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De I, Singh R, Kumar S, Singh S, Singh M, Panda JJ, Ghosh K, Mishra DP, Singh M. Short term biodistribution and in vivo toxicity assessment of intravenously injected pristine graphene oxide nanoflakes in SD rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae058. [PMID: 38617714 PMCID: PMC11014786 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to elucidate the short term biodistribution of nano sized graphene oxide (GO) along with the toxicological assessment under in-vivo condition with an intent to analyse the toxic effects of sudden accidental exposure of GO The synthesised GO was characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA and DLS. The morphological imaging was performed using SEM, TEM and AFM. With a lateral size of less than 300 nm, these nanoparticles exhibit significant organ barrier permeability of up to 20%. Upon acute exposure to 10 mg/kg dose of ICG-tagged GO nanoflakes through intravenous route, various organs such as kidney, spleen and liver were observed, and the nanoparticles predominantly accumulated in the liver upon 24 h of exposure. Upon confirming the accumulation of these particles in liver through IVIS imaging, our next attempt was to analyse various biochemical and serum parameters. An elevation in various serum parameters such as ALT, AST, Creatinine and Bilirubin was observed. Similarly, in the case of biochemical parameters tested in liver homogenates, an increase in NO, Catalase, GSH, SOD, ROS, LPO, GR, GPx, and GST was observed. This study highlights the potential toxicological risk associated with GO exposure which must be taken into account for any risk analysis associated with GO based consumer products and the occupational hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil De
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rashmika Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Srishti Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Manohar Singh
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Jiban Jyoti Panda
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Manish Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Vakili B, Karami-Darehnaranji M, Mirzaei E, Hosseini F, Nezafat N. Graphene oxide as novel vaccine adjuvant. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111062. [PMID: 37866317 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
To improve antigen immunogenicity and promote long-lasting immunity, vaccine formulations have been appropriately supplemented with adjuvants. Graphene has been found to enhance the presentation of antigens to CD8+ T cells, as well as stimulating innate immune responses and inflammatory factors. Its properties, such as large surface area, water stability, and high aspect ratio, make it a suitable candidate for delivering biological substances. Graphene-based nanomaterials have recently attracted significant attention as a new type of vaccine adjuvants due to their potential role in the activation of immune responses. Due to the limited functionality of some approved human adjuvants for use, the development of new all-purpose adjuvants is urgently required. Research on the immunological and biomedical use of graphene oxide (GO) indicates that these nanocarriers possess excellent physicochemical properties, acceptable biocompatibility, and a high capacity for drug loading. Graphene-based nanocarriers also could improve the function of some immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages through specific signaling pathways. However, GO injection can lead to significant oxidative stress and inflammation. Various surface functionalization protocols have been employed to reduce possible adverse effects of GO, such as aggregation of GO in biological liquids and induce cell death. Furthermore, these modifications enhance the properties of functionalized-GO's qualities, making it an excellent carrier and adjuvant. Shedding light on different physicochemical and structural properties of GO and its derivatives has led to their application in various therapeutic and drug delivery fields. In this review, we have endeavored to elaborate on different aspects of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Vakili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Karami-Darehnaranji
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Hosseini
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Computational Vaccine and Drug Design Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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3
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Cebadero-Domínguez Ó, Diez-Quijada L, López S, Sánchez-Ballester S, Puerto M, Cameán AM, Jos A. Impact of Gastrointestinal Digestion In Vitro Procedure on the Characterization and Cytotoxicity of Reduced Graphene Oxide. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2285. [PMID: 37630872 PMCID: PMC10457766 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in graphene derivatives is a result of their variety of applications in many fields. Due to their use, the oral route could be a potential way of entrance for the general population. This work assesses the biotransformation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) after an in vitro digestion procedure (mouth, gastric, intestinal, and colon digestion), and its toxic effects in different cell models (HepG2, Caco-2, and 3D intestinal model). The characterization of rGO digestas evidenced the agglomeration of samples during the in vitro gastrointestinal (g.i.) digestion. Internalization of rGO was only evident in Caco-2 cells exposed to the colonic phase and no cellular defects were observed. Digestas of rGO did not produce remarkable cytotoxicity in any of the experimental models employed at the tested concentrations (up to 200 µg/mL), neither an inflammatory response. Undigested rGO has shown cytotoxic effects in Caco-2 cells, therefore these results suggest that the digestion process could prevent the systemic toxic effects of rGO. However, additional studies are necessary to clarify the interaction of rGO with the g.i. tract and its biocompatibility profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Cebadero-Domínguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Sergio López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Soraya Sánchez-Ballester
- Packaging, Transport and Logistic Research Institute, Albert Einstein, 1, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Ana M. Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
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4
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Borzooee Moghadam N, Avatefi M, Karimi M, Mahmoudifard M. Graphene family in cancer therapy: recent progress in cancer gene/drug delivery applications. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:2568-2613. [PMID: 36883982 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01858f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, the development in the construction and architecture of graphene based nanocomplexes has dramatically accelerated the use of nano-graphene for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, fostering a new area of nano-cancer therapy. To be specific, nano-graphene is increasingly used in cancer therapy, where diagnosis and treatment are coupled to deal with the clinical difficulties and challenges of this lethal disease. As a distinct family of nanomaterials, graphene derivatives exhibit outstanding structural, mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal capabilities. Concurrently, they can transport a wide variety of synthetic agents, including medicines and biomolecules, such as nucleic acid sequences (DNA and RNA). Herewith, we first provide an overview of the most effective functionalizing agents for graphene derivatives and afterward discuss the significant improvements in the gene and drug delivery composites based on graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Borzooee Moghadam
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manizheh Avatefi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahnaz Karimi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Matin Mahmoudifard
