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Ashcraft LE, Cabrera KI, Lane-Fall MB, South EC. Leveraging Implementation Science to Advance Environmental Justice Research and Achieve Health Equity through Neighborhood and Policy Interventions. Annu Rev Public Health 2024; 45:89-108. [PMID: 38166499 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060222-033003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Environmental justice research is increasingly focused on community-engaged, participatory investigations that test interventions to improve health. Such research is primed for the use of implementation science-informed approaches to optimize the uptake and use of interventions proven to be effective. This review identifies synergies between implementation science and environmental justice with the goal of advancing both disciplines. Specifically, the article synthesizes the literature on neighborhood-, community-, and policy-level interventions in environmental health that address underlying structural determinants (e.g., structural racism) and social determinants of health. Opportunities to facilitate and scale the equitable implementation of evidence-based environmental health interventions are highlighted, using urban greening as an illustrative example. An environmental justice-focused version of the implementation science subway is provided, which highlights these principles: Remember and Reflect, Restore and Reclaim, and Reinvest. The review concludes with existing gaps and future directions to advance the science of implementation to promote environmental justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ellen Ashcraft
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Keven I Cabrera
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Urban Health Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan B Lane-Fall
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Implementation Science Center (PISCE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eugenia C South
- Urban Health Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Santoro N, Singer DM, Mulvey BK, Halasa K, Teutsch N, Shedleski A, Wood M. Neighborhood-scale lead (Pb) speciation in Akron, Ohio (USA) soils: primary sources, post-deposition diagenesis, and high concentrations of labile Pb. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:164. [PMID: 38592563 PMCID: PMC11003916 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) poses a significant risk to infants and children through exposure to contaminated soil and dust. However, there is a lack of information on Pb speciation and distribution at the neighborhood-scale. This work aimed to determine: (1) the distribution of acid-extractable (labile) Pb and other metals ([M]AE) in two neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio (USA) (Summit Lake and West Akron; n = 82 samples); and (2) Pb speciation and potential sources. Total metal concentration ([M]T) and [M]AE was strongly correlated for Pb and Zn (R2 of 0.66 and 0.55, respectively), corresponding to 35% and 33% acid-extractability. Lead and Zn exhibited a strong positive correlation with each other (R2 = 0.56 for MT and 0.68 for MAE). Three types of Pb-bearing phases were observed by electron microscopy: (1) galena (PbS)-like (5-10 μm); (2) paint chip residuals (10-20 μm); and (3) Pb-bearing Fe-oxides (20 μm). Isotope ratio values for PbAE were 1.159 to 1.245 for 206Pb/207Pb, and 1.999 to 2.098 for 208Pb/206Pb, and there was a statistically significant difference between the two neighborhoods (p = 0.010 for 206Pb/207Pb and p = 0.009 for 208Pb/206Pb). Paint and petrol are the dominant sources of Pb, with some from coal and fly ash. Lead speciation and distribution is variable and reflects a complex relationship between the input of primary sources and post-deposition transformations. This work highlights the importance of community science collaborations to expand the reach of soil sampling and establish areas most at risk based on neighborhood-dependent Pb speciation and distribution for targeted remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Santoro
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - David M Singer
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
| | - Bridget K Mulvey
- School of Teaching, Learning and Curriculum Studies, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | | | - Nadya Teutsch
- Geochemistry and Environmental Geology Division, Geological Survey of Israel, 9692100, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Allie Shedleski
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Madison Wood
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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Yang C, Hayhow C, Jackman E, Andrews D, Brabander D. Municipal Compost Public Health, Waste Management, and Urban Agriculture: A Decadal Study of Fugitive Pb in City of Boston, Massachusetts, USA. GEOHEALTH 2024; 8:e2023GH000810. [PMID: 38449815 PMCID: PMC10916439 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Compostable materials constitute roughly half of waste generated globally, but only 5% of waste is actually processed through composting, suggesting that expanding compost programs may be an effective way to process waste. Compostable waste, if properly collected and processed, has value-added end use options including: residential and park landscaping, remediation of brownfield sites, and as growing media in urban agriculture (UA). Since 2001, our lab has partnered with The Food Project, a non-profit focused on youth leadership development through urban farming. From 2006 to 2022 we collected compost materials that were delivered to the farm from a variety of local sources and analyzed a suite of biogeochemical properties including lead (Pb) concentrations, organic carbon, and grain size distribution. Pb concentrations of Boston's municipal compost always exceeded the current City of San Francisco soil and compost purchase standard (80 μg/g). In 2012 Boston's composting program was halted when it exceeded the 400 μg/g Environmental Protection Agency's Pb in soil benchmark. Urban Pb is geomobile and must be managed to minimize resuspension and transport of fines whose Pb concentration is often elevated compared to bulk compost. Consequently, urban farmers have to source lower Pb compost from suburban suppliers at significantly greater cost. Over a 15 year period and through several city vendor contracts, Pb concentrations in municipal compost remain at levels that warrant continued surveillance and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansie Yang
- Department of Environmental StudiesWellesley CollegeWellesleyMAUSA
- Now at Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Claire Hayhow
- Department of GeosciencesWellesley CollegeWellesleyMAUSA
- Now at Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Emma Jackman
- Department of GeosciencesWellesley CollegeWellesleyMAUSA
| | | | - Daniel Brabander
- Department of Environmental StudiesWellesley CollegeWellesleyMAUSA
- Department of GeosciencesWellesley CollegeWellesleyMAUSA
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Lalwani P, King DE, Morton KS, Rivera NA, Huayta J, Hsu-Kim H, Meyer JN. Increased cytotoxicity of Pb 2+ with co-exposures to a mitochondrial uncoupler and mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1743-1751. [PMID: 37503664 PMCID: PMC10681630 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00188a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) is an important developmental toxicant. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) imports calcium ions using the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and also appears to mediate the influx of Pb2+ into the mitochondria. Since our environment contains mixtures of toxic agents, it is important to consider multi-chemical exposures. To begin to develop generalizable, predictive models of interactive toxicity, we developed mechanism-based hypotheses about interactive effects of Pb2+ with other chemicals. To test these hypotheses, we exposed HepG2 (human liver) cells to Pb2+ alone and in mixtures with other mitochondria-damaging chemicals: carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), a mitochondrial uncoupler that reduces MMP, and Ruthenium Red (RuRed), a dye that inhibits the MCU. After 24 hours, Pb2+ alone, the mixture of Pb2+ and RuRed, and the mixture of Pb2+ and FCCP caused no decrease in cell viability. However, the combination of all three exposures led to a significant decrease in cell viability at higher Pb2+ concentrations. After 48 hours, the co-exposure to elevated Pb2+ concentrations and FCCP caused a significant decrease in cell viability, and the mixture of all three showed a clear dose-response curve with significant decreases in cell viability across a range of Pb2+ concentrations. We performed ICP-MS analyses on isolated mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions and found no differences in Pb2+ uptake across exposure groups, ruling out altered cellular uptake as the mechanism for interactive toxicity. We assessed MMP following exposure and observed a decrease in membrane potential that corresponds to loss of cell viability but is likely not sufficient to be the causative mechanistic driver of cell death. This research provides a mechanistically-based framework for understanding Pb2+ toxicity in mixtures with mitochondrial toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Lalwani
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, A354 LSRC Building, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Dillon E King
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, A354 LSRC Building, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Katherine S Morton
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, A354 LSRC Building, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | - Javier Huayta
