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Llamosas-Falcón L, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption in Spain. Med Clin (Barc) 2023; 160:302-304. [PMID: 36774288 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Llamosas-Falcón
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canadá.
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canadá; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canadá; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canadá; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canadá; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canadá; Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Alemania; Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburgo, Alemania; Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Program on Substance Abuse & designated WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, España
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Pastor A, Sureda X, Valiente R, Badland H, García-Dorado M, Escobar F. Using Geovisualization Tools to Examine Attitudes towards Alcohol Exposure in Urban Environments: A Pilot Study in Madrid, Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159192. [PMID: 35954557 PMCID: PMC9368102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pervasiveness of alcohol products and their promotion in the urban landscape may normalize alcohol consumption. This study aims to utilize geovisualization-based methods to assess attitudes towards different levels of alcohol exposure in the urban environment. We selected a typical downtown location, Lavapiés Square in Madrid, Spain, to conduct our study. First, we designed and created realistic 3D models simulating three different urban scenes with varying degrees of exposure to alcohol in the environment. Second, we used a survey on 159 adults to explore the level of acceptance of, attitudes towards, and perceptions of alcohol exposure in each scene. Participants reported a higher level of comfort in the scene with null alcohol exposure compared with the other scenes (p < 0.001). Acceptance towards alcohol exposure decreased as the level of alcohol elements increased in the scenes (p < 0.01). Acceptance also decreased when children were present in the scenes (p < 0.01). This study demonstrated that geovisualization tools provide a useful and well-suited approach to analyze perceptions of the alcohol environment. The use of geovisualization can help understand attitudes and perceptions towards the alcohol environment and may offer a way to simulate different scenarios prior to development or retrofitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pastor
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Campus Universitario-Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28871 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Xisca Sureda
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Campus Universitario-Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28871 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, 205 E 42nd St., New York, NY 10017, USA
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, l’Hospitalet de Llobregat Avinguda de la Granvia de l’Hospitalet, 199, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-918-222-351
| | - Roberto Valiente
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health (CRESH), School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK;
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Hannah Badland
- Health, Place and Society Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Macarena García-Dorado
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (F.E.)
| | - Francisco Escobar
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (F.E.)
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Kvillemo P, Strandberg AK, Gripenberg J. Attitudes to Cannabis Use and Public Prevention Information Among Young Adults: A Qualitative Interview Study With Implications for Prevention Practice. Front Public Health 2022; 10:830201. [PMID: 35812509 PMCID: PMC9261461 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.830201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabis use carries an increased risk of ill health and social problems, especially when initiated at a young age. Drug use is influenced by individual beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes, which are, in turn, governed by social and environmental factors. In recent years, a less restrictive attitude toward cannabis has been observed in many countries, with concerns about increased cannabis use among young people. The aim of the current study was to gain a deeper understanding of young adults' attitudes toward cannabis use and public prevention information about cannabis. Methods A qualitative interview study was conducted among 32 anonymous informants aged 18-29 years in the Stockholm region. Participants were recruited through purposeful sampling, and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted using a digital video calling platform. A qualitative content analysis of the interviews was performed to generate categories and codes for cannabis use and attitudes toward prevention information. Results Both cannabis users and abstainers perceived some risks with cannabis; however, for many users, the positive effects appeared to outweigh any expected harm. Furthermore, the existing public information was perceived as less credible because of an excessive focus on harm. The informants expressed a desire for neutral facts about the effects of cannabis, delivered by credible senders. Moreover, they felt that prevention information should be delivered by individuals whom young people look up to or with whom they can identify, for example, people with authority or famous people such as influencers. The informants also underlined the importance of dialogue with the target group and taking young people's experiences into account when providing information about cannabis. Conclusion Current risk awareness associated with cannabis use among young adults is insufficient to prevent them from using cannabis. Public prevention information should preferably combine a fact-based focus on risks with recognition of cannabis' short-term desired effects, delivered by credible senders with authority or those with whom young people can identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kvillemo
- Stockholm Prevents Alcohol and Drug Problems (STAD), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
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Is There a Novel Biosynthetic Pathway in Mice That Converts Alcohol to Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092726. [PMID: 35566075 PMCID: PMC9105937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in animals and humans have shown multiple types of interaction between alcohol (ethanol) intake and the catecholamine signaling molecules: dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. This literature suggests that the administration of alcohol to rodents affects the central and peripheral (blood plasma) levels of these catecholamines. Two prior publications (Fitzgerald 2012, 2020) put forth the hypothesis that there may be a currently unidentified biosynthetic pathway, in a range of organisms, that actually converts alcohol to dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. This publication describes the details for how to test this hypothesis in mice. Mice can be systemically injected with an intoxicating dose of commercially available stable isotope-labeled ethanol (ethanol-1-13C), and blood plasma samples and brains can be collected approximately two to 24 h post-injection. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis can then be used to test whether some of the labeled ethanol molecules have been incorporated into new dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine molecules, in plasma and brain samples. If confirmed, this hypothesis may have broadly reaching implications both for basic neuroscience and our understanding of alcohol abuse and alcoholism.