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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Xiao Y, Pang YX, Yan Y, Qian P, Zhao H, Manickam S, Wu T, Pang CH. Synthesis and Functionalization of Graphene Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205292. [PMID: 36658693 PMCID: PMC10037997 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2004, graphene is increasingly applied in various fields owing to its unique properties. Graphene application in the biomedical domain is promising and intriguing as an emerging 2D material with a high surface area, good mechanical properties, and unrivalled electronic and physical properties. This review summarizes six typical synthesis methods to fabricate pristine graphene (p-G), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), followed by characterization techniques to examine the obtained graphene materials. As bare graphene is generally undesirable in vivo and in vitro, functionalization methods to reduce toxicity, increase biocompatibility, and provide more functionalities are demonstrated. Subsequently, in vivo and in vitro behaviors of various bare and functionalized graphene materials are discussed to evaluate the functionalization effects. Reasonable control of dose (<20 mg kg-1 ), sizes (50-1000 nm), and functionalization methods for in vivo application are advantageous. Then, the key biomedical applications based on graphene materials are discussed, coupled with the current challenges and outlooks of this growing field. In a broader sense, this review provides a comprehensive discussion on the synthesis, characterization, functionalization, evaluation, and application of p-G, GO, and rGO in the biomedical field, highlighting their recent advances and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- New Materials InstituteUniversity of NottinghamNingbo315100P. R. China
- Materials Interfaces CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Yoong Xin Pang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- New Materials InstituteUniversity of NottinghamNingbo315100P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- College of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310027P. R. China
| | - Ping Qian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringBeijing100083P. R. China
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083P. R. China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Materials Interfaces CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi BruneiBandar Seri BegawanBE1410Brunei Darussalam
| | - Tao Wu
- New Materials InstituteUniversity of NottinghamNingbo315100P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and ProcessIntensification Research of Zhejiang ProvinceUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
| | - Cheng Heng Pang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion TechnologiesUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
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6
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Edoh SP, Sani D, Mbah CE, Yusuf H, Jolayemi KO, Ibrahim MK. Evaluation of the toxicity of crude aqueous Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Singer extract in mice. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 20:106-111. [PMID: 36450279 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2022-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to determine the phytochemical profile and safety of the aqueous extract of Pleurotus tuber regium using laboratory animal model. METHODS The pulverized sample was macerated with water and allowed to stand for 24 h, then filtered. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out on the crude extract and LD50 determination was done using standard procedures. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters to assess the kidney and liver functions were carried out using standard methods. RESULTS The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates, flavonoids and terpenoids. However, anthraquinones were observed to be absent in the extracts. The LD50 of the extract was found to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg when administered orally with no physical signs of toxicity and death over the 14-day period. There was no significant (p>0.05) increase in the level of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine (p<0.05) when compared to the control group. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the total white blood cells of the mice administered with P. tuber-regium. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that P. tuber-regium (Fr.) Singer does not possess toxic principles, hence, the wide safety margin observed in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Princess Edoh
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Dahiru Sani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Christian Emeka Mbah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Hindatu Yusuf
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal University, Dutse, Nigeria
| | - Kelvin Olutimilehin Jolayemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammad Kamal Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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7
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Cebadero-Domínguez Ó, Jos A, Cameán AM, Cătunescu GM. Hazard characterization of graphene nanomaterials in the frame of their food risk assessment: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113014. [PMID: 35430331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Different applications have been suggested for graphene nanomaterials (GFNs) in the food and feed chain. However, it is necessary to perform a risk assessment before they become market-ready, and when consumer exposure is demonstrated. For this purpose, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has published a guidance that has been recently updated. In this sense, the aim of this study is to identify and characterise toxicological hazards related to GFNs after oral exposure. Thus, existing scientific literature in relation to in vitro degradation studies, in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity, toxicokinetics data, in vivo oral studies, and other in-depth studies such as effects on the microbiome has been revised. The obtained results showed that the investigations performed up to now did not follow internationally agreed-upon test guidelines. Moreover, GFNs seemed to resist gastrointestinal digestion and were able to be absorbed, distributed, and excreted, inducing toxic effects at different levels, including genotoxicity. Also, dose has an important role as it has been reported that low doses are more toxic than high doses because GFNs tend to aggregate in the digestive system, changing the internal exposure scenario. Thus, further studies including a thorough toxicological evaluation are required to protect consumer's safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Giorgiana M Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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8
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Atta MM, Habieb ME, Mohamed MAEH, Lotfy DM, Taha EO. Radiation-assisted reduction of graphene oxide by aloe vera and ginger and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles against male mice liver injury induced by gamma radiation. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for graphene oxide reduction using γ-rays in the presence of natural antioxidants is revealed for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Atta
- Radiation Physics Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M. E. Habieb
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Abd El Hameed Mohamed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - D. M. Lotfy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman O. Taha
- Petroleum Applications Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt
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9
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In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1130-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Estevan C, Vilanova E, Sogorb MA. Case study: risk associated to wearing silver or graphene nanoparticle-coated facemasks for protection against COVID-19. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:105-119. [PMID: 34786588 PMCID: PMC8594636 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The world is living a pandemic situation derived from the worldwide spreading of SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19. Facemasks have proven to be one of the most effective prophylactic measures to avoid the infection that has made that wearing of facemasks has become mandatory in most of the developed countries. Silver and graphene nanoparticles have proven to have antimicrobial properties and are used as coating of these facemasks to increase the effectivity of the textile fibres. In the case of silver nanoparticles, we have estimated that in a real scenario the systemic (internal) exposure derived from wearing these silver nanoparticle facemasks would be between 7.0 × 10–5 and 2.8 × 10–4 mg/kg bw/day. In addition, we estimated conservative systemic no effect levels between 0.075 and 0.01 mg/kg bw/day. Therefore, we estimate that the chronic exposure to silver nanoparticles derived form facemasks wearing is safe. In the case of graphene, we detected important gaps in the database, especially regarding toxicokinetics, which prevents the derivation of a systemic no effect level. Nevertheless, the qualitative approach suggests that the risk of dermal repeated exposure to graphene is very low, or even negligible. We estimated that for both nanomaterials, the risk of skin sensitisation and genotoxicity is also negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Estevan
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sogorb
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain.
