1
|
Guisado-Cuadrado I, Romero-Parra N, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C, Díaz ÁE, Peinado AB. Influence of Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Phases on Bone (re)modelling Markers in Response to Interval Running. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 115:382-392. [PMID: 39066926 PMCID: PMC11405431 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-024-01259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
To explore how sex hormone fluctuations may affect bone metabolism, this study aimed to examine P1NP and β-CTX-1 concentrations across the menstrual and oral contraceptive (OC) cycle phases in response to running. 17β-oestradiol, progesterone, P1NP and β-CTX-1 were analysed pre- and post-exercise in eight eumenorrheic females in the early-follicular, late-follicular, and mid-luteal phases, while 8 OC users were evaluated during the withdrawal and active pill-taking phases. The running protocol consisted of 8 × 3min treadmill runs at 85% of maximal aerobic speed. 17β-oestradiol concentrations (pg·ml-1) were lower in early-follicular (47.22 ± 39.75) compared to late-follicular (304.95 ± 235.85;p = < 0.001) and mid-luteal phase (165.56 ± 80.6;p = 0.003) and higher in withdrawal (46.51 ± 44.09) compared to active pill-taking phase (10.88 ± 11.24;p < 0.001). Progesterone (ng·ml-1) was higher in mid-luteal (13.214 ± 4.926) compared to early-follicular (0.521 ± 0.365; p < 0.001) and late-follicular phase (1.677 ± 2.586;p < 0.001). In eumenorrheic females, P1NP concentrations (ng·ml-1) were higher in late-follicular (69.97 ± 17.84) compared to early-follicular (60.96 ± 16.64;p = 0.006;) and mid-luteal phase (59.122 ± 11.77;p = 0.002). β-CTX-1 concentrations (ng·ml-1) were lower in mid-luteal (0.376 ± 0.098) compared to late-follicular (0.496 ± 0.166; p = 0.001) and early-follicular phase (0.452 ± 0.148; p = 0.039). OC users showed higher post-exercise P1NP concentrations in withdrawal phase (61.75 ± 8.32) compared to post-exercise in active pill-taking phase (45.45 ± 6;p < 0.001). Comparing hormonal profiles, post-exercise P1NP concentrations were higher in early-follicular (66.91 ± 16.26;p < 0.001), late-follicular (80.66 ± 16.35;p < 0.001) and mid-luteal phases (64.57 ± 9.68;p = 0.002) to active pill-taking phase. These findings underscore the importance of studying exercising females with different ovarian hormone profiles, as changes in sex hormone concentrations affect bone metabolism in response to running, showing a higher post-exercise P1NP concentrations in all menstrual cycle phases compared with active pill-taking phase of the OC cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Guisado-Cuadrado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle de Martín Fierro, 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle de Martín Fierro, 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Ángel E Díaz
- Laboratorio Clínico. S.G. Ciencias del Deporte. Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle de Martín Fierro, 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rubio-Arias JÁ, Ramos-Campo DJ, Romero-Parra N, Andreu-Caravaca L, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Esteban-García P, López-Liria R, Molina-Torres G, Ventura-Miranda MI, Martos-Bonilla A, Rando-Martín A, Carrasco-Poyatos M, Alacid F, Ferrer-Contreras MDC, Cupeiro R. Response to physical activity of females with multiple sclerosis throughout the menstrual cycle: a protocol for a randomised crossover trial (EMMA Project). BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001797. [PMID: 38022757 PMCID: PMC10668283 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) and females is a crucial aspect in the development of the disease, with the ovarian hormonal cycle being a sensitive stage, especially in females with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The objectives of the study are to identify moderating variables that modify satisfaction with physical activity practice throughout the menstrual cycle (MC) in females in or out of their MC, during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and strength training sessions and to compare the acute effects of different types of physical activity sessions in females with and without MS. This protocol is the methodology used in the EMMA Study, a randomised, single-blind crossover trial study conducted in females with MS who were matched 1:1, based on age, lifestyle factors and country of residence, with females without MS, to analyse the effect of physical activity practice on satisfaction, functionality, fatigue and inflammatory profile through their MC. Participants will visit the facilities approximately 10 times (4 preliminary familiarisation visits and 6 visits to carry out a physical activity session in each phase of the MC) for 3-4 months. A total sample of 30 females (15 females without MS and 15 with MS) is necessary for the study. The evaluation will comprise clinical, nutritional and psychological interviews, including different variables. It is hypothesised during the luteal phase, females with MS are expected to exhibit different acute responses to HIIT and strength training sessions as compared with females without the disease. Before starting the study, all participants will read and sign an informed consent form. Trial registration number: This research protocol is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov to ensure transparency and accessibility of study information (NCT06105463). The university's ethics committee number for this study is UALBIO2022/048.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Health Research Centre, Humanidades-628 Research Group, Department of Education, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Luis Andreu-Caravaca