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, A354 LSRC Building, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, A354 LSRC Building, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Casey JA, Daouda M, Babadi RS, Do V, Flores NM, Berzansky I, González DJ, Van Horne YO, James-Todd T. Methods in Public Health Environmental Justice Research: a Scoping Review from 2018 to 2021. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023; 10:312-336. [PMID: 37581863 PMCID: PMC10504232 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The volume of public health environmental justice (EJ) research produced by academic institutions increased through 2022. However, the methods used for evaluating EJ in exposure science and epidemiologic studies have not been catalogued. Here, we completed a scoping review of EJ studies published in 19 environmental science and epidemiologic journals from 2018 to 2021 to summarize research types, frameworks, and methods. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 402 articles that included populations with health disparities as a part of EJ research question and met other inclusion criteria. Most studies (60%) evaluated EJ questions related to socioeconomic status (SES) or race/ethnicity. EJ studies took place in 69 countries, led by the US (n = 246 [61%]). Only 50% of studies explicitly described a theoretical EJ framework in the background, methods, or discussion and just 10% explicitly stated a framework in all three sections. Among exposure studies, the most common area-level exposure was air pollution (40%), whereas chemicals predominated personal exposure studies (35%). Overall, the most common method used for exposure-only EJ analyses was main effect regression modeling (50%); for epidemiologic studies the most common method was effect modification (58%), where an analysis evaluated a health disparity variable as an effect modifier. Based on the results of this scoping review, current methods in public health EJ studies could be bolstered by integrating expertise from other fields (e.g., sociology), conducting community-based participatory research and intervention studies, and using more rigorous, theory-based, and solution-oriented statistical research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A. Casey
- University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA USA
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Misbath Daouda
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Ryan S. Babadi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Vivian Do
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Nina M. Flores
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Isa Berzansky
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - David J.X. González
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Tamarra James-Todd
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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Payne-Sturges DC, Taiwo TK, Ellickson K, Mullen H, Tchangalova N, Anderko L, Chen A, Swanson M. Disparities in Toxic Chemical Exposures and Associated Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Scoping Review and Systematic Evidence Map of the Epidemiological Literature. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:96001. [PMID: 37754677 PMCID: PMC10525348 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are routinely exposed to chemicals known or suspected of harming brain development. Targeting Environmental Neuro-Development Risks (Project TENDR), an alliance of > 50 leading scientists, health professionals, and advocates, is working to protect children from these toxic chemicals and pollutants, especially the disproportionate exposures experienced by children from families with low incomes and families of color. OBJECTIVE This scoping review was initiated to map existing literature on disparities in neurodevelopmental outcomes for U.S. children from population groups who have been historically economically/socially marginalized and exposed to seven exemplar neurotoxicants: combustion-related air pollution (AP), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), organophosphate pesticides (OPs), phthalates (Phth), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). METHODS Systematic literature searches for the seven exemplar chemicals, informed by the Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome (PECO) framework, were conducted through 18 November 2022, using PubMed, CINAHL Plus (EBSCO), GreenFILE (EBSCO), and Web of Science sources. We examined these studies regarding authors' conceptualization and operationalization of race, ethnicity, and other indicators of sociodemographic and socioeconomic disadvantage; whether studies presented data on exposure and outcome disparities and the patterns of those disparities; and the evidence of effect modification by or interaction with race and ethnicity. RESULTS Two hundred twelve individual studies met the search criteria and were reviewed, resulting in 218 studies or investigations being included in this review. AP and Pb were the most commonly studied exposures. The most frequently identified neurodevelopmental outcomes were cognitive and behavioral/psychological. Approximately a third (74 studies) reported investigations of interactions or effect modification with 69% (51 of 74 studies) reporting the presence of interactions or effect modification. However, less than half of the studies presented data on disparities in the outcome or the exposure, and fewer conducted formal tests of heterogeneity. Ninety-two percent of the 165 articles that examined race and ethnicity did not provide an explanation of their constructs for these variables, creating an incomplete picture. DISCUSSION As a whole, the studies we reviewed indicated a complex story about how racial and ethnic minority and low-income children may be disproportionately harmed by exposures to neurotoxicants, and this has implications for targeting interventions, policy change, and other necessary investments to eliminate these health disparities. We provide recommendations on improving environmental epidemiological studies on environmental health disparities. To achieve environmental justice and health equity, we recommend concomitant strategies to eradicate both neurotoxic chemical exposures and systems that perpetuate social inequities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11750.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristie Ellickson
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haley Mullen
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Laura Anderko
- M. Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tan SW, Cohen SG, Wilson MA, Johnson TP, Ivers JA. Lead Poisoning From Home-Prepared Indian Spices in 3 Families. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2023; 62:824-829. [PMID: 36660959 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221150158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Spice consumption, along with other environmental factors, can contribute to pediatric lead poisoning. Although public health efforts have increased awareness of contamination of spices, false assumptions regarding the safety of home-prepared spices have emerged. Here, we present the clinical features, family beliefs, and environmental toxicology of 3 spice-associated pediatric lead poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirlee W Tan
- Department of Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon G Cohen
- Department of Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matt A Wilson
- Department of Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tory P Johnson
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica A Ivers
- Department of Pediatrics, Polyclinic, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Talayero MJ, Robbins CR, Smith ER, Santos-Burgoa C. The association between lead exposure and crime: A systematic review. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002177. [PMID: 37527230 PMCID: PMC10393136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated an association between lead exposure and criminal behavior at the population-level, however studies exploring the effect of lead exposure on criminal behavior at the individual-level have not been reviewed systematically. The intent of this study is to complete a systematic review of all studies assessing individual-level exposures to lead and the outcomes of crime and antisocial behavior traits. We included peer reviewed studies that were published prior to August 2022 and were classified as cohort, cross-sectional, or case-control. Studies measuring the outcomes of crime, delinquency, violence, or aggression were included. The following databases were searched using a standardized search strategy: ProQuest Environmental Science Database, PubMed, ToxNet and the Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Seventeen manuscripts met our inclusion criteria. Blood lead was measured in 12 studies, bone lead in 3 studies, and dentine lead levels in 2 studies. This systematic review identified a wide range of diverse outcomes between exposure to lead at multiple windows of development and later delinquent, criminal and antisocial behavior. A review of all potential confounding variables included within each study was made, with inclusion of relevant confounders into the risk of bias tool. There is limited data at the individual level on the effects of prenatal, childhood, and adolescent lead exposure and later criminal behavior and more evidence is necessary to evaluate the magnitude of the associations seen in this review. Our review, in conjunction with the available biological evidence, suggests that an excess risk for criminal behavior in adulthood exists when an individual is exposed to lead in utero or in the early years of childhood. The authors report no conflict of interest and no funding source. Clinical trial registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42021268379.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Talayero
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - C Rebecca Robbins
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Emily R Smith
- Department of Global Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Carlos Santos-Burgoa
