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Zhou X, Wang J, Yu L, Qiao G, Qin D, Yuen-Kwan Law B, Ren F, Wu J, Wu A. Mitophagy and cGAS-STING crosstalk in neuroinflammation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:3327-3361. [PMID: 39220869 PMCID: PMC11365416 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, essential for mitochondrial health, selectively degrades damaged mitochondria. It is intricately linked to the cGAS-STING pathway, which is crucial for innate immunity. This pathway responds to mitochondrial DNA and is associated with cellular stress response. Our review explores the molecular details and regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy and the cGAS-STING pathway. We critically evaluate the literature demonstrating how dysfunctional mitophagy leads to neuroinflammatory conditions, primarily through the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which activates the cGAS-STING pathway. This activation prompts the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating neuroinflammation. This review emphasizes the interaction between mitophagy and the cGAS-STING pathways. Effective mitophagy may suppress the cGAS-STING pathway, offering protection against neuroinflammation. Conversely, impaired mitophagy may activate the cGAS-STING pathway, leading to chronic neuroinflammation. Additionally, we explored how this interaction influences neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting a common mechanism underlying these diseases. In conclusion, there is a need for additional targeted research to unravel the complexities of mitophagy-cGAS-STING interactions and their role in neurodegeneration. This review highlights potential therapies targeting these pathways, potentially leading to new treatments for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. This synthesis enhances our understanding of the cellular and molecular foundations of neuroinflammation and opens new therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Gan Qiao
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Dalian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Fang Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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2
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Reddy A, Reddy RP, Roghani AK, Garcia RI, Khemka S, Pattoor V, Jacob M, Reddy PH, Sehar U. Artificial intelligence in Parkinson's disease: Early detection and diagnostic advancements. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102410. [PMID: 38972602 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, globally affecting men and women at an exponentially growing rate, with currently no cure. Disease progression starts when dopaminergic neurons begin to die. In PD, the loss of neurotransmitter, dopamine is responsible for the overall communication of neural cells throughout the body. Clinical symptoms of PD are slowness of movement, involuntary muscular contractions, speech & writing changes, lessened automatic movement, and chronic tremors in the body. PD occurs in both familial and sporadic forms and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and socioeconomic conditions cause PD. Early detectable diagnostics and treatments have been developed in the last several decades. However, we still do not have precise early detectable biomarkers and therapeutic agents/drugs that prevent and/or delay the disease process. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) science and machine learning tools have been promising in identifying early detectable markers with a greater rate of accuracy compared to past forms of treatment and diagnostic processes. Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence exhibited by machines or software, distinct from the intelligence observed in humans that is based on neural networks in a form and can be used to diagnose the longevity and disease severity of disease. The term Machine Learning or Neural Networks is a blanket term used to identify an emerging technology that is created to work in the way of a "human brain" using many intertwined neurons to achieve the same level of raw intelligence as that of a brain. These processes have been used for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, to assess the severity of the patient's condition. In the current article, we discuss the prevalence and incidence of PD, and currently available diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. We also highlighted currently available artificial intelligence science and machine learning tools and their applications to detect disease and develop therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aananya Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Lubbock High School, Lubbock, TX 79401, USA.
| | - Ruhananhad P Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Lubbock High School, Lubbock, TX 79401, USA.
| | - Aryan Kia Roghani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Frenship High School, Lubbock, TX 79382, USA.
| | - Ricardo Isaiah Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Sachi Khemka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Vasanthkumar Pattoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Michael Jacob
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department pf Speech, Language and Hearing Services, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Yoo HS, Kim HK, Lee HS, Yoon SH, Na HK, Kang SW, Lee JH, Ryu YH, Lyoo CH. Predictors associated with the rate of progression of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2024; 271:5213-5222. [PMID: 38839638 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) manifests as a wide variety of clinical phenotypes and its progression varies greatly. However, the factors associated with different disease progression remain largely unknown. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we enrolled 113 patients who underwent 18F-FP-CIT PET scan twice. Given the negative exponential progression pattern of dopamine loss in PD, we applied the natural logarithm to the specific binding ratio (SBR) of two consecutive 18F-FP-CIT PET scans and conducted linear mixed model to calculate individual slope to define the progression rate of nigrostriatal degeneration. We investigated the clinical and dopamine transporter (DAT) availability patterns associated with the progression rate of dopamine depletion in each striatal sub-region. RESULTS More symmetric parkinsonism, the presence of dyslipidemia, lower K-MMSE total score, and lower anteroposterior gradient of the mean putaminal SBR were associated with faster progression rate of dopamine depletion in the caudate nucleus. More symmetric parkinsonism and lower anteroposterior gradient of the mean putaminal SBR were associated with faster depletion of dopamine in the anterior putamen. Older age at onset, more symmetric parkinsonism, the presence of dyslipidemia, and lower anteroposterior gradient of the mean putaminal SBR were associated with faster progression rate of dopamine depletion in the posterior putamen. Lower striatal mean SBR predicted the development of LID, while lower mean SBR in the caudate nuclei predicted the development of dementia. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that the evaluation of baseline clinical features and patterns of DAT availability can predict the progression of PD and its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Soo Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 20 Eonjuro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Kyeol Kim
- Department of Neurology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So Hoon Yoon
- Department of Neurology, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Han Kyu Na
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 20 Eonjuro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kang
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 20 Eonjuro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 20 Eonjuro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 20 Eonjuro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Chul Hyoung Lyoo
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 20 Eonjuro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Sharma R, Bisht P, Kesharwani A, Murti K, Kumar N. Epigenetic modifications in Parkinson's disease: A critical review. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 975:176641. [PMID: 38754537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder expected to increase by over 50% by 2030 due to increasing life expectancy. The disease's hallmarks include slow movement, tremors, and postural instability. Impaired protein processing is a major factor in the pathophysiology of PD, leading to the buildup of aberrant protein aggregates, particularly misfolded α-synuclein, also known as Lewy bodies. These Lewy bodies lead to inflammation and further death of dopaminergic neurons, leading to imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing excessive uncontrollable movements called dyskinesias. It was previously suggested that a complex interplay involving hereditary and environmental variables causes the specific death of neurons in PD; however, the exact mechanism of the association involving the two primary modifiers is yet unknown. An increasing amount of research points to the involvement of epigenetics in the onset and course of several neurological conditions, such as PD. DNA methylation, post-modifications of histones, and non-coding RNAs are the primary examples of epigenetic alterations, that is defined as alterations to the expression of genes and functioning without modifications in DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications play a significant role in the development of PD, with genes such as Parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ1, Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), and alpha-synuclein associated with the disease. The aberrant epigenetic changes implicated in the pathophysiology of PD and their impact on the design of novel therapeutic approaches are the primary focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikant Sharma
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Priya Bisht
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Anuradha Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Murti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India.
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5
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Nucci L, Miraglia F, Pappalettera C, Rossini PM, Vecchio F. Exploring the complexity of EEG patterns in Parkinson's disease. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01277-y. [PMID: 38997574 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily associated with motor dysfunctions. By the time of definitive diagnosis, about 60% of dopaminergic neurons have already been lost; moreover, even if dopaminergic drugs are highly effective in symptoms control, they only help maintaining a near-healthy condition when started as soon as possible. Therefore, interest in identifying early biomarkers of PD has grown in recent years, especially using neurophysiological techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG). This study aims to investigate brain complexity differences in PD patients compared to healthy controls, focusing on the beta band using approximate entropy (ApEn) analysis of resting-state EEG recordings. Sixty participants were recruited, including 25 PD patients and 35 healthy elderly subjects, matched for age and gender. EEG were recorded for each participant and ApEn values were computed in the beta 1 (13-20 Hz) and beta 2 (20-30 Hz) frequency bands for each EEG-channel and for ROIs. PD patients showed statistically lower ApEn values compared to controls in both beta 1 and beta 2 bands. Regarding electrodes analysis, beta 1 band alterations were found in frontocentral areas, while beta 2 band alterations were observed in centroparietal and frontocentral areas. Considering ROIs, statistically lower ApEn values for PD patients has been reported in central and parietal ROIs in the beta 2 band. Complexity reduction in these areas may underlie beta oscillatory activity dysfunction, reflecting impaired cortical mechanisms associated with motor dysfunction in PD. The results suggest that ApEn analysis of resting EEG activity may serve as a potential tool for early PD detection. Further studies are necessary to validate this approach in PD diagnosis and rehabilitation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nucci
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | - Francesca Miraglia
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, 00166, Italy.