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, Alicante, Spain
| | - Paula Esteban-García
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Remedios López-Liria
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Martos-Bonilla
- Health Research Centre, Humanidades-628 Research Group, Department of Education, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Alberto Rando-Martín
- Health Research Centre, Humanidades-628 Research Group, Department of Education, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Maria Carrasco-Poyatos
- Health Research Centre, Humanidades-628 Research Group, Department of Education, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Fernando Alacid
- Health Research Centre, Humanidades-628 Research Group, Department of Education, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | | | - Rocio Cupeiro
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guisado-Cuadrado I, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Romero-Parra N, Rael B, Guadalupe-Grau A, Peinado AB. Influence of sex hormones status and type of training on regional bone mineral density in exercising females. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2139-2147. [PMID: 37161678 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2211947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to examine the influence of hormonal ovarian profile and training characteristics on spine, pelvis, and total body bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of well-trained females. Forty-two eumenorrheic females, twenty-eight monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) users and thirteen postmenopausal females participated in this study. Body composition was measured by total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine BMD of the areas of interest. Endurance-trained premenopausal females showed lower spine BMD compared to resistance-trained premenopausal females (1.03 ± 0.1 vs. 1.09 ± 0.09 g/cm2; p = 0.025). Postmenopausal females reported lower BMD level in comparison to eumenorrheic females in pelvis (1.079 ± 0.082 vs 1.19 ± 0.115 g/cm2; p = 0.005), spine (0.969 ± 0.097 vs 1.069 ± 0.109 g/cm2; p = 0.012) and total (1.122 ± 0.08 vs 1.193 ± 0.077 g/cm2; p = 0.018) and OC users whose duration of OC use was less than 5 years (OC < 5) in pelvis (1.235 ± 0.068 g/cm2; p < 0.001) and spine (1.062 ± 0.069 g/cm2; p = 0.018). In addition, lower BMD values were found in OC users who had been using OC for more than 5 years (OC ≥ 5) than eumenorrheic females in pelvis (1.078 ± 0.086 g/cm2; p = 0.029) and spine (0.966 ± 0.08 g/cm2; p = 0.05). Likewise, OC ≥ 5 showed lower values than and OC < 5 in pelvis (p = 0.004) and spine (p = 0.047). We observed a lower spine BMD value in premenopausal endurance-trained females compared to premenopausal resistance-trained females. Moreover, this research observed that prolonged use of OCs may reduce bone mass acquisition in the spine and pelvis, even in well-trained females. Finally, postmenopausal showed lower BMD despite being exercising women.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04458662.Highlights Ovarian hormonal profile should be considered when assessing BMD in female athletes.The duration of oral contraceptive use influences spine and pelvis regional BMD in exercising females.Postmenopausal women show lower BMD when compared to premenopausal females despite being exercising females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Guisado-Cuadrado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor M Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dupuit M, Meignié A, Chassard T, Blanquet L, LeHeran J, Delaunay T, Bernardeau E, Toussaint JF, Duclos M, Antero J. On-Field Methodological Approach to Monitor the Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Phases in Elite Female Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1169-1178. [PMID: 37666497 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Currently, there are no guidelines for implementing the monitoring of menstrual status, including the natural menstrual cycle (NC) or oral contraception (OC), in a sport setting. We aimed to provide a feasible, on-field methodological approach for monitoring NC and OC in female athletes. METHODS We developed a smartphone app with daily questionnaires to monitor both NC and OC phases in 19 elite female soccer players (23.7 [4.4] y) over 7 months. Adherence and compliance were evaluated. The NC and OC phases were based on calendar data to establish an individual menstrual profile for each athlete. RESULTS The initial questionnaire revealed that the vast majority of female players (80%) were interested in monitoring their menstrual status. The online monitoring yielded high athlete adherence (87.0% [14.2%]) with a slight decrease over the winter break and at the end of the championship, which necessitated adaptations to promote compliance. Monitoring identified the specific menstrual pattern of each athlete and highlighted large interindividual variability. CONCLUSION This study assesses, for the first time, the interest of female players in monitoring their menstrual status. It provides a new methodological approach, as well as guidelines for optimizing on-field monitoring. It also anticipates some obstacles sport staff may encounter when trying to implement such follow-up. It is essential to better understand the menstrual profile of athletes and determine its potential impacts on well-being and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Dupuit
