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Desai I, Wewege MA, Jones MD, Clifford BK, Pandit A, Kaakoush NO, Simar D, Hagstrom AD. The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Resistance Training-Based Changes to Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00483. [PMID: 39074168 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Desai, I, Wewege, MA, Jones, MD, Clifford, BK, Pandit, A, Kaakoush, NO, Simar, D, and Hagstrom, AD. The effect of creatine supplementation on resistance training-based changes to body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The purpose of this review was to determine the added effect of creatine supplementation on changes in body composition with resistance training in adults younger than 50 years. The review protocol was preregistered on the Open Science Framework (osf.io/x48a6/). Our primary outcome was lean body mass (LBM); secondary outcomes were body fat percentage (%) and body fat mass (kg). We performed a random-effects meta-analysis in R using the metafor package. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the effects of training status and use of a carbohydrate drink with creatine. We conducted a meta-regression to examine the moderating effect of total training volume. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. One thousand six hundred ninety-four records were screened, and 67 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis. Fifty-two percentages of the studies had low risk, 41% some concerns, and 7% high risk of bias. Compared with resistance training (RT) alone, creatine supplementation increased LBM by 1.14 kg (95% CI 0.69 to 1.59), and reduced body fat percentage by -0.88% (95% CI -1.66 to -0.11) and body fat mass by -0.73 kg (95% CI -1.34 to -0.11). There were no differences between training status or carbohydrate subgroups. Training volume was not associated with effect size in all outcomes; 7 g or 0.3 g/kg of body mass of creatine per day is likely to increase LBM by 1 kg and reduce fat mass by 0.7 kg more than RT alone. Concurrent carbohydrate ingestion did not enhance the hypertrophy benefits of creatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Desai
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael A Wewege
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; and
| | - Matthew D Jones
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; and
| | - Briana K Clifford
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anurag Pandit
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Simar
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda D Hagstrom
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Liu P, Yuan H, Lu Y, Gao Z. Resistance training modalities: comparative analysis of effects on physical fitness, isokinetic muscle functions, and core muscle biomechanics. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1424216. [PMID: 39072216 PMCID: PMC11273086 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1424216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to evaluate the effects of varied resistance training modalities on physical fitness components, body composition, maximal strength assessed by one-repetition maximum (1RM), isokinetic muscle functions of the shoulder and knee joints, and biomechanical properties of core muscles. Methods Forty participants were randomly assigned to four groups: control group (CG, n = 10), compound set training group (CSG, n = 10), pyramid set training group (PSG, n = 10), and superset training group (SSG, n = 10). Excluding the CG, the other three groups underwent an 8-week resistance training program, three sessions per week, at 60%-80% of 1RM intensity for 60-90 min per session. Assessments included body composition, physical fitness components, 1RM, isokinetic muscle functions, and biomechanical properties (muscle frequency, stiffness, etc.) of the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles. Results The PSG demonstrated the most significant improvement in relative peak torque during isokinetic testing of the shoulder and knee joints. Compared to the CG, all exercise groups exhibited positive effects on back strength, sprint performance, 1RM, and core muscle biomechanics. Notably, the PSG showed superior enhancement in external oblique stiffness. However, no significant differences were observed among the exercise groups for rectus abdominis biomechanical properties. Discussion Structured resistance training effectively improved maximal strength, functional performance, and core muscle biomechanics. The pyramidal training modality conferred specific benefits for isokinetic muscle functions and external oblique stiffness, suggesting its efficacy in enhancing force production capabilities and core stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- College of Martial Arts and Traditional Ethnic Sports, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Yuan
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - YunHang Lu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zeng Gao
- School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Benito-Peinado PJ, Andreu-Caravaca L, Rojo-Tirado MA, Rubio-Arias JÁ. Efficacy of Split Versus Full-Body Resistance Training on Strength and Muscle Growth: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1330-1340. [PMID: 38595233 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramos-Campo, DJ, Benito-Peinado, PJ, Caravaca, LA, Rojo-Tirado, MA, and Rubio-Arias, JÁ. Efficacy of split versus full-body resistance training on strength and muscle growth: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1330-1340, 2024-No previous study has systematically compared the effect of 2 resistance training routines commonly used to increase muscle mass and strength (i.e., split [Sp] and full-body [FB] routines). Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines to compare the effects on strength gains and muscle growth in healthy adults. 14 studies (392 subjects) that compared Sp and FB routines in terms of strength adaptations and muscle growth were included. Regarding the effects of the Sp or FB routine on both bench press and lower limbs strength, the magnitude of the change produced by both routines was similar (bench press: mean difference [MD] = 1.19; [-1.28, 3.65]; p = 0.34; k = 14; lower limb: MD = 2.47; [-2.11, 7.05]; p = 0.29; k = 14). Concerning the effect of the Sp vs. FB routine on muscle growth, similar effects were observed after both routines in the cross-sectional area of the elbow extensors (MD = 0.30; [-2.65, 3.24]; p = 0.84; k = 4), elbow flexors (MD = 0.17; [-2.54, 2.88]; p = 0.91; k = 5), vastus lateralis (MD = -0.08; [-1.82, 1.66]; p = 0.93; k = 5), or lean body mass (MD = -0.07; [-1.59, 1.44]; p = 0.92; k = 6). In conclusion, the present systematic review and meta-analysis provides solid evidence that the use of Sp or FB routines within a resistance training program does not significantly impact either strength gains or muscle hypertrophy when volume is equated. Consequently, individuals are free to confidently select a resistance training routine based on their personal preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J Benito-Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Andreu-Caravaca