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy.
| | - Chiara Pappalettera
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, 00166, Italy
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vecchio
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, 00166, Italy
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
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6
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Liang Z, Zhuang H, Cao X, Ma G, Shen L. Subcellular proteomics insights into Alzheimer's disease development. Proteomics Clin Appl 2024; 18:e2200112. [PMID: 37650321 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common dementias, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment and decreased judgment function. The expected number of AD patient is increasing in the context of the world's advancing medical care and increasing human life expectancy. Since current molecular mechanism studies on AD pathogenesis are incomplete, there is no specific and effective therapeutic agent. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based unbiased proteomics studies provide an effective and comprehensive approach. Many advances have been made in the study of the mechanism, diagnostic markers, and drug targets of AD using proteomics. This paper focus on subcellular level studies, reviews studies using proteomics to study AD-associated mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic, and myelin damage, the protein composition of amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), changes in tissue extracellular vehicles (EVs) and exosome proteome, and the protein changes in ribosomes and lysosomes. The methods of sample separation and preparation and proteomic analysis as well as the main findings of these studies are involved. The results of these proteomics studies provide insights into the pathogenesis of AD and provide theoretical resource and direction for future research in AD, helping to identify new biomarkers and drugs targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xueshan Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Guanwei Ma
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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7
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Garone C, De Giorgio F, Carli S. Mitochondrial metabolism in neural stem cells and implications for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. J Transl Med 2024; 22:238. [PMID: 38438847 PMCID: PMC10910780 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles having a fundamental role in the regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) fate during neural development and maintenance.During embryonic and adult neurogenesis, NSCs undergo a metabolic switch from glycolytic to oxidative phosphorylation with a rise in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, changes in mitochondria shape and size, and a physiological augmentation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species which together drive NSCs to proliferate and differentiate. Genetic and epigenetic modifications of proteins involved in cellular differentiation (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin), proliferation (Wingless-type), and hypoxia (Mitogen-activated protein kinase)-and all connected by the common key regulatory factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1A-are deemed to be responsible for the metabolic shift and, consequently, NSC fate in physiological and pathological conditions.Both primary mitochondrial dysfunction due to mutations in nuclear DNA or mtDNA or secondary mitochondrial dysfunction in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and organelle interplay pathways can contribute to the development of neurodevelopmental or progressive neurodegenerative disorders.This review analyses the physiology and pathology of neural development starting from the available in vitro and in vivo models and highlights the current knowledge concerning key mitochondrial pathways involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UO Neuropsichiatria Dell'età Pediatrica, Bologna, Italy.
| | - F De Giorgio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Carli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Zhu Y, Hui Q, Zhang Z, Fu H, Qin Y, Zhao Q, Li Q, Zhang J, Guo L, He W, Han C. Advancements in the study of synaptic plasticity and mitochondrial autophagy relationship. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25309. [PMID: 38400573 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synapses serve as the points of communication between neurons, consisting primarily of three components: the presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. They transmit signals through the release and reception of neurotransmitters. Synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to undergo structural and functional changes, is influenced by proteins such as growth-associated proteins, synaptic vesicle proteins, postsynaptic density proteins, and neurotrophic growth factors. Furthermore, maintaining synaptic plasticity consumes more than half of the brain's energy, with a significant portion of this energy originating from ATP generated through mitochondrial energy metabolism. Consequently, the quantity, distribution, transport, and function of mitochondria impact the stability of brain energy metabolism, thereby participating in the regulation of fundamental processes in synaptic plasticity, including neuronal differentiation, neurite outgrowth, synapse formation, and neurotransmitter release. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the proteins associated with presynaptic plasticity, postsynaptic plasticity, and common factors between the two, as well as the relationship between mitochondrial energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Zhu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qinlong Hui
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Hao Fu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yali Qin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qinqing Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenbin He
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Cheng Han
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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9
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Datta A, Sarmah D, Ghosh B, Rana N, Borah A, Bhattacharya P. High-Resolution Respirometry for Mitochondrial Function in Rodent Brain. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:49-55. [PMID: 38427228 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution mitochondrial respirometry is a modern technique that enables to measure mitochondrial respiration in various cell types. It contains chambers with oxygen sensors that measure oxygen concentration via polarography and calculate its consumption. The chamber contains plastic stoppers with injection ports that allow the injection of samples and different substrates, inhibitors, and uncoupler substances to measure mitochondrial respiration with high efficiency. These substances act on the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and help to assess the mitochondrial ATP production capacity and oxidative phosphorylation. The respirograph obtained with the help of software represents the oxygen consumption in each stage after adding different reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bijoyani Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikita Rana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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10
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Gevezova M, Kazakova M, Trenova A, Sarafian V. YKL-40 and the Cellular Metabolic Profile in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16297. [PMID: 38003487 PMCID: PMC10671493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation play a crucial role as a pathogenetic mechanism in PD. The glycoprotein YKL-40 (CHI3L1) is a potential biomarker involved in inflammation and tumor processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolic profile of PBMCs from PD patients and to search for a possible relationship between cellular bioenergetics and YKL-40. The study included 18 naïve PD patients and an age-matched control group (HC, n = 7). Patients were diagnosed according to the MDS-PD, the UPDRS, and the Hoen-Yahr scales. Mitochondrial activity was measured by a metabolic analyzer on isolated PBMCs from PD patients. Gene (qPCR) and protein (ELISA) expression levels of YKL40 were investigated. New data are reported revealing changes in the mitochondrial activity and YKL-40 levels in PD patients. Bioenergetic parameters showed increased respiratory reserve capacity in PD compared to HC. The protein levels of YKL-40 were threefold higher in PD. We found a correlation between the YKL-40 protein levels and basal respiration and between YKL-40 and ATP production. These observations suggest an interplay between YKL-40 and mitochondrial function in PD. We assume that the YKL-40 gene and protein levels in combination with changes in mitochondrial function might serve as an additional tool to monitor the clinical course of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gevezova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.G.); (V.S.)
- Research Institute at MU-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Kazakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.G.); (V.S.)
- Research Institute at MU-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Anastasia Trenova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- University Hospital “Kaspela”, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.G.); (V.S.)