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sports (IRMES, EA7329), INSEP, Paris, France
| | - Alice Meignié
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sports (IRMES, EA7329), INSEP, Paris, France
| | - Tom Chassard
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sports (IRMES, EA7329), INSEP, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Blanquet
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sports (IRMES, EA7329), INSEP, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sports (IRMES, EA7329), INSEP, Paris, France
- CIMS, Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sports (IRMES, EA7329), INSEP, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Satué K, Fazio E, La Fauci D, Medica P. Changes of Hepcidin, Ferritin and Iron Levels in Cycling Purebred Spanish Mares. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071229. [PMID: 37048485 PMCID: PMC10093536 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that in woman the sex hormones such as estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) influence iron (Fe) regulation, contributing to variations in Fe parameters along the menstrual cycle. These mechanisms based on the regulation of hepcidin (Hepc) which limits Fe availability during the cycle, remain poorly characterized in healthy mares. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between Hepc, Fe, ferritin (Ferr), and the primary ovarian hormones E2 and P4 in cycling Purebred Spanish mares. Blood samples were taken from 31 Purebred Spanish mares day −5, on day 0, day +5 and day +16 of the cycle. Fe and Ferr significantly increased and Hepc decreased during pre- and ovulatory periods. The secretion peak of estradiol-17β (E2) was reached on day 0 and progesterone (P4) between days +5 and +16. Fe and Ferr were positively correlated (r = 0.57). Fe and Ferr were negatively correlated with Hepc (r = −0.72 and r = −0.02, respectively). E2 and P4 were negatively and positively correlated with Hepc (r = −0.753 and r = 0.54, respectively). In cycling Purebred Spanish mares there is a measurable relationship between steroid hormones and systemic Fe metabolism. Estrogenic dominance in the pre- and ovulatory period allows for a more effective iron status, mediated by hepcidin inhibition. However, P4 during the luteal phase substantially reduces serum Fe and iron stores, possibly related to Hepc stimulation. Future research is required to clarify the relationship between steroid hormones and iron metabolism at the molecular level in equids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah La Fauci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Benito PJ, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Rael B, Castro EA, Romero-Parra N, Rojo-Tirado MA, Peinado AB. Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phase on the Recovery Process of High-Intensity Interval Exercise-A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3266. [PMID: 36833959 PMCID: PMC9959793 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the study of the menstrual cycle influence on endurance exercise has recently increased, there is a lack of literature studying its influence on females' cardiorespiratory recovery. Thus, the aim of the present work was to assess menstrual cycle influence on post-exercise recovery following a high intensity interval exercise in trained females. Thirteen eumenorrheic endurance-trained females performed an interval running protocol in three menstrual cycle phases: early follicular phase (EFP), late follicular phase (LFP), and mid-luteal phase (MLP). The protocol consisted of 8 × 3-min bouts at 85% of their maximal aerobic speed (vVO2peak) with a 90-s rest between bouts and a final 5-min active recovery at 30% vVO2peak. All variables were averaged every 15 s, obtaining 19 moments during recovery (time factor). To analyze the effects of the menstrual cycle on the final active cardiorespiratory recovery, an ANOVA for repeated measures was performed. ANOVA showed an effect on menstrual cycle phase on ventilation (EFP: 1.27 ± 0.35; LFP: 1.19 ± 0.36; MLP: 1.27 ± 0.37), breathing frequency (EFP: 35.14 ± 7.14; LFP: 36.32 ± 7.11; MLP: 37.62 ± 7.23), and carbon dioxide production (EFP: 1120.46 ± 137.62; LFP: 1079.50 ± 129.57; MLP: 1148.78 ± 107.91). Regarding the interaction results (phase x time), ventilation is higher at many of the recovery times during the MLP, with less frequent differences between EFP and LFP (F = 1.586; p = 0.019), while breathing reserve is lower at many of the recovery times during MLP, with less time differences between EFP and LFP (F = 1.643; p = 0.013). It seems that the menstrual cycle affects post-exercise recovery specially during the MLP, rising ventilation and lowering breathing reserve, giving rise to an impaired ventilatory efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Benito