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11
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Myla A, Dasmahapatra AK, Tchounwou PB. Sex-reversal and Histopathological Assessment of Potential Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Graphene Oxide on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) Larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130768. [PMID: 34134430 PMCID: PMC8217731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sex-ratio is considered as an end point during endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) evaluation. Many fish species including Japanese medaka have XX/XY sex determination mechanism, however, sex reversal (SR) can be induced by external and genetic factors. SR imposed an imbalance in natural sex ratio of a population living in any ecosystem. Considering SR as an end point, we aimed to investigate the potential EDC effects of graphene oxide (GO), a nanocarbon, using Japanese medaka as a model. One-day post-hatch (dph) medaka fries were exposed to GO (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20 mg/L) for 96 h without food, followed by 6 weeks depuration in a GO-free environment with feeding. Phenotypic sex was determined by gonad histology; genotypic sex by genotyping Y-chromosome-specific male sex determining gene, dmy. Our data indicated testes in both XY and XX genotypes, while ovaries were only in XX females. Histopathology of XY and XX testis showed isogenic spermatocysts with active spermatogenesis. Distribution of spermatocytes (SPTs), not the spermatogonium (SPGs), showed enhancement in XY than XX testis. Female phenotypes had single ovary, either in stage 0 or 1. Ovo-testis/testis-ova were absent in XX or XY gonads. GO (2.5-20 mg/L) had inconsistent concentration-dependent effect in both SPGs and SPTs; however, no effect on ovarian follicles. Despite genotypic differences (XY/XX), in the histopathology/histochemistry of liver and kidneys GO effects was found to be minimum. Taken together, present study showed spontaneous induction of SR in some XX genotypes; however, exposure of fasting fries to GO had no apparent EDC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Myla
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Asok K Dasmahapatra
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Environmental Toxicology Division, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
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12
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Muñoz MNM, Alvarado UG, Reyes JIL, Watanabe K. Acute oral toxicity assessment of ethanolic extracts of Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng fruits in mice. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1289-1299. [PMID: 34221900 PMCID: PMC8246092 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In treated mice, mortality during 14-day experimental period was not observed. Bignay extract did not cause behavioral, respiratory and neurologic changes. Liver, kidney, stomach, intestines and esophagus remained intact post Bignay treatment. 16 volatile compounds and 10 secondary metabolites were identified.
The aim of the study is to assess the acute oral toxicity of ethanolic extracts of Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng [Bignay] in ICR mice in accordance to OECD guideline 423. Single doses of Bignay fruit extracts ranging from 500 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg, as well as a vehicle control, were given orally and monitored for 14 days. We observed that there is no mortality or adverse effects after treatment of mice indicating that Bignay extracts are safe for use in laboratory animals. Behavioral, respiratory, and neurologic changes, as well as changes in body weight, food and water consumption, did not occur during the experimental period. Hematological- (total-red and -white blood cells) and biochemical-profile analysis (alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine) remained within normal concentrations in treated mice regardless of sex. The morphology of visceral organs in all treated mice was typical in appearance when stained with H&E. It is assumed that the LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg and there is no mortality at the maximum dose used (2000 mg/kg). We have also determined the active components of dried Bignay by headspace GC–MS and by phytochemical analysis of ethanolic Bignay extracts. We have identified 16 compounds by GC–MS and 10 secondary metabolites. In this study, the assessment of extracted Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng fruits [Bignay] on the value of safety measures in mice is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nilda M Muñoz
- Research & Development Extension, Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City, Philippines.,Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), De La Salle University, Metro Manila, Philippines.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Urdujah G Alvarado
- Research & Development Extension, Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City, Philippines
| | - Jerica Isabel L Reyes
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan.,Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Japan
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan.,Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Japan
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13
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Synthesis and Toxicity of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles: A Literature Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5518999. [PMID: 34222470 PMCID: PMC8213470 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5518999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been widely used in many fields in the last decades, including electronics, biomedicine, cosmetics, food processing, buildings, and aeronautics. The application of these nanomaterials in the medical field could improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention techniques. Graphene oxide (GO), an oxidized derivative of graphene, is currently used in biotechnology and medicine for cancer treatment, drug delivery, and cellular imaging. Also, GO is characterized by various physicochemical properties, including nanoscale size, high surface area, and electrical charge. However, the toxic effect of GO on living cells and organs is a limiting factor that limits its use in the medical field. Recently, numerous studies have evaluated the biocompatibility and toxicity of GO in vivo and in vitro. In general, the severity of this nanomaterial's toxic effects varies according to the administration route, the dose to be administered, the method of GO synthesis, and its physicochemical properties. This review brings together studies on the method of synthesis and structure of GO, characterization techniques, and physicochemical properties. Also, we rely on the toxicity of GO in cellular models and biological systems. Moreover, we mention the general mechanism of its toxicity.
