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Jolly YN, Akter S, Kabir MJ, Mamun KM, Abedin MJ, Fahad SM, Rahman A. Heavy Metals Accumulation in Vegetables and Its Consequences on Human Health in the Areas Influenced by Industrial Activities. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3362-3376. [PMID: 37897594 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of the environment due to numerous industrial practices has emerged as a major issue globally, particularly in a country like Bangladesh. The present study dispenses information about heavy metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) contamination in some frequently consumed vegetables, namely, ash pumpkin, potato, bitter gourd, buffalo spinach, snake gourd, and pointed gourd grown in an industrially prone location and their repercussion on consumers' health. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique was used as the major analytical tool to detect heavy metal concentrations. Mean concentration and the range of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in vegetables were detected (4.81 ± 2.79, 2.43-10.94), (497.57 ± 258.08, 181.24-886.67), (644.49 ± 298.40, 179.56-998.78), (38.88 ± 14.31, 18.88-60.12), (58.11 ± 12.58, 42.55-84.79), (137.24 ± 48.37, 71.99-208.98), (123.31 ± 63.62, 49.97-256.09), (8.09 ± 2.69, 4.29-14.94), and (4.16 ± 2.95, 1.22-9.98) mg/kg (dry weight basis), respectively. An extreme level of heavy metal contamination in vegetable samples was notified regarding the estimated metal pollution index (MPI) and Nemerow pollution index (P) value, which underpinned the health risk values. The estimated hazard index (HI) value stipulated high risk in all varieties of vegetables regardless of age group and cadmium (Cd) was found as the major contributor. Concerning the carcinogenic risk index (CR) for single elements, the value of Co, Ni, and Cr was approximated far above the USEPA threshold risk limit (CR>1E-04). Moreover, total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for all varieties of vegetables exceeded the safety threshold value for both the age group and children, in particular, were found most vulnerable. The outshot of the present study divulged associated health risks for the population group by the heavy metals via dietary intake of vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeasmin N Jolly
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Shirin Akter
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Jamiul Kabir
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K M Mamun
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Joynal Abedin
- Accelerator Facilities Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M Fahad
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arafat Rahman
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Zhang C, Su Q, Zhu Y. Urban park system on public health: underlying driving mechanism and planning thinking. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1193604. [PMID: 37377543 PMCID: PMC10292818 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1193604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The driving mechanism and planning thinking of the impact of urban park system on public health the mission of urban geography, urban and rural planning or landscape architecture are to coordinate the relationship between people and places, people and nature. The municipal park system is an important part of the urban green space system. In order to effectively play the role of the urban park system in promoting the health of urban residents. This manuscript studies the coupling relationship between the "urban park system" and the "public health system" by building a coordination model, reveals the driving mechanism of the urban park system affecting the benign development of public health, and clarifies the positive driving effect of urban parks on public health. Finally, based on the analysis results, the manuscript considers the optimal development strategy of urban parks from the macro and micro levels to promote the sustainable development of urban public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Center of Urban and Rural Habitat Sustainable and Ecological Environment Planning Engineering Technology Research, Wanjiang University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Qin Su
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yanqun Zhu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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Antoniadis V, Thalassinos G, Levizou E, Wang J, Wang SL, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J. Hazardous enrichment of toxic elements in soils and olives in the urban zone of Lavrio, Greece, a legacy, millennia-old silver/lead mining area and related health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128906. [PMID: 35452984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lavrio is a Greek town with several abandoned Ag/Pb mines. In this study, 19 potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were measured in soil, weeds, and olives. Levels of seven of the studied PTEs in soil were highly elevated: Zn (56.2-58,726 mg kg-1), Pb (36.2-31,332), As (7.3-10,886), Cu (8.3-1273), Sb (0.99-297.8), Cd (0.17-287.7), and Ag (0.09-38.7). Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis of the soils revealed that As was predominantly associated with scorodite, Pb with humic substances, Zn with illite, Zn(OH)2 and humic substances, and Fe with goethite-like minerals. The transfer of the PTEs to weeds was relatively low, with the transfer coefficient being less than 1.0 for all PTEs. Cadmium in table olives surpassed 0.05 mg kg-1 fresh weight (the limit in EU), while Pb surpassed its limit in approximately half of the samples. Health risk assessment confirmed soil contamination in the study area where As and Pb hazard quotients were well above 1.0 and the average hazard index equaled 11.40. Additionally, the cancer risk values exceeding the 1 × 10-4 threshold. The results obtained in the study indicate that Lavrio urgently requires an adequate ecofriendly remediation plan, including revegetation with tolerant species and targeted efforts to chemically stabilize harmful PTEs. The presented approach may serve as a pivotal study for industrial areas with similar contamination levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Antoniadis
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Giorgos Thalassinos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Efi Levizou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Jianxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550082 Guiyang, PR China
| | - Shan-Li Wang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No.1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal 42285, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal 42285, Germany.
