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Mor S, Yadav R, Bhakuni K, Rawat P, Bisht M, Deenadayalu N, Venkatesu P. Unraveling the Role of Deep Eutectic Solvents with Varying Hydrogen-Bond Acceptors on the Thermoresponsive Polymer Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide). J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38683962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising tools for crafting polymeric materials across diverse domains. This study delves into the impact of a series of DESs on the phase behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in aqueous environments, presenting compelling insights into their performance. Specifically, we explore the conformational phase behavior of PNIPAM in the presence of four distinct lactic acid (LA)-based DESs: LA-betaine (LA-BET), LA-proline (LA-PRO), LA-choline chloride (LA-CC), and LA-urea (LA-U). By maintaining a consistent hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) while varying the hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA), we unravel how different DES compositions modulate the phase transition behavior of PNIPAM. Our findings underscore the profound influence of DESs comprising LA as the HBD and diverse HBAs-BET, PRO, CC, and U on the thermoresponsive behavior of PNIPAM. Employing spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we elucidate the preferential interactions between the HBA groups within DESs and the hydration layer of PNIPAM. Notably, temperature-dependent DLS analyses reveal a discernible decrease in the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM with increasing DES concentration, ultimately disrupting the hydrogen-bond interactions and resulting in early hydrophobic collapse of the polymer, which can be clearly seen in the TEM micrographs. Furthermore, the formation of polymer composites within the mixed system leads to notable alterations in the physiochemical properties of PNIPAM, as evidenced by shifts in its LCST value in the presence of DESs. This perturbation disrupts hydrogen-bond interactions, inducing hydrophobic collapse of the polymers, a phenomenon vividly captured in TEM micrographs. In essence, our study sheds new light on the pivotal role of varying HBA groups within DESs in modulating the conformational transitions of PNIPAM. These insights not only enrich our fundamental understanding but also hold immense promise for the development of smart polymeric systems with multifaceted applications spanning bioimaging, biomedical science, polymer science, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kavya Bhakuni
- Department of Chemistry, St. Stephen's College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pradeep Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Meena Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Nirmala Deenadayalu
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban4000, South Africa
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Ramarao KDR, Razali Z, Somasundram C, Kunasekaran W, Jin TL. Effects of Drying Methods on the Antioxidant Properties of Piper betle Leaves. Molecules 2024; 29:1762. [PMID: 38675582 PMCID: PMC11051789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Piper betle leaf powder is increasingly utilised as a health supplement. In this study, P. betle leaves were subjected to four different drying methods: convective air-drying, oven-drying, sun-drying, and no drying, with fresh leaves as control. Their antioxidant properties were then evaluated using colourimetric assays and GC-MS. Results showed that the sun-dried leaves had the highest (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity (66.23 ± 0.10 mg AAE/g), total polyphenol content (133.93 ± 3.76 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (81.25 ± 3.26 mg CE/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (56.48 ± 0.11%), and the lowest alkaloid content (45.684 ± 0.265 mg/gm). GC-MS analysis revealed that major constituents of aqueous extracts of fresh and sun-dried P. betle leaves were hydrazine 1,2-dimethyl-; ethyl aminomethylformimidate; glycerin; propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (+/-)-; and 1,2-Cyclopentanedione. In conclusion, sun-dried leaves exhibited overall better antioxidant properties, and their aqueous extracts contained biologically active phytoconstituents that have uses in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivaandra Dayaa Rao Ramarao
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (K.D.R.R.); (C.S.)
- The Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zuliana Razali
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (K.D.R.R.); (C.S.)
- The Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chandran Somasundram
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (K.D.R.R.); (C.S.)
- The Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Wijenthiran Kunasekaran
- Wari Technologies Sdn. Bhd., 2A-2, Galleria Cyberjaya, Jalan Teknokrat 6, Cyber 5, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.K.); (T.L.J.)
| | - Tan Li Jin
- Wari Technologies Sdn. Bhd., 2A-2, Galleria Cyberjaya, Jalan Teknokrat 6, Cyber 5, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.K.); (T.L.J.)
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Asgari S, Farasati Far B, Charmi G, Maghsoudi PH, Keihankhadiv S, Seyedhamzeh M, Kaushik AK. Chitosan-Grafted-Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam)-Decorated Fe 3O 4@SiO 2 Core-Shell Nanoformulation as an Efficient Drug Delivery System for Poorly Soluble Drugs. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5809-5827. [PMID: 38015201 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocortisone, a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug, has limited aqueous solubility and several side effects. To address this challenge, as a proof-of-concept, this article demonstrates the development of a controlled-release drug delivery system (DDS) for hydrocortisone using chitosan-grafted poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (CS-g-PNVCL)-coated core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoformulations (NFs). Reported magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and modified with silica, PNVCL, and CS precursors to enhance the biocompatibility of DDS and drug-loading efficiency. The release rate of hydrocortisone from Fe3O4@SiO2@CS-g-PNVCL NFs was observed to be higher at lower pH values, and the smart polymer coating demonstrated temperature responsiveness, facilitating drug release at higher temperatures. Fe3O4@SiO2@CS-g-PNVCL NFs exhibited a cell viability of around 97.2 to 87.3% (5-100 μg/mL) after 24-48 h, while the hydrocortisone-NFs had a cell viability of around 93.2 to 82.3%. Our findings suggest that CS-g-PNVCL-coated Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs effectively enhance the solubility, loading capacity, and targeted delivery of poorly soluble drugs, thereby improving their therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Asgari
- School of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19585-466, Iran
| | - Bahareh Farasati Far
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16844, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Charmi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Shadi Keihankhadiv
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mohammad Seyedhamzeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC) and Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 4513956184 Iran
| | - Ajeet Kumar Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, Florida 33805, United States
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
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Alatzoglou FEG, Vassaki M, Nirgianaki K, Tripodianos E, Turhanen P, Demadis KD, Papathanasiou KE. Surface-Modified Silica Hydrogels for the Programmable Release of Bisphosphonate Anti-Osteoporosis Drugs: The Case of Etidronate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093379. [PMID: 37176259 PMCID: PMC10180253 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonate drugs constitute the primary treatment for bone diseases such as Paget's disease and osteoporosis. Despite their effectiveness, they also exhibit severe drawbacks, such as rapid excretion and limited oral bioavailability. High doses are usually administered to counterbalance these drawbacks. Subsequently, side effects are triggered, such as osteonecrosis of the lower jaw and esophageal cancer. Controlled drug release systems may be viable candidates to overcome those issues. Herein, we present novel functionalized silica-based hydrogels loaded with the osteoporosis drug etidronate (1,1-hydroxyethylidene-diphosphonate) used to control the release profile of the drug. Various methodologies were evaluated to control the initial release rate and the final released concentration of the drug. These included the gel density, by systematically increasing the initial concentration of silicate used to prepare the hydrogels, the presence of metal cations (Ca2+ and Cu2+), and the internal surface functionalization of the gel with silane-based grafting agents (with anionic, cationic, and neutral groups). This study also contributes to our continuous effort to develop new a priori programmable drug-loaded gels for the controlled release of osteoporosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanouria-Eirini G Alatzoglou