- Research Institute at MU-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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11
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Tian J, Du E, Guo L. Mitochondrial Interaction with Serotonin in Neurobiology and Its Implication in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:1165-1177. [PMID: 38025801 PMCID: PMC10657725 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe brain pathologies and progressive cognitive decline. While the exact cause of this disease remains unknown, emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of neurotransmitters contributes to the development of AD pathology and symptoms. Serotonin, a critical neurotransmitter in the brain, plays a pivotal role in regulating various brain processes and is implicated in neurological and psychiatric disorders, including AD. Recent studies have shed light on the interplay between mitochondrial function and serotonin regulation in brain physiology. In AD, there is a deficiency of serotonin, along with impairments in mitochondrial function, particularly in serotoninergic neurons. Additionally, altered activity of mitochondrial enzymes, such as monoamine oxidase, may contribute to serotonin dysregulation in AD. Understanding the intricate relationship between mitochondria and serotonin provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of AD and identifies potential therapeutic targets to restore serotonin homeostasis and alleviate AD symptoms. This review summarizes the recent advancements in unraveling the connection between brain mitochondria and serotonin, emphasizing their significance in AD pathogenesis and underscoring the importance of further research in this area. Elucidating the role of mitochondria in serotonin dysfunction will promote the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment and prevention of this neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Eric Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Blue Valley West High School, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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12
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Kuang G, Salowe R, O'Brien J. Paving the way while playing catch up: mitochondrial genetics in African ancestry primary open-angle glaucoma. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1267119. [PMID: 38983031 PMCID: PMC11182247 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1267119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, disproportionately affects individuals of African descent. Specifically, previous research has indicated that primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common form of disease, is more prevalent, severe, early-onset, and rapidly-progressive in populations of African ancestry. Recent studies have identified genetic variations that may contribute to the greater burden of disease in this population. In particular, mitochondrial genetics has emerged as a profoundly influential factor in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including POAG. Several hypotheses explaining the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial genetic contribution to disease progression have been proposed, including nuclear-mitochondrial gene mismatch. Exploring the fundamentals of mitochondrial genetics and disease pathways within the understudied African ancestry population can lead to groundbreaking advancements in the research and clinical understanding of POAG. This article discusses the currently known involvements of mitochondrial genetic factors in POAG, recent directions of study, and potential future prospects in mitochondrial genetic studies in individuals of African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kuang
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Disease, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Salowe
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Disease, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joan O'Brien
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Disease, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Ma C, Feng Y, Li X, Sun L, He Z, Gan J, He M, Zhang X, Chen X. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Policosanol from Insect Wax on Caenorhabditis elegans Models of Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:127-144. [PMID: 36637699 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-022-10057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. The standard treatments for PD focus on symptom relief rather than attempting to address the underlying degenerative processes completely. This study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of policosanol derived from insect wax (PIW) by investigating improvements in disease symptoms represented in Caenorhabditis elegans models of PD. For our assessments, we used the following three models: NL5901, which is a transgenic model for α-synuclein aggregation; wild-type N2 induced with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA); and 6-OHDA-induced BZ555 as a model for loss of dopaminergic neurons (DNs). Specifically, we examined the effects of PIW treatment on α-synuclein aggregation, the loss of DNs, lipid abundance, and the lifespan of treated organisms. Further, we examined treatment-related changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the mRNA production profiles of relevant genes. A 10 µg/mL dose of PIW reduced the aggregation of α-synuclein in NL5901 and suppressed the loss of DNs in 6-OHDA-induced BZ555. Overall, PIW treatment decreased ROS and MDA levels, restored lipid abundance, and prolonged the lifespans of worms in all the three models, which may be associated with changes in the expression profiles of genes related to cell survival and oxidative stress response pathways. Our findings show that PIW alleviated the symptoms of PD in these models, possibly by regulating the stress responses initiated by injuries such as α-synuclein aggregation or 6-OHDA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Long Sun
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhao He
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Minjie He
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
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Zou L, Che Z, Ding K, Zhang C, Liu X, Wang L, Li A, Zhou J. JAC4 Alleviates Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease through the Inactivation of the NLRP3 Signal Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051134. [PMID: 37238000 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the fastest-growing neurodegeneration disease, characterized typically by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and there are no effective therapeutic agents to cure PD. Rotenone (Rot) is a common and widely used pesticide which can directly inhibit mitochondrial complex I, leading to a loss of dopaminergic neurons. Our previous studies proved that the JWA gene (arl6ip5) may play a prominent role in resisting aging, oxidative stress and inflammation, and JWA knockout in astrocytes increases the susceptibility of mice to 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD. JWA-activating compound 4 (JAC4) is a small-molecule activator of the JWA gene, but its role in and mechanism against PD have not yet been clarified. In the present study, we showed that the JWA expression level is strongly related to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in different growth periods of mice. Additionally, we constructed models with Rot in vivo and in vitro to observe the neuroprotective effects of JAC4. Our results demonstrated that JAC4 prophylactic intervention improved motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuron loss in mice. Mechanistically, JAC4 reduced oxidative stress damage by reversing mitochondrial complex I damage, reducing nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) translocation and repressing nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family and pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Overall, our results provide proof that JAC4 could serve as a novel effective agent for PD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhen Che
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kun Ding
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Aiping Li
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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15
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Ravenhill SM, Evans AH, Crewther SG. Escalating Bi-Directional Feedback Loops between Proinflammatory Microglia and Mitochondria in Ageing and Post-Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051117. [PMID: 37237983 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease affecting up to 3% of the global population over 65 years of age. Currently, the underlying physiological aetiology of PD is unknown. However, the diagnosed disorder shares many common non-motor symptoms associated with ageing-related neurodegenerative disease progression, such as neuroinflammation, microglial activation, neuronal mitochondrial impairment, and chronic autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Clinical PD has been linked to many interrelated biological and molecular processes, such as escalating proinflammatory immune responses, mitochondrial impairment, lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability, increasing release of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired blood brain barrier integrity, chronic activation of microglia, and damage to dopaminergic neurons consistently associated with motor and cognitive decline. Prodromal PD has also been associated with orthostatic hypotension and many other age-related impairments, such as sleep disruption, impaired gut microbiome, and constipation. Thus, this review aimed to present evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevated oxidative stress, ROS, and impaired cellular energy production, with the overactivation and escalation of a microglial-mediated proinflammatory immune response as naturally occurring and damaging interlinked bidirectional and self-perpetuating cycles that share common pathological processes in ageing and PD. We propose that both chronic inflammation, microglial activation, and neuronal mitochondrial impairment should be considered as concurrently influencing each other along a continuum rather than as separate and isolated linear metabolic events that affect specific aspects of neural processing and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Howard Evans
- Department of Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Epworth Hospital, Richmond 3121, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
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16
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Moradi Vastegani S, Nasrolahi A, Ghaderi S, Belali R, Rashno M, Farzaneh M, Khoshnam SE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03904-0. [PMID: 36943668 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder whose pathogenesis is not completely understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress have been considered as major causes and central events responsible for the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in PD. Therefore, investigating mitochondrial disorders plays a role in understanding the pathogenesis of PD and can be an important therapeutic target for this disease. This study discusses the effect of environmental, genetic and biological factors on mitochondrial dysfunction and also focuses on the mitochondrial molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, and its possible therapeutic targets in PD, including reactive oxygen species generation, calcium overload, inflammasome activation, apoptosis, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial dynamics. Other potential therapeutic strategies such as mitochondrial transfer/transplantation, targeting microRNAs, using stem cells, photobiomodulation, diet, and exercise were also discussed in this review, which may provide valuable insights into clinical aspects. A better understanding of the roles of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of PD may provide a rationale for designing novel therapeutic interventions in our fight against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Moradi Vastegani
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahab Ghaderi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rafie Belali
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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17
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Ifosfamide - History, efficacy, toxicity and encephalopathy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108366. [PMID: 36842616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
In this review we trace the passage of fundamental ideas through 20th century cancer research that began with observations on mustard gas toxicity in World War I. The transmutation of these ideas across scientific and national boundaries, was channeled from chemical carcinogenesis labs in London via Yale and Chicago, then ultimately to the pharmaceutical industry in Bielefeld, Germany. These first efforts to checkmate cancer with chemicals led eventually to the creation of one of the most successful groups of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, the oxazaphosphorines, first cyclophosphamide (CP) in 1958 and soon thereafter its isomer ifosfamide (IFO). The giant contributions of Professor Sir Alexander Haddow, Dr. Alfred Z. Gilman & Dr. Louis S. Goodman, Dr. George Gomori and Dr. Norbert Brock step by step led to this breakthrough in cancer chemotherapy. A developing understanding of the metabolic disposition of ifosfamide directed efforts to ameliorate its side-effects, in particular, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy (IIE). This has resulted in several candidates for the encephalopathic metabolite, including 2-chloroacetaldehyde, 2-chloroacetic acid, acrolein, 3-hydroxypropionic acid and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine. The pros and cons for each of these, together with other IFO metabolites, are discussed in detail. It is concluded that IFO produces encephalopathy in susceptible patients, but CP does not, by a "perfect storm," involving all of these five metabolites. Methylene blue (MB) administration appears to be generally effective in the prevention and treatment of IIE, in all probability by the inhibition of monoamine oxidase in brain potentiating serotonin levels that modulate the effects of IFO on GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. This review represents the authors' analysis of a large body of published research.
