effect of low light intensity on the values of the growth and physiological parameters of C. betulus. The low light intensity caused the inhibition of plant biomass accumulation and the degradation of photosynthetic capacity and stomatal behavior and aggravated the cell membrane lipid peroxidation. However, the plant height growth, leaf area, specific leaf area, photosynthetic pigment content, and contents of GA3 and ABA of C. betulus increased with decreasing light intensity. We found that C. betulus can tolerate mild (T1) and moderate (T2) shading stress by developing photoprotective mechanisms and maintaining relatively high concentrations of organic osmolytes and high antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), but the ability of C. betulus to synthesize osmotic substances and enzymatic antioxidants was impaired under severe shading conditions (T3). Our results suggest that C. betulus can make effective use of low light resources by adjusting its morphology, material distribution, photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme system in suitable low-light environments (50%~75% of normal light); however, light intensity levels that are too low (25% of normal light) will have adverse effects on plant growth. The results of this study provide not only new insights into the response mechanisms of C. betulus to light intensity but also a scientific basis for the cultivation and application of C. betulus in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zunling Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Sedbare R, Raudone L, Zvikas V, Viskelis J, Liaudanskas M, Janulis V. Development and Validation of the UPLC-DAD Methodology for the Detection of Triterpenoids and Phytosterols in Fruit Samples of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144403. [PMID: 35889280 PMCID: PMC9323694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranberries are used in the production of medicinal preparations and food supplements, which highlights the importance of triterpene compounds determination in cranberry fruit raw material. The aim of our study was to develop and validate for routine testing suitable UPLC-DAD methodology for the evaluation of triterpene acids, neutral triterpenoids, phytosterols, and squalene content in cranberry samples. The developed and optimized UPLC-DAD methodology was validated according to the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization (ICH), evaluating the following parameters: range, specificity, linearity (R2 > 0.999), precision, LOD (0.27−1.86 µg/mL), LOQ (0.90−6.18 µg/mL), and recovery (80−110%). The developed and validated technique was used for the evaluation of triterpenic compounds in samples of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vaccinium oxycoccos fruits, and their peels, pulp and seeds. The studied chromatogram profiles of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vaccinium oxycoccos were identical but differed in the areas of the analytical peaks. Ursolic acid was the dominant compound in fruit samples of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vaccinium oxycoccos. The highest amounts of triterpenic compounds were detected in the cranberry peels samples. The developed method for the detection of triterpene compounds can be applied in further studies for routine testing on the qualitative and quantitative composition of fruit samples of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vaccinium oxycoccos species and cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Sedbare
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.R.); (M.L.); (V.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-696-77917
| | - Lina Raudone
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.R.); (M.L.); (V.J.)
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vaidotas Zvikas
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Jonas Viskelis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Mindaugas Liaudanskas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.R.); (M.L.); (V.J.)
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Valdimaras Janulis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50166 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.R.); (M.L.); (V.J.)
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15
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Falev DI, Ovchinnikov DV, Voronov IS, Faleva AV, Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Quantification of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in Plant Extracts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:629. [PMID: 35631456 PMCID: PMC9143669 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids (PCTs) are a widely distributed class of plant secondary metabolites. These compounds have high bioactive properties, primarily antitumor and antioxidant activity. In this study, a method was developed for the quantitative analysis of pentacyclic triterpenoids in plants using supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS). Separation of ten major PCTs (friedelin, lupeol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin, betulin, erythrodiol, uvaol, betulinic, oleanolic and ursolic acids) was studied on six silica-based reversed stationary phases. The best results (7 min analysis time in isocratic elution mode) were achieved on an HSS C18 SB stationary phase using carbon dioxide-isopropanol (8%) mobile phase providing decisive contribution of polar interactions to the retention of analytes. It was shown that the use of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is preferred over atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). The combination of SFC with APCI-MS/MS mass spectrometry made it possible to achieve the limits of quantification in plant extracts in the range of 2.3-20 μg·L-1. The developed method was validated and tested in the analyses of birch outer layer (Betula pendula) bark, and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root, as well as lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos), apple (Malus domestica "Golden Delicious" and Malus domestica "Red Delicious") peels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danil I. Falev
- Laboratory of Natural Compounds Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center “Arktika”, M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia; (D.V.O.); (I.S.V.); (A.V.F.); (N.V.U.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dmitry S. Kosyakov
- Laboratory of Natural Compounds Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center “Arktika”, M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia; (D.V.O.); (I.S.V.); (A.V.F.); (N.V.U.)