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Dasmahapatra AK, Powe DK, Dasari TPS, Tchounwou PB. Assessment of reproductive and developmental effects of graphene oxide on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). CHEMOSPHERE 2020. [PMID: 32615454 DOI: 10.1016/chemosphere.2020.127221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique properties, graphene oxide (GO) has potential for biomedical and electronic applications, however environmental contamination including aquatic ecosystem is inevitable. Moreover, potential risks of GO in aquatic life are inadequately explored. Present study was designed to evaluate GO as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) using the model Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). GO was injected intraperitoneally (25-200 μg/g) once to breeding pairs and continued pair breeding an additional 21 days. Eggs laid were analyzed for fecundity and the fertilized eggs were evaluated for developmental abnormalities including hatching. Histopathological evaluation of gonads, liver, and kidneys was made 21 days post-injection. LD50 was found to be sex-dependent. Fecundity tended to reduce in a dose-dependent manner during early post-injection days; however, the overall evaluation showed no significant difference. The hatchability of embryos was reduced significantly in the 200 μg/g group; edema (yolk and cardiovascular) and embryo-mortality remained unaltered. Histopathological assessment identified black particles, probably agglomerated GO, in the gonads of GO-treated fish. However, folliculogenesis in stromal compartments of ovary and the composition of germinal elements in testis remained almost unaltered. Moreover, granulosa and Leydig cells morphology did not indicate any significant EDC-related effects. Although liver and kidney histopathology did not show GO as an EDC, some GO-treated fish accumulated proteinaceous fluid in hepatic vessels and induced hyperplasia in interstitial lymphoid cells (HIL) located in kidneys. GO agglomerated in medaka gonads after 21-days post-injection. However, gonad histopathology including granulosa and Leydig cells alterations were associated with GO toxicity rather than EDC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asok K Dasmahapatra
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Environmental Toxicology Division, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Doris K Powe
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Thabitha P S Dasari
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
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Dasmahapatra AK, Powe DK, Dasari TPS, Tchounwou PB. Assessment of reproductive and developmental effects of graphene oxide on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127221. [PMID: 32615454 PMCID: PMC7483842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique properties, graphene oxide (GO) has potential for biomedical and electronic applications, however environmental contamination including aquatic ecosystem is inevitable. Moreover, potential risks of GO in aquatic life are inadequately explored. Present study was designed to evaluate GO as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) using the model Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). GO was injected intraperitoneally (25-200 μg/g) once to breeding pairs and continued pair breeding an additional 21 days. Eggs laid were analyzed for fecundity and the fertilized eggs were evaluated for developmental abnormalities including hatching. Histopathological evaluation of gonads, liver, and kidneys was made 21 days post-injection. LD50 was found to be sex-dependent. Fecundity tended to reduce in a dose-dependent manner during early post-injection days; however, the overall evaluation showed no significant difference. The hatchability of embryos was reduced significantly in the 200 μg/g group; edema (yolk and cardiovascular) and embryo-mortality remained unaltered. Histopathological assessment identified black particles, probably agglomerated GO, in the gonads of GO-treated fish. However, folliculogenesis in stromal compartments of ovary and the composition of germinal elements in testis remained almost unaltered. Moreover, granulosa and Leydig cells morphology did not indicate any significant EDC-related effects. Although liver and kidney histopathology did not show GO as an EDC, some GO-treated fish accumulated proteinaceous fluid in hepatic vessels and induced hyperplasia in interstitial lymphoid cells (HIL) located in kidneys. GO agglomerated in medaka gonads after 21-days post-injection. However, gonad histopathology including granulosa and Leydig cells alterations were associated with GO toxicity rather than EDC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asok K Dasmahapatra
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Environmental Toxicology Division, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Doris K Powe
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Thabitha P S Dasari
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
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Sublethal exposure of small few-layer graphene promotes metabolic alterations in human skin cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18407. [PMID: 33110217 PMCID: PMC7591887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small few-layer graphene (sFLG), a novel small-sized graphene-related material (GRM), can be considered as an intermediate degradation product of graphene. GRMs have a promising present and future in the field of biomedicine. However, safety issues must be carefully addressed to facilitate their implementation. In the work described here, the effect of sub-lethal doses of sFLG on the biology of human HaCaT keratinocytes was examined. A one-week treatment of HaCaTs with sub-lethal doses of sFLG resulted in metabolome remodeling, dampening of the mitochondrial function and a shift in the redox state to pro-oxidant conditions. sFLG raises reactive oxygen species and calcium from 24 h to one week after the treatment and this involves the activation of NADPH oxidase 1. Likewise, sFLG seems to induce a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and promotes the use of glutamine as an alternative source of energy. When sub-toxic sFLG exposure was sustained for 30 days, an increase in cell proliferation and mitochondrial damage were observed. Further research is required to unveil the safety of GRMs and degradation-derived products before their use in the workplace and in practical applications.