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte. UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Health Research Center, Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Wang Y, Li Z, Tongtong C, Zhang W, Li X. Effect of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction deep-squat training on thigh muscle activation and fatigue levels in male handball players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19152. [PMID: 37932313 PMCID: PMC10628241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate acute changes before and after low-intensity continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) deep-squat training on thigh muscle activation characteristics and fatigue level under suitable individual arterial occlusion pressure (AOP). Twelve elite male handball players were recruited. Continuous (Program 1) and intermittent (Program 2) BFR deep-squat training was performed with 30% one-repetition maximum load. Program 1 did not include decompression during the intervals, while Program 2 contained decompression during each interval. Electromyography (EMG) was performed before and after two BFR training programs in each period. EMG signals of the quadriceps femoris, posterior femoral muscles, and gluteus maximus, including the root mean square (RMS) and normalized RMS and median frequency (MF) values of each muscle group under maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), before and after training were calculated. The RMS value under MVC (RMSMVC) of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and gluteus maximus (GM) decreased after continuous and intermittent BFR training programs, and those of the biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (SEM) increased; The RMS standard values of the VL, BF, and SEM were significantly increased after continuous and intermittent BFR training (P < 0.05), The RMS value of GM significantly decreased after cuff inflating (P < 0.05). The MF values of RF, VM, VL, and GM decreased significantly after continuous BFR training (P < 0.05). Continuous BFR deep-squat training applied at 50% AOP was more effective than the intermittent BFR training program. Continuous application of BFR induces greater levels of acute fatigue than intermittent BFR that may translate into greater muscular training adaptations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Physical Education Teaching and Research, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Public Physical and Art Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Che Tongtong
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Military Theory, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Military Theory, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
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Pandit A, Tran TB, Letton M, Cowley E, Gibbs M, Wewege MA, Hagstrom AD. Data Informing Governing Body Resistance-Training Guidelines Exhibit Sex Bias: An Audit-Based Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:1681-1691. [PMID: 37382828 PMCID: PMC10432356 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to examine the ratio of female and male participants utilised in data informing consensus statements and position stands in the field of resistance training (RT). In order to achieve this objective, we conducted an 'audit' style review. We accessed three databases: SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and Google Scholar utilising the following search terms: resistance or strength training AND consensus statements or position statements/stands. Eligibility criteria included consensus statements and position stands for RT in youth, adults and older adults. In this paper we have used the term 'female' to describe biological sex. Gender is a social construct and often describes roles and behaviours that society assigns to men or women. In this paper we have used the term 'women' to describe gender. Reference lists from each guideline were screened with the number of male and female participants extracted from each study. We also extracted data on the gender of the authors of the statements. We located 11 guidelines encompassing a total of 104,251,363 participants. Youth guidelines were comprised of 69% male participants. There were 287 studies that included both sexes, 205 male-only and 92 female-only studies. Adult guidelines were comprised of 70% male participants. There were 104 studies that included both sexes, 240 male-only and 44 female-only studies. Older adult guidelines were comprised of 54% female participants. There were 395 studies that included both sexes, 112 male-only and 83 female-only studies. Women authors comprised 13% of all authors of position stands and consensus statements. These results demonstrate an under-representation of females and women as both participants and as authors. It is imperative to ensure that data informing governing body guidelines and consensus statements are representative of the population they aim to inform. If this is not possible, guidelines should clearly state when their data and recommendations are based primarily upon one sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Pandit
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thai Binh Tran
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Meg Letton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Cowley
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mitchell Gibbs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael A Wewege