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16
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García-Coronado H, Tafolla-Arellano JC, Hernández-Oñate MÁ, Burgara-Estrella AJ, Robles-Parra JM, Tiznado-Hernández ME. Molecular Biology, Composition and Physiological Functions of Cuticle Lipids in Fleshy Fruits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091133. [PMID: 35567134 PMCID: PMC9099731 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits represent a valuable resource of economic and nutritional relevance for humanity. The plant cuticle is the external lipid layer covering the nonwoody aerial organs of land plants, and it is the first contact between fruits and the environment. It has been hypothesized that the cuticle plays a role in the development, ripening, quality, resistance to pathogen attack and postharvest shelf life of fleshy fruits. The cuticle's structure and composition change in response to the fruit's developmental stage, fruit physiology and different postharvest treatments. This review summarizes current information on the physiology and molecular mechanism of cuticle biosynthesis and composition changes during the development, ripening and postharvest stages of fleshy fruits. A discussion and analysis of studies regarding the relationship between cuticle composition, water loss reduction and maintaining fleshy fruits' postharvest quality are presented. An overview of the molecular mechanism of cuticle biosynthesis and efforts to elucidate it in fleshy fruits is included. Enhancing our knowledge about cuticle biosynthesis mechanisms and identifying specific transcripts, proteins and lipids related to quality traits in fleshy fruits could contribute to the design of biotechnological strategies to improve the quality and postharvest shelf life of these important fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto García-Coronado
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Julio César Tafolla-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Calzada Antonio Narro 1923, Buenavista, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Ángel Hernández-Oñate
- CONACYT-Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Alexel Jesús Burgara-Estrella
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Jesús Martín Robles-Parra
- Coordinación de Desarrollo Regional, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Martín Ernesto Tiznado-Hernández
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
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17
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Salo HM, Nguyen N, Alakärppä E, Klavins L, Hykkerud AL, Karppinen K, Jaakola L, Klavins M, Häggman H. Authentication of berries and berry-based food products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5197-5225. [PMID: 34337851 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Berries represent one of the most important and high-valued group of modern-day health-beneficial "superfoods" whose dietary consumption has been recognized to be beneficial for human health for a long time. In addition to being delicious, berries are rich in nutrients, vitamins, and several bioactive compounds, including carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and hydrolysable tannins. However, due to their high value, berries and berry-based products are often subject to fraudulent adulteration, commonly for economical gain, but also unintentionally due to misidentification of species. Deliberate adulteration often comprises the substitution of high-value berries with lower value counterparts and mislabeling of product contents. As adulteration is deceptive toward customers and presents a risk for public health, food authentication through different methods is applied as a countermeasure. Although many authentication methods have been developed in terms of fast, sensitive, reliable, and low-cost analysis and have been applied in the authentication of a myriad of food products and species, their application on berries and berry-based products is still limited. The present review provides an overview of the development and application of analytical chemistry methods, such as isotope ratio analysis, liquid and gas chromatography, spectroscopy, as well as DNA-based methods and electronic sensors, for the authentication of berries and berry-based food products. We provide an overview of the earlier use and recent advances of these methods, as well as discuss the advances and drawbacks related to their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki M Salo
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Emmi Alakärppä
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Linards Klavins
- The Natural Resource Research Centre, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anne Linn Hykkerud
- Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Katja Karppinen
- Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway.,Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway.,Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maris Klavins
- The Natural Resource Research Centre, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Hely Häggman
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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18