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Xiaoli F, Qiyue C, Weihong G, Yaqing Z, Chen H, Junrong W, Longquan S. Toxicology data of graphene-family nanomaterials: an update. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1915-1939. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Domenech J, Hernández A, Demir E, Marcos R, Cortés C. Interactions of graphene oxide and graphene nanoplatelets with the in vitro Caco-2/HT29 model of intestinal barrier. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2793. [PMID: 32066787 PMCID: PMC7026044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials are being increasingly used, demanding strong information to support their safety in terms of human health. As ingestion is one of the most important exposure routes in humans, we have determined their potential risk by using an in vitro model simulating the human intestinal barrier and evaluated the effects of both graphene oxide (GO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). A coculture of differentiated Caco-2/HT29 cells presenting inherent intestinal epithelium characteristics (i.e. mucus secretion, brush border, tight junctions, etc.) were treated with GO or GNPs for 24 h. Different endpoints such as viability, membrane integrity, NPs localization, cytokines secretion, and genotoxic damage were evaluated to have a wide view of their potentially harmful effects. No cytotoxic effects were observed in the cells that constitute the barrier model. In the same way, no adverse effects were detected neither in the integrity of the barrier (TEER) nor in its permeability (LY). Nevertheless, a different bio-adhesion and biodistribution behavior was observed for GO and GNPs by confocal microscopy analysis, with a more relevant uptake of GNPs. No oxidative damage induction was detected, either by the DCFH-DA assay or the FPG enzyme in the comet assay. Conversely, both GO and GNPs were able to induce DNA breaks, as observed in the comet assay. Finally, low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were detected, suggesting a weak anti-inflammatory response. Our results show the moderate/severe risk posed by GO/GNPs exposures, given the observed genotoxic effects, suggesting that more extensive genotoxic evaluations must be done to properly assess the genotoxic hazard of these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Domenech
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alba Hernández
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esref Demir
- Antalya Bilim University, College of Engineering, Department of Material Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, 07190-Dosemealti, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Constanza Cortés
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Koyyada A, Orsu P. Safety and toxicity concerns of graphene and its composites. ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE FOR COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Paital B, Guru D, Mohapatra P, Panda B, Parida N, Rath S, Kumar V, Saxena PS, Srivastava A. Ecotoxic impact assessment of graphene oxide on lipid peroxidation at mitochondrial level and redox modulation in fresh water fish Anabas testudineus. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:796-804. [PMID: 30851531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly expanding nanoparticle industries are predicted to have turnover of ∼$173.95 billion by 2025, indicating an urgency to study their comprehensive toxicological impact(s). Toxic effects of Graphene Oxide (GO) on oxidative stress physiology especially at mitochondrial level and redox modulation in fish in general and in climbing perch Anabas testudineus is absent. Therefore, we have investigated the toxic impacts of sub lethal doses of GO on selected oxidative stress physiology markers, protein and nucleic acid content along with haematological parameters in A. testudineus. Discriminant function and correlation analyses suggest that GO had toxic effects on the fish, as revealed from the studied parameters. Liver and gill tissues had shown strong response to GO than muscle. Augmented gradual accumulation of cellular lipid peroxides, specifically in mitochondria, was noticed. Activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase was augmented in contrast to the lowered level of the reduced glutathione titre. Alleviated total red blood corpuscle count and haemoglobin titre was parallel with an augmentation of white blood corpuscle count under GO administration. The protein level was also alleviated gradually in liver with clear changes in tissue specific nucleic acid levels, which was reduced under GO treatment. Results of the present study indicate that GO induces oxidative stress in cell and mitochondria in fish. Therefore, very careful future practices of use of GO directly, or as cargo in environmental monitoring processes in aquatic models in vitro in general and Pisces model in particular are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - Deeptimayee Guru
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Priyadarsini Mohapatra
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Biswajit Panda
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Nibedita Parida
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Sasmita Rath
- Department of Zoology, Centurion University, Odisha, 761211, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India; Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Preeti S Saxena
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anchal Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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21
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Deng S, Fu A, Junaid M, Wang Y, Yin Q, Fu C, Liu L, Su DS, Bian WP, Pei DS. Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) perturb redox-sensitive system via the selective inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities in zebrafish. Biomaterials 2019; 206:61-72. [PMID: 30925289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are well-known for its potential applications for bioimaging, biosensor, and drug carrier in biomedicine. GQDs are well characteristic of intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity, which is proven effective in scavenging the free radicals, such assuperoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. GQDs are also well praised for its low in vivo and in vitro toxicity. Here, we found that nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) can strongly disturb redox-sensitive system via the selective inhibition of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities in zebrafish. The enzyme activities or transcription levels of a battery of hemoproteins including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), respiratory chain complex I, complex Ⅲ, hemoglobin (Hb), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), were significantly suppressed by N-GQDs. We also found that N-GQDs activated the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (e.g. cyp1a) and the associated aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressors (ahrr1 and ahrr2) in zebrafish embryos. Compared to the ultrasmall graphene oxide (USGO), N-GQDs exhibited stronger fluorescent permeability and tissue-specific bio-accumulative effects. Taken together, our findings highlighted that exposure to N-GQDs can disrupt endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, possibly via the competitive inhibition of electron transfer process. Our results in this study provided solid data for biosafety evaluations of various types of GQDs, and created an alert for the future biomedical applications of N-GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ailing Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Su