- Crystal Engineering, Growth and Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Vassaki
- Crystal Engineering, Growth and Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Nirgianaki
- Crystal Engineering, Growth and Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Tripodianos
- Crystal Engineering, Growth and Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Petri Turhanen
- Biocenter Kuopio, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Konstantinos D Demadis
- Crystal Engineering, Growth and Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos E Papathanasiou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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Hybrid protein-polymer nanoparticles based on P(NVCL-co-DMAEMA) loaded with cisplatin as a potential anti-cancer agent. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Dual-Responsive Nanogel for Anticancer Drug Delivery. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1548410. [PMID: 36193087 PMCID: PMC9526620 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1548410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, to reduce the side effects of anticancer drugs and also to increase the efficiency of current drug delivery systems, a pH and temperature-responsive polymeric nanogel was synthesized by copolymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam (VCL) and acrylic acid (AA) monomers (P(VCL-co-AA)) with a novel cross-linker, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), as a biocompatible and nontoxic component. The structural and physicochemical features of the P(VCL-co-AA) nanogel were characterized by FT-IR, DLS/Zeta potential, FE-SEM, and 1HNMR techniques. The results indicated that spherical polymeric nanogel was successfully synthesized with a 182 nm diameter. The results showed that the polymerization process continues with the opening of the carbon-carbon double bond of monomers, which was approved by C-C band removing located at 1600 cm-1. Doxorubicin (Dox) as a chemotherapeutic agent was loaded into the P(VCL-co-AA), whit a significant loading of Dox (83%), and the drug release profile was investigated in the physiological and cancerous site simulated conditions. P(VCL-co-AA) exhibited a pH and temperature-responsive behavior, with an enhanced release rate in the cancerous site condition. The biocompatibility and nontoxicity of P(VCL-co-AA) were approved by MTT assay on the normal human foreskin fibroblasts-2 (HFF-2) cell line. Also, Dox-loaded P(VCL-co-AA) had excellent toxic behavior on the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line as model cancerous cells. Moreover, Dox-loaded P(VCL-co-AA) had higher toxicity in comparison with free Dox, which would be a vast advantage in reducing Dox side effects in the clinical cancer treatment applications.
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Nizardo NM, Alimin DF, Lestari MLAD. Synthesis and characterization of dual-responsive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-N-methylolacrylamide) nanogels. Des Monomers Polym 2022; 25:155-164. [PMID: 35711620 PMCID: PMC9196741 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2022.2086412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports the synthesis of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-N-methylolacrylamide) (P(NVCL-co-NMA)) nanogels and investigates their thermo-/pH-responsive behavior. The formation of nanogels was synthesized using free radical emulsion polymerization by varying the monomer composition of NVCL:NMA, and their molecular structure was characterized by 1H-NMR and FTIR. It was found that the nanogels were successfully prepared, and the nanogels exhibited LCST-type phase transition behavior. Cloud point transition temperature (Tc) was studied as a function of copolymer composition, MBA concentration, and pH of the solution by exploring their changes in turbidity using UV-vis spectrophotometer. Our studies reveal that Tc nanogels increased with increasing concentration of NMA, which is due to the hydrophilicity of NMA. Our research also demonstrated that the increase in MBA percentage could decrease the Tc of the synthesized nanogels. Interestingly, P(NVCL-co-NMA) nanogels showed not only a thermoresponsive behavior but also a pH response with increasing Tc in a strong acidic environment owing to the H-bonds within the polymer chains. The results show that nanogels with initial monomer composition of NVCL and NMA of 75% and 25%, respectively, and using 4% of MBA showed Tc around 35°C at pH 7.4. In addition, DLS studies also confirmed this result since the particle sizes became much larger after surpassing the temperature of 35°C. Due to this founding, such nanogels might have potential application in controlled release. Nevertheless, further studies regarding the adjustment of Tc are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noverra M Nizardo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Dzul Fadli Alimin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Maria L A D Lestari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Bahmani M, Akbarian M, Tayebi L, Farjadian F. The inhibitory effect of curcumin loaded poly (vinyl caprolactam) nanohydrogel on insulin fibrillation. Process Biochem 2022; 117:209-218. [PMID: 36506035 PMCID: PMC9733913 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis refers to a group of diseases caused by the deposition of abnormal proteins in tissues. Herein, curcumin was loaded in a nanohydrogel made of poly (vinylcaprolactam) to improve its solubility and was employed to exert an inhibitory effect on insulin fibrillation, as a protein model. Poly (vinyl caprolactam), cross-linked with polyethylene glycol diacrylate, was synthesized by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer method. The release profile of curcumin exhibited a first-order kinetic model, signifying that the release of curcumin was mainly dominated by diffusion processes. The study of curcumin release showed that 78% of the compound was released within 72 h. The results also revealed a significant decline in insulin fibrillation in the presence of curcumin-loaded poly (vinyl caprolactam). These observations confirmed that increasing the ratio of curcumin-loaded poly (vinyl caprolactam) to insulin concentration would increase the hydrogel's inhibitory effect (P-value < 0.05). Furthermore, transmission electron and fluorescence microscopies and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy made it possible to study the size and interaction of fibrils. Based on the results, this nanohydrogel combination could protect the structure of insulin and had a deterrent effect on fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Bahmani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Akbarian
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan,Corresponding author. (M. Akbarian)
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence to: Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 7146864685, Shiraz, Iran. (F. Farjadian)
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Khan S, Minhas MU, Aqeel MT, Shah I, Khan S, Kazi M, Warnken ZN. Poly (N-Vinylcaprolactam-Grafted-Sodium Alginate) Based Injectable pH/Thermo Responsive In Situ Forming Depot Hydrogels for Prolonged Controlled Anticancer Drug Delivery; In Vitro, In Vivo Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1050. [PMID: 35631636 PMCID: PMC9143242 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to develop novel in situ forming gels based on N-vinylcaprolactam, sodium alginate, and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide. The in situ Poly (NVRCL-g-NaAlg) gels were developed using the cold and free radical polymerization method. The structure formation, thermal stability, and porous nature of gels was confirmed by FTIR, NMR, DSC, TGA, and SEM. The tunable gelation temperature was evaluated by tube titling and rheological analysis. Optical transmittance showed that all formulations demonstrated phase transition around 33 °C. The swelling and release profile showed that gels offered maximum swelling and controlled 5-FU release at 25 °C and pH (7.4), owing to a relaxed state. Porosity and mesh size showed an effect on swelling and drug release. The in vitro degradation profile demonstrated a controlled degradation rate. An MTT assay confirmed that formulations are safe tested against Vero cells. In vitro cytotoxicity showed that 5-FU loaded gels have controlled cytotoxic potential against HeLa and MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 39.91 µg/mL and 46.82 µg/mL) compared to free 5-FU (IC50 = 50.52 µg/mL and 53.58 µg/mL). Histopathological study demonstrated no harmful effects of gels on major organs. The in vivo bioavailability in rabbits showed a controlled release in gel form (Cmax, 1433.59 ± 45.09 ng/mL) compared to a free drug (Cmax, 2263.31 ± 13.36 ng/mL) after the subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- Margalla College of Pharmacy, Margalla Institute of Health Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Punjab, Pakistan; (M.T.A.); (I.S.)