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18
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Ryan AK, Rich W, Reilly MA. Oxidative stress in the brain and retina after traumatic injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1021152. [PMID: 36816125 PMCID: PMC9935939 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1021152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain and the retina share many physiological similarities, which allows the retina to serve as a model of CNS disease and disorder. In instances of trauma, the eye can even indicate damage to the brain via abnormalities observed such as irregularities in pupillary reflexes in suspected traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been observed in neurodegenerative disorders and in both traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) and in TBI. In a healthy system, ROS play a pivotal role in cellular communication, but in neurodegenerative diseases and post-trauma instances, ROS elevation can exacerbate neurodegeneration in both the brain and the retina. Increased ROS can overwhelm the inherent antioxidant systems which are regulated via mitochondrial processes. The overabundance of ROS can lead to protein, DNA, and other forms of cellular damage which ultimately result in apoptosis. Even though elevated ROS have been observed to be a major cause in the neurodegeneration observed after TON and TBI, many antioxidants therapeutic strategies fail. In order to understand why these therapeutic approaches fail further research into the direct injury cascades must be conducted. Additional therapeutic approaches such as therapeutics capable of anti-inflammatory properties and suppression of other neurodegenerative processes may be needed for the treatment of TON, TBI, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie K. Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wade Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew A. Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Matthew A. Reilly,
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Makinde E, Ma L, Mellick GD, Feng Y. Mitochondrial Modulators: The Defender. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020226. [PMID: 36830595 PMCID: PMC9953029 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are widely considered the "power hub" of the cell because of their pivotal roles in energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. However, beyond the production of ATP, which is the major source of chemical energy supply in eukaryotes, mitochondria are also central to calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, and cell apoptosis. The mitochondria also perform crucial multifaceted roles in biosynthetic pathways, serving as an important source of building blocks for the biosynthesis of fatty acid, cholesterol, amino acid, glucose, and heme. Since mitochondria play multiple vital roles in the cell, it is not surprising that disruption of mitochondrial function has been linked to a myriad of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the key physiological and pathological functions of mitochondria and present bioactive compounds with protective effects on the mitochondria and their mechanisms of action. We highlight promising compounds and existing difficulties limiting the therapeutic use of these compounds and potential solutions. We also provide insights and perspectives into future research windows on mitochondrial modulators.
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Naren P, Cholkar A, Kamble S, Khan SS, Srivastava S, Madan J, Mehra N, Tiwari V, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Pathological and Therapeutic Advances in Parkinson's Disease: Mitochondria in the Interplay. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S399-S428. [PMID: 36093711 PMCID: PMC10473111 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative illness majorly affecting the population between the ages of 55 to 65 years. Progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss and the collective assemblage of misfolded alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra, remain notable neuro-pathological hallmarks of the disease. Multitudes of mechanistic pathways have been proposed in attempts to unravel the pathogenesis of PD but still, it remains elusive. The convergence of PD pathology is found in organelle dysfunction where mitochondria remain a major contributor. Mitochondrial processes like bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy are under strict regulation by the mitochondrial genome and nuclear genome. These processes aggravate neurodegenerative activities upon alteration through neuroinflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and proteostatic stress. Therefore, the mitochondria have grabbed a central position in the patho-mechanistic exploration of neurodegenerative diseases like PD. The management of PD remains a challenge to physicians to date, due to the variable therapeutic response of patients and the limitation of conventional chemical agents which only offer symptomatic relief with minimal to no disease-modifying effect. This review describes the patho-mechanistic pathways involved in PD not only limited to protein dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress, but explicit attention has been drawn to exploring mechanisms like organelle dysfunction, primarily mitochondria and mitochondrial genome influence, while delineating the newer exploratory targets such as GBA1, GLP, LRRK2, and miRNAs and therapeutic agents targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anjali Cholkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Suchita Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sabiya Samim Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi (U.P.), India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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21
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Yang YL, Lin TK, Huang YH. MiR-29a inhibits MPP + - Induced cell death and inflammation in Parkinson's disease model in vitro by potential targeting of MAVS. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 934:175302. [PMID: 36174668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) primarily affects the motor system and is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency and functional abnormalities are implicated in the development of PD. MicroRNA-29a (miR-29a) has emerged as a critical miRNA in PD. This study aims to investigate the protective role of miR-29a in MPP+ in SH-SY5Y cell lines in vitro PD model by targeting mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). Administration of MPP + inhibited miR-29a expression in SH-SY5Y cell lines. Our findings prove that miR-29a mimic treatment decreased cell death, ROS production, MAVS, p-IRF3, p-NFκBp65, IL-6, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved-PARP, LC3BII, and death while increasing glutathione peroxidase 1 and manganese superoxide dismutase after MPP + treatment in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, MAVS expression was significantly corrected with the above genes in our in vitro model of PD. Luciferase activity analysis also confirmed that miR-29a specific binding 3'UTR of MAVS repressed expression. In conclusion, this research provides novel insight into a neuroprotective pathway of miR-29a and could thus serve as a possible therapeutic target for improving the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, And Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, And Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan; Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, And Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, And Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
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22
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Abstract
The platyrrhine family Cebidae (capuchin and squirrel monkeys) exhibit among the largest primate encephalization quotients. Each cebid lineage is also characterized by notable lineage-specific traits, with capuchins showing striking similarities to Hominidae such as high sensorimotor intelligence with tool use, advanced cognitive abilities, and behavioral flexibility. Here, we take a comparative genomics approach, performing genome-wide tests for positive selection across five cebid branches, to gain insight into major periods of cebid adaptive evolution. We uncover candidate targets of selection across cebid evolutionary history that may underlie the emergence of lineage-specific traits. Our analyses highlight shifting and sustained selective pressures on genes related to brain development, longevity, reproduction, and morphology, including evidence for cumulative and diversifying neurobiological adaptations across cebid evolution. In addition to generating a high-quality reference genome assembly for robust capuchins, our results lend to a better understanding of the adaptive diversification of this distinctive primate clade.