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wan-Ping Bian
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Fernandes AL, Nascimento JP, Santos AP, Furtado CA, Romano LA, Eduardo da Rosa C, Monserrat JM, Ventura-Lima J. Assessment of the effects of graphene exposure in Danio rerio: A molecular, biochemical and histological approach to investigating mechanisms of toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:458-466. [PMID: 30025363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been shown to induce toxicity in mammals and marine crustaceans; however, information regarding oxidative stress in fish is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of graphene toxicity in different tissues of Danio rerio, considering different parameters of stress. Animals were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 10 μL of suspensions containing different graphene concentrations (5 and 50 mg/L); the gills, intestine, muscle and brain were analysed 48 h later. There was no significant difference in the expression of the gclc (glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit) and nrf2 (nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) genes after exposure. In contrast, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were modulated and the glutathione (GSH) concentration was reduced in different tissues and at different concentrations. Lipid damage was observed in the gills. Histological analyses were performed to observe if the exposure could induce pathological damage in these tissues. The results showed pathological effects in all tissues, excluding the intestine, after exposure to both concentrations. Overall, these results indicate that graphene induces different grades of toxicological effects that are dependent on the analysed organ, with distinct pathological effects on some and oxidative effects on others. However, the brain and gills seem to be the primary target organs for graphene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lucena Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - FURG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo da Rosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - FURG, Brazil
| | - José Maria Monserrat
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - FURG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquacultura-FURG, Brazil
| | - Juliane Ventura-Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - FURG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquacultura-FURG, Brazil.
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Pelin M, Sosa S, Prato M, Tubaro A. Occupational exposure to graphene based nanomaterials: risk assessment. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15894-15903. [PMID: 30132494 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are a family of novel materials including graphene, few layer graphene (FLG), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Currently, the risk posed by them to human health is associated mainly with the occupational exposure during their industrial and small-scale production or waste discharge. The most significant occupational exposure routes are inhalation, oral, cutaneous and ocular, inhalation being the majorly involved and most studied one. This manuscript presents a critical up-to-date review of the available in vivo toxicity data of the most significant GBMs, after using these exposure routes. The few in vivo inhalation toxicity studies (limited to 5-days of repeated exposure and only one to 5 days per week for 4 weeks) indicate inflammatory/fibrotic effects at the pulmonary level, not always reversible after 14/90 days. More limited in vivo data are available for the oral and ocular exposure routes, whereas the studies on cutaneous toxicity are at the initial stage. A long persistence of GBMs in rodents is recorded, while contradictory genotoxic data are reported. Data gap identification is also provided. Based on the available data, the occupational exposure limit cannot be determined. More experimental toxicity studies according to specific guidelines (tentatively validated for nanomaterials) and more information on the actual occupational exposure level to GBMs are needed. Furthermore, ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion), genotoxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity data related to the occupational exposure to GBMs have to be implemented. In addition, sub-chronic and/or chronic studies are still needed to completely exclude other toxic effects and/or carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Lakshmanan R, Maulik N. Graphene-based drug delivery systems in tissue engineering and nanomedicine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:869-878. [PMID: 30136862 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The time and dosage form of graphene derivatives have been found to determine therapeutic and toxic windows in several cell lines and preclinical models. The enhanced biological action of graphene derivatives is made possible by altering the chemistry of native materials via surface conjugation, or by changing the oxidation state. The high level of chemical reactivity vested in the planar structure of graphene can be used to load various drugs and biomolecules with maximum radical scavenging effect. The integration of graphene and polymers brings electrical conductivity to scaffolds, making them ideal for cardiac or neuronal tissue engineering. Drawbacks associated with graphene-based materials for biomedical applications include defect-free graphene formation and heteroatom contamination during synthesis process; reduced availability of sp2 hybridized carbon centers due to serum proteins masking; and poor availability of data pertaining to in vivo clearance of graphene-based formulations. Personalized medicine is an emerging area of alternative treatments, which in combination with graphene-based nanobiomaterials, has revolutionary potential for the development of individualized nanocarriers to treat highly challenging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Lakshmanan
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nilanjana Maulik
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M, Koohi MK, Zayerzadeh E, Hablolvarid MH, Hassan J, Seifalian AM. In vivo toxicological evaluation of graphene oxide nanoplatelets for clinical application. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4757-4769. [PMID: 30174424 PMCID: PMC6110298 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s168731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graphene is considered as a wonder material; it is the strongest material on the planet, super-elastic, and conductive. Its application in biomedicine is huge, with a multibillion-dollar industry, and will revolutionize the diagnostic and treatment of diseases. However, its safety and potential toxicity is the main challenge. Methods This study assessed the potential toxicity of graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONs) in an in vivo animal model using systemic, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological examinations. Normal saline (control group) or GONs (3–6 layers, lateral dimension=5–10 μm, and thickness=0.8–2 nm) at dose rate of 50, 150, or 500 mg/kg were intraperitoneally injected into adult male Wistar rats (n=5) every 48 hours during 1 week to receive each animal a total of four doses. The animals were allowed 2 weeks to recover after the last dosing. Then, animals were killed and the blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. The organs including the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, intestine, brain, and heart were harvested for histopathological evaluations. Results The results showed GONs prevented body weight gain in animals after 21 days, treated at 500 mg/kg, but not in the animals treated at 150 or 50 mg/kg GONs. The biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in total bilirubin, with a significant decrease in triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein in animals treated at 500 mg/kg. Nonetheless, other hematological and biochemical parameters remained statistically insignificant in all GONs treated animals. The most common histopathological findings in the visceral organs were granulomatous reaction with giant cell formation and accumulation of GONs in capsular regions. Also, small foci of neuronal degeneration and necrosis were the most outstanding findings in the brain, including the cerebellum. Conclusion In conclusion, this study shows that GONs without functionalization are toxic. The future study is a comparison of the functionalized with non-functionalized GONs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Kazem Koohi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Ehsan Zayerzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Hablolvarid
- Department of Pathology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Alexander M Seifalian
- NanoRegMed ltd, Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
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26
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An W, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li K, Kang Y, Akhtar S, Sha X, Gao L. Ocular toxicity of reduced graphene oxide or graphene oxide exposure in mouse eyes. Exp Eye Res 2018; 174:59-69. [PMID: 29803558 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application and mass production of nanoparticle products, environmental nanopollutants will become increasingly common. The eye is an important organ responsible for vision in most living organisms, and it is directly exposed to the atmosphere. Direct contact between the eye and nanoparticles in the environment can potentially lead to ocular damage. However, publications focusing on the eye-damaging potential of nanoparticles are scarce. Therefore, to evaluate the impact of nanoparticles on the eyes, we investigated the ocular toxicity of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and graphene oxide (GO) using morphological and molecular biological methods in vivo and in vitro in the present work. The findings show that short-term repeated GO exposure can cause obvious intraocular inflammation, an incrassated corneal stromal layer, cell apoptosis in the cornea, iris neovascularization and significant cytotoxicity of rat corneal epithelial cells (rCECs), while RGO causes no significant ocular toxicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen An
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Kang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yujun Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, PR China
| | - Shahnaz Akhtar
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xueli Sha
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Lan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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27
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Ou L, Lin S, Song B, Liu J, Lai R, Shao L. The mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6633-6646. [PMID: 28924347 PMCID: PMC5595361 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s140526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are widely used in many fields, including biomedicine. To date, much attention had been paid to the potential unexpected toxic effects of GBMs. Here, we review the recent literature regarding the impact of GBMs on programmed cell death (PCD). Apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis are three major PCDs. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the mitochondrial pathways and MAPKs (JNK, ERK, and p38)- and TGF-β-related signaling pathways are implicated in GBMs-induced apoptosis. Autophagy, unlike apoptosis and necroptosis which are already clear cell death types, plays a vital pro-survival role in cell homeostasis, so its role in cell death should be carefully considered. However, GBMs always induce unrestrained autophagy accelerating cell death. GBMs trigger autophagy through inducing autophagosome accumulation and lysosome impairment. Mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, TLRs signaling pathways, and p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways participate in GBMs-induced autophagy. Programmed necrosis can be activated by RIP kinases, PARP, and TLR-4 signaling in macrophages after GBMs exposure. Though apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis are distinguished by some characteristics, their numerous signaling pathways comprise an interconnected network and correlate with each other, such as the TLRs, p53 signaling pathways, and the Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 interaction. A better understanding of the mechanisms of PCD induced by GBMs may allow for a thorough study of the toxicology of GBMs and a more precise determination of the consequences of human exposure to GBMs. These determinations will also benefit safety assessments of the biomedical and therapeutic applications of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ou
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoqiang Lin
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renfa Lai
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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28
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El-Yamany NA, Mohamed FF, Salaheldin TA, Tohamy AA, Abd El-Mohsen WN, Amin AS. Graphene oxide nanosheets induced genotoxicity and pulmonary injury in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:383-392. [PMID: 28359838 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene-related materials have broadly applied in biomedical purposes due to their unique properties, thus safety evaluation of them is crucial. This study was performed to explore the genotoxic and pulmonary toxic potential of different doses of graphene oxide nanosheets' (GOs) in mice.A total of 90 male mature mice were randomly divided into six groups of fifteen mice per each, five groups were intraperitoneally injected by GO at doses of 10, 50, 100, 250 and 500μg/kg b.w once weekly in addition to the control group that was injected intraperitoneally with 0.2ml saline solution. Five animals from each group were euthanized after 7, 28 and 56days post treatment. Evaluation of genotoxicity was performed through detection of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow while assessment of lung injury was made by determination of DNA fragmentation in lung specimens using the alkali Comet assay, pulmonary oxidative markers estimation and finally histopathological investigations. Results revealed that GOs induced variable structural chromosomal aberrations (SCA) in bone marrow and DNA damage of lung cells that were time and dose dependent and represented by increase in%DNA in comet tail, tail moment and tail length and decrease in% head DNA in nuclei of lung of GOs-treated mice versus control groups in addition, GOs induced various changes in pulmonary oxidative stress parameters that were affected by dose and duration of treatment compared with the control as well as various pulmonary histopathological alterations were detected indicating lung injury. CONCLUSION GO potentiate the induction of genotoxicity and pulmonary injury in mice in time and dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A El-Yamany