| | | | - Muhammad Tahir Aqeel
- Margalla College of Pharmacy, Margalla Institute of Health Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Punjab, Pakistan; (M.T.A.); (I.S.)
| | - Ihsan Shah
- Margalla College of Pharmacy, Margalla Institute of Health Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Punjab, Pakistan; (M.T.A.); (I.S.)
| | - Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, UKZN, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zachary N. Warnken
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
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NVCL-Based Hydrogels and Composites for Biomedical Applications: Progress in the Last Ten Years. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094722. [PMID: 35563114 PMCID: PMC9103572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels consist of three-dimensionally crosslinked polymeric chains, are hydrophilic, have the ability to absorb other molecules in their structure and are relatively easy to obtain. However, in order to improve some of their properties, usually mechanical, or to provide them with some physical, chemical or biological characteristics, hydrogels have been synthesized combined with other synthetic or natural polymers, filled with inorganic nanoparticles, metals, and even polymeric nanoparticles, giving rise to composite hydrogels. In general, different types of hydrogels have been synthesized; however, in this review, we refer to those obtained from the thermosensitive polymer poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) and we focus on the definition, properties, synthesis techniques, nanomaterials used as fillers in composites and mainly applications of PNVCL-based hydrogels in the biomedical area. This type of material has great potential in biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, as antimicrobials and in diagnostic and bioimaging.
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Izak-Nau E, Braun S, Pich A, Göstl R. Mechanically Resistant Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) Microgels with Sacrificial Supramolecular Catechin Hydrogen Bonds. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022. [PMID: 35187862 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5815297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microgels (μgels) swiftly undergo structural and functional degradation when they are exposed to shear forces, which potentially limit their applicability in, e.g., biomedicine and engineering. Here, poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) μgels that resist mechanical disruption through supramolecular hydrogen bonds provided by (+)-catechin hydrate (+C) are synthesized. When +C is added to the microgel structure, an increased resistance against shear force exerted by ultrasonication is observed compared to μgels crosslinked by covalent bonds. While covalently crosslinked μgels degrade already after a few seconds, it is found that μgels having both supramolecular interchain interactions and covalent crosslinks show the highest mechanical durability. By the incorporation of optical force probes, it is found that the covalent bonds of the μgels are not stressed beyond their scission threshold and mechanical energy is dissipated by the force-induced reversible dissociation of the sacrificial +C bonds for at least 20 min of ultrasonication. Additionally, +C renders the μgels pH-sensitive and introduces multiresponsivity. The μgels are extensively characterized using Fourier-transform infrared, Raman and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. These results may serve as blueprint for the preparation of many mechanically durable μgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Susanne Braun
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, Aachen, 52056, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, Aachen, 52056, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM) Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Geleen, 6167 RD, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, Aachen, 52056, Germany
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The antioxidant properties and microbial load of Moringa oleifera leaves dried using a prototype convective air-dryer. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103290. [PMID: 35521359 PMCID: PMC9065894 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic resulted in major postharvest losses because most fresh produce could not be sold. Drying is an important thermal-based food preservation method which could have prolonged the shelf-life of these produce, but most drying technologies are costly, and cannot be afforded by small-time farmers. From this context, we were interested in evaluating the drying of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) using a low-cost self-built prototype convective-air dryer (CAD), alongside conventional drying methods for its antioxidant properties, microbial load and phytoconstituents. Results showed total polyphenol content was the highest (p < 0.05) in our CAD samples, and it retained among the highest total flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity, total alkaloid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, methanolic CAD extract presented lower coliform and yeast and mold count than the aqueous CAD extract. We also briefly explored MOL as a sanitizer where the microbial load of the methanolic extract was comparable (p > 0.05) with several commercial non-alcoholic sanitizers, indicating its commercialization potential as a bio-friendly sanitizer. Finally, using GC–MS, we are the first to report (best of our knowledge) on the presence of caprolactam, an important bio-medical field compound, in the CAD sample’s aqueous extract.
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Izak‐Nau E, Braun S, Pich A, Göstl R. Mechanically Resistant Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) Microgels with Sacrificial Supramolecular Catechin Hydrogen Bonds. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104004. [PMID: 35187862 PMCID: PMC9036020 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microgels (μgels) swiftly undergo structural and functional degradation when they are exposed to shear forces, which potentially limit their applicability in, e.g., biomedicine and engineering. Here, poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) μgels that resist mechanical disruption through supramolecular hydrogen bonds provided by (+)-catechin hydrate (+C) are synthesized. When +C is added to the microgel structure, an increased resistance against shear force exerted by ultrasonication is observed compared to μgels crosslinked by covalent bonds. While covalently crosslinked μgels degrade already after a few seconds, it is found that μgels having both supramolecular interchain interactions and covalent crosslinks show the highest mechanical durability. By the incorporation of optical force probes, it is found that the covalent bonds of the μgels are not stressed beyond their scission threshold and mechanical energy is dissipated by the force-induced reversible dissociation of the sacrificial +C bonds for at least 20 min of ultrasonication. Additionally, +C renders the μgels pH-sensitive and introduces multiresponsivity. The μgels are extensively characterized using Fourier-transform infrared, Raman and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. These results may serve as blueprint for the preparation of many mechanically durable μgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak‐Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
| | - Susanne Braun
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM) Maastricht UniversityBrightlands Chemelot CampusGeleen6167 RDThe Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
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14
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Sofroniou C, Baglioni M, Mamusa M, Resta C, Doutch J, Smets J, Baglioni P. Self-Assembly of Soluplus in Aqueous Solutions: Characterization and Prospectives on Perfume Encapsulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14791-14804. [PMID: 35312278 PMCID: PMC8972246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soluplus is an amphiphilic graft copolymer intensively studied as a micellar solubilizer for drugs. An extensive characterization of the nanostructure of its colloidal aggregates is still lacking. Here, we provide insights into the polymer's self-assembly in water, and we assess its use as an encapsulating agent for fragrances. The self-assembly properties of Soluplus aqueous solutions were studied over a wide concentration range (1-70% w/w) by means of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), differential scanning calorimetry, NMR, and rheometry. SANS analyses revealed the presence of polymeric micelles with a fuzzy surface interacting via a 2-Yukawa potential, up to 15% w/w polymer. Increasing the polymer concentration up to 55% w/w led to tightly packed micelles described according to the Teubner-Strey model. The ability of Soluplus to encapsulate seven perfume molecules, 2-phenyl ethanol, l-carvone, linalool, florhydral, β-citronellol, α-pinene, and R-limonene, was then examined. We showed that the fragrance's octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow), widely used to characterize the solubilization capacity, is not sufficient to characterize such systems and the presence of specific functional groups or molecular conformation needs to be considered. In fact, the combination of SANS, NMR, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopy showed that the perfumes, interacting with different regions of the polymer aggregates, are able to tune the systems' structures resulting in micelles, matrix-type capsules, core-shell capsules, or oil-in-water emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Sofroniou
