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Vandelli V, Palandri L, Coratza P, Rizzi C, Ghinoi A, Righi E, Soldati M. Conditioning factors in the spreading of Covid-19 - Does geography matter? Heliyon 2024; 10:e25810. [PMID: 38356610 PMCID: PMC10865316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
There is evidence in literature that the spread of COVID-19 can be influenced by various geographic factors, including territorial features, climate, population density, socioeconomic conditions, and mobility. The objective of the paper is to provide an updated literature review on geographical studies analysing the factors which influenced COVID-19 spreading. This literature review took into account not only the geographical aspects but also the COVID-19-related outcomes (infections and deaths) allowing to discern the potential influencing role of the geographic factors per type of outcome. A total of 112 scientific articles were selected, reviewed and categorized according to subject area, aim, country/region of study, considered geographic and COVID-19 variables, spatial and temporal units of analysis, methodologies, and main findings. Our literature review showed that territorial features may have played a role in determining the uneven geography of COVID-19; for instance, a certain agreement was found regarding the direct relationship between urbanization degree and COVID-19 infections. For what concerns climatic factors, temperature was the variable that correlated the best with COVID-19 infections. Together with climatic factors, socio-demographic ones were extensively taken into account. Most of the analysed studies agreed that population density and human mobility had a significant and direct relationship with COVID-19 infections and deaths. The analysis of the different approaches used to investigate the role of geographic factors in the spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that the significance/representativeness of the outputs is influenced by the scale considered due to the great spatial variability of geographic aspects. In fact, a more robust and significant association between geographic factors and COVID-19 was found by studies conducted at subnational or local scale rather than at country scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Vandelli
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Palandri
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Coratza
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Rizzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ghinoi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Righi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Mauro Soldati
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
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Walker RJ, Eisenhauer E, Thompson EL, Butler R, Metheny N, Barroso CS, Marino M. COVID-19 Information, Trust, and Risk Perception Across Diverse Communities in the United States: Initial Findings from a Multistate Community Engagement Alliance (CEAL). Am J Public Health 2024; 114:S112-S123. [PMID: 38207271 PMCID: PMC10785172 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Objectives. To provide initial findings from Community Engagement Alliance (CEAL), a multistate effort funded by the National Institutes of Health, to conduct urgent community-engaged research and outreach focused on COVID-19 awareness, education, and evidence-based response. Methods. We collected survey data (November 2020-November 2022) from 21 CEAL teams from 29 state and regional CEAL sites spanning 19 US states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, which covered priority populations served and trusted sources of information about COVID-19, including prevention behaviors, vaccination, and clinical trials. Results. A disproportionate number of respondents were Latino (45%) or Black (40%). There was considerable variability between CEAL sites regarding trusted sources of information, COVID-19 prevention, and COVID-19 vaccination. For example, more respondents (70%) reported health care providers as a trusted source of COVID-19 information than any other source (ranging from 6% to 87% by site). Conclusions. CEAL rapidly developed novel infrastructure to engage academic, public health, and community organizations to address COVID-19's impacts on underserved communities. CEAL provides an example of how to respond in future public health emergencies to quickly promote trustworthy, evidence-based information in ways that advance health equity. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S1):S112-S123. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307504).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J Walker
- Rebekah J. Walker is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Elizabeth Eisenhauer is with Westat, Rockville, MD. Erika L. Thompson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth. Robin Butler is with the School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Nicholas Metheny is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Cristina S. Barroso is with the College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Miguel Marino is with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Elizabeth Eisenhauer
- Rebekah J. Walker is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Elizabeth Eisenhauer is with Westat, Rockville, MD. Erika L. Thompson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth. Robin Butler is with the School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Nicholas Metheny is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Cristina S. Barroso is with the College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Miguel Marino is with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Erika L Thompson
- Rebekah J. Walker is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Elizabeth Eisenhauer is with Westat, Rockville, MD. Erika L. Thompson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth. Robin Butler is with the School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Nicholas Metheny is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Cristina S. Barroso is with the College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Miguel Marino is with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Robin Butler
- Rebekah J. Walker is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Elizabeth Eisenhauer is with Westat, Rockville, MD. Erika L. Thompson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth. Robin Butler is with the School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Nicholas Metheny is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Cristina S. Barroso is with the College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Miguel Marino is with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Nicholas Metheny