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23
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Maurya SK, Gupta S, Bakshi A, Kaur H, Jain A, Senapati S, Baghel MS. Targeting mitochondria in the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1845-1861. [PMID: 35856508 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are one of the essential cellular organelles. Apart from being considered as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria have been widely known to regulate redox reaction, inflammation, cell survival, cell death, metabolism, etc., and are implicated in the progression of numerous disease conditions including neurodegenerative diseases. Since brain is an energy-demanding organ, mitochondria and their functions are important for maintaining normal brain homeostasis. Alterations in mitochondrial gene expression, mutations, and epigenetic modification contribute to inflammation and neurodegeneration. Dysregulation of reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria and aggregation of proteins in neurons leads to alteration in mitochondria functions which further causes neuronal death and progression of neurodegeneration. Pharmacological studies have prioritized mitochondria as a possible drug target in the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the present review article has been intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases mainly Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis followed by possible intervention and future treatment strategies to combat mitochondrial-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suchi Gupta
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Amrita Bakshi
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arushi Jain
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sabyasachi Senapati
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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24
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Lee J, Kim HJ. Normal Aging Induces Changes in the Brain and Neurodegeneration Progress: Review of the Structural, Biochemical, Metabolic, Cellular, and Molecular Changes. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:931536. [PMID: 35847660 PMCID: PMC9281621 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.931536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by many changes in brain and contributes to progressive cognitive decline. In contrast to pathological changes in brain, normal aging brain changes have relatively mild but important changes in structural, biochemical and molecular level. Representatively, aging associated brain changes include atrophy of tissues, alteration in neurotransmitters and damage accumulation in cellular environment. These effects have causative link with age associated changes which ultimately results in cognitive decline. Although several evidences were found in normal aging changes of brain, it is not clearly integrated. Figuring out aging related changes in brain is important as aging is the process that everyone goes through, and comprehensive understanding may help to progress further studies. This review clarifies normal aging brain changes in an asymptotic and comprehensive manner, from a gross level to a microscopic and molecular level, and discusses potential approaches to seek the changes with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Behl T, Kumar S, Althafar ZM, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Badavath VN, Yadav S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Almoshari Y, Almikhlafi MA, Bungau S. Exploring the Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4257-4273. [PMID: 35505049 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, researchers have discovered that a group of apparently unrelated neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, have remarkable cellular and molecular biology similarities. Protein misfolding and aggregation are involved in all of the neurodegenerative conditions; as a result, inclusion bodies aggregation starts in the cells. Chaperone proteins and ubiquitin (26S proteasome's proteolysis signal), which aid in refolding misfolded proteins, are frequently found in these aggregates. The discovery of disease-causing gene alterations that code for multiple ubiquitin-proteasome pathway proteins in Parkinson's disease has strengthened the relationship between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and neurodegeneration. The specific molecular linkages between these systems and pathogenesis, on the other hand, are unknown and controversial. We outline the current level of knowledge in this article, focusing on important unanswered problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ziyad M Althafar
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Shivam Yadav
- Yashraj Institute of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.,School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad A Almikhlafi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibha University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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26
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Zambrano K, Barba D, Castillo K, Robayo P, Argueta-Zamora D, Sanon S, Arizaga E, Caicedo A, Gavilanes AWD. The war against Alzheimer, the mitochondrion strikes back! Mitochondrion 2022; 64:125-135. [PMID: 35337984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading neurodegenerative pathology associated with aging worldwide. It is estimated that AD prevalence will increase from 5.8 million people today to 13.8 million by 2050 in the United States alone. AD effects in the brain are well known; however, there is still a lack of knowledge about the cellular mechanisms behind the origin of AD. It is known that AD induces cellular stress affecting the energy metabolism in brain cells. During the pathophysiological advancement of AD, damaged mitochondria enter a vicious cycle, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), harming mitochondrial DNA and proteins, leading to more ROS and cellular death. Additionally, mitochondria are interconnected with the plaques formed by amyloid-β in AD and have underlying roles in the progression of the disease and severity. For years, the biomedical field struggled to develop new therapeutic options for AD without a significant advancement. However, mitochondria are striking back existing outside cells in a new mechanism of intercellular communication. Extracellular mitochondria are exchanged from healthy to damaged cells to rescue those with a perturbed metabolism in a process that could be applied as a new therapeutic option to repair those brain cells affected by AD. In this review we highlight key aspects of mitochondria's role in CNS' physiology and neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on AD. We also suggest how mitochondria strikes back as a therapeutic target and as a potential agent to be transplanted to repair neurons affected by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Zambrano
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Barba
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karina Castillo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paola Robayo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Eduardo Arizaga
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andres Caicedo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Antonio W D Gavilanes
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Thongboonkerd V, Chaiyarit S. Gel-Based and Gel-Free Phosphoproteomics to Measure and Characterize Mitochondrial Phosphoproteins. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e390. [PMID: 35275445 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a key intracellular organelle regulating metabolic processes, oxidative stress, energy production, calcium homeostasis, and cell survival. Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial functions and cellular signaling pathways. Dysregulation of protein phosphorylation status can cause protein malfunction and abnormal signal transduction, leading to organ dysfunction and disease. Investigating the mitochondrial phosphoproteins is therefore crucial to better understand the molecular and pathogenic mechanisms of many metabolic disorders. Conventional analyses of phosphoproteins, for instance, via western blotting, can be done only for proteins for which specific antibodies to their phosphorylated forms are available. Moreover, such an approach is not suitable for large-scale study of phosphoproteins. Currently, proteomics represents an important tool for large-scale analysis of proteins and their post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation. Here, we provide step-by-step protocols for the proteomics analysis of mitochondrial phosphoproteins (the phosphoproteome), using renal tubular cells as an example. These protocols include methods to effectively isolate mitochondria and to validate the efficacy of mitochondrial enrichment as well as its purity. We also provide detailed protocols for performing both gel-based and gel-free phosphoproteome analyses. The gel-based analysis involves two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and phosphoprotein-specific staining, followed by protein identification via mass spectrometry, whereas the gel-free approach is based on in-solution mass spectrometric identification of specific phosphorylation sites and residues. In all, these approaches allow large-scale analyses of mitochondrial phosphoproteins that can be applied to other cells and tissues of interest. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Mitochondrial isolation/purification from renal tubular cells Support Protocol: Validation of enrichment efficacy and purity of mitochondrial isolation Basic Protocol 2: Gel-based phosphoproteome analysis Basic Protocol 3: Gel-free phosphoproteome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakdithep Chaiyarit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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28
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Garone C, Pietra A, Nesci S. From the Structural and (Dys)Function of ATP Synthase to Deficiency in Age-Related Diseases. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:401. [PMID: 35330152 PMCID: PMC8949411 DOI: 10.3390/life12030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial inner membrane complex whose function is essential for cell bioenergy, being responsible for the conversion of ADP into ATP and playing a role in mitochondrial cristae morphology organization. The enzyme is composed of 18 protein subunits, 16 nuclear DNA (nDNA) encoded and two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded, organized in two domains, FO and F1. Pathogenetic variants in genes encoding structural subunits or assembly factors are responsible for fatal human diseases. Emerging evidence also underlines the role of ATP-synthase in neurodegenerative diseases as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and motor neuron diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Post-translational modification, epigenetic modulation of ATP gene expression and protein level, and the mechanism of mitochondrial transition pore have been deemed responsible for neuronal cell death in vivo and in vitro models for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will explore ATP synthase assembly and function in physiological and pathological conditions by referring to the recent cryo-EM studies and by exploring human disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Garone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40137 Bologna, Italy;
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40137 Bologna, Italy
- UOC Neuropsichiatria dell’età Pediatrica, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40137 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pietra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40137 Bologna, Italy;
- UO Genetica Medica, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40137 Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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29
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Zambrano K, Barba D, Castillo K, Noboa L, Argueta-Zamora D, Robayo P, Arizaga E, Caicedo A, Gavilanes AWD. Fighting Parkinson's disease: the return of the mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:34-44. [PMID: 35218960 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, worldwide. PD neuro-energetically affects the extrapyramidal system, by the progressive loss of striatal dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor impairment. During the progression of PD, there will be an increase in mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), stress and accumulation of α-synuclein in neurons. This results in mitochondrial mutations altering their function and fission-fusion mechanisms and central nervous system (CNS) degeneration. Intracellular mitochondrial dysfunction has been studied for a long time in PD due to the decline of mitochondrial dynamics inside neurons. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) have been known to contribute to several CNS pathologies especially PD pathogenesis. New and exciting evidence regarding the exchange of mitochondria between healthy to damaged cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and the therapeutic use of the artificial mitochondrial transfer/transplant (AMT) marked a return of this organelle to develop innovative therapeutic procedures for PD. The focus of this review aims to shed light on the role of mitochondria, both intra and extracellularly in PD, and how AMT could be used to generate new potential therapies in the fight against PD. Moreover, we suggest that mitochondrial therapy could work as a preventative measure, motivating the field to move towards this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Zambrano
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Barba
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karina Castillo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Luis Noboa
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Paola Robayo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Arizaga
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andres Caicedo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; 7 Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Antonio W D Gavilanes
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador
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30
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Araújo de Lima L, Oliveira Cunha PL, Felicio Calou IB, Tavares Neves KR, Facundo HT, Socorro de Barros Viana G. Effects of vitamin D (VD3) supplementation on the brain mitochondrial function of male rats, in the 6-OHDA-induced model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2022; 154:105280. [PMID: 35026378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunction is an important factor involved in PD pathogenesis. We reported neuroprotective actions of vitamin D (VD3) on a PD model, and now we investigated the VD3 effects on the brain mitochondrial function. We focused on oxygen consumption, respiratory control ratio (RCR), ADP/O ratio, mitochondria swelling, H2O2 production, and SOD activity. Additionally, immunohistochemistry assays for the dopamine system markers (TH and DAT) and mitochondrial markers (VDAC1 and Hsp60) were also carried out in the striata. Young adult male Wistar rats (250 g, 2.5 months age) were anesthetized and subjected to stereotaxic surgery and injection of saline (SO group) or 6-OHDA, into the right striatum. Brain mitochondria were isolated from the groups: sham-operated (SO), 6-OHDA, 6-OHDA pretreated with VD3 for 7, days before the 6-OHDA lesion (6-OHDA+VD3, pre-) or treated with VD3 for 14 days, after the 6-OHDA lesion (6-OHDA+VD3, post-). VD3 prevented decreases in oxygen consumption, RCR, and ADP/O ratio observed after 6-OHDA injury. Noteworthy, a very low (oxygen consumption and RCR) or no improvement (ADP/O) were observed in the 6-OHDA+VD3 post- group. VD3 also prevented the increased mitochondria swelling and H2O2 production and a decrease in SOD activity, respectively, in the 6-OHDA injured mitochondria. Also, VD3 supplementation protected the hemiparkinsonian brain from decreases in TH and DAT expressions and decreased the upregulation of mitochondrial markers, as VDAC 1 and Hsp60. In conclusion, VD3 showed neuroprotective actions on brain mitochondria injured by 6-OHDA and should stimulate translational studies focusing on its use as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases as PD.