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Baglioni
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Marianna Mamusa
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Resta
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - James Doutch
- Science
and Technology Facilities Council, ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Smets
- The
Procter & Gamble Company, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek Bever, Belgium
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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15
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PCL/Sodium-Alginate Based 3D-Printed Dual Drug Delivery System with Antibacterial Activity for Osteomyelitis Therapy. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030163. [PMID: 35323276 PMCID: PMC8948711 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic osteomyelitis is mostly caused by bacteria such as S. aureus, and is often treated with oral antibiotics or injections to suppress the bacteria. In severe cases, however, surgical treatment using antibiotic beads and metal supports may be required. In these surgeries, bacterial attachment to the metal may lead to biofilm formation and reduce antibiotics’ penetration to the bacteria. Reoperation must be performed to prevent bacterial inflammatory reactions and antibiotic resistance. Thus, in this study, we developed a dual-drug-releasing PCL/sodium-alginate-based 3D-printed scaffold to effectively treat osteomyelitis by removing the biofilm. We proposed an antibiotic-loaded biodegradable polymer scaffold using 3D printing, which was encapsulated by a second antibiotic-containing hydrogel. Then, we successfully established a dual-drug-based scaffold that consisted of a cefazolin (CFZ)-containing polycaprolactone 3D scaffold and a rifampicin (RFP)-loaded alginate hydrogel encapsulating the 3D scaffold. Our scaffold showed a synergistic effect, whereby biofilm formation was inhibited by RFP, which is an external drug, and bacterial activity was inhibited by CFZ, which is an internal drug that increases antibacterial activity. We also confirmed that the dual-drug-based scaffold did not affect the proliferation of human osteoblasts. Our findings suggest that this dual drug delivery system may serve as a new therapeutic treatment for osteomyelitis that overcomes the limitations of individual drugs.
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16
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Xin H, Naficy S. Drug Delivery Based on Stimuli-Responsive Injectable Hydrogels for Breast Cancer Therapy: A Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8010045. [PMID: 35049580 PMCID: PMC8774468 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common and biggest health threat for women. There is an urgent need to develop novel breast cancer therapies to overcome the shortcomings of conventional surgery and chemotherapy, which include poor drug efficiency, damage to normal tissues, and increased side effects. Drug delivery systems based on injectable hydrogels have recently gained remarkable attention, as they offer encouraging solutions for localized, targeted, and controlled drug release to the tumor site. Such systems have great potential for improving drug efficiency and reducing the side effects caused by long-term exposure to chemotherapy. The present review aims to provide a critical analysis of the latest developments in the application of drug delivery systems using stimuli-responsive injectable hydrogels for breast cancer treatment. The focus is on discussing how such hydrogel systems enhance treatment efficacy and incorporate multiple breast cancer therapies into one system, in response to multiple stimuli, including temperature, pH, photo-, magnetic field, and glutathione. The present work also features a brief outline of the recent progress in the use of tough hydrogels. As the breast undergoes significant physical stress and movement during sporting and daily activities, it is important for drug delivery hydrogels to have sufficient mechanical toughness to maintain structural integrity for a desired period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xin
- Independent Researcher, Hornsby, NSW 2077, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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17
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Wang Z, Debuigne A. Multi-responsive γ-methylene-γ-butyrolactone/ N-vinyl caprolactam copolymers involving pH-dependent reversible lactonization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00713d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copolymerization of γ-methylene-γ-butyrolactone with N-vinyl caprolactam leads to a peculiar multi-responsive NVCL-based system involving a unique reversible pH-dependent ring opening/closure of the pendant lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqun Wang
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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18
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Soh WWM, Zhu J, Song X, Jain D, Yim EKF, Li J. Detachment of bovine corneal endothelial cell sheets by cooling-induced surface hydration of poly[( R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]-based thermoresponsive copolymer coating. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:8407-8418. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01926d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A smart surface was prepared by non-covalently coating of a thermoresponsive copolymer via a simple drop-casting method. The smart surface was conducive to cell culture, from which intact cell sheets could be effectively detached by cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Wee Mia Soh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Jingling Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Xia Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Deepak Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Evelyn K. F. Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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19
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Maiti B, Nandi M, Bonardd S, Franco L, Puiggalí J, Enshaei H, Alemán C, Díaz Díaz D. Efficient One-Pot Preparation of Thermoresponsive Polyurethanes with Lower Critical Solution Temperatures. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1570-1576. [PMID: 34851049 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a simple and scalable strategy to prepare a series of thermoresponsive polyurethanes synthesized via copolymerization of dicyclohexyl diisocyanate with glycerol ethoxylate in a single one-pot system. These polyurethanes exhibit lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) at 57 °C. The LCST of synthesized polyurethane was determined from Dynamic Scanning Calorimetry and UV-vis measurements. Both the LCST and Tg of synthesized polyurethane was tuned by varying the ratio between hard segment (dicyclohexyl diisocyanate) and soft segment (glycerol ethoxylate). Thus, Tg values could be tuned from -54.6 °C to -19.9 °C for samples with different flexibility. The swelling and deswelling studies were done at room temperature and above the LCST respectively. The results showed that the swelling ratio increases with the increase of soft segment (glycerol ethoxylate) in synthesized polyurethanes. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the membrane were studied by universal tensile testing measurements. Specifically, stress at break values varied from 0.35±0.07 MPa to 0.91±0.15 MPa for the tested membranes, whereas elongation at break data ranged from 101.9±20.9 % to 192.4±24.4 %, and Young's modulus varied from 0.35±0.03 MPa to 1.85±0.19 MPa. Tensile strength of the films increased with the increase of the hard segment and elongation at break decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Maiti
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mridula Nandi
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastián Bonardd
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lourdes Franco
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. 12, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. 12, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, IBEC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hamidreza Enshaei
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. 12, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. 12, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, IBEC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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20