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor M. Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliane A. Castro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Terapia Ocupacional, Rehabilitación y Medicina Física, Facultad de CC. de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Romero-Parra N, Barba-Moreno L, Rael B, Benito PJ, Díaz ÁE, Cupeiro R, Peinado AB. Serum iron availability, but not iron stores, is lower in naturally menstruating than in oral contraceptive athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:231-240. [PMID: 34904534 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2018503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study measured serum markers of iron status in naturally menstruating and oral contraceptive (OC) athletes during the main hormonal milieus of these two profiles to identify potential differences confounding the diagnosis of iron deficiency in female athletes. Resting blood samples were collected from 36 naturally menstruating athletes during the early-follicular phase (EFP), mid- late-follicular phase (MLFP) and mid-luteal phase (MLP) of the menstrual cycle. Simultaneously, blood samples were collected from 24 OC athletes during the withdrawal and active-pill phase of the OC cycle. Serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 and sex hormones were analyzed. Naturally menstruating athletes showed lower levels of TSAT, iron and transferrin than OC athletes when comparing the bleeding phase of both profiles (p<0.05) as well as when comparing all analyzed phases of the menstrual cycle to the active pill phase of the OC cycle (p<0.05). Interestingly, only lower transferrin was found during MLFP and MLP compared to the withdrawal phase of the OC cycle (p>0.05), with all other iron markers showing no differences (p>0.05). Intracycle variations were also found within both types of cycle, presenting reduced TSAT and iron during menstrual bleeding phases (p<0.05). In conclusion, in OC athletes, serum iron availability, but not serum ferritin, seems higher than in naturally menstruating ones. However, such differences are lost when comparing the MLFP and MLP of the menstrual cycle with the withdrawal phase of the OC cycle. This should be considered in the assessment of iron status in female athletes.Highlights Naturally menstruating athletes present lower TSAT, iron and transferrin in all analyzed phases of the menstrual cycle compared to OC athletes during their active pill phase. However, both the mid-late follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle do not differ from the withdrawal phase of the oral contraceptive cycle.Intracycle variations are found for TSAT and iron in both naturally menstruating and oral contraceptive athletes, which are mainly driven by a reduction in TSAT and iron during menstrual bleeding phases.As serum iron availability changes significantly as a function of the athlete's hormonal status, it should be considered in the assessment of the athlete's iron status as well as standardise the phase of the menstrual cycle in which to assess iron markers to avoid misdiagnosis or misleading results.In contrast, the assessment of iron stores through serum ferritin is substantially stable and the athlete's hormonal status does not seem to be of relevance for this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Barba-Moreno
- LFE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J Benito
- LFE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel E Díaz
- Clinical laboratory. National Center of Sport Medicine. Health and Sports Department, AEPSAD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | -
- LFE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Menstrual cycle affects iron homeostasis and hepcidin following interval running exercise in endurance-trained women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2683-2694. [PMID: 36129579 PMCID: PMC9613712 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Menstrual cycle phase affects resting hepcidin levels, but such effects on the hepcidin response to exercise are still unclear. Thus, we investigated the hepcidin response to running during three different menstrual cycle phases. Methods Twenty-one endurance-trained eumenorrheic women performed three identical interval running protocols during the early-follicular phase (EFP), late-follicular phase (LFP), and mid-luteal phase (MLP). The protocol consisted of 8 × 3 min bouts at 85% of the maximal aerobic speed, with 90-s recovery. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise and at 0 h, 3 h and 24 h post-exercise. Results Data presented as mean ± SD. Ferritin were lower in the EFP than the LFP (34.82 ± 16.44 vs 40.90 ± 23.91 ng/ml, p = 0.003), while iron and transferrin saturation were lower during the EFP (58.04 ± 19.70 µg/dl, 14.71 ± 5.47%) compared to the LFP (88.67 ± 36.38 µg/dl, 22.22 ± 9.54%; p < 0.001) and the MLP (80.20 ± 42.05 µg/dl, 19.87 ± 10.37%; p = 0.024 and p = 0.045, respectively). Hepcidin was not affected by menstrual cycle (p = 0.052) or menstrual cycle*time interaction (p = 0.075). However, when comparing hepcidin at 3 h post-exercise, a moderate and meaningful effect size showed that hepcidin was higher in the LFP compared to the EFP (3.01 ± 4.16 vs 1.26 ± 1.25 nMol/l; d = 0.57, CI = 0.07–1.08). No effect of time on hepcidin during the EFP was found either (p = 0.426). Conclusion The decrease in iron, ferritin and TSAT levels during the EFP may mislead the determination of iron status in eumenorrheic athletes. However, although the hepcidin response to exercise appears to be reduced in the EFP, it shows no clear differences between the phases of the menstrual cycle (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04458662). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-022-05048-5.