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Strazdina I, Klavins L, Galinina N, Shvirksts K, Grube M, Stalidzans E, Kalnenieks U. Syntrophy of Crypthecodinium cohnii and immobilized Zymomonas mobilis for docosahexaenoic acid production from sucrose-containing substrates. J Biotechnol 2021; 338:63-70. [PMID: 34280360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii is an aerobic oleaginous microorganism that accumulates intracellular lipid with high content of 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated ω-3 (22:6) fatty acid with multiple health benefits. C. cohnii can grow on glucose and ethanol, but not on sucrose or fructose. For conversion of sucrose-containing renewables to C. cohnii DHA, we investigated a syntrophic process, involving immobilized cells of ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis for fermenting sucrose to ethanol. The non-respiring, NADH dehydrogenase-deficient Z. mobilis strain Zm6-ndh, with high ethanol yield both under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, was taken as the genetic background for inactivation of levansucrase (sacB). SacB mutation eliminated the levan-forming activity on sucrose. The double mutant Zm6-ndh-sacB cells were immobilized in Ca alginate, and applied for syntrophic conversion of sucrose to DHA of C. cohnii, either taking the ethanol-containing fermentation medium from the immobilized Z. mobilis for feeding to the C. cohnii fed-batch culture, or directly coculturing the immobilized Zm6-ndh-sacB with C. cohnii on sucrose. Both modes of cultivation produced C. cohnii CCMP 316 biomass with DHA content around 2-3 % of cell dry weight, corresponding to previously reported results for this strain on glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inese Strazdina
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linards Klavins
- University of Latvia, Natural Resource Research Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Nina Galinina
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Shvirksts
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Grube
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Egils Stalidzans
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Uldis Kalnenieks
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia.
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19
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Weißinger L, Arand K, Bieler E, Kassemeyer HH, Breuer M, Müller C. Physical and Chemical Traits of Grape Varieties Influence Drosophila suzukii Preferences and Performance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664636. [PMID: 33968118 PMCID: PMC8098983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle-covered surface forms the interface between plant parts, including fruits, and their environment. The physical and chemical properties of fruit surfaces profoundly influence plant-frugivore interactions by shaping the susceptibility and suitability of the host for the attacker. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae) serves as one of the various host plants of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), which is invasive in several parts of the world and can cause major crop losses. The susceptibility of wine towards this pest species differs widely among varieties. The objective of our study was to identify physical and chemical traits of the berry surface that may explain the differences in susceptibility of five grape varieties to D. suzukii. Both preferences of adult D. suzukii and offspring performance on intact versus dewaxed (epicuticular wax layer mechanically removed) grape berries were investigated in dual-choice assays. Moreover, the morphology and chemical composition of cuticular waxes and cutin of the different varieties were analyzed. Bioassays revealed that the epicuticular wax layer of most tested grape varieties influenced the preference behavior of adult flies; even less susceptible varieties became more susceptible after removal of these waxes. In contrast, neither offspring performance nor berry skin firmness were affected by the epicuticular wax layer. The wax morphology and the composition of both epi- and intracuticular waxes differed pronouncedly, especially between more and less susceptible varieties, while cutin was dominated by ω-OH-9/10-epoxy-C18 acid and the amount was comparable among varieties within sampling time. Our results highlight the underestimated role of the epicuticular surface and cuticle integrity in grape susceptibility to D. suzukii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Weißinger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Nano Imaging Lab, Swiss Nano Science Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katja Arand
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture, Veitshöchheim, Germany
| | - Evi Bieler
- Nano Imaging Lab, Swiss Nano Science Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Breuer
- State Institute of Viticulture and Enology (WBI), Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- *Correspondence: Caroline Müller,
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20
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Wang X, Kong L, Zhi P, Chang C. Update on Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Its Roles in Plant Disease Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155514. [PMID: 32752176 PMCID: PMC7432125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerial surface of higher plants is covered by a hydrophobic layer of cuticular waxes to protect plant tissues against enormous environmental challenges including the infection of various pathogens. As the first contact site between plants and pathogens, the layer of cuticular waxes could function as a plant physical barrier that limits the entry of pathogens, acts as a reservoir of signals to trigger plant defense responses, and even gives cues exploited by pathogens to initiate their infection processes. Past decades have seen unprecedented proceedings in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of plant cuticular waxes and their functions regulating plant–pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the molecular biology of cuticular wax biosynthesis and highlighted its multiple roles in plant disease resistance against bacterial, fungal, and insect pathogens.
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