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Kvillemo P, Hiltunen L, Demetry Y, Carlander AK, Hansson T, Gripenberg J, Elgán TH, Einhorn K, Skoglund C. How to prevent alcohol and illicit drug use among students in affluent areas: a qualitative study on motivation and attitudes towards prevention. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2021; 16:83. [PMID: 34743737 PMCID: PMC8573923 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-021-00420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of alcohol and illicit drugs during adolescence can lead to serious short- and long-term health related consequences. Despite a global trend of decreased substance use, in particular alcohol, among adolescents, evidence suggests excessive use of substances by young people in socioeconomically affluent areas. To prevent substance use-related harm, we need in-depth knowledge about the reasons for substance use in this group and how they perceive various prevention interventions. The aim of the current study was to explore motives for using or abstaining from using substances among students in affluent areas as well as their attitudes to, and suggestions for, substance use prevention. METHODS Twenty high school students (age 15-19 years) in a Swedish affluent municipality were recruited through purposive sampling to take part in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative content analysis of transcribed interviews was performed. RESULTS The most prominent motive for substance use appears to be a desire to feel a part of the social milieu and to have high social status within the peer group. Motives for abstaining included academic ambitions, activities requiring sobriety and parental influence. Students reported universal information-based prevention to be irrelevant and hesitation to use selective prevention interventions due to fear of being reported to authorities. Suggested universal prevention concerned reliable information from credible sources, stricter substance control measures for those providing substances, parental involvement, and social leisure activities without substance use. Suggested selective prevention included guaranteed confidentiality and non-judging encounters when seeking help. CONCLUSIONS Future research on substance use prevention targeting students in affluent areas should take into account the social milieu and with advantage pay attention to students' suggestions on credible prevention information, stricter control measures for substance providers, parental involvement, substance-free leisure, and confidential ways to seek help with a non-judging approach from adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kvillemo
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Linda Hiltunen
- Department of Social Studies, Linnaeus university, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Youstina Demetry
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Liljeholmstorget 7, 117 63, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tim Hansson
- Psychiatry North West, Region Stockholm, Sollentunavägen 84, SE-191 22, Sollentuna, Sweden
| | - Johanna Gripenberg
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias H Elgán
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Einhorn
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Skoglund
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Duch M, Gervilla E, Juan M, Guimarães C, Kefauver M, Elgán TH, Gripenberg J, Quigg Z. Effectiveness of a Community-Based Intervention to Increase Supermarket Vendors' Compliance with Age Restrictions for Alcohol Sales in Spain: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165991. [PMID: 32824763 PMCID: PMC7460388 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Spain the legal age to buy alcohol is 18 years. However, official surveys show that minors perceive alcohol availability to be easy. This paper describes the impacts of a community-based intervention to increase vendors' compliance with age limits regarding alcohol sales in supermarkets. The aim of this study was to explore the association between implementation of a multicomponent intervention to reduce adolescents' alcohol use and sale of alcohol to minors in the city of Palma (Spain). Twenty trained adolescents (14-17 years old) conducted 138 alcohol test purchases in nine supermarket chains in August 2018 (baseline; n = 73) prior to the intervention, and again in January 2020 (follow-up; n = 65). Analysis was conducted according to three levels of intervention implemented across the supermarkets: (i) personnel from the supermarkets' Human Resources or Corporate Social Responsibility teams received alcohol service training as trainers (i.e., community mobilization); (ii) managers and vendors training by the capacitated trainers; and (iii) no training of managers or vendors (i.e., control group). In the supermarkets that completed the Training of Trainers and the vendors' training program, average sales decreased significantly from 76.9% in 2018 to 45.5% in 2020, asking for the age of the shopper significantly increased from 3.8% to 45.4%, and asking for proof of age significantly increased from 15.4% to 72.7%. Additionally, a statistically significant increase was observed in the visibility of prohibition to sell alcohol to minors' signs, from 61.5% to 100%. No statistically significant differences were found for the Training of Trainers intervention alone nor in the control group. In conclusion, community mobilization combined with staff training is associated with significant increases in supermarket vendors' compliance with alcohol legislation in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariàngels Duch
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention, Rambla, 15 (2º-3º), 07003 Palma, Spain; (M.D.); (M.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Elena Gervilla
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, 07120 Palma, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-259-630
| | - Montse Juan
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention, Rambla, 15 (2º-3º), 07003 Palma, Spain; (M.D.); (M.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Clarisse Guimarães
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain;
| | - Maite Kefauver
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention, Rambla, 15 (2º-3º), 07003 Palma, Spain; (M.D.); (M.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Tobias H. Elgán
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.E.); (J.G.)
| | - Johanna Gripenberg
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.E.); (J.G.)
| | - Zara Quigg
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Exchange Station, Tithebarn Street, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK;
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