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda D Hagstrom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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del-Cuerpo I, Jerez-Mayorga D, Chirosa-Ríos LJ, Morenas-Aguilar MD, Mariscal-Arcas M, López-Moro A, Delgado-Floody P. Males Have a Higher Energy Expenditure than Females during Squat Training. Nutrients 2023; 15:3455. [PMID: 37571392 PMCID: PMC10421381 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the differences in energy expenditure (EE) according to sex during and after two different squat training protocols in a group of healthy young adults. Twenty-nine Sports Sciences students volunteered to participate in this study. They attended the laboratory on four different days and completed four sessions: two sessions with 3 sets of 12 repetitions at 75% of their one-repetition maximum (RM) and two sessions with 3 sets of 30 repetitions at 50% of their 1RM. Energy expenditure was evaluated using an indirect calorimeter. Males consistently demonstrated higher EE in all sessions and intensities. The linear regression model identified a significant association between sex, BMI, and total EE across all sessions and intensities. In conclusion, males exhibited higher EE in both protocols (50% and 75% of 1RM) throughout all sessions. Furthermore, sex and BMI were found to influence EE in healthy young adults. Therefore, coaches should consider sex when assessing EE, as the metabolic response differs between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indya del-Cuerpo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Jerez-Mayorga
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Luis Javier Chirosa-Ríos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores Morenas-Aguilar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Mariscal-Arcas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (A.L.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Moro
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Murton AJ, Abdelrahman DR, Blackwell JR, Koscien CP, Knapp KM, Fulford J, Finnigan TJA, Dirks ML, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Vegan and Omnivorous High Protein Diets Support Comparable Daily Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates and Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Young Adults. J Nutr 2023:S0022-3166(23)12680-0. [PMID: 36822394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether non-animal-derived dietary protein sources (and therefore vegan diets) can support resistance training-induced skeletal muscle remodeling to the same extent as animal-derived protein sources. METHODS In Phase 1, 16 healthy young adults (m = 8, f = 8; age: 23 ± 1 y; BMI: 23 ± 1 kg/m2) completed a 3-d dietary intervention (high protein, 1.8 g·kg bm-1·d-1) where protein was derived from omnivorous (OMNI1; n = 8) or exclusively non-animal (VEG1; n = 8) sources, alongside daily unilateral leg resistance exercise. Resting and exercised daily myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates were assessed using deuterium oxide. In Phase 2, 22 healthy young adults (m = 11, f = 11; age: 24 ± 1 y; BMI: 23 ± 0 kg/m2) completed a 10 wk, high-volume (5 d/wk), progressive resistance exercise program while consuming an omnivorous (OMNI2; n = 12) or non-animal-derived (VEG2; n = 10) high-protein diet (∼2 g·kg bm-1·d-1). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), whole-body lean mass (via DXA), thigh muscle volume (via MRI), muscle strength, and muscle function were determined pre, after 2 and 5 wk, and postintervention. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether a high-protein, mycoprotein-rich, non-animal-derived diet can support resistance training-induced skeletal muscle remodeling to the same extent as an isonitrogenous omnivorous diet. RESULTS Daily MyoPS rates were ∼12% higher in the exercised than in the rested leg (2.46 ± 0.27%·d-1 compared with 2.20 ± 0.33%·d-1 and 2.62 ± 0.56%·d-1 compared with 2.36 ± 0.53%·d-1 in OMNI1 and VEG1, respectively; P < 0.001) and not different between groups (P > 0.05). Resistance training increased lean mass in both groups by a similar magnitude (OMNI2 2.6 ± 1.1 kg, VEG2 3.1 ± 2.5 kg; P > 0.05). Likewise, training comparably increased thigh muscle volume (OMNI2 8.3 ± 3.6%, VEG2 8.3 ± 4.1%; P > 0.05), and muscle fiber CSA (OMNI2 33 ± 24%, VEG2 32 ± 48%; P > 0.05). Both groups increased strength (1 repetition maximum) of multiple muscle groups, to comparable degrees. CONCLUSIONS Omnivorous and vegan diets can support comparable rested and exercised daily MyoPS rates in healthy young adults consuming a high-protein diet. This translates to similar skeletal muscle adaptive responses during prolonged high-volume resistance training, irrespective of dietary protein provenance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03572127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States; Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States; Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P Koscien
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M Knapp
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Rokkam MP, Gora O, Konda MR, Koushik A. A proprietary blend of Sphaeranthus indicus flower head and Mangifera indica bark extracts increases muscle strength and enhances endurance in young male volunteers: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:8972. [PMID: 36794013 PMCID: PMC9899043 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.8972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The demand for safe and efficacious botanical formulations to increase muscle mass, strength, and stamina is increasing among athletes and the general population. The nutraceutical supplements of medicinal plant origin exert minimal health concern. Objective This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was aimed to evaluate the ergogenic potential of a proprietary, standardized formulation (LI12542F6) of Sphaeranthus indicus flower head and Mangifera indica stem bark extracts. Methods Forty male participants 18-40 years of age were assigned to receive either a placebo (n = 20) or 650 mg/day LI12542F6 (n = 20) for 56 days. All participants performed a fixed set of resistance exercises during the intervention. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline muscle strength, assessed by one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench and leg presses, and handgrip strength. The secondary endpoints included cable pull-down repetitions, time to exhaustion on a treadmill, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and free testosterone and cortisol levels in serum. Results Fifty-six days supplementation of LI12542F6 significantly improved baseline bench press (P < 0.0001), leg press (P < 0.0001), handgrip strength (P < 0.0006), number of repetitions (P < 0.0001), and time to exhaustion (P < 0.0008), compared to placebo. Post-trial, the LI12542F6 group also showed significantly increased MUAC and improved body composition and serum hormone levels. The participants' hematology, clinical chemistry, and vital signs were within the normal range. No adverse events were observed. Conclusion This study demonstrates that LI12542F6 supplementation significantly increases muscle strength and size and improves endurance in healthy men. Also, LI12542F6 is well-tolerated by the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Prasanna Rokkam
- Department of Orthopedics, Meher Hospital, Vijayawada, India;,Meher Prasanna Rokkam Department of Orthopedics, Meher Hospital, Gandhinagar, Vijayawada-520003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Olos Gora
- Department of Physiotherapy, Vijaya Institute Medical Sciences College of Physiotherapy, NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, India
| | | | - Ajay Koushik
- Department of Orthopedics, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysuru, India
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Hajj-Boutros G, Karelis AD, Cefis M, Morais JA, Casgrain J, Gouspillou G, Sonjak V. Potential mechanisms involved in regulating muscle protein turnover after acute exercise: A brief review. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1106425. [PMID: 36699675 PMCID: PMC9870712 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that resistance training increases muscle mass. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that a single session of resistance training is associated with an increase in muscle protein synthesis in young adults. However, the fundamental mechanisms that are involved in regulating muscle protein turnover rates after an acute bout of physical exercise are unclear. Therefore, this review will briefly focus on summarizing the potential mechanisms behind the growth of skeletal muscle after physical exercise. We also present mechanistic differences that may exist between young and older individuals during muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after physical exercise. Pathways leading to the activation of AKT/mTOR signals after resistance exercise and the activation of AMPK signaling pathway following a HIIT (High intensity interval training) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Hajj-Boutros
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antony D. Karelis
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Cefis
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José A. Morais
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Juliette Casgrain
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vita Sonjak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Vita Sonjak,
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Qin Y, Chen H, Liu X, Wu J, Zhang Y. Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation training on upper limb muscles strength and body composition in moderately trained males: A randomized controlled study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:982062. [PMID: 36159315 PMCID: PMC9501974 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.982062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance training has been known to have a positive effect on muscle performance in exercisers. Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is advertised as a smooth, time-efficient, and highly individualized resistance training technology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of WB-EMS training on maximum isometric elbow muscle strength and body composition in moderately trained males in comparison to traditional resistance training. The study was a randomized controlled single-blind trial. Twenty, moderately trained, male participants (25.15 ± 3.84, years) were randomly assigned to the following groups: a WB-EMS training group (n = 11) and a traditional resistance training group (the control group [CG]: n = 9). Both training intervention programs consisted of 18 training sessions for six consecutive weeks. All subjects performed dynamic movements with the WB-EMS or external weights (CG). The primary outcome variables included maximum isometric elbow flexor strength (MIEFS), maximum isometric elbow extensor strength (MIEES) and surface electromyography amplitude (sEMGRMS). Secondary outcomes involved lean body mass, body fat content, arm fat mass, and arm lean mass. ANOVAs, Friedman test and post hoc t-tests were used (P = 0.05) to analyze the variables development after the 6-week intervention between the groups. Significant time × group interactions for MIEFS (η2 = 0.296, P Bonferroni = 0.013) were observed, the increase in the WB-EMS group were significantly superior to the CG [23.49 ± 6.48% vs. 17.01 ± 4.36%; MD (95% CI) = 6.48 (1.16, 11.80); d = 1.173, P = 0.020]. There were no significant differences were observed between interventions regarding MIEES, sEMGRMS and body composition. These findings indicate that in moderately trained males the effects of WB-EMS were similar to a traditional resistance training, with the only exception of a significantly greater increase in elbow flexor strength. WB-EMS can be considered as an effective exercise addition for moderately trained males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yin Qin