- Rebekah J. Walker is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Elizabeth Eisenhauer is with Westat, Rockville, MD. Erika L. Thompson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth. Robin Butler is with the School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Nicholas Metheny is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Cristina S. Barroso is with the College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Miguel Marino is with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Cristina S Barroso
- Rebekah J. Walker is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Elizabeth Eisenhauer is with Westat, Rockville, MD. Erika L. Thompson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth. Robin Butler is with the School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Nicholas Metheny is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Cristina S. Barroso is with the College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Miguel Marino is with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Miguel Marino
- Rebekah J. Walker is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Elizabeth Eisenhauer is with Westat, Rockville, MD. Erika L. Thompson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth. Robin Butler is with the School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Nicholas Metheny is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Cristina S. Barroso is with the College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Miguel Marino is with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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Vallée A. Geoepidemiological perspective on COVID-19 pandemic review, an insight into the global impact. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1242891. [PMID: 37927887 PMCID: PMC10620809 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1242891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic showed major impacts, on societies worldwide, challenging healthcare systems, economies, and daily life of people. Geoepidemiology, an emerging field that combines geography and epidemiology, has played a vital role in understanding and combatting the spread of the virus. This interdisciplinary approach has provided insights into the spatial patterns, risk factors, and transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic at different scales, from local communities to global populations. Spatial patterns have revealed variations in incidence rates, with urban-rural divides and regional hotspots playing significant roles. Cross-border transmission has highlighted the importance of travel restrictions and coordinated public health responses. Risk factors such as age, underlying health conditions, socioeconomic factors, occupation, demographics, and behavior have influenced vulnerability and outcomes. Geoepidemiology has also provided insights into the transmissibility and spread of COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission, super-spreading events, and the impact of variants. Geoepidemiology should be vital in understanding and responding to evolving new viral challenges of this and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
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Pang CJ, Delamater PL. Spatiotemporal characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta wave in North Carolina. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2023; 45:100566. [PMID: 37301588 PMCID: PMC9838034 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2023.100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We constructed county-level models to examine properties of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant wave of infections in North Carolina and assessed immunity levels (via prior infection, via vaccination, and overall) prior to the Delta wave. To understand how prior immunity shaped Delta wave outcomes, we assessed relationships among these characteristics. Peak weekly infection rate and total percent of the population infected during the Delta wave were negatively correlated with the proportion of people with vaccine-derived immunity prior to the Delta Wave, signaling that places with higher vaccine uptake had better outcomes. We observed a positive correlation between immunity via infection prior to Delta and percent of the population infected during the Delta wave, meaning that counties with poor pre-Delta outcomes also had poor Delta wave outcomes. Our findings illustrate geographic variation in outcomes during the Delta wave in North Carolina, highlighting regional differences in population characteristics and infection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy J Pang
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul L Delamater
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Vilinová K, Petrikovičová L. Spatial Autocorrelation of COVID-19 in Slovakia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:298. [PMID: 37368716 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic situation of COVID-19, which affected almost the entire civilized world with its consequences, offered a unique opportunity for analysis of geographical space. In a relatively short period of time, the COVID-19 pandemic became a truly global event with consequences affecting all areas of life. Circumstances with COVID-19, which affected the territory of Slovakia and its regions, represent a sufficient premise for analysis three years after the registration of the first case in Slovakia. The study presents the results of a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of the course of registered cases of COVID-19 in six periods in Slovakia. The aim of the paper was to analyze the development of the number of people infected with the disease COVID-19 in Slovakia. At the level of the districts of Slovakia, using spatial autocorrelation, we identified spatial differences in the disease of COVID-19. Moran's global autocorrelation index and Moran's local index were used in the synthesis of knowledge. Spatial analysis of data on the number of infected in the form of spatial autocorrelation analysis was used as a practical sustainable approach to localizing statistically significant areas with high and low positivity. This manifested itself in the monitored area mainly in the form of positive spatial autocorrelation. The selection of data and methods used in this study together with the achieved and presented results can serve as a suitable tool to support decisions in further measures for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Vilinová
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Regional Development, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Petrikovičová
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Regional Development, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