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Jolly YN, Rakib MRJ, Sakib MS, Shahadat MA, Rahman A, Akter S, Kabir J, Rahman MS, Begum BA, Rahman R, Sulieman A, Tamam N, Khandaker MU, Idris AM. Impact of Industrially Affected Soil on Humans: A Soil-Human and Soil-Plant-Human Exposure Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070347. [PMID: 35878252 PMCID: PMC9318062 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) contaminated soil can affect human health via ingestion of foodstuffs, inhalation of soil dust, and skin contact of soil. This study estimates the level of some heavy metals in soils of industrial areas, and their exposures to human body via dietary intake of vegetables and other pathways. Mean concentrations of Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As and Pb in the studied soil were found to be 61.27, 27,274, 42.36, 9.77, 28.08 and 13.69 mg/kg, respectively, while in vegetables the respective values were 0.53, 119.59, 9.76, 7.14, 1.34 and 2.69 mg/kg. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb originated from lithogenic sources, while Cr and As are derived from anthropogenic sources. A moderate enrichment was noted by Cr, As, and Pb in the entire sampling site, indicating a progressive depletion of soil quality. The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) value for all the vegetables was recorded as BCF < 1; however, the metal pollution index (MPI) stipulates moderately high value of heavy metal accumulation in the vegetable samples. Hazard Index (HI) of >0.1 was estimated for adults but >1 for children by direct soil exposure, whereas HI < 1 for both children and adults via dietary intake of vegetables. Estimated Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) value due to soil exposure showed safe for adults but unsafe for children, while both the population groups were found to be safe via food consumption. Children are found more vulnerable receptors than adults, and health risks (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) via direct soil exposure proved unsafe. Overall, this study can be used as a reference for similar types of studies to evaluate heavy metal contaminated soil impact on the population of Bangladesh and other countries as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeasmin N. Jolly
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
- Correspondence: (Y.N.J.); (M.R.J.R.)
| | - Md. Refat Jahan Rakib
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (Y.N.J.); (M.R.J.R.)
| | - M. Sadman Sakib
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.S.S.); (M.A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - M. Ashemus Shahadat
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.S.S.); (M.A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Arafat Rahman
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Shirin Akter
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
| | - Jamiul Kabir
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
| | - M. Safiur Rahman
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
| | - Bilkis A. Begum
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
| | - Rubina Rahman
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.S.S.); (M.A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 422, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nissren Tamam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Abubakr M. Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
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Pecina V, Juřička D, Vašinová Galiová M, Kynický J, Baláková L, Brtnický M. Polluted brownfield site converted into a public urban park: A place providing ecosystem services or a hidden health threat? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112669. [PMID: 33934019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of old brownfield sites into places once again serving society is becoming an upward global trend, especially in urban areas. Due to the increasingly growing pressure on the expansion of urban green spaces, such sites can become, for instance, urban parks. The aim of the study was to assess whether the solution is appropriate and if it does not pose a potential health risk. Heavy pollution of soils was found out by means of the example of the urban park newly established in a reclaimed area of a historic mining town. The high average values in the topsoil were found out mainly in As (132 mg/kg), Cd (6.8 mg/kg), Pb (535 mg/kg) and Zn (1604 mg/kg). The assessment of the non-carcinogenic health risk has revealed possible As-related adverse health effects in children even at irregular park visits. According to the carcinogenic risk assessment, As, Cd, Cr and Ni can be ranked in the category of an acceptable total risk for regulatory purposes. The health status of park vegetation as a significant component of the urban ecosystem was also assessed. Soil phytotoxicity brought about severe damage to the seedlings, with a mortality rate of up to 84% locally. The results indicate that heavily polluted brownfield sites with historic mining-related activities are not suitable for establishing urban parks even after reclamation and nature-based solutions may not be invariably appropriate. Based on the findings, the management steps that ought to be implemented in the process of brownfield redevelopment into the urban park even after its establishment have been highlighted in order to minimize the health risk to park visitors while providing the required ecosystem services by vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Pecina
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - David Juřička
- Department of Geology and Soil Science, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Vašinová Galiová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Ludmila Baláková