- Department of Global Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Balza JS, Bikomeye JC, Beyer KMM, Rublee C, Flynn KE. Elevated blood lead levels of refugee children in the United States: a systematic review of recent literature (2011-2021). REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:361-383. [PMID: 35443103 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lead is an environmental hazard; even small elevations in blood lead level can cause serious negative health effects in children, including irreversible impacts such as learning difficulties, attention disorders, and behavioral issues. Previous research has shown that some groups are at higher risk for lead poisoning including racial/ethnic minorities, those with low economic status, and immigrants, especially refugees. This systematic review explores recent literature studying disparities in lead poisoning in refugee children. Search terms were chosen with the assistance of a medical librarian, and two independent reviewers assessed articles using a PICOS criteria (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study Design) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRIMSA-P) guidelines, a set of evidence-based minimum standards for reporting in systematic reviews. 321 article titles were reviewed, 61 abstracts screened, and 17 methods sections reviewed, ultimately including 13 studies. The studies found a high prevalence of elevated blood lead level among refugee populations when compared to reference populations. Both pre-migration and post-migration factors were identified as contributors to the disparity, and associations were identified between elevated blood lead levels and factors such as country of origin, age, and other health variables. Health providers and resettlement workers should be aware of these disparities and related factors. Testing, care, education and consistent follow-up should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Balza
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jean C Bikomeye
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kirsten M M Beyer
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin Rublee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kathryn E Flynn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Del Rio M, Rodriguez C, Alvarado Navarro E, Wekumbura C, Galkaduwa MB, Hettiarachchi GM, Sobin C. Stability of blood lead levels in children with low-level lead absorption. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287406. [PMID: 37352317 PMCID: PMC10289421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Current child blood lead (Pb) screening guidelines assume that blood lead levels (BLLs) are relatively stable over time, and that only youngest children are vulnerable to the damaging effects of lower-range BLLs. This study aimed to test the stability of lower-range (≤ 10 μg/dL) child BLLs over time, and whether lower-range BLLs diminished with age among children aged 6 months to 16 years living in a lower-income neighborhood with a density of pre-1986 housing and legacy contamination. Age, sex, family income, age of residence, and/or residence proximity to point sources of Pb, were tested as potential additional factors. Capillary blood samples from 193 children were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Multiple imputation was used to simulate missing data for 3 blood tests for each child. Integrated Growth Curve models with Test Wave as a random effect were used to test BLL variability over time. Among N = 193 children tested, at Time 1 testing, 8.7% had the BLLs ≥ 5 μg/dL (CDC "elevated" BLL reference value at the time of data collection) and 16.8% had BLLs ≥ 3.5 μg/dL (2021 CDC "elevated" BLL reference value). Modeling with time as a random effect showed that the variability of BLLs were attributable to changes within children. Moreover, time was not a significant predictor of child BLLs over 18 months. A sex by age interaction suggested that BLLs diminished with age only among males. Of the additional environmental factors tested, only proximity to a major source of industrial or vehicle exhaust pollution predicted child BLL variability, and was associated with a small, but significant BLL increase (0.22 μg/dL). These findings suggest that one or two BLL tests for only infants or toddlers are insufficient for identifying children with Pb poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Del Rio
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christina Rodriguez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Alvarado Navarro
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chandima Wekumbura
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Madhubhashini B. Galkaduwa
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Kansas Department of Agriculture Laboratory, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ganga M. Hettiarachchi
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Christina Sobin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
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Howarth MV, Eiser AR. Environmentally Mediated Health Disparities. Am J Med 2023; 136:518-522. [PMID: 36828212 PMCID: PMC10213113 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe important settings where environmental exposure leads to disease disparities. Lead exposure in urban settings disproportionately impacts the urban Black poor. Native Americans have been forcibly relocated to areas of the West that have arsenic-contaminated groundwater or exposure to radionuclides near mines and nuclear development. Latino farm workers are disproportionately exposed to pesticides and herbicides. These chemicals are associated with cancer, neuropsychiatric disorders, renal failure, and respiratory disorders. The rural poor, both white and of color, are disproportionately impacted by hydraulic fracturing, exposing residents to volatile organic compounds such as toluene and benzene and heavy metals such as lead and arsenic. The urban and rural poor are both exposed to air pollution that significantly impact health. Short- and long-term ambient air pollution exposure has been associated with all-cause cardiovascular disease, stroke, blood pressure, and ischemic heart disease. Cancer due to air pollution has disproportionately impacted poor communities like "Cancer Alley" where numerous industrial sources are geographically clustered. Understanding local environmental hazards and available resources to address them can enhance the quality of medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn V Howarth
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Arnold R Eiser
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
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12
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Jenson TE, Bakulski KM, Wesp L, Dookeran K, Driscoll I, Kalkbrenner AE. Racialized experience, biomarkers of lead exposure, and later-life cognition: a mediation analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.22.23288920. [PMID: 37163072 PMCID: PMC10168513 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.22.23288920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the role of the neurotoxicant lead (Pb) in mediating racial disparities in later-life cognition in 1,085 non-Hispanic Black and 2,839 non-Hispanic white participants in NHANES (1999-2002, 2011-2014) 60+ years of age. We operationalized Black race as a marker for the experience of racialization and exposure to systemic racism. We estimated patella bone Pb via predictive models using blood Pb and demographics. Concurrent cognition (processing speed, sustained attention, working memory) was measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and a global measure combining four cognitive tests. To obtain the portion mediated, we used regression coefficients (race on Pb * Pb on cognitive score)/(race on cognitive score), adjusting for age, NHANES cycle, and sample weights. Other confounder adjustment (education, poverty income ratio, smoking) was limited to the mediator-outcome (i.e., Pb-cognition) pathway because these factors do not lie upstream of race and so cannot confound associations with race. Pb was estimated to mediate 0.6% of the association between race and global cognition, and 4% of the DSST. Our results suggest that later-life cognitive health disparities may be impacted by avoidable lead exposure driven by environmental injustice, noting that a large proportion of the pathway of systemic racism harming cognition remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E. Jenson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kelly M. Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linda Wesp
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Keith Dookeran
- Department of Epidemiology, Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ira Driscoll
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy E. Kalkbrenner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Liu TL, Chou SH, Murphy S, Kowalkowski M, Taylor YJ, Hole C, Sitammagari K, Priem JS, McWilliams A. Evaluating Racial/Ethnic Differences in Care Escalation Among COVID-19 Patients in a Home-Based Hospital. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:817-825. [PMID: 35257312 PMCID: PMC8900643 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected over 414 million people worldwide with 5.8 million deaths, as of February 2022. Telemedicine-based interventions to expand healthcare systems' capacity and reduce infection risk have rapidly increased during the pandemic, despite concerns regarding equitable access. Atrium Health Hospital at Home (AH-HaH) is a home-based program that provides advanced, hospital-level medical care and monitoring for patients who would otherwise be hospitalized in a traditional setting. Our retrospective cohort study of positive COVID-19 patients who were admitted to AH-HaH aims to investigate whether the rate of care escalation from AH-HaH to traditional hospitalization differed based on patients' racial/ethnic backgrounds. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between care escalation within 14 days from index AH-HaH admission and race/ethnicity. We found approximately one in five patients receiving care for COVID-19 in AH-HaH required care escalation within 14 days. Odds of care escalation were not significantly different for Hispanic or non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites. However, secondary analyses showed that both Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black patients were younger and with fewer comorbidities than non-Hispanic Whites. The study highlights the need for new care models to vigilantly monitor for disparities, so that timely and tailored adaptations can be implemented for vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Ling Liu
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Atrium Health, 1300 Scott Ave, Charlotte, NC, 28204, USA.