Collapse
|
9
|
Badenhorst CE, Forsyth AK, Govus AD. A contemporary understanding of iron metabolism in active premenopausal females. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903937. [PMID: 35966107 PMCID: PMC9366739 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism research in the past decade has identified menstrual blood loss as a key contributor to the prevalence of iron deficiency in premenopausal females. The reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone influence iron regulation and contribute to variations in iron parameters throughout the menstrual cycle. Despite the high prevalence of iron deficiency in premenopausal females, scant research has investigated female-specific causes and treatments for iron deficiency. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion of factors that influence iron status in active premenopausal females, with a focus on the menstrual cycle. We also outline several practical guidelines for monitoring, diagnosing, and treating iron deficiency in premenopausal females. Finally, we highlight several areas for further research to enhance the understanding of iron metabolism in this at-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Badenhorst
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Claire E. Badenhorst
| | - Adrienne K. Forsyth
- School of Behavioural and Health Science, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Govus
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise, Department of Sport, Exercise, and Nutrition Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castro EA, Rael B, Romero-Parra N, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Rojo-Tirado MA, García-de-Alcaraz A, Cupeiro R, Peinado AB. Influence of oral contraceptive phase on cardiorespiratory response to exercise in endurance-trained athletes. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2022; 27:308-316. [PMID: 35040731 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2021.2021176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to analyse the cardiorespiratory response to exercise during an oral contraceptive (OC) cycle in endurance-trained women. METHODS Sixteen low-dose monophasic OC pill (OCP) users performed an interval-running protocol. The protocol consisted of eight 3 min bouts at 85% of participants' maximal aerobic speed (vV̇o2peak) with a 90s recovery at 30% vV̇o2peak in two OC phases: a withdrawal phase (WP) and an active pill phase (APP). The non-parametric Wilcoxon test was applied to analyse differences (p < 0.05) in performance variables between OC cycle phases. RESULTS Throughout the high-intensity intervals, higher ventilation (WP 80.90 ± 11.49 L/min, APP 83.10 ± 13.33 L/min; p < 0.001) and relative perceived exertion (WP 14.51 ± 2.58, APP 15.11 ± 3.11; p = 0.001) during the APP were found, whereas carbon dioxide production (WP 2040.92 ± 262.93 mL/min, APP 2010.25 ± 305.68 mL/min; p = 0.003) was higher in the WP. During the active recovery intervals, ventilation (WP 65.78 ± 9.90 L/min, APP 67.88 ± 12.66 L/min; p < 0.001) was higher in the APP, while heart rate (WP 159.93 ± 10.26 bpm, APP 159.74 ± 12.83 bpm; p = 0.029) was higher in the WP. CONCLUSION An increase in ventilation occurs during the APP, which is accompanied by higher perceived exertion. Therefore, coaches and athletes should be aware of these variations, especially perceived exertion, in regard to women's training programmes, in order to improve their performance, wellness and adherence to physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliane A Castro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor M Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Educational Sciences, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jatupornpoonsub T, Thimachai P, Supasyndh O, Wongsawat Y. EEG Delta/Theta Ratio and Microstate Analysis Originating Novel Biomarkers for Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex Syndrome in ESRD Patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:795237. [PMID: 35058768 PMCID: PMC8764199 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.795237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) was initially proposed to evaluate malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome (MICS) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Although MICS should be routinely evaluated to reduce the hospitalization and mortality rate of ESRD patients, the inconvenience of the MIS might limit its use. Cerebral complications in ESRD, possibly induced by MICS, were previously assessed by using spectral electroencephalography (EEG) via the delta/theta ratio and microstate analysis. Correspondingly, EEG could be used to directly assess MICS in ESRD patients, but the relationships among MICS and these EEG features remain inconclusive. Thus, we aimed to investigate the delta/theta ratio and microstates in ESRD patients with high and low risks of MICS. We also attempted to identify the correlation among the MIS, delta/theta ratio, and microstate parameters, which might clarify their relationships. To achieve these objectives, a total of forty-six ESRD subjects were willingly recruited. We collected their