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiwei Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yinxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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Dos Santos Quaresma MVL, Maria de Melo C, Lima Ribeiro SM. Effect of proteins, amino acids, and other nitrogenated supplements on the skeletal muscle mass in people living with HIV (PLWH): A systematic review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Bell L, Wallen M, Talpey S, Myers M, O'Brien B. Can exhaled volatile organic compounds differentiate high and low responders to resistance exercise? Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Haq A, Ribbans WJ, Hohenauer E, Baross AW. The Effect of Repetitive Whole Body Cryotherapy Treatment on Adaptations to a Strength and Endurance Training Programme in Physically Active Males. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:834386. [PMID: 35399598 PMCID: PMC8990227 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.834386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its potential merit in sport and exercise recovery, the implications of repetitive Whole Body Cryotherapy (WBC) during training programmes require further review due to the possibility of repetitive cold interfering with long term adaptations. This study investigated the impact of two weekly 3 min WBC sessions (30 s at −60°C, 150 s at −120°C) on adaptations to a 6 week strength and endurance training programme. Sixteen male participants (mean ± SD age 33.4 ± 9.8 years, body mass 82.3 ± 9.8 kg) randomly allocated into WBC (n = 7) and non-cryotherapy control (CON, n=9) groups completed the programme consisting of two weekly strength and plyometric training sessions and two weekly 30 min runs (70% VO2 max). Participants were assessed for body fat, VO2 max, muscle torque, three repetition maximum barbell squat and countermovement jump height before and after the programme. Resistance and running intensities were progressed after 3 weeks. Participants in both groups significantly improved muscle torque (WBC: 277.1 ± 63.2 Nm vs. 318.1 ± 83.4 Nm, p < 0.01, d = 0.56; CON: 244.6 ± 50.6 Nm vs. 268.0 ± 71.8 Nm, p = 0.05, d = 0.38) and barbell squat (WBC: 86.4 ± 19.5 kg vs. 98.9 ± 15.2 kg, p = 0.03, d = 0.69; CON: 91.1 ± 28.7 kg vs. 106.1 ± 30.0 kg, p < 0.01, d=0.51) following the 6 week programme. For the CON group, there was also a significant reduction in body fat percentage (p = 0.01) and significant increase in jump height (p = 0.01). There was no significant increase in VO2 max for either group (both p > 0.2). There was no difference between WBC and CON for responses in muscle torque, 3RM barbell squat and body fat, however WBC participants did not increase their jump height (p = 0.23). Repetitive WBC does not appear to blunt adaptations to a concurrent training programme, although there may be an interference effect in the development of explosive power. Sports practitioners can cautiously apply repetitive WBC to support recovery post-exercise without undue concern on athletes' fitness gains or long term performance, particularly throughout training phases focused more on general strength development than explosive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Haq
- Sports Studies, Moulton College, Moulton, United Kingdom
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton Waterside, Northampton, United Kingdom
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales Sport Park, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adnan Haq
| | - William J. Ribbans
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton Waterside, Northampton, United Kingdom
- The County Clinic, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Anthony W. Baross
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton Waterside, Northampton, United Kingdom
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14
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Vieira JG, Sardeli AV, Dias MR, Filho JE, Campos Y, Sant'Ana L, Leitão L, Reis V, Wilk M, Novaes J, Vianna J. Effects of Resistance Training to Muscle Failure on Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 52:1103-1125. [PMID: 34881412 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper design of resistance training (RT) variables is a key factor to reach the maximum potential of neuromuscular adaptations. Among those variables, the use of RT performed to failure (RTF) may lead to a different magnitude of acute fatigue compared with RT not performed to failure (RTNF). The fatigue response could interfere with acute adaptive changes, in turn regulating long-term adaptations. Considering that the level of fatigue affects long-term adaptations, it is important to determine how fatigue is affected by RTF versus RTNF. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the effects of RTF versus RTNF on acute fatigue. METHODS The search was conducted in January 2021 in seven databases. Only studies with a crossover design that investigated the acute biomechanical properties (vertical jump height, velocity of movement, power output, or isometric strength), metabolic response (lactate or ammonia concentration), muscle damage (creatine kinase activity), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were selected. The data (mean ± standard deviation and sample size) were extracted from the included studies and were either converted into the standardized mean difference (SMD) or maintained in the raw mean difference (RMD) when the studies reported the results in the same scale. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed. RESULTS Twenty studies were included in the systematic review and 12 were included in the meta-analysis. The main meta-analyses indicated greater decrease of biomechanical properties for RTF compared with RTNF (SMD - 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 1.43 to - 0.49, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a larger increase in metabolic response (RMD 4.48 mmol·L-1, 95% CI 3.19-5.78, p < 0.001), muscle damage (SMD 0.76, 95% CI 0.31-1.21, p = 0.001), and RPE (SMD 1.93, 95% CI 0.87-3.00, p < 0.001) for RTF compared with RTNF. Further exploratory subgroup analyses showed that training status (p = 0.92), timepoint (p = 0.89), load (p = 0.10), and volume (p = 0.12) did not affect biomechanical properties; however, greater loss in the movement velocity test occurred on upper limbs compared with lower limbs (p < 0.001). Blood ammonia concentration was greater after RTF than RTNF (RMD 44.66 μmol·L-1, 95% CI 32.27-57.05, p < 0.001), as was 48 h post-exercise blood creatine kinase activity (SMD 0.86, 95% CI 0.33-1.42, p = 0.002). Furthermore, although there was considerable heterogeneity in the overall analysis (I2 = 83.72%; p < 0.01), a significant difference in RPE after RTF compared with RTNF was only found for studies that did not equalize training volumes. CONCLUSIONS In summary, RTF compared with RTNF led to a greater decrease in biomechanical properties and a simultaneous increase in metabolic response, higher muscle damage, and RPE. The exploratory analyses suggested a greater impairment in the velocity of movement test for the upper limbs, more pronounced muscle damage 48 h post-exercise, and a greater RPE in studies with non-equalized volume after the RTF session compared with RTNF. Therefore, it can be concluded that RTF leads to greater acute fatigue compared with RTNF. The higher acute fatigue after RTF can also have an important impact on chronic adaptive processes following RT; however, the greater acute fatigue following RTF can extend the time needed for recovery, which should be considered when RTF is used. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The original protocol was prospectively registered (CRD42020192336) in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- João Guilherme Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Veiga Sardeli
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, FISEX, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ricardo Dias
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Morphofunctional Evaluation, LABFEX, Granbery Methodist College, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - José Elias Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Yuri Campos
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | - Leandro Sant'Ana
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Luis Leitão
- Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, Setubal, Portugal.,Life Quality Research Centre, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Victor Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jefferson Novaes
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Vianna
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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15
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The Effect of Resistance Training in Healthy Adults on Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass and Visceral Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 52:287-300. [PMID: 34536199 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training is the gold standard exercise mode for accrual of lean muscle mass, but the isolated effect of resistance training on body fat is unknown. OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated resistance training for body composition outcomes in healthy adults. Our primary outcome was body fat percentage; secondary outcomes were body fat mass and visceral fat. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES We searched five electronic databases up to January 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included randomised trials that compared full-body resistance training for at least 4 weeks to no-exercise control in healthy adults. ANALYSIS We assessed study quality with the TESTEX tool and conducted a random-effects meta-analysis, with a subgroup analysis based on measurement type (scan or non-scan) and sex (male or female), and a meta-regression for volume of resistance training and training components. RESULTS From 11,981 records, we included 58 studies in the review, with 54 providing data for a meta-analysis. Mean study quality was 9/15 (range 6-15). Compared to the control, resistance training reduced body fat percentage by - 1.46% (95% confidence interval - 1.78 to - 1.14, p < 0.0001), body fat mass by - 0.55 kg (95% confidence interval - 0.75 to - 0.34, p < 0.0001) and visceral fat by a standardised mean difference of - 0.49 (95% confidence interval - 0.87 to - 0.11, p = 0.0114). Measurement type was a significant moderator in body fat percentage and body fat mass, but sex was not. Training volume and training components were not associated with effect size. Resistance training reduces body fat percentage, body fat mass and visceral fat in healthy adults. STUDY REGISTRATION osf.io/hsk32.
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16
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Clifford B, Koizumi S, Wewege MA, Leake HB, Ha L, Macdonald E, Fairman CM, Hagstrom AD. The Effect of Resistance Training on Body Composition During and After Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:2527-2546. [PMID: 34499338 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in body composition during cancer treatments have been linked with poorer outcomes, and increased morbidity and mortality. The effect of resistance training (RT) on body composition in cancer cohorts is debated. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of RT on body composition during and after treatment. METHODS We searched five electronic databases for articles up to 1 February 2021 and included randomized controlled trials that compared RT with a non-exercise control in adults with cancer. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool. Pairwise, random-effects meta-analysis was used to synthesize the available data. RESULTS Overall, we included 15 studies (n = 1368). After treatment (11 studies), RT increased lean mass with moderate heterogeneity {0.41 kg [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05, 0.76], p = 0.029; I2 = 47.1%, p = 0.02} and decreased fat mass with substantial heterogeneity (- 0.59 kg [95% CI - 1.05, - 0.12], p = 0.019; I2 = 69.1%, p < 0.001). During treatment (4 studies), RT did not increase lean mass (0.71 kg [95% CI - 0.04, 1.45], p = 0.05; I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.75) or reduce fat mass (0.00 kg [95% CI - 5.31, 5.30], p = 0.99; I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.62), both with no heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Modest improvements in body composition were observed following RT after cancer treatment; however, no changes were observed during treatment. These adaptations are markedly lower than those observed in healthy cohorts but may be clinically meaningful for the cancer survivorship population. At present it is unclear if these diminished adaptations are due to ineffective exercise prescriptions in cancer cohorts or due to an innate anabolic resistance as a result of cancer and its treatments. STUDY REGISTRATION Open Science Framework (osf.io/x6z72).