| | - Shih-Hsiung Chou
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Atrium Health, 1300 Scott Ave, Charlotte, NC, 28204, USA
| | - Stephanie Murphy
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Marc Kowalkowski
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Atrium Health, 1300 Scott Ave, Charlotte, NC, 28204, USA
| | - Yhenneko J Taylor
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Atrium Health, 1300 Scott Ave, Charlotte, NC, 28204, USA
| | - Colleen Hole
- Population Health, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Kranthi Sitammagari
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer S Priem
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Atrium Health, 1300 Scott Ave, Charlotte, NC, 28204, USA
| | - Andrew McWilliams
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Atrium Health, 1300 Scott Ave, Charlotte, NC, 28204, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
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14
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Frndak S, Yan F, Edelson M, Immergluck LC, Kordas K, Idris MY, Dickinson-Copeland CM. Predicting Low-Level Childhood Lead Exposure in Metro Atlanta Using Ensemble Machine Learning of High-Resolution Raster Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4477. [PMID: 36901487 PMCID: PMC10002062 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low-level lead exposure in children is a major public health issue. Higher-resolution spatial targeting would significantly improve county and state-wide policies and programs for lead exposure prevention that generally intervene across large geographic areas. We use stack-ensemble machine learning, including an elastic net generalized linear model, gradient-boosted machine, and deep neural network, to predict the number of children with venous blood lead levels (BLLs) ≥2 to <5 µg/dL and ≥5 µg/dL in ~1 km2 raster cells in the metro Atlanta region using a sample of 92,792 children ≤5 years old screened between 2010 and 2018. Permutation-based predictor importance and partial dependence plots were used for interpretation. Maps of predicted vs. observed values were generated to compare model performance. According to the EPA Toxic Release Inventory for air-based toxic release facility density, the percentage of the population below the poverty threshold, crime, and road network density was positively associated with the number of children with low-level lead exposure, whereas the percentage of the white population was inversely associated. While predictions generally matched observed values, cells with high counts of lead exposure were underestimated. High-resolution geographic prediction of lead-exposed children using ensemble machine learning is a promising approach to enhance lead prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Frndak
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Fengxia Yan
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Mike Edelson
- Geographic Information Systems, InterDev, Roswell, GA 30076, USA
| | - Lilly Cheng Immergluck
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Muhammed Y. Idris
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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SOBIN CHRISTINA, GUTIéRREZ‐VEGA MARISELA, FLORES‐MONTOYA GISEL, RIO MICHELLEDEL, ALVAREZ JUANM, OBENG ALEXANDER, AVILA JALEEN, HETTIARACHCHI GANGA. Improving Equitability and Inclusion for Testing and Detection of Lead Poisoning in US Children. Milbank Q 2023; 101:48-73. [PMID: 36717973 PMCID: PMC10037693 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Child lead poisoning is associated with socioeconomic inequity and perpetuates health inequality. Methods for testing and detection of child lead poisoning are ill suited to the current demographics and characteristics of the problem. A three-pronged revision of current testing approaches is suggested. Employing the suggested revisions can immediately increase our national capacity for equitable, inclusive testing and detection. ABSTRACT: Child lead poisoning, the longest-standing child public health epidemic in US history, is associated with socioeconomic inequity and perpetuates health inequality. Removing lead from children's environments ("primary prevention") is and must remain the definitive solution for ending child lead poisoning. Until that goal can be realized, protecting children's health necessarily depends on the adequacy of our methods for testing and detection. Current methods for testing and detection, however, are no longer suited to the demographics and magnitude of the problem. We discuss the potential deployment and feasibility of a three-pronged revision of current practices including: 1) acceptance of capillary samples for final determination of lead poisoning, with electronic documentation of "clean" collection methods submitted by workers who complete simple Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-endorsed online training and certification for capillary sample collection; 2) new guidance specifying the analysis of capillary samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with documented limit of detection ≤0.2 μg/dL; and 3) adaptive "census tract-specific" universal testing and monitoring guidance for children from birth to 10 years of age. These testing modifications can bring child blood lead level (BLL) testing into homes and communities, immediately increasing our national capacity for inclusive and equitable detection and monitoring of dangerous lower-range BLLs in US children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - MICHELLE DEL RIO
- Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public HealthIndiana University
| | - JUAN M. ALVAREZ
- School of Public HealthUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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Ruckart PZ, Bove FJ, Dallas C. Evaluating the Effectiveness of State-Level Policies on Childhood Blood Lead Testing Rates. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2023; 29:241-249. [PMID: 36126217 PMCID: PMC9897268 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lead exposure can harm nearly every organ in the human body. Millions of US children are exposed to lead hazards. Identifying lead-exposed children using blood lead testing is essential for connecting them to appropriate follow-up services. However, blood lead testing is not consistently conducted for at-risk children. Thus, determining which policies help improve blood lead testing rates is essential. OBJECTIVE This analysis provides critical evidence to better understand which state-level policies are more effective at increasing childhood blood lead testing rates. These include metrics, incentives, other managed care organization guidance, provider guidelines, mandatory reporting of results to state health departments, data sharing between Medicaid and other state agencies, and proof of testing for school enrollment. DESIGN This analysis included 33 states with complete data on the number of children tested for blood lead in 2017-2018 as reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Linear regression modeling was conducted to examine associations between testing rates and the aforementioned policies. Fully adjusted models included percentages of the population living in pre-1980 housing, younger than 6 years with Medicaid coverage, and foreign-born. RESULTS Strongest unadjusted and adjusted regression coefficients were observed for requiring proof of testing for school enrollment (β = .12, P = .03) and metrics (β = .06, P = .01), respectively. CONCLUSION Policies associated with higher childhood blood lead testing rates can be used by policy makers; local, state, and federal public health agencies; professional organizations; nonprofit organizations; and others to inform development and implementation of additional policies to increase childhood blood lead testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perri Zeitz Ruckart
- Lead Poisoning Prevention and Surveillance Branch (proposed), Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Ruckart); Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Bove); Department of Health Policy & Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (Dr Dallas); Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia (Dr Dallas); and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Dallas)
| | - Frank J. Bove
- Lead Poisoning Prevention and Surveillance Branch (proposed), Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Ruckart); Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Bove); Department of Health Policy & Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (Dr Dallas); Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia (Dr Dallas); and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Dallas)
| | - Cham Dallas
- Lead Poisoning Prevention and Surveillance Branch (proposed), Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Ruckart); Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Bove); Department of Health Policy & Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (Dr Dallas); Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia (Dr Dallas); and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Dallas)
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17
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Listen to the Whispers before They Become Screams: Addressing Black Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030438. [PMID: 36767014 PMCID: PMC9914526 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Black women in the United States (U.S.) disproportionately experience adverse pregnancy outcomes, including maternal mortality, compared to women of other racial and ethnic groups. Historical legacies of institutionalized racism and bias in medicine compound this problem. The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on communities of color may further worsen existing racial disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality. This paper discusses structural and social determinants of racial disparities with a focus on the Black maternal mortality crisis in the United States. We explore how structural racism contributes to a greater risk of adverse obstetric outcomes among Black women in the U.S. We also propose public health, healthcare systems, and community-engaged approaches to decrease racial disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality.