- Department of Geology and Soil Science, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Brtnický
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Assessment of Soil Contamination with Potentially Toxic Elements and Soil Ecotoxicity of Botanical Garden in Brno, Czech Republic: Are Urban Botanical Gardens More Polluted Than Urban Parks? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147622. [PMID: 34300073 PMCID: PMC8307407 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Though botanical gardens are an important and widely visited component of urban green spaces (UGS) worldwide, their pollution is rarely studied. The aim of this study was to assess botanical garden soil contamination and ecotoxicity and to evaluate whether urban botanical gardens are more contaminated than urban parks. Soil assessments showed serious contamination with Cd, Pb and Zn, emitted predominantly by traffic, agrochemicals and past construction and demolition waste. The discovery of hazardous historical ecological burden in the UGS calls for the necessity of detailed surveys of such areas. Despite prevailing moderate-to-heavy contamination, the soil was only slightly ecotoxic. Maximum immobilisation inhibition of Daphnia magna reached 15%. Growth of Sinapis alba L. was predominantly stimulated (73%), and Desmodesmus subspicatus Chodat was exclusively stimulated, possibly due to soil alkalinity and fertiliser-related nutrients. The hypothesis of a higher contamination of urban botanical gardens compared to urban parks was confirmed. However, urban parks can face a greater risk of soil ecotoxicity, hypothetically due to decreased activity of soil organisms resulting from adverse soil conditions caused by active recreation. The results highlight the need for an increased focus on botanical and ornamental gardens when assessing and managing UGS as areas potentially more burdened with contamination.
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Kypritidou Z, Argyraki A. Geochemical interactions in the trace element-soil-clay system of treated contaminated soils by Fe-rich clays. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2483-2503. [PMID: 32095932 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clays have been widely applied in contaminated soils in order to reduce the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), such as Pb, Zn and Cu. In the present study, three Fe-rich clays from Greece were selected as amendments of three contaminated soils with distinct physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics. The amendments consisted of palygorskite-rich (PCM), Fe-smectite-rich (SCM) and natural palygorskite/Fe-smectite-rich (MCM) clays. The changes induced in the environment of the soil-PTE-clay system were assessed by examining the water-labile fraction of Pb, Zn and Cu, as well as the bioaccessibility of Pb, in the contaminated soils. The initial water-leachable concentrations of PTEs in soil were within the range 1826-6160 μg/kg Pb, 152-645 μg/kg Cu and 370-4052 μg/kg Zn. All three Fe-rich clays exhibited high retention efficiency toward PTEs, following the order Pb (55-70%) > Zn (45-55%) > Cu (0-45%). The high reactive surface area of the clay particles acted as a substrate for the deposition of Fe-Al oxides with a concomitant removal of PTEs that were transported through the colloidal fraction. Furthermore, the decrease in relative bioaccessibility of Pb (5-10% compared to the control) suggests dissolution of primary clays followed by entrapment of the element in secondary Fe-rich precipitates. In conclusion, the use of Fe-rich clays as soil amendments may have a positive effect in reducing the environmentally significant PTE fraction in soils, especially when different clay phases coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariadne Argyraki
- Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, NKUA, Athens, 15784, Greece
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Different Approaches for Incorporating Bioaccessibility of Inorganics in Human Health Risk Assessment of Contaminated Soils. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of soil represents one of the critical exposure pathways in the human health risk assessment (HHRA) framework at sites contaminated by inorganic species, especially for residential scenarios. HHRA is typically carried out through starting from the so-called “total concentration”, which is estimated from the fraction of inorganic species extracted from the soil using standardized approaches, i.e., microwave acid extraction. Due to the milder conditions, a smaller portion of the inorganics present in the soil is actually dissolved in the gastro-intestinal tract (bioaccessible fraction), and afterward reaches the bloodstream, exerting an effect on human health (bioavailable fraction). Including bioaccessibility in HHRA could then allow for the achievement of a more realistic assessment than using the total concentration. In this paper, the bioaccessible concentration of different inorganics in soil samples collected from a firing range was estimated by applying two in vitro tests, i.e., the Unified Barge Method (UBM) and the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET). Moreover, different options for incorporating bioaccessibility in HHRA for the estimation of the cleanup goals were also applied and discussed. Despite the notable differences in terms of reagents and procedure between the two methods, the obtained results were quite close, with the SBET method providing slightly higher values. The role of the soil particle size distribution on the calculation of the cleanup goals accounting for bioaccessibility is also discussed.