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Clifford
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Koizumi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael A Wewege
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hayley B Leake
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lauren Ha
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eliza Macdonald
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ciaran M Fairman
- Exercise Science Department, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Amanda D Hagstrom
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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17
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Ransdell LB, Wayment HA, Lopez N, Lorts C, Schwartz AL, Pugliesi K, Pohl PS, Bycura D, Camplain R. The impact of resistance training on body composition, muscle strength, and functional fitness in older women (45-80 years): A systematic review (2010-2020). WOMEN 2021; 1:143-168. [PMID: 35702064 PMCID: PMC9191851 DOI: 10.3390/women1030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As women age, they typically experience a progressive decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength, which can lead to a decline in functional fitness and quality of life. Resistance training (RT) has the potential to attenuate these losses. Although well established for men, evidence regarding the benefits of RT for women is sparse and inconsistent: prior reviews include too few studies with women and do not adequately examine the interactive or additive impacts of workload, modalities, and nutritional supplements on outcomes such as muscle mass (MM), body composition (BC), muscle strength (MS), and functional fitness (FF). The purpose of this review is to identify these gaps. Thirty-eight papers published between 2010 and 2020 (in English) represent 2519 subjects (mean age = 66.89 ± 4.91 years). Intervention averages include 2 to 3 × 50 min sessions across 15 weeks with 7 exercises per session and 11 repetitions per set. Twelve studies (32%) examined the impact of RT plus dietary manipulation. MM, MS, and FF showed positive changes after RT. Adding RT to fitness regimens for peri- to postmenopausal women is likely to have positive benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda B Ransdell
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - Heidi A Wayment
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Nanette Lopez
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Cori Lorts
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Anna L Schwartz
- School of Nursing, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Karen Pugliesi
- Department of Sociology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Patricia S Pohl
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Dierdra Bycura
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Ricky Camplain
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
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18
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Naimo MA, Varanoske AN, Hughes JM, Pasiakos SM. Skeletal Muscle Quality: A Biomarker for Assessing Physical Performance Capabilities in Young Populations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706699. [PMID: 34421645 PMCID: PMC8376973 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle quality (MQ), defined as the amount of strength and/or power per unit of muscle mass, is a novel index of functional capacity that is increasingly relied upon as a critical biomarker of muscle health in low functioning aging and pathophysiological adult populations. Understanding the phenotypical attributes of MQ and how to use it as an assessment tool to explore the efficacy of resistance exercise training interventions that prioritize functional enhancement over increases in muscle size may have implications for populations beyond compromised adults, including healthy young adults who routinely perform physically demanding tasks for competitive or occupational purposes. However, MQ has received far less attention in healthy young populations than it has in compromised adults. Researchers and practitioners continue to rely upon static measures of lean mass or isolated measures of strength and power, rather than using MQ, to assess integrated functional responses to resistance exercise training and physical stress. Therefore, this review will critically examine MQ and the evidence base to establish this metric as a practical and important biomarker for functional capacity and performance in healthy, young populations. Interventions that enhance MQ, such as high-intensity stretch shortening contraction resistance exercise training, will be highlighted. Finally, we will explore the potential to leverage MQ as a practical assessment tool to evaluate function and enhance performance in young populations in non-traditional research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Naimo
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
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19
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Polito MD, Papst RR, Farinatti P. Moderators of strength gains and hypertrophy in resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2189-2198. [PMID: 33977848 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1924978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis investigated the role of resistance training (RT) moderators on strength and muscle mass gains in untrained young (YG) and older (OG) adults. Electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials simultaneously assessing muscle strength and mass. Effect sizes (ES) reflecting improvements in strength and muscle mass were found for all moderators in YG and OG (ES 0.25- to 1.72;p < 0.05), excepting muscle mass in YG after RT was performed with <3 sets/exercise. Strength gains (p < 0.001) were greater in non-periodised vs. periodised RT in YG (ES 1.72 vs. 1.05) and OG (1.40 vs. 0.74). ES in OG was greater (p < 0.04) when RT included non-failure vs. failure repetitions (1.35 vs. 0.96), 3 vs. >3 sets/exercise (1.30 vs. 0.90), ≥3 vs. <3 days/week (1.70 vs. 0.78), and ≥12 vs. <12 weeks (1.48 vs. 0.92). Amoderating effect of RT factors on muscle mass was not detected in YG, while greater ES was found in OG for RT with ≥3 vs. <3 days/week (0.50 vs. 0.25). Concluding, different combinations of RT factors improved strength and muscle mass in YG and OG. In OG, this was favoured by greater frequency and duration, although hampered by excessive volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos D Polito
- Physical Education Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Rafael R Papst