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18
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Smith DR, Strupp BJ. Animal Models of Childhood Exposure to Lead or Manganese: Evidence for Impaired Attention, Impulse Control, and Affect Regulation and Assessment of Potential Therapies. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:3-21. [PMID: 36853434 PMCID: PMC10119373 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral disorders involving attention and impulse control dysfunction, such as ADHD, are among the most prevalent disorders in children and adolescents, with significant impact on their lives. The etiology of these disorders is not well understood, but is recognized to be multifactorial, with studies reporting associations with polygenic and environmental risk factors, including toxicant exposure. Environmental epidemiological studies, while good at establishing associations with a variety of environmental and genetic risk factors, cannot establish causality. Animal models of behavioral disorders, when properly designed, can play an essential role in establishing causal relationships between environmental risk factors and a disorder, as well as provide model systems for elucidating underlying neural mechanisms and testing therapies. Here, we review how animal model studies of developmental lead or manganese exposure have been pivotal in (1) establishing a causal relationship between developmental exposure and lasting dysfunction in the domains of attention, impulse control, and affect regulation, and (2) testing the efficacy of specific therapeutic approaches for alleviating the lasting deficits. The lead and manganese case studies illustrate how animal models can advance knowledge in ways that are not possible in human studies. For example, in contrast to the Treatment of Lead Poisoned Children (TLC) human clinical trial evaluating succimer chelation efficacy to improve cognitive functioning in lead-exposed children, our developmental lead exposure animal model showed that succimer chelation can produce lasting cognitive benefits if chelation sufficiently reduces brain lead levels. In addition, this study revealed that succimer treatment in the absence of lead exposure produces lasting cognitive dysfunction, highlighting potential risks of chelation in off-label uses, such as the treatment of autistic children without a history of lead exposure. Our animal model of developmental manganese exposure has demonstrated that manganese can cause lasting attentional and sensorimotor deficits, akin to an ADHD-inattentive behavioral phenotype, thereby providing insights into the role of environmental exposures as contributors to ADHD. These studies have also shown that oral methylphenidate (Ritalin) can fully alleviate the deficits produced by early developmental Mn exposure. Future work should continue to focus on the development and use of animal models that appropriately recapitulate the complex behavioral phenotypes of behavioral disorders, in order to determine the mechanistic basis for the behavioral deficits caused by developmental exposure to environmental toxicants, and the efficacy of existing and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Barbara J Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Pan K, Tu R, Cai Z, Huang Y, Zhang C. Association of blood lead with estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in 8-19-year-old children and adolescents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1096659. [PMID: 36843598 PMCID: PMC9944751 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1096659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metals can interfere with hormonal functioning through indirect mechanisms and by binding at the receptor site; thus, they may be associated with hormonal changes. However, there have been few studies on the health impact of metal exposure among children and adolescents. Thus, we aimed to examine the associations of blood lead level (BLL) with estradiol (E2) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) among children and adolescents aged 8-19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. METHODS This was a cohort study of 2188 individuals from the NHANES. BLL was taken as independent variables, E2 and SHBG as dependent variable. We conducted weighted multivariate linear regression models and smooth curve fittings to evaluate the association between them. RESULTS The BLL was significantly positively associated with serum SHBG level in females, especially when the LnBLL quartiles are between Q3 and Q4. There was an inverted U-shaped association between BLL and E2 with the point of inflection at 1.86 μg/L and a U-shaped association between BLL and SHBG with the point of inflection at 1.86 μg/L in female adolescents aged 16-19 years. Meanwhile, In males, there was a positive trend of correlation between BLL and E2 in the 8-11 years, and 16-19 years groups. CONCLUSIONS This study found an inverted U-shaped association of BLL with E2 and a U-shaped association between BLL and SHBG in female adolescents aged 16-19 years. This indicates that adjusting blood lead exposure to mitigate the effects of lead on growth and development is important for adolescents aged 16-19 years. Controlling the BLL below 1.86 μg/L may minimize the damage to E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Pan
- Department of Paediatrics, The First People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongliang Tu
- Department of Neonatology, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zixiu Cai
- Department of Paediatrics, The First People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingdan Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, The Second People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengyue Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Chengyue Zhang,
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20
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Zorena K, Jaskulak M, Michalska M, Mrugacz M, Vandenbulcke F. Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and the Risk of Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1908. [PMID: 36290631 PMCID: PMC9598917 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multiple studies focusing on environmental factors conducive to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), knowledge about the involvement of long-term exposure to air pollution seems insufficient. The main focus of epidemiological studies is placed on the relationship between exposure to various concentrations of particulate matter (PM): PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (O3), versus the risk of T1DM development. Although the specific molecular mechanism(s) behind the link between increased air pollution exposure and a higher risk of diabetes and metabolic dysfunction is yet unknown, available data indicate air pollution-induced inflammation and oxidative stress as a significant pathway. The purpose of this paper is to assess recent research examining the association between inhalation exposure to PM and associated metals and the increasing rates of T1DM worldwide. The development of modern and more adequate methods for air quality monitoring is also introduced. A particular emphasis on microsensors, mobile and autonomous measuring platforms, satellites, and innovative approaches of IoT, 5G connections, and Block chain technologies are also presented. Reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were used to search for relevant literature. Eligibility criteria involved recent publication years, particularly publications within the last five years (except for papers presenting a certain novelty or mechanism for the first time). Population, toxicological and epidemiological studies that focused particularly on fine and ultra-fine PM and associated ambient metals, were preferred, as well as full-text publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Jaskulak
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Michalska
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Mrugacz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement, Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, University Artois, YncreaHauts-de-France, ULR4515-LGCgE, F-59000 Lille, France
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21
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Redmon JH, Kondash AJ, Norman E, Johnson J, Levine K, McWilliams A, Napier M, Weber F, Stella L, Wood E, Jackson CLP, Mulhern R. Lead Levels in Tap Water at Licensed North Carolina Child Care Facilities, 2020-2021. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:S695-S705. [PMID: 36179303 PMCID: PMC9528649 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To evaluate lead levels in tap water at licensed North Carolina child care facilities. Methods. Between July 2020 and October 2021, we enrolled 4005 facilities in a grant-funded, participatory science testing program. We identified risk factors associated with elevated first-draw lead levels using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results. By sample (n = 22 943), 3% of tap water sources exceeded the 10 parts per billion (ppb) North Carolina hazard level, whereas 25% of tap water sources exceeded 1 ppb, the American Academy of Pediatrics' reference level. By facility, at least 1 tap water source exceeded 1 ppb and 10 ppb at 56% and 12% of facilities, respectively. Well water reliance was the largest risk factor, followed by participation in Head Start programs and building age. We observed large variability between tap water sources within the same facility. Conclusions. Tap water in child care facilities is a potential lead exposure source for children. Given variability among tap water sources, it is imperative to test every source used for drinking and cooking so appropriate action can be taken to protect children's health. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S7):S695-S705. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - A J Kondash
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Ed Norman
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Joseph Johnson
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Keith Levine
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Andrea McWilliams
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Melanie Napier
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Frank Weber
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Laurie Stella
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Erica Wood
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Crystal Lee Pow Jackson
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Riley Mulhern
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