blood samples, MIS, and EEGs after receiving written informed consent. Sixteen women and seven men were allocated to low risk group (MIS ≤ 5, age 57.57 ± 14.88 years). Additionally, high risk group contains 15 women and 8 men (MIS > 5, age 59.13 ± 11.77 years). Here, we discovered that delta/theta ratio (p < 0.041) and most microstate parameters (p < 0.001) were significantly different between subject groups. We also found that the delta/theta ratio was not correlated with MIS but was strongly with the average microstate duration (ρ = 0.708, p < 0.001); hence, we suggested that the average microstate duration might serve as an alternative encephalopathy biomarker. Coincidentally, we noticed positive correlations for most parameters of microstates A and B (0.54 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.68, p < 0.001) and stronger negative correlations for all microstate C parameters (−0.75 ≤ ρ ≤ −0.61, p < 0.001). These findings unveiled a novel EEG biomarker, the MIC index, that could efficiently distinguish ESRD patients at high and low risk of MICS when utilized as a feature in a binary logistic regression model (accuracy of train-test split validation = 1.00). We expected that the average microstate duration and MIC index might potentially contribute to monitor ESRD patients in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirapoot Jatupornpoonsub
- Brain-Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Paramat Thimachai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ouppatham Supasyndh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yodchanan Wongsawat
- Brain-Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Yodchanan Wongsawat
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effect of Different Types of Face Masks on the Ventilatory and Cardiovascular Response to Maximal-Intensity Exercise. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100969. [PMID: 34681068 PMCID: PMC8533493 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new models of face masks makes it necessary to compare their impact on exercise. Therefore, the aim of this work was to compare the cardiopulmonary response to a maximal incremental test, perceived ventilation, exertion, and comfort using FFP2 or Emotion masks in young female athletes. Thirteen healthy sportswomen (22.08 ± 1.75 years) performed a spirometry, and a graded exercise test on a treadmill, with a JAEGER® Vyntus CPX gas analyzer using an ergospirometry mask (ErgoMask) or wearing the FFP2 or the Emotion mask below the ErgoMask, randomized on 3 consecutive days. Also, menstrual cycle status was monitored to avoid possible intrasubject alterations. The results showed lower values for the ErgoMask+FFP2, compared to ErgoMask or ErgoMask+Emotion, in forced vital capacity (3.8 ± 0.2, 4.5 ± 0.2 and 4.1 ± 0.1 l, respectively); forced expiratory volume in 1 s (3.3 ± 0.2, 3.7 ± 0.2 and 3.5 ± 0.1 l); ventilation (40.9 ± 1.5, 50.6 ± 1.5 and 46.9 ± 1.2 l/min); breathing frequency (32.7 ± 1.1, 37.4 ± 1.1 and 35.3 ± 1.4 bpm); VE/VO2 (30.5 ± 0.7, 34.6 ± 0.9 and 33.6 ± 0.7); VE/VCO2 (32.2 ± 0.6, 36.2 ± 0.9 and 34.4 ± 0.7) and time to exhaustion (492.4 ± 9.7, 521.7 ± 8.6 and 520.1 ± 9.5 s) and higher values in inspiratory time (0.99 ± 0.04, 0.82 ± 0.03 and 0.88 ± 0.03 s). In conclusion, in young healthy female athletes, the Emotion showed better preservation of cardiopulmonary responses than the FFP2.
Collapse
|
13
|
Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Athletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126294. [PMID: 34200767 PMCID: PMC8296102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the steady increase in female participation in sport over the last two decades, comprehensive research on interventions attenuating the influence of female menstrual physiology on performance remains scarce. Studies involving eumenorrheic women often only test in one menstrual phase to limit sex hormone variance, which may restrict the application of these findings to the rest of the menstrual cycle. The impacts of nutrition-based interventions on athletic performance throughout the menstrual cycle have not been fully elucidated. We addressed this gap by conducting a focused critical review of clinical studies that reported athletic outcomes as well as menstrual status for healthy eumenorrheic female participants. In total, 1443 articles were identified, and 23 articles were included. These articles were published between 2011 and 2021, and were retrieved from Google Scholar, Medline, and PubMed. Our literature search revealed that hydration-, micronutrient-, and phytochemical-based interventions can improve athletic performance (measured by aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, and strength performance) or attenuate exercise-induced damage (measured by dehydration biomarkers, muscle soreness, and bone resorption biomarkers). Most performance trials, however, only assessed these interventions in one menstrual phase, limiting the application throughout the entire menstrual cycle. Improvements in athletic performance through nutrition-based interventions may be contingent upon female sex hormone variation in eumenorrheic women.
Collapse
|