Association Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the 5' Regulatory Region of the IL-6 Gene with Eimeria tenella Resistance in Jinghai Yellow Chickens

Anticoccidial potentials of Azadirachta indica ethosomal nanovesicle in broiler chicks

This study evaluated the efficacy of Azadirachta indica ethosomal nanovesicle against Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chicks. Azadirachta indica ethanolic extract was screened phtochemically and analyzed active components of the extracts using high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Azadirachta indica ethosomal nanovesicle was synthesized and characterized by zeta potential and scanning electron microscope. Broiler chicks were allocated into seven groups. Control group. The second group administered nanosized ethosomal vesicles (1 mL/kg b.wt.). The third group administered Azadirachta indica nanovesicles (30 mg/kg b.wt.) from 10th day of age. Fourth group was infected with E. tenella at a dose of 1 mL containing 40000 oocyst/ chick at 14th day of age. The fifth group administered Azadirachta indica nanovesicle (30 mg/kg b.wt.) from 10th day of age and infected with E. tenella as fourth group. The sixth group infected with E. tenella as the fourth group and treated with Azadirachta indica nanovesicle (30 mg/kg b.wt. for 4 days after clinical signs appearance. The seventh group infected with E. tenella as the fourth group and treated with diclazuril group (1 mL/4 L of water) for 2 successive days. Coccidiosis significantly decreased body weight, feed intake, reduced glutathione (GSH) level while increased feed conversion ratio, oocyst count, malonaldehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) serum levels, protein expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), BAX and Caspase 3, in cecal tissue and induced cecal tissue injury. However, administration of coccidiosis chicks Azadirachta indica nanovesicle enhanced body weight, and serum GSH. While decreased feed intake, feed conversion ratio, oocyst count, MDA, and NO serum levels, and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6, BAX, and caspase 3 in cecal tissues and ameliorated cecal tissue damage. This study indicated that, A. indica ethosomal nanovesicle had potent anticoccidial properties.

Determination of IL-6 Gene Promoter Polymorphism in Patients with Hepatitis C and Its Impact on RNA Secondary Structure

Background and Objectives: A polymorphism in the promoter region of the IL-6 gene would influence the level of IL-6 expression in patients with HCV, resulting in a pro-inflammatory response. Few studies have shown the association between -174G>C (rs1800795) and -1363G>T (rs2069827) polymorphisms and HCV infection, and their results have been contradictory. There are no data published in our population to study such an IL-6 stimulus against HCV infection and its impact on RNA secondary structure. Therefore, we isolated human subjects from the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The objective was to screen for IL-6 gene promoter polymorphisms -174G/C and -1363G/T and those correlated with serum concentrations of IL-6 in patients with HCV and compared with a control. Materials and Methods: In conventional PCR, measurement of serum IL-6 by CLIA and statistical analysis were performed to observe the genotype association studies. By integrating bioinformatics and computational tools, our study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of how variations in the promoter region of IL-6 may have functional implications on gene expression. Results: The -174G>C and -1363G>T genotypes in the promoter region of patients with HCV were in strong allelic association (Δ = 0.97, p < 0.001). Interestingly, the bioinformatics analysis was well aligned with our experimental data. Conclusions: Based on the data, it can be inferred that IL-6 gene promoter polymorphisms are important in the dysregulation of IL-6 levels in patients with HCV.

Plasmid DNA Prime/Protein Boost Vaccination against Campylobacter jejuni in Broilers: Impact of Vaccine Candidates on Immune Responses and Gut Microbiota

Campylobacter infections, traced to poultry products, are major bacterial foodborne zoonoses, and vaccination is a potential solution to reduce these infections. In a previous experimental trial using a plasmid DNA prime/recombinant protein boost vaccine regimen, two vaccine candidates (YP437 and YP9817) induced a partially protective immune response against Campylobacter in broilers, and an impact of the protein batch on vaccine efficacy was suspected. This new study was designed to evaluate different batches of the previously studied recombinant proteins (called YP437A, YP437P and YP9817P) and to enhance the immune responses and gut microbiota studies after a C. jejuni challenge. Throughout the 42-day trial in broilers, caecal Campylobacter load, specific antibodies in serum and bile, the relative expression of cytokines and β-defensins, and caecal microbiota were assessed. Despite there being no significant reduction in Campylobacter in the caecum of vaccinated groups, specific antibodies were detected in serum and bile, particularly for YP437A and YP9817P, whereas the production of cytokines and β-defensins was not significant. The immune responses differed according to the batch. A slight change in microbiota was demonstrated in response to vaccination against Campylobacter. The vaccine composition and/or regimen must be further optimised.