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22
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Breysse PN, Cascio WE, Geller AM, Choiniere CJ, Ammon M. Targeting Coordinated Federal Efforts to Address Persistent Hazardous Exposures to Lead. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:S640-S646. [PMID: 36179299 PMCID: PMC9528644 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.306972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Breysse
- Patrick N. Breysse directs the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Wayne E. Cascio, Director of the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, and Andrew M. Geller are with the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Conrad J. Choiniere directs the Office of Analytics and Outreach, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Matthew Ammon directs the Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC
| | - Wayne E Cascio
- Patrick N. Breysse directs the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Wayne E. Cascio, Director of the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, and Andrew M. Geller are with the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Conrad J. Choiniere directs the Office of Analytics and Outreach, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Matthew Ammon directs the Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC
| | - Andrew M Geller
- Patrick N. Breysse directs the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Wayne E. Cascio, Director of the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, and Andrew M. Geller are with the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Conrad J. Choiniere directs the Office of Analytics and Outreach, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Matthew Ammon directs the Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC
| | - Conrad J Choiniere
- Patrick N. Breysse directs the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Wayne E. Cascio, Director of the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, and Andrew M. Geller are with the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Conrad J. Choiniere directs the Office of Analytics and Outreach, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Matthew Ammon directs the Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC
| | - Matthew Ammon
- Patrick N. Breysse directs the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Wayne E. Cascio, Director of the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, and Andrew M. Geller are with the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Conrad J. Choiniere directs the Office of Analytics and Outreach, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Matthew Ammon directs the Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC
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23
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Fischer KR, Walton E, Jasani GN. United States' Infrastructure Bill Contains Hidden $15 Billion Investment in Violence Prevention: Lead Abatement. Front Public Health 2022; 10:885460. [PMID: 35874975 PMCID: PMC9301236 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.885460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R. Fischer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Kyle R. Fischer
| | - Erin Walton
- Department of Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gregory N. Jasani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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24
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Dietrich M, O'Shea MJ, Gieré R, Krekeler MPS. Road sediment, an underutilized material in environmental science research: A review of perspectives on United States studies with international context. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128604. [PMID: 35306410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Road sediment is a pervasive environmental medium that acts as both source and sink for a variety of natural and anthropogenic particles and often is enriched in heavy metals. Road sediment is generally understudied in the United States (U.S.) relative to other environmental media and compared to countries such as China and the United Kingdom (U.K.). However, the U.S. is an ideal target for these studies due to the diverse climates and wealth of geochemical, socioeconomic, demographic, and health data. This review outlines the existing U.S. road sediment literature while also providing key international perspectives and context. Furthermore, the most comprehensive table of U.S. road sediment studies to date is presented, which includes elemental concentrations, sample size, size fraction, collection and analytical methods, as well as digestion procedure. Overall, there were observed differences in studies by sampling time period for elemental concentrations, but not necessarily by climate in the U.S. Other key concepts addressed in this road sediment review include the processes controlling its distribution, the variety of nomenclature used, anthropogenic enrichment of heavy metals, electron microscopy, health risk assessments, remediation, and future directions of road sediment investigations. Going forward, it is recommended that studies with a higher geographic diversity are performed that consider smaller cities and rural areas. Furthermore, environmental justice must be a focus as community science studies of road sediment can elucidate pollution issues impacting areas of high need. Finally, this review calls for consistency in sampling, data reporting, and nomenclature to effectively expand work on understudied elements, particles, and background sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dietrich
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael J O'Shea
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA
| | - Reto Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3616, USA
| | - Mark P S Krekeler
- Department of Geology & Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Miami University-Hamilton, Hamilton, OH 45011, USA.
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25
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Cardenas-Iniguez C, Burnor E, Herting MM. Neurotoxicants, the developing brain, and mental health. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:223-232. [PMID: 35911498 PMCID: PMC9337627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While life in urban environments may confer a number of benefits, it may also result in a variety of exposures, with toxic consequences for neurodevelopment and neuropsychological health. Neurotoxicants are any of a large number of chemicals or substances that interfere with normal function and/or compromise adaptation in the central and/or peripheral nervous system. Evidence suggests that neurotoxicant effects have a greater effect when occurring in utero and during early childhood. Recent findings exploring neural-level mechanisms provide a crucial opportunity to explore the ways in which environmental conditions may get “under the skin” to impact a number of psychological behaviors and cognitive processes, ultimately allowing for greater synergy between macro- and microlevel efforts to improve mental health in the presence of neurotoxicant exposures. In this review, we provide an overview of 3 types of neurotoxicants related to the built environment and relevant to brain development during childhood and adolescence: lead exposure, outdoor particulate matter pollution, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We also discuss mechanisms through which these neurotoxicants affect central nervous system function, including recent evidence from neuroimaging literature. Furthermore, we discuss neurotoxicants and mental health during development in the context of social determinants and how differences in the spatial distribution of neurotoxicant exposures result in health disparities that disproportionately affect low-income and minority populations. Multifaceted approaches incorporating social systems and their effect on neurotoxicant exposures and downstream mental health will be key to reduce societal costs and improve quality of life for children, adolescents, and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Address correspondence to Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez, Ph.D.
| | - Elisabeth Burnor
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Megan M. Herting
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Megan M. Herting, Ph.D.
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26
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Danziger J, Mukamal KJ. Levels of Lead in Residential Drinking Water and Iron Deficiency among Patients with End Stage Kidney Disease. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:1210-1216. [PMID: 35919526 PMCID: PMC9337891 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006852021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Although those with kidney disease may have heightened susceptibility to heavy metal toxicity, whether low levels of drinking water lead contamination have clinical consequence is unknown. Methods Given that lead toxicity is known to associate with iron deficiency, we merged data from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Safe Drinking Water Information and United States Renal Data Systems to examine whether municipal 90th percentile drinking water lead levels associate with iron deficiency among incident dialysis patients. Iron deficiency was defined across thresholds of transferrin saturation (<10% and 20%) and ferritin (<100 and <200 ng/ml), and simultaneous transferrin saturation <20% and ferritin <200 ng/ml, all obtained within 30 days of dialysis initiation. The average 90th percentile of drinking water lead samples per patient city of residence over a 5-year period before dialysis initiation was examined at the <1 μg/L level of detection, and at the 25th, 50th, and 100th percentile of the EPA's actionable level (15 μg/L). Results Among 143,754 incident ESKD patients, those in cities with drinking water lead contamination had 1.06 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.09), 1.06 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.10), and 1.07 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.11) higher adjusted odds of a transferrin saturation <20%, ferritin <200 ng/ml, and simultaneous transferrin saturation <20% and ferritin <200 ng/ml, respectively. These associations were apparent across the range of lead levels found commonly in the United States and were significantly greater among Black patients (multiplicative interaction P values between lead and race <0.05). Conclusions Even exposure to low levels of lead contamination, as commonly found in US drinking water, may have adverse hematologic consequence in patients with advanced kidney disease. These associations are particularly evident among Black people and, although consistent with other environmental injustices facing minorities in the United States, might reflect a greater susceptibility to lead intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Danziger