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Marsili L, Dal Bo M, Berti F, Toffoli G. Chitosan-Based Biocompatible Copolymers for Thermoresponsive Drug Delivery Systems: On the Development of a Standardization System. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1876. [PMID: 34834291 PMCID: PMC8620438 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that is considered to be biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic. The polymer has been used in drug delivery applications for its positive charge, which allows for adhesion with and recognition of biological tissues via non-covalent interactions. In recent times, chitosan has been used for the preparation of graft copolymers with thermoresponsive polymers such as poly-N-vinylcaprolactam (PNVCL) and poly-N-isopropylamide (PNIPAM), allowing the combination of the biodegradability of the natural polymer with the ability to respond to changes in temperature. Due to the growing interest in the utilization of thermoresponsive polymers in the biological context, it is necessary to increase the knowledge of the key principles of thermoresponsivity in order to obtain comparable results between different studies or applications. In the present review, we provide an overview of the basic principles of thermoresponsivity, as well as a description of the main polysaccharides and thermoresponsive materials, with a special focus on chitosan and poly-N-Vinyl caprolactam (PNVCL) and their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Marsili
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
| | - Federico Berti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
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21
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Methacrylated zein as a novel biobased macro-crosslinker for PVCL hydrogels. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Marsili L, Dal Bo M, Berti F, Toffoli G. Thermoresponsive Chitosan-Grafted-Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam) Microgels via Ionotropic Gelation for Oncological Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1654. [PMID: 34683947 PMCID: PMC8539247 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgels can be considered soft, porous and deformable particles with an internal gel structure swollen by a solvent and an average size between 100 and 1000 nm. Due to their biocompatibility, colloidal stability, their unique dynamicity and the permeability of their architecture, they are emerging as important candidates for drug delivery systems, sensing and biocatalysis. In clinical applications, the research on responsive microgels is aimed at the development of "smart" delivery systems that undergo a critical change in conformation and size in reaction to a change in environmental conditions (temperature, magnetic fields, pH, concentration gradient). Recent achievements in biodegradable polymer fabrication have resulted in new appealing strategies, including the combination of synthetic and natural-origin polymers with inorganic nanoparticles, as well as the possibility of controlling drug release remotely. In this review, we provide a literature review on the use of dual and multi-responsive chitosan-grafted-poly-(N-vinylcaprolactam) (CP) microgels in drug delivery and oncological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Marsili
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
| | - Federico Berti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
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23
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Pereira P, Serra AC, Coelho JF. Vinyl Polymer-based technologies towards the efficient delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Özcan E, Uslu A. Effect of the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Pendants on Physicochemical Properties: Applications Based on Cyclotriphosphazene Core. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Özcan
- Department of Chemistry Gebze Technical University Gebze 41400, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Aylin Uslu
- Department of Chemistry Gebze Technical University Gebze 41400, Kocaeli Turkey
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25
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Mohammad Gholiha H, Ehsani M, Saeidi A, Ghadami A, Alizadeh N. Magnetic dual-responsive semi-IPN nanogels based on chitosan/PNVCL and study on BSA release behavior. Prog Biomater 2021; 10:173-183. [PMID: 34370266 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-021-00161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic thermoresponsive nanogels present a promising new approach for targeted drug delivery. In the present study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) loaded thermo-responsive magnetic semi-IPN nanogels (MTRSI-NGs) were developed. At first poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL) was synthesized by free radical polymerization and then MTRSI-NGs were prepared by crosslinking chitosan in presence of chitosan and Fe3O4. The formation of MTRSI-NGs has been confirmed by FTIR, and the average molecular weight of PNVCL was determined by GPC analysis. Rheological and turbidimetry analysis were used to determine lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNVCL and magnetic thermo-responsive nanogels (MTRSI-NGs) around 32 and 37 °C, respectively. FE-SEM analysis showed particle size at less than 20 nm in the dried state. Dynamic light scattering determined particle size at about 30 nm in a swelling state. The analysis of release behavior showed that the BSA release ratio at 40 °C was faster than 25 °C. The pH release behavior was evaluated at pH 5.5 and 7.4 and showed that the drug release rate at pH 5.5 was more rapid than pH 7.4. The results show MTRSI-NGs are applicable to protein targeted delivery by thermosensitive targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mohammad Gholiha
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Ehsani
- Department of polymer processing, Iran polymer and petrochemical institute (IPPI), Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ardeshir Saeidi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Ghadami
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Alizadeh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Kaneda T, Seki Y, Iwata N, Furumi S. Fabrication of Colloidal Crystal Gel Film Using Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam). J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2021. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.34.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Kaneda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yutaro Seki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Naoto Iwata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Seiichi Furumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
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27
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Gold nanorods-encapsulated thermosensitive drug carriers for NIR light-responsive anticancer therapy. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Budiarta M, Xu W, Schubert L, Meledina M, Meledin A, Wöll D, Pich A, Beck T. Protecting redesigned supercharged ferritin containers against protease by integration into acid-cleavable polyelectrolyte microgels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 591:451-462. [PMID: 33631532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The application of ferritin containers as a promising drug delivery vehicle is limited by their low bioavailability in blood circulation due to unfavorable environments, such as degradation by protease. The integration of ferritin containers into the polymeric network of microgels through electrostatic interactions is expected to be able to protect ferritin against degradation by protease. Furthermore, a stimuli-responsive microgel system can be designed by employing an acid-degradable crosslinker during the microgel synthesis. This should enable ferritin release in an acidic environment, which will be useful for future drug delivery applications. EXPERIMENTS Nanoparticle/fluorophores-loaded ferritin was integrated into microgels during precipitation polymerization. The integration was monitored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)2 and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. After studying ferritin release in acidic solutions, we investigated the stability of ferritin inside microgels against degradation by chymotrypsin. FINDINGS About 80% of the applied ferritin containers were integrated into microgels and around 85% and 50% of them could be released in buffer pH 2.5 and 4.0, respectively. Total degradation of the microgels was not achieved due to the self-crosslinking of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). Finally, we prove that microgels could protect ferritin against degradation by chymotrypsin at 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Made Budiarta
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wenjing Xu
- DWI- Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Technical and Molecular Chemistry, Woringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schubert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Maria Meledina
- RWTH Aachen University, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ahornstraße 55, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - Alexander Meledin
- RWTH Aachen University, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ahornstraße 55, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - Dominik Wöll
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI- Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Technical and Molecular Chemistry, Woringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Maastricht University, Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tobias Beck
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany.