- Physical Education Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Physical Activity Sciences, Salgado de Oliveira University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Hudson JL, Cotter M, Herndon DN, Wolfe RR, Børsheim E. Comparison of Arterial-Venous Balance and Tracer Incorporation Methods for Measuring Muscle Fractional Synthesis and Fractional Breakdown Rates. J Burn Care Res 2021; 43:156-162. [PMID: 33908606 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss of muscle mass in response to injury or immobilization impairs functional capacity and metabolic health, thus hindering rehabilitation. Stable isotope techniques are powerful in determining skeletal muscle protein fluxes. Traditional tracer incorporation methods to measure muscle protein synthesis and breakdown are cumbersome and invasive to perform in vulnerable populations such as children. To circumvent these issues, a two-bolus stable isotope amino acid method has been developed; although, measured rates of protein synthesis and breakdown have not been validated simultaneously against an accepted technique such as the arterial-venous balance method. The purpose of the current analysis was to provide preliminary data from the simultaneous determination of the arteriovenous balance and two-bolus tracer incorporation methods on muscle fractional synthesis and breakdown rates in children with burns. Five were administered a primed-constant infusion of L-[ 15N]Threonine for 180 minutes (Prime: 8 µmol/kg; constant: 0.1 µmol·kg -1·min -1). At 120 and 150 minutes, bolus injections of L-[ring- 13C6]Phenylalanine and L-[ 15N]Phenylalanine (50 µmol/kg each) were administered, respectively. Blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to assess mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown rates. The preliminary results from this study indicate there is no difference in either fractional synthesis rate (mean ± SD; arteriovenous balance: 0.19 ± 0.17 %/h; tracer incorporation: 0.14 ± 0.08 %/h; P = 0.42) or fractional breakdown rate (arteriovenous balance: 0.29 ± 0.22 %/h; tracer incorporation: 0.23 ± 0.14 %/h; P = 0.84) between methods. These data support the validity of both methods in quantifying muscle amino acid kinetics; however, the results are limited and adequately powered research is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hudson
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Matthew Cotter
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR
| | - David N Herndon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Reynolds Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.,Reynolds Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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21
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Morgan PT, Harris DO, Marshall RN, Quinlan JI, Edwards SJ, Allen SL, Breen L. Protein Source and Quality for Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr 2021; 151:1901-1920. [PMID: 33851213 PMCID: PMC8245874 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is much debate regarding the source/quality of dietary proteins in supporting indices of skeletal muscle anabolism. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of protein source/quality on acute muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and changes in lean body mass (LBM) and strength, when combined with resistance exercise (RE). METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify studies that compared the effects of ≥2 dose-matched, predominantly isolated protein sources of varying "quality." Three separate models were employed as follows: 1) protein feeding alone on MPS, 2) protein feeding combined with a bout of RE on MPS, and 3) protein feeding combined with longer-term resistance exercise training (RET) on LBM and strength. Further subgroup analyses were performed to compare the effects of protein source/quality between young and older adults. A total of 27 studies in young (18-35 y) and older (≥60 y) adults were included. RESULTS Analysis revealed an effect favoring higher-quality protein for postprandial MPS at rest [mean difference (MD): 0.014%/h; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.021; P < 0.001] and following RE (MD: 0.022%/h; 95% CI: 0.014, 0.030; P < 0.00001) in young (model 1: 0.016%/h; 95% CI: -0.004, 0.036; P = 0.12; model 2: 0.030%/h; 95% CI: 0.015, 0.045; P < 0.0001) and older (model 1: 0.012%/h; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.018; P < 0.001; model 2: 0.014%/h; 95% CI: 0.007, 0.021; P < 0.001) adults. However, although higher protein quality was associated with superior strength gains with RET [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.24 kg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.45; P = 0.03)], no effect was observed on changes to LBM (SMD: 0.05 kg; 95% CI: -0.16, 0.25; P = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS The current review suggests that protein quality may provide a small but significant impact on indices of muscle protein anabolism in young and older adults. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the importance of protein source/quality on musculoskeletal aging, particularly in situations of low protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dane O Harris
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ryan N Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan I Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie J Edwards
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie L Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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22
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Hackett DA, Mitchell L, Clarke JL, Hagstrom AD, Keogh J, McLellan C. Relationship between echocardiogram and physical parameters in experienced resistance trainers: a pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:1290-1300. [PMID: 33269882 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A paucity of research exists concerning physiological factors influencing heart structure and function in strength athletes. This pilot study investigated whether body composition and muscle performance are associated with indices of cardiac structure and function in experienced resistance trainers. METHODS A cross-sectional study designed was employed to address the study aim. Seventeen males (median age 33.0 years) and eight females (median age 32.5 years) with backgrounds in bodybuilding and powerlifting participated in this study. Muscle performance, body composition and echocardiographic measures were performed. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to examine differences between males and females. Spearman's Rho partial correlation analyses (adjusting for sex) were conducted to examine relationships between physical and echocardiogram parameters. RESULTS Moderate to strong positive correlations were found between fat-free mass and aortic root, right ventricular internal dimension, interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, left atrium area, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and left ventricular end-systolic volume (r: 0.43-0.76, P≤0.03). Moderate to strong positive correlations were found between leg press 1RM and aortic root, left ventricular internal dimension diastole, left atrium area, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and left ventricular end-systolic volume (r: 0.49-0.67, P≤0.02). CONCLUSIONS Resistance trainers with greater fat-free mass and lower body strength appear to have larger cardiac structures. Changes in heart size and function are likely to result from long-term strenuous resistance training. Due to the suspected prevalence of performance enhancing drug use among powerlifters and bodybuilders, care is required to rule out pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Exercise, Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia -
| | - Lachlan Mitchell
- National Nutrition Surveillance Center, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jillian L Clarke
- Exercise, Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Amanda D Hagstrom
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Center New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia.,Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chris McLellan
- School of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
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