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth J. Mukamal
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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27
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Liu J, Portnoy J, Raine A, Gladieux M, McGarry P, Chen A. Blood lead levels mediate the relationship between social adversity and child externalizing behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112396. [PMID: 34801542 PMCID: PMC10117419 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The association between social adversity and externalizing behavioral problems in children is well-documented. What is much less researched are biological mechanisms that may mediate such relationships. This study examines the hypothesis that low blood lead mediates the relationship between social adversity and child externalizing behavior problems. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, participants were 131 children aged 11-12 years (mean = 11.90) from Philadelphia, US. A venous fasting blood sample was taken and analyzed for blood lead levels. A social adversity index was calculated based on 10 total indicators derived from a psychosocial interview of the parent and official neighborhood data, while child behavior outcomes (internalizing and externalizing behavior) were assessed using both parent-report and child self-report. RESULTS The mean blood lead level was 2.20 μg/dL. Both relatively higher blood lead levels and higher social adversity scores were associated with higher levels of parent-reported and child self-reported externalizing behaviors. Additionally, blood lead mediated the relationship between social adversity and child-reported externalizing behavior (Indirect effect: B = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.09) and partially mediated the relationship between social adversity and parent-reported externalizing behavior (Indirect Effect: B = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this study is the first to suggest that blood lead levels play a mediating role in the relationship between externalizing behavior problems and social adversity. Findings have potentially important implications for public health and environmental regulation as well as understanding biological mechanisms that link social inequality with health outcomes, especially in youth from low-income, urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing 418 Curie Blvd., Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Jill Portnoy
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, School of Criminology and Justice Studies, 113 Wilder Street, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Adrian Raine
- University of Pennsylvania, Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, 3718 Locust Walk, McNeil Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Margaret Gladieux
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing 418 Curie Blvd., Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Presley McGarry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, School of Criminology and Justice Studies, 113 Wilder Street, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Aimin Chen
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, 423 Guardian Drive, Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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28
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Caballero‐Gómez H, White HK, O’Shea MJ, Pepino R, Howarth M, Gieré R. Spatial Analysis and Lead-Risk Assessment of Philadelphia, USA. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2021GH000519. [PMID: 35340281 PMCID: PMC8934574 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Childhood lead poisoning is an issue that continues to plague major U.S. cities. Despite efforts by the Philadelphia Department of Public Health to curtail systemic childhood lead poisoning, children continue to be identified with elevated blood lead levels. The persistence of elevated blood lead levels in children is concerning because lead poisoning has been linked to decreases in academic achievement and IQ, with associated repercussions for entire communities. This paper reports the results of an analysis of the spatial distribution of houses with lead paint (i.e., pre-1978), demolitions, and occurrence of historic smelters, in West and North Philadelphia, relative to elevated blood lead level data, to determine which lead sources act as primary lead-risk factors. The presence of lead paint in homes and the number of demolitions of older properties were found to have the highest correlations to elevated blood lead levels for children in Philadelphia. Using lead-risk factors including lead paint, housing code violations, demolitions, and owner-occupied housing units, a lead-risk assessment was performed at the census tract level to identify future soil sampling sites and high-risk neighborhoods in Philadelphia. These sites of high risk for lead exposure, and in particular the census tracts 175 and 172, should be prioritized for lead poisoning prevention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Caballero‐Gómez
- Department of ChemistryHaverford CollegeHaverfordPAUSA
- Now at University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - H. K. White
- Department of ChemistryHaverford CollegeHaverfordPAUSA
| | - M. J. O’Shea
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - R. Pepino
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - M. Howarth
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - R. Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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29
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Early life lead exposure from private well water increases juvenile delinquency risk among US teens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2110694119. [PMID: 35101975 PMCID: PMC8832992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110694119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health agencies worldwide have determined that there is no safe level for children’s exposure to lead, a neurotoxin. This study shows that lead in drinking water from private wells is significantly associated with juvenile delinquency. Compared to children in homes with public water supplies, those relying on private wells have a 21% higher risk of any delinquency and a 38% increased risk of serious delinquency. The steepest increases in risk occur at the lowest exposure levels. The results highlight the need to prevent lead-leaching from well components, plumbing, and fixtures in the 13% of US households relying on private wells. They also suggest the need to decrease blood and environmental lead thresholds currently used to identify at-risk children. Early life exposure to environmental lead (Pb) has been linked to decreased IQ, behavior problems, lower lifetime earnings, and increased criminal activity. Beginning in the 1970s, limits on Pb in paint, gasoline, food cans, and regulated water utilities sharply curtailed US environmental Pb exposure. Nonetheless, hundreds of thousands of US children remain at risk. This study reports on how unregulated private well water is an underrecognized Pb exposure source that is associated with an increased risk of teenage juvenile delinquency. We build a longitudinal dataset linking blood Pb measurements for 13,580 children under age 6 to their drinking water source, individual- and neighborhood-level demographics, and reported juvenile delinquency records. We estimate how early life Pb exposure from private well water influences reported delinquency. On average, children in homes with unregulated private wells had 11% higher blood Pb than those with community water service. This higher blood Pb was significantly associated with reported delinquency. Compared to children with community water service, those relying on private wells had a 21% (95% CI: 5 to 40%) higher risk of being reported for any delinquency and a 38% (95% CI: 10 to 73%) increased risk of being reported for serious delinquency after age 14. These results suggest that there could be substantial but as-yet-unrecognized social benefits from intervention programs to prevent children’s exposure to Pb from private wells, on which 13% of the US population relies.
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30
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Gottesfeld P. Finding the Next Flint: The Need to Update the Blood Lead Reference Value. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:1746-1749. [PMID: 34499533 PMCID: PMC8561177 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Perry Gottesfeld
- Perry Gottesfeld is the Executive Director of Occupational Knowledge International, San Francisco, CA
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31
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Lead Pollution, Demographics, and Environmental Health Risks: The Case of Philadelphia, USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179055. [PMID: 34501644 PMCID: PMC8431549 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) soil contamination in urban environments represents a considerable health risk for exposed populations, which often include environmental justice communities. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (PA), Pb pollution is a major concern primarily due to extensive historical Pb-smelting/processing activity and legacy use of Pb-based paints and leaded gasoline. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) organized and/or compiled community-driven soil sampling campaigns to investigate Pb content in surface soils across Philadelphia. Using these data (n = 1277), combined with our own dataset (n = 1388), we explored the spatial distribution of Pb content in soils across the city using ArcGIS. While assessing Zone Improvement Plan (ZIP)-code level data, we found strong correlations between factors, such as the percentage of children with elevated blood lead levels (% EBLL) and % minority population as well as between % EBLL and % children in poverty. We developed a “Lead Index” that took demographics, median measured Pb-in-soil content, and % EBLLs into account to identify ZIP codes in need of further assessment. Our results will be used to help lower the Pb-exposure risk for vulnerable children living in disproportionately burdened communities.