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Peli M, Bostick BC, Barontini S, Lucchini RG, Ranzi R. Profiles and species of Mn, Fe and trace metals in soils near a ferromanganese plant in Bagnolo Mella (Brescia, IT). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:143123. [PMID: 33160660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the last forty-five years (from 1974 to present) ferroalloy production in Bagnolo Mella, Northern Italy, has generated particulate emissions enriched in potentially toxic metals and metalloids including arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn). Of these, Mn is unique in that it has a significant background concentration and is seldom studied as a contaminant but is potentially a significant toxin derived from dusts regionally. Here we examine the distribution, redistribution, speciation and bioavailability of the Mn-contaminated top soils affected by atmospheric emissions adjacent to the ferroalloy plant. Four sites, variably located in the study area in terms of both distance and direction from the plant, were considered as representative of increasing levels of industrial influence. Soil profiles showed that metal concentrations (measured by X-ray fluorescence) varied considerably by location, i.e. higher in the sites closer to the plant and also at the surface level, although distributed throughout the top 15 cm, suggesting appreciable redistribution possibly due to soil mixing or infiltration. Most metal concentrations were correlated, except Mn which was independent and more variable across the sites than the other elements. Sequential chemical extractions indicated that Pb was primarily associated with Mn oxides, while As was most significantly associated with iron oxides. When Mn concentration significantly exceeded background levels, it was present in phases that were resistant to acid dissolution, very different from typical uncontaminated soils. X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) analyses suggested this recalcitrant Mn phase is likely a Mn-bearing spinel such as magnetite, that can be particularly toxic if ingested or inhaled. These first results highlight the legacy of ferroalloy production on surrounding soils, as well as the importance of Mn speciation for soil apportionment evaluation and human exposure estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Peli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Territorio, Ambiente e di Matematica, DICATAM - Università degli Studi di Brescia; via Branze 43, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy.
| | - Benjamin C Bostick
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University; 61 Route 9W - PO Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA.
| | - Stefano Barontini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Territorio, Ambiente e di Matematica, DICATAM - Università degli Studi di Brescia; via Branze 43, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy.
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Dipartimento di Specialità Medico Chirurgiche, Scienze Radiologiche e Sanità Pubblica, DSMC - Università dezgli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy; Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 E 102 St Floor Third - West Tower, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Roberto Ranzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Territorio, Ambiente e di Matematica, DICATAM - Università degli Studi di Brescia; via Branze 43, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy.
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Black O, Smith SC, Roper C. Advances and limitations in the determination and assessment of gunshot residue in the environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111689. [PMID: 33396021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) stemming from the discharge of firearms has been essential to advancements in the field of forensic science however the human and environmental health impacts from GSR are far less researched. GSR represents a multifaceted concern: it contains a complex mixture of inorganic and organic components and produces airborne particles with variable sizes, depositions, and fates. Herein we evaluate studies in the literature examining GSR collection, deposition, composition, environmental contamination, and potential remediation techniques within the last two decades (2000 - 2020). Throughout we reflect upon key findings and weaknesses in relation to environmental characterization of GSR and associated firearm contaminants. Research focused on techniques to analyze both inorganic and organic GSR simultaneously has begun, but requires additional effort. A vast majority of the available environmental characterization literature focuses on soil contamination at outdoor firing ranges for a select number of elements (Cu, Pb, Sb) with comparisons between ranges or at different collection distances and depths. There is limited ability for between study comparisons due to collection and analysis differences as well as a lack of background soil sampling. Notably, these studies lack direct quantification of the contribution of contaminants from GSR as well as analysis of organic compounds. Currently, there is a need for air monitoring to determine the composition, deposition, and fate of GSR, particularly in outdoor settings. This review summarizes the collection, characterization, and environmental studies related to GSR and highlights areas of research needed to establish the environmental health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Black
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel Cole Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Courtney Roper
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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11
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Pain DJ, Dickie I, Green RE, Kanstrup N, Cromie R. Wildlife, human and environmental costs of using lead ammunition: An economic review and analysis. AMBIO 2019; 48:969-988. [PMID: 30879269 PMCID: PMC6675822 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A proposed European Union (EU)-wide restriction on the use of lead gunshot for shooting in and over wetlands estimated that the societal benefits of a restriction outweighed costs, despite few identified benefits being quantified economically. A subsequent Annex XV Investigation Report on the evidence of impacts of lead ammunition in terrestrial environments concluded that additional measures to control its use are warranted, although to date this has not been further evaluated. To help inform this process, we review the literature and undertake new analyses to estimate the costs of continued use of lead ammunition associated with impacts on wildlife, people and the environment. We estimate minimum annual direct costs across the EU and Europe of c. €383 million-€960 million and €444 million-€1.3 thousand million respectively. The value that society places on being able to avoid these losses, estimated using a 'willingness to pay' approach, was c. €2.2 thousand million for wildfowl alone. Our estimated costs of the continued use of lead ammunition across the EU appear to be considerably greater than the likely costs of switching to non-toxic alternative ammunition types, although these have not been formally estimated in full.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Pain