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Faten F Mohamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Taher A Salaheldin
- Mostafa Elsayed Nanotechnology Research Center, British University in Egypt, Egypt; Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials Central Lab, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt
| | - Amany A Tohamy
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
| | | | - Adel S Amin
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Egypt
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29
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Tracing the Bioavailability of Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam in Biological Tissues. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10040336. [PMID: 28772699 PMCID: PMC5506941 DOI: 10.3390/ma10040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials with a three-dimensional (3D) framework have been investigated for a variety of biomedical applications because of their 3D morphology, excellent physiochemical properties, volume stability, and their controllable degradation rate. Current knowledge on the toxicological implications and bioavailability of graphene foam (GF) has major uncertainties surrounding the fate and behavior of GF in exposed environments. Bioavailability, uptake, and partitioning could have potential effects on the behavior of GF in living organisms, which has not yet been investigated. Here, we report a pilot toxicology study on 3D GF in common carps. Our results showed that GF did not show any noticeable toxicity in common carps, and the antioxidant enzymatic activities, biochemical and blood parameters persisted within the standard series. Further histological imaging revealed that GF remained within liver and kidney macrophages for 7 days without showing obvious toxicity. An in vivo study also demonstrated a direct interaction between GF and biological systems, verifying its eco-friendly nature and high biocompatibility.
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30
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Jasim DA, Murphy S, Newman L, Mironov A, Prestat E, McCaffey J, Meńard-Moyon C, Rodrigues AF, Bianco A, Haigh S, Lennon R, Kostarelos K. The Effects of Extensive Glomerular Filtration of Thin Graphene Oxide Sheets on Kidney Physiology. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10753-10767. [PMID: 27936585 PMCID: PMC7614378 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials interact with the biological milieu is fundamental for their development toward biomedical applications. When thin, individualized graphene oxide (GO) sheets were administered intravenously in mice, extensive urinary excretion was observed, indicating rapid transit across the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). A detailed analysis of kidney function, histopathology, and ultrastructure was performed, along with the in vitro responses of two highly specialized GFB cells (glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes) following exposure to GO. We investigated whether these cells preserved their unique barrier function at doses 100 times greater than the dose expected to reach the GFB in vivo. Both serum and urine analyses revealed that there was no impairment of kidney function up to 1 month after injection of GO at escalating doses. Histological examination suggested no damage to the glomerular and tubular regions of the kidneys. Ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy showed absence of damage, with no change in the size of podocyte slits, endothelial cell fenestra, or the glomerular basement membrane width. The endothelial and podocyte cell cultures regained their full barrier function after >48 h of GO exposure, and cellular uptake was significant in both cell types after 24 h. This study provided a previously unreported understanding of the interaction between thin GO sheets with different components of the GFB in vitro and in vivo to highlight that the glomerular excretion of significant amounts of GO did not induce any signs of acute nephrotoxicity or glomerular barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhifaf A. Jasim
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Murphy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Newman
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric Prestat
- National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - James McCaffey
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CMFT), Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Cećilia Meńard-Moyon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Artur Filipe Rodrigues
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Haigh
- National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CMFT), Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- Corresponding Authors
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- Corresponding Authors
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31
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Ou L, Song B, Liang H, Liu J, Feng X, Deng B, Sun T, Shao L. Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:57. [PMID: 27799056 PMCID: PMC5088662 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique physicochemical properties, graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) are widely used in many fields, especially in biomedical applications. Currently, many studies have investigated the biocompatibility and toxicity of GFNs in vivo and in intro. Generally, GFNs may exert different degrees of toxicity in animals or cell models by following with different administration routes and penetrating through physiological barriers, subsequently being distributed in tissues or located in cells, eventually being excreted out of the bodies. This review collects studies on the toxic effects of GFNs in several organs and cell models. We also point out that various factors determine the toxicity of GFNs including the lateral size, surface structure, functionalization, charge, impurities, aggregations, and corona effect ect. In addition, several typical mechanisms underlying GFN toxicity have been revealed, for instance, physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. In these mechanisms, (toll-like receptors-) TLR-, transforming growth factor β- (TGF-β-) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) dependent-pathways are involved in the signalling pathway network, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in these pathways. In this review, we summarize the available information on regulating factors and the mechanisms of GFNs toxicity, and propose some challenges and suggestions for further investigations of GFNs, with the aim of completing the toxicology mechanisms, and providing suggestions to improve the biological safety of GFNs and facilitate their wide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Song
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Huimin Liang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jia Liu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Bin Deng
- The General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
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