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Tahir F, Begum R, Wu W, Irfan A, Farooqi ZH. Physicochemical aspects of inorganic nanoparticles stabilized in N-vinyl caprolactam based microgels for various applications. RSC Adv 2020; 11:978-995. [PMID: 35423699 PMCID: PMC8693434 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vinyl caprolactam (VCL) based microgel system has become the center of great attention due to its versatile properties. Copolymerization of VCL with an ionic monomer imparts pH responsive properties into the microgel system in addition to thermo-sensitivity. Stimuli responsive behavior of VCL-based microgels makes them prospective and appealing candidates for practical applications covering the fields of drug delivery, catalysis and optical devices. In the last few years, VCL-based microgels have been used as microreactors and stabilizers for the synthesis and stabilization of inorganic nanoparticles to obtain hybrid microgels. The present review article provides a summary of the present-day progress of fabrication, stabilization, categorization and analysis of VCL-based microgels and their hybrids with different morphologies. The stimuli responsive properties and applications of VCL-based hybrid microgels have been reviewed critically. The remaining problems which need to be addressed have been pointed out for further advancement in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Tahir
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab New Campus Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Robina Begum
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab New Campus Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahoor H Farooqi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab New Campus Lahore 54590 Pakistan
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Gautam B, Yu HH. Self-Cleaning Cotton Obtained after Grafting Thermoresponsive Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam) through Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2920. [PMID: 33291497 PMCID: PMC7762131 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the performance of smart textiles would be enhanced if they could display self-cleaning ability toward various kinds of contamination, the procedures that have been used previously to impart the self-cleaning potential to these functional fabrics (solvent casting, dip coating, spin coating, surface crosslinking) have typically been expensive and/or limited by uncontrollable polymer thicknesses and morphologies. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of atomic transfer radical polymerization for the surface-initiated grafting of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam), a thermoresponsive polymer, onto cotton. We confirmed the thermoresponsiveness and reusability of the resulting fabric through water contact angle measurements and various surface characterization techniques (scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Finally, we validated the self-cleaning performance of the fabric by washing away an immobilized fluorescent protein in deionized water under thermal stimulus. Fluorescence micrographs revealed that, after the fifth wash cycle, the fabric surface had undergone efficient self-cleaning of the stain, making it an effective self-cleaning material. This approach appears to have potential for application in the fields of smart textiles, responsive substrates, and functional fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskarchand Gautam
- Smart Organic Material Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-hua Yu
- Smart Organic Material Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Vahdati
- Soft Matter Science and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guylaine Ducouret
- Soft Matter Science and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Costantino Creton
- Soft Matter Science and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Hourdet
- Soft Matter Science and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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Yang X, Li W, Sun Z, Yang C, Tang D. Electrospun P(NVCL-co-MAA) nanofibers and their pH/temperature dual-response drug release profiles. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Narang P, de Oliveira TE, Venkatesu P, Netz PA. The role of osmolytes in the temperature-triggered conformational transition of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam): an experimental and computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5301-5313. [PMID: 32096507 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06683g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical industries are widely exploring the use of thermo-responsive polymers (TRPs) in the advanced development of drug delivery and in many other pharmaceutical applications. There is a great need to investigate the use of less toxic and more (bio-)compatible TRPs employing several additives, which could modify the conformational transition behavior of TRPs in aqueous solution. To move forward in this aspect, we have chosen the less toxic bio-based polymer poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) and three different methylamine-based osmolytes, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), betaine and sarcosine, in order to investigate their particular interactions with the polymer segments in PVCL and therefore the corresponding changes in the thermo-responsive conformational behavior. Several biophysical techniques, UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser Raman spectroscopy, as well as classical computer simulation methods such as molecular dynamics are employed in the current work. All the studied methylamines are found to favor the hydrophobic collapse of the polymer thus stabilizing the globular state of PVCL. Sarcosine is observed to cause the maximum decrease in lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PVCL followed by TMAO and then betaine. The differences observed in the LCST values of PVCL in the presence of these molecules can be attributed to the different polymer-osmolyte interactions. The less sterically hindered N atom in the case of sarcosine causes a significant difference in the phase transition temperature values of PVCL compared to betaine and TMAO, where the nitrogen atom is buried by three methyl groups attached to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Narang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
| | | | | | - Paulo A Netz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Biomass-derived carbon helices induced phase transition in poly(N-ispropylacrylamide): A sustainable tailoring of coil-globule transition in thermoresponsive polymer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 187:110637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Doberenz F, Zeng K, Willems C, Zhang K, Groth T. Thermoresponsive polymers and their biomedical application in tissue engineering - a review. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:607-628. [PMID: 31939978 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive polymers hold great potential in the biomedical field, since they enable the fabrication of cell sheets, in situ drug delivery and 3D-printing under physiological conditions. In this review we provide an overview of several thermoresponsive polymers and their application, with focus on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-surfaces for cell sheet engineering. Basic knowledge of important processes like protein adsorption on surfaces and cell adhesion is provided. For different thermoresponsive polymers, namely PNIPAm, Pluronics, elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL), synthesis and basic chemical and physical properties have been described and the mechanism of their thermoresponsive behavior highlighted. Fabrication methods of thermoresponsive surfaces have been discussed, focusing on PNIPAm, and describing several methods in detail. The latter part of this review is dedicated to the application of the thermoresponsive polymers and with regard to cell sheet engineering, the process of temperature-dependent cell sheet detachment is explained. We provide insight into several applications of PNIPAm surfaces in cell sheet engineering. For Pluronics, ELP and PNVCL we show their application in the field of drug delivery and tissue engineering. We conclude, that research of thermoresponsive polymers has made big progress in recent years, especially for PNIPAm since the 1990s. However, manifold research possibilities, e.g. in surface fabrication and 3D-printing and further translational applications are conceivable in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Doberenz
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kui Zeng
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Willems
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany. and Interdisciplinary Center of Material Science, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany and Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 1, 19991, Trubetskaya st. 8, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Timaeva OI, Kuz'micheva GM, Pashkin II, Czakkel O, Prevost S. Structure and dynamics of titania - poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) composite hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:219-228. [PMID: 31774424 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01619h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The morphologies and dynamics of poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PVCL) based hydrogels with titania nanoparticles in different states (native, air-dried to a constant weight and swollen in H2O or D2O) are studied by a combination of complementary techniques: wide angle X-ray scattering, small angle neutron scattering, neutron spin echo spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry. The results suggest the presence of different structural types of water leading to different properties of the hydrogels. We propose a hierarchical structure of hydrogels spanning from the molecular to the microscopic scale consistent with both the static structure (polymer mesh size, association of the nodes of crosslinks and microchains of PVCL) and the dynamics (rate of relaxation of polymer chains, hydrodynamic polymer-polymer correlation length). The presence of nanoscale titania does not change the molecular structure and nanostructure due to its aggregation into meso-domains, but does affect the microstructure, changing the response rate to a temperature jump from 20 to 50 °C. Titania nanoparticles do not change the equilibrium swelling degree of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Timaeva
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "MIREA - Russian Technological University", pr. Vernadskogo 86, Moscow, 119571, Russia.
| | - G M Kuz'micheva
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "MIREA - Russian Technological University", pr. Vernadskogo 86, Moscow, 119571, Russia.
| | - I I Pashkin
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "MIREA - Russian Technological University", pr. Vernadskogo 86, Moscow, 119571, Russia.