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31
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Jiang W, Zou W, Hu M, Tian Q, Xiao F, Li M, Zhang P, Chen YJ, Jiang JM. Hydrogen sulphide attenuates neuronal apoptosis of substantia nigra by re-establishing autophagic flux via promoting leptin signalling in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 49:122-133. [PMID: 34494284 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reveal that hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) exerts neuroprotection against neurotoxin-induced Parkinson's disease (PD), but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The present study was aimed to investigate whether H2 S inhibits neuronal apoptosis of substantia nigra with the involvement of autophagy via promoting leptin signalling in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rats. In this study, neuronal apoptosis was analysed by TUNEL staining, the activity of caspase-3 was measured by Caspase-3 fluorometric assay kit, the expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, Beclin-1, LC3II, P62 and leptin were determined by Western blot analysis, and the numbers of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that NaHS, a donor of exogenous H2 S, mitigates 6-OHDA-induced the increases in the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells, the activity of caspase-3 and the expression of Bax, and attenuates 6-OHDA-induced a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 in substantia nigra of rats. In addition, 6-OHDA enhanced the expressions of Beclin-1, LC3-II and P62, increased the number of autophagosomes, and decreased the number of autolysosomes in the substantia nigra, which were also blocked by administration of NaHS. Furthermore, NaHS reversed 6-OHDA-induced the down-regulation of leptin expression in the substantia nigra, and treatment with leptin-OBR, a blocking antibody of leptin receptor, attenuated the inhibition of NaHS on neuronal apoptosis and the improvement of NaHS on the blocked autophagic flux in substantia nigra of 6-OHDA-treated rats. Taken together, these results demonstrated that H2 S attenuates neuronal apoptosis of substantia nigra depending on restoring impaired autophagic flux through up-regulating leptin signalling in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Jiang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zou
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Min Hu
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Min Li
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jia-Mei Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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32
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P P, Justin A, Ananda Kumar TD, Chinaswamy M, Kumar BRP. Glitazones Activate PGC-1α Signaling via PPAR-γ: A Promising Strategy for Antiparkinsonism Therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2261-2272. [PMID: 34125534 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding various aspects of Parkinson's disease (PD) by researchers could lead to a better understanding of the disease and provide treatment alternatives that could significantly improve the quality of life of patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders. Significant progress has been made in recent years toward this goal, but there is yet no available treatment with confirmed neuroprotective effects. Recent studies have shown the potential of PPARγ agonists, which are the ligand activated transcriptional factor of the nuclear hormone superfamily, as therapeutic targets for various neurodegenerative disorders. The activation of central PGC-1α mediates the potential role against neurogenerative diseases like PD, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further understanding the mechanism of neurodegeneration and the role of glitazones in the activation of PGC-1α signaling could lead to a novel therapeutic interventions against PD. Keeping this aspect in focus, the present review highlights the pathogenic mechanism of PD and the role of glitazones in the activation of PGC-1α via PPARγ for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabitha P
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Antony Justin
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu 643 001, India
| | - T. Durai Ananda Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Mithuna Chinaswamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - B. R. Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
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Abyadeh M, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Wu Y, Saks D, Wander Wall R, Fitzhenry MJ, Basavarajappa D, You Y, Salekdeh GH, Haynes PA, Graham SL, Mirzaei M. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease - a proteomics perspective. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:295-304. [PMID: 33874826 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1918550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Mitochondria have their own genetic material; however, most of their proteins (∼99%) are synthesized as precursors on cytosolic ribosomes, and then imported into the mitochondria. Therefore, exploring proteome changes in these organelles can yield valuable information and shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. Here, we review AD-associated mitochondrial changes including the effects of amyloid beta and tau protein accumulation on the mitochondrial proteome. We also discuss the relationship of ApoE genetic polymorphism with mitochondrial changes, and present a meta-analysis of various differentially expressed proteins in the mitochondria in AD.Area covered: Proteomics studies and their contribution to our understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD pathogenesis.Expert opinion: Proteomics has proven to be an efficient tool to uncover various aspects of this complex organelle, which will broaden our understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. Evidently, mitochondrial dysfunction is an early biochemical event that might play a central role in driving AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Abyadeh
- Cell Science Research Center, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran Iran
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - Yunqi Wu
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW Australia
| | - Danit Saks
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Roshana Wander Wall
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew J Fitzhenry
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghasem H Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
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34
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Nicoletti V, Palermo G, Del Prete E, Mancuso M, Ceravolo R. Understanding the Multiple Role of Mitochondria in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders: Lesson From Genetics and Protein-Interaction Network. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636506. [PMID: 33869180 PMCID: PMC8047151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As neurons are highly energy-demanding cell, increasing evidence suggests that mitochondria play a large role in several age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Synaptic damage and mitochondrial dysfunction have been associated with early events in the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, atypical parkinsonisms, and Huntington disease. Disruption of mitochondrial structure and dynamic is linked to increased levels of reactive oxygen species production, abnormal intracellular calcium levels, and reduced mitochondrial ATP production. However, recent research has uncovered a much more complex involvement of mitochondria in such disorders than has previously been appreciated, and a remarkable number of genes and proteins that contribute to the neurodegeneration cascade interact with mitochondria or affect mitochondrial function. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss the deep interconnections between mitochondrial dysfunction and basal ganglia disorders, with an emphasis into the molecular triggers to the disease process. Understanding the regulation of mitochondrial pathways may be beneficial in finding pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions to delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nicoletti
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palermo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Del Prete
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ceravolo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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35
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Sikora E, Bielak-Zmijewska A, Dudkowska M, Krzystyniak A, Mosieniak G, Wesierska M, Wlodarczyk J. Cellular Senescence in Brain Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646924. [PMID: 33732142 PMCID: PMC7959760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the brain can manifest itself as a memory and cognitive decline, which has been shown to frequently coincide with changes in the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Decreased number and maturity of spines in aged animals and humans, together with changes in synaptic transmission, may reflect aberrant neuronal plasticity directly associated with impaired brain functions. In extreme, a neurodegenerative disease, which completely devastates the basic functions of the brain, may develop. While cellular senescence in peripheral tissues has recently been linked to aging and a number of aging-related disorders, its involvement in brain aging is just beginning to be explored. However, accumulated evidence suggests that cell senescence may play a role in the aging of the brain, as it has been documented in other organs. Senescent cells stop dividing and shift their activity to strengthen the secretory function, which leads to the acquisition of the so called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells have also other characteristics, such as altered morphology and proteostasis, decreased propensity to undergo apoptosis, autophagy impairment, accumulation of lipid droplets, increased activity of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), and epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and histone post-translational modifications that, in consequence, result in altered gene expression. Proliferation-competent glial cells can undergo senescence both in vitro and in vivo, and they likely participate in neuroinflammation, which is characteristic for the aging brain. However, apart from proliferation-competent glial cells, the brain consists of post-mitotic neurons. Interestingly, it has emerged recently, that non-proliferating neuronal cells present in the brain or cultivated in vitro can also have some hallmarks, including SASP, typical for senescent cells that ceased to divide. It has been documented that so called senolytics, which by definition, eliminate senescent cells, can improve cognitive ability in mice models. In this review, we ask questions about the role of senescent brain cells in brain plasticity and cognitive functions impairments and how senolytics can improve them. We will discuss whether neuronal plasticity, defined as morphological and functional changes at the level of neurons and dendritic spines, can be the hallmark of neuronal senescence susceptible to the effects of senolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dudkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Krzystyniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wesierska
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
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36
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Lin TK, Lin KJ, Lin KL, Liou CW, Chen SD, Chuang YC, Wang PW, Chuang JH, Wang TJ. When Friendship Turns Sour: Effective Communication Between Mitochondria and Intracellular Organelles in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607392. [PMID: 33330511 PMCID: PMC7733999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with pathological hallmarks including progressive neuronal loss from the substantia nigra pars compacta and α-synuclein intraneuronal inclusions, known as Lewy bodies. Although the etiology of PD remains elusive, mitochondrial damage has been established to take center stage in the pathogenesis of PD. Mitochondria are critical to cellular energy production, metabolism, homeostasis, and stress responses; the association with PD emphasizes the importance of maintenance of mitochondrial network integrity. To accomplish the pleiotropic functions, mitochondria are dynamic not only within their own network but also in orchestrated coordination with other organelles in the cellular community. Through physical contact sites, signal transduction, and vesicle transport, mitochondria and intracellular organelles achieve the goals of calcium homeostasis, redox homeostasis, protein homeostasis, autophagy, and apoptosis. Herein, we review the finely tuned interactions between mitochondria and surrounding intracellular organelles, with focus on the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and lysosomes. Participants that may contribute to the pathogenic mechanisms of PD will be highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lieh Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Metabolism, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jou Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatric, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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37