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32
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Boyle J, Yeter D, Aschner M, Wheeler DC. Estimated IQ points and lifetime earnings lost to early childhood blood lead levels in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146307. [PMID: 34030355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is no safe detectable level of lead (Pb) in the blood of children. Blood lead levels (BLLs) at ages 6-24 months ≥2 μg/dL result in lost grade school intelligence quotient (IQ) points at ages 5-10 years. Black children continue to have the highest BLLs in the United States. Therefore, we examined currently undetermined racial/ethnic disparities in anticipated IQ points and associated lifetime earnings lost to early childhood blood lead. We conducted secondary analysis of infants with blood lead (in μg/dL) measured at ages 12-24 months by the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 1999 to 2010. Nationally-representative estimates were produced using weighted simulation model. A total of 1241 infants were included from the NHANES sample (52% male; mean [SD] age, 18.5 [3.5] months; 25% Black [non-Hispanic], 42% Hispanic [any race], 5% Other/Multiracial, and 29% White [non-Hispanic]) after excluding 811 without BLL determinations. For national outcomes, Black infants experienced approximately 46-55% greater average estimated loss of grade school IQ points from blood lead than Hispanic or White infants (-1.78 IQ points vs. -1.15 and -1.21 respectively) with similar disparities in costs to expected lifetime earnings (-$47,116 USD vs. -$30,393 and -$32,356 respectively). Our estimated nationwide costs of IQ points lost to BLLs during this 12-year period totaled $554 billion ($46.2 billion/year), in which blood lead <5 μg/dL accounted for 74% of this total burden. We report two aspects of the substantial national costs attributable to lead exposure in just the second year of life alone, which disproportionately impact predominately African-American Black infants from continuing legacies of environmental racism in lead exposure. Our findings underscore the remarkably high costs from recognized hazards of blood lead even at the lowest levels and the importance of primary prevention regarding childhood lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Boyle
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Deniz Yeter
- School of Nursing, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David C Wheeler
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Albores-Garcia D, McGlothan JL, Guilarte TR. Early-life lead exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 26:22-27. [PMID: 34013137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) exposure is a global public health problem of major proportion with an alarming number of children with blood Pb2+ levels > 10 >g/dL, twice the current CDC reference level for Pb2+ exposure. Mounting evidence from population-based studies suggests an association between chronic early life Pb2+ exposure (CELLE) and psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenia (SZ). Preclinical studies suggest a common mechanism in the pathophysiology of CELLE and SZ, NMDA receptor hypofunction. Here we describe human and experimental animal studies providing the evidence for such an association. Further, recent preclinical studies indicate that Pb2+-induced changes in neurotransmitter receptors that mediate the action(s) of drugs of abuse are increased in brain regions associated with addiction circuits in adolescence, a period of increased susceptibility to drug use and abuse and expression of psychiatric disease in humans. In summary, the relationship between the global burden of childhood Pb2+ exposure and the latent onset of psychiatric disorders and predisposition to drug use requires further investigations in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Albores-Garcia
- Brain, Behavior & the Environment Program Department of Environmental Health Sciences Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work Florida International University Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - J L McGlothan
- Brain, Behavior & the Environment Program Department of Environmental Health Sciences Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work Florida International University Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - T R Guilarte
- Brain, Behavior & the Environment Program Department of Environmental Health Sciences Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work Florida International University Miami, FL 33199, United States
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34
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Baek M, Outrich MB, Barnett KS, Reece J. Neighborhood-Level Lead Paint Hazard for Children under 6: A Tool for Proactive and Equitable Intervention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2471. [PMID: 33802321 PMCID: PMC7967606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lead is well known for its adverse health effects on children, particularly when exposure occurs at earlier ages. The primary source of lead hazards among young children is paint used in buildings built before 1978. Despite being 100% preventable, some children remain exposed and state and local policies often remain reactive. This study presents a methodology for planners and public health practitioners to proactively address lead risks among young children. Using geospatial analyses, this study examines neighborhood level measurement of lead paint hazard in homes and childcare facilities and the concentration of children aged 0-5. Results highlight areas of potential lead paint hazard hotspots within a county in the Midwestern state studied, which coincides with higher concentration of non-white children. This places lead paint hazard in the context of social determinants of health, where existing disparity in distribution of social and economic resources reinforces health inequity. In addition to being proactive, lead poisoning intervention efforts need to be multi-dimensional and coordinated among multiple parties involved. Identifying children in higher lead paint hazard areas, screening and treating them, and repairing their homes and childcare facilities will require close collaboration of healthcare professionals, local housing and planning authorities, and community members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Baek
- Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA; (M.B.O.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Michael B. Outrich
- Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA; (M.B.O.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Kierra S. Barnett
- Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA; (M.B.O.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Jason Reece
- City & Regional Planning, Knowlton School of Architecture, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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Aschner M, Paoliello MMB, Tsatsakis A, Bowman AB, Dorea JG, Hartung T, Domingo JL, Barbosa F. Social injustice in environmental health: A call for fortitude. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110675. [PMID: 33373610 PMCID: PMC7946715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this short paper is to call upon the scientific community to channel its attention to the duty and heedfulness of social justice issues. While recognized for decades the impact of social injustice on public health and its disproportionate effects on poorer communities, little has been done to systematically address it. Here, we provide several examples pertinent to the health outcomes associated with social injustice and call upon the scientific community to attend to the issue and antagonize those who attempt to subvert science and its role in ensuring social justice in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA.
| | - Monica M B Paoliello
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jose G Dorea
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Albores-Garcia D, McGlothan JL, Bursac Z, Guilarte TR. Chronic developmental lead exposure increases μ-opiate receptor levels in the adolescent rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2021; 82:119-129. [PMID: 33248188 PMCID: PMC7855666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood lead (Pb2+) intoxication is a global public health problem best known for producing deficits in learning and poor school performance. Human and preclinical studies have suggested an association between childhood Pb2+ intoxication and proclivity to substance abuse and delinquent behavior. While environmental factors have been implicated in opioid addiction, less is known about the role of exposure to environmental pollutants on the brain opioid system. Opioid receptors are involved in the biological effects of opioids and other drugs of abuse. In this study, we examine the effect of chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure (1500 ppm in the diet) on μ-opioid receptor (MOR) levels in the rat brain using [3H]-d-Ala2-MePhe4-Gly-ol5 enkephalin ([3H]-DAMGO) quantitative receptor autoradiography at different developmental stages (juvenile, early-adolescent, late adolescent and adult) in male and female rats. Our results indicate that chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure increases the levels of [3H]-DAMGO specific binding to MOR in juvenile and early adolescent Pb2+-exposed male and female rat brain with no changes in late-adolescent (PN50) and minor changes in Pb2+-exposed adult male rats (PN120). Specifically, at PN14, Pb2+-exposed males had an increase in MOR binding in the lateral posthalamic nuclei (LPTN), and Pb2+-exposed females had increased MOR binding in LPTN, medial thalamus, and hypothalamus. At PN28, Pb2+-exposed males had increased MOR levels in the striatum, stria medullaris of the thalamus, LPTN, medial thalamus, and basolateral amygdala, while Pb2+-exposed females showed an increase in nucleus accumbens core, LPTN, and medial thalamus. No changes were detected in any brain region of male and female rats at PN50, and at PN120 there was a decrease in MOR binding of Pb2+-exposed males in the medial thalamus. Our findings demonstrate age and gender specific effects of MOR levels in the rat brain as a result of chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure. These results indicate that the major changes in brain MOR levels were during pre-adolescence and early adolescence, a developmental period in which there is higher engagement in reward and drug-seeking behaviors in humans. In summary, we show that chronic exposure to Pb2+, an ubiquitous and well-known environmental contaminant and neurotoxicant, alters MOR levels in brain regions associated with addiction circuits in the adolescent period, these findings have important implications for opioid drug use and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Albores-Garcia
- Brain, Behavior & the Environment Program, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Jennifer L McGlothan
- Brain, Behavior & the Environment Program, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Zoran Bursac
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Tomás R Guilarte
- Brain, Behavior & the Environment Program, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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Finch CE, Morgan TE. Developmental Exposure to Air Pollution, Cigarettes, and Lead: Implications for Brain Aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-042320-044338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain development is impaired by maternal exposure to airborne toxins from ambient air pollution, cigarette smoke, and lead. Shared postnatal consequences include gray matter deficits and abnormal behaviors as well as elevated blood pressure. These unexpectedly broad convergences have implications for later life brain health because these same airborne toxins accelerate brain aging. Gene-environment interactions are shown for ApoE alleles that influence the risk of Alzheimer disease. The multigenerational trace of these toxins extends before fertilization because egg cells are formed in the grandmaternal uterus. The lineage and sex-specific effects of grandmaternal exposure to lead and cigarettes indicate epigenetic processes of relevance to future generations from our current and recent exposure to airborne toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0191, USA;,
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0191, USA;,
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