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT UK
| | - Ian Dickie
- eftec - economics for the environment, 4 City Road, London, EC1Y 2AA UK
| | - Rhys E. Green
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
| | - Niels Kanstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | - Ruth Cromie
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT UK
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Antoniadis V, Shaheen SM, Levizou E, Shahid M, Niazi NK, Vithanage M, Ok YS, Bolan N, Rinklebe J. A critical prospective analysis of the potential toxicity of trace element regulation limits in soils worldwide: Are they protective concerning health risk assessment? - A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:819-847. [PMID: 31051325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements (TEs) may have toxic effects to plants and humans; thus, countries and organizations impose maximum allowable regulation limits of their concentrations in soils. Usually such limits are placed in different categories according to soil use, soil properties or based on both attributes. However, some countries have regulation limits irrespective of differentiation in soil properties. In this review, we aimed at collecting TE regulation limits in soils from major countries and organizations around the globe, and critiquing them by assessing potential human health risks in the case of soils attaining the maximum allowable values. We explored the soil-to-human pathway and differentiated among three major exposures from TEs, i.e., residential, industrial and agricultural. We observed the existence of problems concerning TE regulation limits, among which the fact that limits across countries do not regulate the same TEs, not even a minimum number of TEs. This indicates that countries do not seem to agree on which regulation limits of TEs pose a high risk. Also, these regulation limits do not take into account TE mobility to neighbouring environment interphases such as plant, especially edible, and water matrices. Moreover, limits for same TEs are vastly diverse across countries; this indicates that those countries have conflicting information concerning TE-related health risks. Subsequently, we addressed this problem of diversity by quantifying resultant risks; we did that by calculating human health risk indices, taking into consideration the cases in which the highest allowable TE limits are attained in soil. Arsenic limits were found to generate a relatively high hazard quotient (HQi, accounting for human intake over the maximum allowable oral reference dose for that same TE), indicating that its risk tends to be underestimated. Other TE limits, such as those of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn typically result in low HQi, meaning that limits in their cases are rather overprotective. Our approach reveals the need of reducing diversity in regulation limits by drafting soil legislations of worldwide validity, since risks are common across countries. We suggest that new directions should strategically tend to (a) reduce limits of TEs with underestimated contribution to health risk (such as As), (b) cautiously increase limits of TEs that currently cause minor health risks, (c) quantify TE risks associated with uptake to edible plants and potable water, and (d) consider multi-element contamination cases, where risks are cumulatively enhanced due to TE synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Antoniadis
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece.
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33 516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Efi Levizou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Khan Niazi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science & Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Antoniadis V, Golia EE, Liu YT, Wang SL, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J. Soil and maize contamination by trace elements and associated health risk assessment in the industrial area of Volos, Greece. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:79-88. [PMID: 30640132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural lands adjacent to industrial activities are vulnerable due to the risk of trace elements (TEs) being accumulated into crops and subsequently humans. One such case concerns the industrial area of Volos, Greece, a suspected contaminated area which has never been studied. We measured Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, and Zn in soil and maize (leaves and grains) and assessed health risk of human exposure via soil ingestion and grain consumption. We found that the most highly enriched elements in soils were Tl (enrichment factor = 19), Se (17.68), Sb (14.81), As (7.89), Ni (6.91), Mo (5.22) and Cr (4.33); they all likely derived from anthropogenic activities and in particular from a nearby major steel factory, except for Ni which is known to be lithogenically elevated in that area. Synchrotron XANES spectra analysis revealed that As species were associated with ferrihydrite, and predominant species were As(V) (at ca. 85%) and As(III) (at ca. 15%). Although the total content of the studied elements was high, the ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA extractions recovered very low element concentrations, probably due to the fact that soil conditions decelerated solubility (i.e., soils were alkaline, clayey, and with high Fe oxides content). This was confirmed by the soil-to-grain transfer index, which was particularly low for all studied elements. In 5% of sampled grains concerning Cd, and in 40% concerning Pb, the European food-related regulation limits were surpassed. Health risk assessment showed a dramatically elevated risk for Tl via soil ingestion (hazard quotient, HQ = 2.399), a value that contributed 74% of the total risk. Similarly, concerning the grain consumption-related health risk, Tl was the predominant contributor (HQ = 0.128, contributing 40% of the total risk). Such elevated Tl risk which has rarely been reported previously, led to a considerably high hazard index (HI) well above the threshold of HI = 1. Cancer risk was below the 1 × 10-4 risk threshold for As and Pb. Our findings indicate that this study should be pivotal concerning similar industrially-affected agricultural soils of suspected contamination, since less-expected toxic elements such as Tl here may be primary contributors to health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Antoniadis