| | - O Czakkel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - S Prevost
- Institut Laue-Langevin, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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37
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Lin SY. Thermoresponsive gating membranes embedded with liquid crystal(s) for pulsatile transdermal drug delivery: An overview and perspectives. J Control Release 2019; 319:450-474. [PMID: 31901369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the circadian rhythm regulation of almost every biological process in the human body, physiological and biochemical conditions vary considerably over the course of a 24-h period. Thus, optimal drug delivery and therapy should be effectively controlled to achieve the desired therapeutic plasma concentrations and therapeutic drug responses at the required time according to chronopharmacological concepts, rather than continuous maintenance of constant drug concentrations for an extended time period. For many drugs, it is not always necessary to constantly deliver a drug into the human body under disease conditions due to rhythmic variations. Pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDSs) have been receiving more attention in pharmaceutical development by providing a predetermined lag period, followed by a fast or rate-controlled drug release after application. PDDSs are characterized by a programmed drug release, which may release a drug at repeatable pulses to match the biological and clinical needs of a given disease therapy. This review article focuses on thermoresponsive gating membranes embedded with liquid crystals (LCs) for transdermal drug delivery using PDDS technology. In addition, the principal rationale and the advanced approaches for the use of PDDSs, the marketed products of chronotherapeutic DDSs with pulsatile function designed by various PDDS technologies, pulsatile drug delivery designed with thermoresponsive polymers, challenges and opportunities of transdermal drug delivery, and novel approaches of LC systems for drug delivery are reviewed and discussed. A brief overview of all academic research articles concerning single LC- or binary LC-embedded thermoresponsive membranes with a switchable on-off permeation function through topical application by an external temperature control, which may modulate the dosing interval and administration time according to the therapeutic needs of the human body, is also compiled and presented. In the near future, since thermal-based approaches have become a well-accepted method to enhance transdermal delivery of different water-soluble drugs and macromolecules, a combination of the thermal-assisted approach with thermoresponsive LCs membranes will have the potential to improve PDDS applications but still poses a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yang Lin
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, No.306, Yuanpei Street, Hsin Chu 30015, Taiwan.
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Narang P, Venkatesu P. Efficacy of several additives to modulate the phase behavior of biomedical polymers: A comprehensive and comparative outlook. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 274:102042. [PMID: 31677492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several new classes of polymeric materials are being introduced with unique properties. Thermoresponsive polymers (TRPs) are one of the most fascinating and emerging class of biomaterials in biomedical research. The design of TRPs with good response to temperature and its ability to exhibit coil to globular transition behavior near to physiological temperature made them more promising materials in the field of biomaterials and biomedicines. Instead of numerous studies on TRPs, the mechanistic interplay among several additives and TRPs is still not understood clearly and completely. The lack of complete understanding of biomolecular interactions of various additives with TRPs is limiting their applications in interdisciplinary science as well as pharmaceutical industry. There is a great need to provide a collective and comprehensive information of various additives and their behavior on widely accepted biopolymers, TRPs such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME), poly(N-vinylcaprolactum) (PVCL) and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG) in aqueous solution. Obviously, as the literature on the influence of various additives on TRPs is very vast, therefore we focus our review only on these four selected TRPs. Additives such as polyols, methylamines, surfactants and denaturants basically made the significant changes in water structure associated to polymer via their entropy variation which is the direct influence of their directly or indirectly binding abilities. Eventually, this review addresses a brief overview of the most recent literature of applications based phase behavior of four selected TRPs in response to external stimuli. The work enhances the knowledge for use of TRPs in the advanced development of drug delivery system and in many more pharmaceutical applications. These kinds of studies provide powerful impact in exploring the utility range of polymeric materials in various field of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Narang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Sirousazar M. Mathematical Modeling of Drug Release in a Phase-Transient Temperature-Responsive Drug Delivery System in Spherical Coordinates. J MACROMOL SCI B 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2019.1666528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sirousazar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran
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Farjadian F, Rezaeifard S, Naeimi M, Ghasemi S, Mohammadi-Samani S, Welland ME, Tayebi L. Temperature and pH-responsive nano-hydrogel drug delivery system based on lysine-modified poly (vinylcaprolactam). Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6901-6915. [PMID: 31564860 PMCID: PMC6730641 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s214467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smart materials capable of responding to external stimuli are noteworthy candidates in designing drug delivery systems. In many of the recent research, temperature and pH have been recognized as the main stimulating factors in designing systems for anti-cancer drugs delivery systems. PURPOSE In this study, thermo and pH-responsive character of a nano-carrier drug delivery platform based on lysine modified poly (vinylcaprolactam) hydrogel conjugated with doxorubicin was assessed. METHODS Poly (vinylcaprolactam) cross-linked with poly (ethyleneglycol) diacrylate was prepared via RAFT polymerization, and the prepared structure was linked with lysine through ring-opening. The anti-cancer drug doxorubicin, was linked to lysine moiety of the prepared structure via Schiff-base reaction. The prepared platform was characterized by 1HNMR and FT-IR, while molecular weight characterization was performed by size exclusion chromatography. The temperature-responsive activity was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic light scattering. In vitro release pattern in simulated physiologic pH at 37°C was compared with acidic pH attributed to tumor site and elevated temperature. The anticancer efficiency of the drug-conjugated structure was evaluated in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 in 24 and 48 h, and cell uptake assay was performed on the same cell line. CONCLUSION According to the results, well-structure defined smart pH and temperature responsive nano-hydrogel was prepared. The enhanced release rates are observed at acidic pH and elevated temperature. We have concluded that the doxorubicin-conjugated nanoparticle results in higher cellular uptakes and more cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Rezaeifard
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Naeimi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mark E Welland
- The Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University, School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Fallon M, Halligan S, Pezzoli R, Geever L, Higginbotham C. Synthesis and Characterisation of Novel Temperature and pH Sensitive Physically Cross-Linked Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam-co-itaconic Acid) Hydrogels for Drug Delivery. Gels 2019; 5:E41. [PMID: 31470691 PMCID: PMC6787750 DOI: 10.3390/gels5030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies involving poly N-vinylcaprolactam (PNVCL) and itaconic acid (IA) have synthesised the hydrogels with the presence of a solvent and a crosslinker, producing chemically crosslinked hydrogel systems. In this study, however, temperature sensitive PNVCL was physically crosslinked with a pH-sensitive comonomer IA through ultraviolet (UV) free-radical polymerization, without the presence of a solvent, to produce hydrogels with dual sensitivity. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy indicated successful polymerisation of the hydrogels. The temperature and pH sensitivity of the hydrogels was investigated. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the gels was determined using the UV spectrometry and it was found that the incorporation of IA decreased the LCST. Rheology was conducted to investigate the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels, with results indicating IA that enhances the mechanical properties of the gels. Swelling studies were carried out at ~20 °C and 37 °C in different buffer solutions simulating the gastrointestinal tract (pH 2.2 and pH 6.8). In acidic conditions, the gels showed gradual increase in swelling while remaining structurally intact. While in basic conditions, the gels had a burst in swelling and began to gradually degrade after 30 min. Results were similar for drug release studies. Acetaminophen was incorporated into the hydrogels. Drug dissolution studies were carried out at 37 °C in pH 2.2 and pH 6.8. It was found that <20% of acetaminophen was released from the gels in pH 2.2, whereas the maximum drug released at pH 6.8 was 74%. Cytotoxicity studies also demonstrated the hydrogels to be highly biocompatible. These results indicate that physically crosslinked P(NVCL-IA) gels possess dual pH and temperature sensitive properties, which may be beneficial for biomedical applications such as drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fallon
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 F6D7, Ireland
| | - Shane Halligan
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Romina Pezzoli
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Luke Geever
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Clement Higginbotham
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 F6D7, Ireland.