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Chaiyarit S, Thongboonkerd V. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Kidney Stone Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:566506. [PMID: 33192563 PMCID: PMC7606861 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.566506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrion is a pivotal intracellular organelle that plays crucial roles in regulation of energy production, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Kidney stone disease (nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis), particularly calcium oxalate (CaOx; the most common type), has been shown to be associated with oxidative stress and tissue inflammation/injury. Recent evidence has demonstrated the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in CaOx crystal retention and aggregation as well as Randall’s plaque formation, all of which are the essential mechanisms for kidney stone formation. This review highlights the important roles of mitochondria in renal cell functions and provides the data obtained from previous investigations of mitochondria related to kidney stone disease. In addition, mechanisms for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of kidney stone disease are summarized. Finally, future perspectives on the novel approach to prevent kidney stone formation by mitochondrial preservation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakdithep Chaiyarit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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38
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Zhou ZD, Tan EK. Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin-3 as a potential therapeutic target of Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101107. [PMID: 32535274 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment is associated with progressive dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent findings highlight that Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial protein, is an oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase and a key modulator in maintaining integrity and functions of mitochondria. SIRT3 plays vital roles in regulation of mitochondrial functions, including mitochondrial ATP generation and energy metabolism, anti-oxidant defense, and cell death and proliferation. SIRT3 can deacetylate the transcriptional factors and crosstalk with different signaling pathways to cooperatively modulate mitochondrial functions and regulate defensive mitochondrial quality control (QC) systems. Down-regulated NAD+ level and decreased SIRT3 activity are related to aging process and has been pathologically linked to PD pathogenesis. Further, SIRT3 can bind and deacetylate PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and PD protein 2 E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Parkin) to facilitate mitophagy. Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2)-G2019S mutation in PD is linked to SIRT3 impairment. Furthermore, SIRT3 is inversely associated with α-synuclein aggregation and DA neuron degeneration in PD. SIRT3 chemical activators and NAD+ precursors can up-regulate SIRT3 activity to protect against DA neuron degeneration in PD models. Taken together, SIRT3 is a promising PD therapeutic target and studies of SIRT3 functional modulators with neuroprotective capability will be of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Eng King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore; Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
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39
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Hendrickx DM, Glaab E. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Parkinson's disease and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome reveals shared susceptible cellular network processes. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:114. [PMID: 32811487 PMCID: PMC7437934 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) are two heterogeneous disorders, which both display molecular and clinical alterations associated with the aging process. However, similarities and differences between molecular changes in these two disorders have not yet been investigated systematically at the level of individual biomolecules and shared molecular network alterations. METHODS Here, we perform a comparative meta-analysis and network analysis of human transcriptomics data from case-control studies for both diseases to investigate common susceptibility genes and sub-networks in PD and HGPS. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and primary melanoma (PM) were included as controls to confirm that the identified overlapping susceptibility genes for PD and HGPS are non-generic. RESULTS We find statistically significant, overlapping genes and cellular processes with significant alterations in both diseases. Interestingly, the majority of these shared affected genes display changes with opposite directionality, indicating that shared susceptible cellular processes undergo different mechanistic changes in PD and HGPS. A complementary regulatory network analysis also reveals that the altered genes in PD and HGPS both contain targets controlled by the upstream regulator CDC5L. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our analyses reveal a significant overlap of affected cellular processes and molecular sub-networks in PD and HGPS, including changes in aging-related processes that may reflect key susceptibility factors associated with age-related risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Hendrickx
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, Belvaux, L- 4367 Luxembourg
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, Belvaux, L- 4367 Luxembourg
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40
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Macías-Calvio V, Fuentealba LM, Marzolo MP. An update on cellular and molecular determinants of Parkinson's disease with emphasis on the role of the retromer complex. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:163-179. [PMID: 32633426 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative condition. The disease involves the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Among late-onset, familial forms of Parkinson are cases with mutations in the PARK17 locus encoding the vacuolar protein sorting 35 (Vps35), a subunit of the retromer complex. The retromer complex is composed of a heterotrimeric protein core (Vps26-Vps35-Vps29). The best-known role of retromer is the retrieval of cargoes from endosomes to the Golgi complex or the plasma membrane. However, recent literature indicates that retromer performs roles associated with lysosomal and mitochondrial functions and degradative pathways such as autophagy. A common point mutation affecting the retromer subunit Vps35 is D620N, which has been linked to the alterations in the aforementioned cellular processes as well as with neurodegeneration. Here, we review the main aspects of the malfunction of the retromer complex and its implications for PD pathology. Besides, we highlight several controversies still awaiting clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Macías-Calvio
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luz-María Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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41
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Monzio Compagnoni G, Di Fonzo A, Corti S, Comi GP, Bresolin N, Masliah E. The Role of Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases: the Lesson from Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2959-2980. [PMID: 32445085 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is still widely unclear, various mechanisms have been proposed and several pieces of evidence are supportive for an important role of mitochondrial dysfunction. The present review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview about the role of mitochondria in the two most common neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial involvement in AD is supported by clinical features like reduced glucose and oxygen brain metabolism and by numerous microscopic and molecular findings, including altered mitochondrial morphology, impaired respiratory chain function, and altered mitochondrial DNA. Furthermore, amyloid pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction seem to be bi-directionally correlated. Mitochondria have an even more remarkable role in PD. Several hints show that respiratory chain activity, in particular complex I, is impaired in the disease. Mitochondrial DNA alterations, involving deletions, point mutations, depletion, and altered maintenance, have been described. Mutations in genes directly implicated in mitochondrial functioning (like Parkin and PINK1) are responsible for rare genetic forms of the disease. A close connection between alpha-synuclein accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed. Finally, mitochondria are involved also in atypical parkinsonisms, in particular multiple system atrophy. The available knowledge is still not sufficient to clearly state whether mitochondrial dysfunction plays a primary role in the very initial stages of these diseases or is secondary to other phenomena. However, the presented data strongly support the hypothesis that whatever the initial cause of neurodegeneration is, mitochondrial impairment has a critical role in maintaining and fostering the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Monzio Compagnoni
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, Khurana Laboratory, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Neuroscience Section, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Neuroscience Section, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Neuroscience Section, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neuroscience and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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42
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Anti-PDHA1 antibody is detected in a subset of patients with schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7906. [PMID: 32404964 PMCID: PMC7220915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies have been implicated in schizophrenia aetiology. Here, novel autoantibodies were isolated from patients with schizophrenia. Autoantibody candidates were searched using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and western blotting with rat brain proteins as antigens and two sera pools (25 schizophrenia patients versus 25 controls) as antibodies. Immunoreactive antigens were identified by mass spectrometry. Antibody prevalence were evaluated by western blotting using human recombinant proteins. Furthermore, brain magnetic resonance imaging data (regional brain volumes and diffusion tensor imaging measures) were compared. Two proteins of the mitochondrial respiration pathway were identified as candidate antigens. Three patients with schizophrenia, but no controls, expressed antibodies targeting one of the candidate antigens, i.e., pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial (PDHA1, EC 1.2.4.1), which is related to mitochondrial energy production. Anti-PDHA1 antibody-positive patients (n = 3) had increased volumes in the left occipital fusiform gyrus compared to both controls (n = 23, p = 0.017) and antibody-negative patients (n = 16, p = 0.009), as well as in the left cuneus compared to antibody-negative patients (n = 16, p = 0.018). This is the first report of an anti-PDHA1 antibody in patients with schizophrenia. Compatible with recent findings of mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia, this antibody may be involved in the pathogenesis of a specific subgroup of schizophrenia.