CircDCLRE1C Regulated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis by Regulating miR-214b-3p/STAT3 Pathway in Macrophages

The immune cell inflammation response is closely related to the occurrence of disease, and much evidence has shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play vital roles in the occurrence of disease. However, the biological function and regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in the immune cell inflammation response remain poorly understood. In this study, we constructed an inflammatory model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated chicken macrophage lines (also known as HD11) to verify the function and mechanism of the novel circDCLRE1C (ID: gga_circ_0001674), which was significantly upregulated in spleen tissues infected by coccidia and the macrophage cells exposed to LPS. The results showed that circDCLRE1C aggravated LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in HD11 cells. Systemically, circDCLRE1C acted as a sponge for miR-214b-3p binding sites thereby regulating the expression of STAT3. The overexpression of miR-214b-3p rescued the pro-inflammatory effect of circDCLRE1C in HD11 cells stimulated with LPS, and rescued the high expression of STAT3. In conclusion, our study showed that circDCLRE1C could aggravate LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis through competitive adsorption of miR-214b-3p, thereby increasing the expression of STAT3.

Comprehensive Analyses of circRNA Expression Profiles and Function Prediction in Chicken Cecums After Eimeria tenella Infection

Coccidiosis is an important intestinal parasitic disease that causes great economic losses to the global poultry production industry. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are long non-coding RNAs that play important roles in various infectious diseases and inflammatory responses. However, the expression profiles and functions of circRNAs during Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) infection remain unclear. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was carried out to detect circRNAs in chicken cecal tissues from the control (JC), resistant (JR), and susceptible (JS) groups on day 4.5 postinfection (pi), respectively. A total of 104 circRNAs were differentially expressed, including 47 circRNAs between the JS and JC groups, 38 between the JR and JS groups, and 19 between the JR and JC groups. Functional analyses indicated that these differentially expressed circRNAs were involved in pathways related to E. tenella infection; the adaptive immune response was enriched in the JS vs JC group, the NF-kappa B signaling and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathways were enriched in the JS vs JC and JR vs JC groups, while the B cell receptor signaling pathway was enriched in only the JR vs JC group. Moreover, the coexpression network of differentially expressed circRNAs and mRNAs suggested that circRNA2202 and circRNA0759 associated with DTX1 in the JS vs JC group, circRNA4338 associated with VPREB3 and CXCL13L3 in the JR vs JC group, and circRNA2612 associated with IL8L1 and F2RL2 in the JR vs JS group were involved in the immune response upon E. tenella infection. In conclusion, our results provide valuable information on the circRNAs involved in the progression of chicken E. tenella infection and advance our understanding of the circRNA regulatory mechanisms of host resistance and susceptibility to E. tenella infection in chickens.

Study of the Relationship between Polymorphisms in the IL-8 Gene Promoter Region and Coccidiosis Resistance Index in Jinghai Yellow Chickens

Interleukin 8 (IL-8) participates in the immune response and has the function of inducing neutrophils to release lysosomal enzymes and eliminate pathogens. This study was to investigate the effect of single nucleotide mutations in the IL-8 gene promoter region on the coccidiosis resistance index. In this study, 180 infected Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) Jinghai yellow chickens were used as experimental samples. DNA sequencing technology was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-8 gene promoter region. The association between these SNPs and coccidiosis resistance indexes (including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) were analyzed. Three SNPs (T-550C, G-398T, and T-360C) were detected. Significant associations were found between each genotype at the T-550C site with NO (p-value = 0.006) and IL-8 (p-value = 0.034) indexes. Significant associations were found between each genotype at the G-398T site with SOD (p-value = 0.042), CAT (p-value = 0.049), NO (p-value = 0.008), and IL-2 (p-value = 0.044) indexes. Significant associations were found between each genotype at the T-360C site with SOD (p-value = 0.007), NO (p-value = 0.046), IL-2 (p-value = 0.041), IL-8 (p-value = 0.039), and IFN-γ (p-value = 0.042) indexes. Haplotype analysis showed that multiple indexes of the H1H3 haplotype combination were significantly higher than other haplotype combinations. Therefore, mutation of the IL-8 gene promoter region has a significant regulatory effect on the coccidiosis resistance index, with a change in transcription factor binding potentially altering IL-8 gene expression, thereby further affecting the IL-8 level in plasma. However, the specific mechanism needs further study.