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland.
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Kumar K, Yadav R, Venkatesu P. Comprehensive Insight into the Protein-Surface Biomolecular Interactions on a Smart Material: Complex Formation between Poly( N-vinyl Caprolactam) and Heme Protein. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6331-6344. [PMID: 31265297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are naturally occurring biopolymers that exhibit a wide range of functional applications. Meticulous knowledge about biomolecular interactions between polymeric biomaterials and body fluids or proteins is essential for designing biospecific surfaces and understanding protein-polymer interactions beyond existing limitations. In this regard, we studied the comparative effect of heme proteins such as cytochrome c, myoglobin, and hemoglobin on the phase behavior of poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PVCL) aqueous solution and demonstrated various biomolecular interactions in the polymer-protein complex with the aid of various biophysical techniques. Absorption spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering studies, laser Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were carried out at room temperature to examine the changes in absorbance, fluorescence intensity, molecular interactions, particle size, agglomeration behavior, and surface morphologies. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry studies were also performed to analyze conformational changes, coil to globule transition, and phase behavior in the presence of proteins. With the addition of heme proteins, the lower critical solution temperature of PVCL increases toward higher temperature. The present study may help in designing smart biomaterials and stimulate more novel concepts in polymer-protein interactions. It also helps in the development of a biomimetic polymer for "smart" applications such as pulsatile drug release systems and controlled bioadhesion by temperature-mediated hydrophilic/hydrophobic switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi - 110 007 , India
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi - 110 007 , India
| | - Pannuru Venkatesu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi - 110 007 , India
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Divya, Kaur G. Stimulus Sensitive Smart Nanoplatforms: An Emerging Paradigm for the Treatment of Skin Diseases. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:295-311. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190123125813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Over the past century, the prevalence of skin diseases has substantially increased. These diseases present a significant physical, emotional and socio-economic burden to the society. Such conditions are also associated with a multitude of psychological traumas to the suffering patients. The effective treatment strategy implicates targeting of drugs to the skin. The field of drug targeting has been revolutionized with the advent of nanotechnology. The emergence of stimulus-responsive nanoplatforms has provided remarkable control over fundamental polymer properties for external triggers. This enhanced control has empowered pioneering approaches in the treatment of chronic inflammatory skin diseases.
Objective:
Our aim was to investigate the studies on smart nanoplatforms that exploit the altered skin physiology under diseased conditions and provide site-specific controlled drug delivery.
Method:
All literature search regarding the advances in stimulus sensitive smart nanoplatforms for skin diseases was done using Google Scholar and Pubmed.
Conclusion:
Various stimuli explored lately for such nano platforms are pH, temperature, light and magnet. Although, the scientists have actively taken up this research topic but there are still certain lacunaes associated which have been discussed in this review. Further, an interdisciplinary collaboration between the healthcare providers and pharmacists is a pivotal requirement for such systems to be available for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Tan KH, Demco DE, Fechete R, Pich A. Functional selenium modified microgels: temperature-induced phase transitions and network morphology. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3227-3240. [PMID: 30916678 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02646g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microgels that host selenium and mimic the structure of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase are of great interest for biotechnological and catalytic applications. For this purpose selenium-functionalized thermoresponsive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) microgels with cleavable diselenide crosslinks have been investigated. Thermodynamic and morphological parameters characterizing the temperature-induced phase transitions of dual crosslinked PVCL microgels were obtained using dynamic light scattering (DLS), 1H high-resolution magic-angle sample-spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy, and transverse magnetization (T2) NMR relaxometry. Quantities obtained from Flory-Rehner theory, a two-state model and Boltzmann sigmoidal function were used to relate the phase transitions of the dual crosslinked microgels to the transition temperature, entropy, temperature width of the phase transition, Flory interaction parameters, average number of strands, polymer volume fraction of the collapsed microgels, core-corona fractions and chain dynamics. The morphology of the selenium modified microgels after the oxidation and reduction processes was investigated by 1H T2 NMR and further correlated with the crosslink density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok H Tan
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, e.V., RWTH-Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Photo-control of poly(N-[4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]acrylamide) brushes on graphene oxide coated silicon surface. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Ferreira Soares DC, Oda CMR, Monteiro LOF, de Barros ALB, Tebaldi ML. Responsive polymer conjugates for drug delivery applications: recent advances in bioconjugation methodologies. J Drug Target 2018; 27:355-366. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1499747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Mari Ramos Oda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Andre Luis Branco de Barros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Shakya AK, Nandakumar KS. An update on smart biocatalysts for industrial and biomedical applications. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180062. [PMID: 29491182 PMCID: PMC5832743 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, smart biocatalysts, where enzymes are conjugated to stimuli-responsive (smart) polymers, have gained significant attention. Based on the presence or absence of external stimuli, the polymer attached to the enzyme changes its conformation to protect the enzyme from the external environment and regulate the enzyme activity, thus acting as a molecular switch. Owing to this behaviour, smart biocatalysts can be separated easily from a reaction mixture and re-used several times. Several such smart polymer-based biocatalysts have been developed for industrial and biomedical applications. In addition, they have been used in biosensors, biometrics and nano-electronic devices. This review article covers recent advances in developing different kinds of stimuli-responsive enzyme bioconjugates, including conjugation strategies, and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Su G, Jia L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Deng P, Zhou T. Exploration of the unusual two-step volume phase transition of the poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23013-23024. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02429d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is important to investigate the phase transition mechanism of stimuli-sensitive hydrogels due to its great guiding significance for the application of stimuli-sensitive hydrogels in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Liyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Pengchi Deng
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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Naghibi S, Sahebi H. Employment of modified Fe3
O4
nanoparticles using thermo-sensitive polymer for extraction and pre-concentration of cefexime in biological samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Naghibi
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birkbeck College, University of London; London UK
| | - Hamed Sahebi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Azad University Central Tehran Branch; Tehran Iran
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