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43
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Malaguti M, Cardenia V, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Hrelia S. Nutraceuticals and physical activity: Their role on oxysterols-mediated neurodegeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105430. [PMID: 31325497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the contribution of oxysterols to the onset and development of some of the major neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) has been scientifically asserted, being mainly related to altered brain cholesterol homeostasis. To counteract oxysterol induced inflammation at neuronal level, one possible intervention approach is the administration of some nutrients and/or plant secondary metabolites. On the other hand, the pleiotropic beneficial effects of physical activity seem to play an important role on prevention and counteraction of neurodegenerative diseases, through the modulation of oxysterol homeostasis and the prevention of demyelination. The present review provides a picture of the promising role of nutraceuticals and physical activity on oxysterol-mediated neurodegeneration, pointing out also the different in vitro and in vivo aspects that need to be further investigated for a better understanding of the association of these three counterparts and their overall effect on people at increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, 47921, Italy.
| | - Vladimiro Cardenia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences DISAFA, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, 47921, Italy
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Böhnke L, Traxler L, Herdy JR, Mertens J. Human neurons to model aging: A dish best served old. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:43-49. [PMID: 31745399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the advancing age of humans and with it, growing numbers of age-related diseases, aging has become a major focus in recent research. The lack of fitting aging models, especially in neurological diseases where access to human brain samples is limited, has highlighted direct conversion into induced neurons (iN) as an important method to overcome this challenge. Contrary to iPSC reprogramming and its corresponding cell rejuvenation, the generation of iNs enables us to retain aging signatures throughout the conversion process and beyond. In this review, we explore different cell reprogramming methods in light of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases and discuss different approaches, advances, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Böhnke
- Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Larissa Traxler
- Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joseph R Herdy
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Bakshi S, Chelliah V, Chen C, van der Graaf PH. Mathematical Biology Models of Parkinson's Disease. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2019; 8:77-86. [PMID: 30358157 PMCID: PMC6389348 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with substantial and growing socio-economic burden. In this multifactorial disease, aging, environmental, and genetic factors contribute to neurodegeneration and dopamine (DA) deficiency in the brain. Treatments aimed at DA restoration provide symptomatic relief, however, no disease modifying treatments are available, and PD remains incurable to date. Mathematical modeling can help understand such complex multifactorial neurological diseases. We review mathematical modeling efforts in PD with a focus on mechanistic models of pathogenic processes. We consider models of α-synuclein (Asyn) aggregation, feedbacks among Asyn, DA, and mitochondria and proteolytic systems, as well as pathology propagation through the brain. We hope that critical understanding of existing literature will pave the way to the development of quantitative systems pharmacology models to aid PD drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Bakshi
- Certara QSPBredaThe Netherlands
- Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR)Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Chao Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling & SimulationGlaxoSmithKlineUxbridgeUK
| | - Piet H. van der Graaf
- Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR)Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Certara QSPCanterbury
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Melrose J. Keratan sulfate (KS)-proteoglycans and neuronal regulation in health and disease: the importance of KS-glycodynamics and interactive capability with neuroregulatory ligands. J Neurochem 2019; 149:170-194. [PMID: 30578672 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the other classes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that is, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate and hyaluronan, keratan sulfate (KS), have the least known of its interactive properties. In the human body, the cornea and the brain are the two most abundant tissue sources of KS. Embryonic KS is synthesized as a linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain of d-galactose-GlcNAc repeat disaccharides which become progressively sulfated with development, sulfation of GlcNAc is more predominant than galactose. KS contains multi-sulfated high-charge density, monosulfated and non-sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions and thus is a heterogeneous molecule in terms of chain length and charge distribution. A recent proteomics study on corneal KS demonstrated its interactivity with members of the Slit-Robbo and Ephrin-Ephrin receptor families and proteins which regulate Rho GTPase signaling and actin polymerization/depolymerization in neural development and differentiation. KS decorates a number of peripheral nervous system/CNS proteoglycan (PG) core proteins. The astrocyte KS-PG abakan defines functional margins of the brain and is up-regulated following trauma. The chondroitin sulfate/KS PG aggrecan forms perineuronal nets which are dynamic neuroprotective structures with anti-oxidant properties and roles in neural differentiation, development and synaptic plasticity. Brain phosphacan a chondroitin sulfate, KS, HNK-1 PG have roles in neural development and repair. The intracellular microtubule and synaptic vesicle KS-PGs MAP1B and SV2 have roles in metabolite transport, storage, and export of neurotransmitters and cytoskeletal assembly. MAP1B has binding sites for tubulin and actin through which it promotes cytoskeletal development in growth cones and is highly expressed during neurite extension. The interactive capability of KS with neuroregulatory ligands indicate varied roles for KS-PGs in development and regenerative neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern Campus, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Premont RT, Martin B, Maudsley S. GRK5 - A Functional Bridge Between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30618771 PMCID: PMC6304357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex aging-triggered disorders are multifactorial programs that comprise a myriad of alterations in interconnected protein networks over a broad range of tissues. It is evident that rather than being randomly organized events, pathophysiologies that possess a strong aging component such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertensions, atherosclerosis, and vascular stiffening) and neurodegenerative conditions (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease), in essence represent a subtly modified version of the intricate molecular programs already in place for normal aging. To control such multidimensional activities there are layers of trophic protein control across these networks mediated by so-called "keystone" proteins. We propose that these "keystones" coordinate and interconnect multiple signaling pathways to control whole somatic activities such as aging-related disease etiology. Given its ability to control multiple receptor sensitivities and its broad protein-protein interactomic nature, we propose that G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) represents one of these key network controllers. Considerable data has emerged, suggesting that GRK5 acts as a bridging factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings to control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, GA, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
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