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Evangelia E Golia
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Yu-Ting Liu
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan; Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Li Wang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33 516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt; University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dinake P, Kelebemang R, Sehube N, Kamwi O, Laetsang M. Quantitative assessment of environmental risk from lead pollution of shooting range soils. CHEMICAL SPECIATION & BIOAVAILABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09542299.2018.1507689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pogisego Dinake
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Rosemary Kelebemang
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Nicholas Sehube
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Obed Kamwi
- Safety Health and Environment, Botswana Defence Force, Mogoditshane, Botswana
| | - Masego Laetsang
- Chemistry Section, Botswana Geoscience Institute (BGI), Lobatse, Botswana
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Urrutia-Goyes R, Argyraki A, Ornelas-Soto N. Characterization of soil contamination by lead around a former battery factory by applying an analytical hybrid method. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:429. [PMID: 29946795 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Former battery factories have created environmental and health problems for years and the exposure to lead in surface soils has been underestimated. Nonetheless, the identification of lead contamination and its spatial distribution is crucial. The determination of heavy metals in soils can be performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). However, alternative techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have been used lately in environmental studies since measurements can be taken in the field in a prompt manner, despite its lower accuracy. In this study, a former battery factory site in Monterrey, Mexico, has been studied in order to detect lead contamination. Soil samples were assessed for contamination by using an analytical hybrid method that comprises both analytical techniques, namely, ICP-MS and XRF. Samples were taken in 215 locations and, after a simple homogenization process, they were analyzed by using a portable XRF device. Within those 215 sampling points, 25 samples were analyzed concurrently by using ICP-MS according to international sampling guidelines. Results obtained were adjusted in order to define an analytical hybrid method, which encompasses the advantages of each technique. An improved characterization was achieved by using the proposed analytical hybrid method since maps of lead distribution and calculated areas of concern showed better predictability. The combination of spectroscopic techniques is of great applicability for environmental agencies and decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Urrutia-Goyes
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Energía y Mecánica, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. Gral. Rumiñahui s/n, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, 171103, Sangolqui, Ecuador
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - A Argyraki
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - N Ornelas-Soto
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Yang M, Wang C, Yang ZP, Yan N, Li FY, Diao YW, Chen MD, Li HM, Wang JH, Qian X. Use of portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and geostatistics for health risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:68-77. [PMID: 29407740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory analysis of trace metals using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy is not cost effective, and the complex spatial distribution of soil trace metals makes their spatial analysis and prediction problematic. Thus, for the health risk assessment of exposure to trace metals in soils, portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectroscopy was used to replace ICP spectroscopy for metal analysis, and robust geostatistical methods were used to identify spatial outliers in trace metal concentrations and to map trace metal distributions. A case study was carried out around an industrial area in Nanjing, China. The results showed that PXRF spectroscopy provided results for trace metal (Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) levels comparable to ICP spectroscopy. The results of the health risk assessment showed that Ni posed a higher non-carcinogenic risk than Cu, Pb and Zn, indicating a higher priority of concern than the other elements. Sampling locations associated with adverse health effects were identified as 'hotspots', and high-risk areas were delineated from risk maps. These 'hotspots' and high-risk areas were in close proximity to and downwind from petrochemical plants, indicating the dominant role of industrial activities as the major sources of trace metals in soils. The approach used in this study could be adopted as a cost-effective methodology for screening 'hotspots' and priority areas of concern for cost-efficient health risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Zhao-Ping Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Nan Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Feng-Ying Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Yi-Wei Diao
- School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Min-Dong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Hui-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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17
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Estimating the Possibility of Surface Soil Pollution with Atmospheric Lead Deposits Using the ADMER Model. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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