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Feng B, Wang W, Zhou B, Zhou Y, Wang J, Liao F. Mapping the long-term associations between air pollutants and COVID-19 risks and the attributable burdens in the continental United States. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121418. [PMID: 36898647 PMCID: PMC9994533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the associations between COVID-19 risks and long-term exposure to air pollutants, revealing considerable heterogeneity and even contradictory regional results. Studying the spatial heterogeneity of the associations is essential for developing region-specific and cost-effective air-pollutant-related public health policies for the prevention and control of COVID-19. However, few studies have investigated this issue. Using the USA as an example, we constructed single/two-pollutant conditional autoregressions with random coefficients and random intercepts to map the associations between five air pollutants (PM2.5, O3, SO2, NO2, and CO) and two COVID-19 outcomes (incidence and mortality) at the state level. The attributed cases and deaths were then mapped at the county level. This study included 3108 counties from 49 states within the continental USA. The county-level air pollutant concentrations from 2017 to 2019 were used as long-term exposures, and the county-level cumulative COVID-19 cases and deaths through May 13, 2022, were used as outcomes. Results showed that considerably heterogeneous associations and attributable COVID-19 burdens were found in the USA. The COVID-19 outcomes in the western and northeastern states appeared to be unaffected by any of the five pollutants. The east of the USA bore the greatest COVID-19 burdens attributable to air pollution because of its high pollutant concentrations and significantly positive associations. PM2.5 and CO were significantly positively associated with COVID-19 incidence in 49 states on average, whereas NO2 and SO2 were significantly positively associated with COVID-19 mortality. The remaining associations between air pollutants and COVID-19 outcomes were not statistically significant. Our study provided implications regarding where a major concern should be placed on a specific air pollutant for COVID-19 control and prevention, as well as where and how to conduct additional individual-based validation research in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benying Feng
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Wei Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Fang Liao
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Petrovič F, Vilinová K, Hilbert R. Analysis of Hazard Rate of Municipalities in Slovakia in Terms of COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9082. [PMID: 34501672 PMCID: PMC8430809 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus became a phenomenon in 2020, which is making an unwanted but wide space for the study of various scientific disciplines. The COVID-19 pandemic situation which has reached almost the whole civilized world by its consequences thus offers a unique possibility to analyze the graphic space and the human activities inside it. The aim of this study is to predict and identify the potential rate of threat on the example of COVID-19 in Slovakia through an established model. This model consisted of an assessment of the partial phenomena of exposure, vulnerability, and overall risk. The statistical data used to evaluate these phenomena concerned individual cities in Slovakia. These represent the smallest administrative unit. Indirect methods based on the point method were applied in the paper. The spreading and transfer of the disease was influenced much more by the exposure presented by traffic availability, especially, but also the concentration of inhabitants in the selected locations (shops, cemeteries, and others). In the results, our modeling confirmed the regions with the highest intensity, especially in the districts (Bratislava, Košice, Prešov, and Nitra). The selection of the data and method used in this study together with the results reached and presented may serve as an appropriate tool for the support of decision-making of other measures for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Petrovič
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Katarína Vilinová
- Department of Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Hilbert
- Department of Fire Protection, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, YMS, a. s., 960 01 Trnava, Slovakia;
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Rahman MM, Paul KC, Hossain MA, Ali GGMN, Rahman MS, Thill JC. Machine Learning on the COVID-19 Pandemic, Human Mobility and Air Quality: A Review. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2021; 9:72420-72450. [PMID: 34786314 PMCID: PMC8545207 DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3079121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic is touching every facet of human lives (e.g., public health, education, economy, transportation, and the environment). This novel pandemic and non-pharmaceutical interventions of lockdown and confinement implemented citywide, regionally or nationally are affecting virus transmission, people's travel patterns, and air quality. Many studies have been conducted to predict the diffusion of the COVID-19 disease, assess the impacts of the pandemic on human mobility and on air quality, and assess the impacts of lockdown measures on viral spread with a range of Machine Learning (ML) techniques. This literature review aims to analyze the results from past research to understand the interactions among the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown measures, human mobility, and air quality. The critical review of prior studies indicates that urban form, people's socioeconomic and physical conditions, social cohesion, and social distancing measures significantly affect human mobility and COVID-19 viral transmission. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people are inclined to use private transportation for necessary travel to mitigate coronavirus-related health problems. This review study also noticed that COVID-19 related lockdown measures significantly improve air quality by reducing the concentration of air pollutants, which in turn improves the COVID-19 situation by reducing respiratory-related sickness and deaths. It is argued that ML is a powerful, effective, and robust analytic paradigm to handle complex and wicked problems such as a global pandemic. This study also explores the spatio-temporal aspects of lockdown and confinement measures on coronavirus diffusion, human mobility, and air quality. Additionally, we discuss policy implications, which will be helpful for policy makers to take prompt actions to moderate the severity of the pandemic and improve urban environments by adopting data-driven analytic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mokhlesur Rahman
- The William States Lee College of EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC28223USA
- Department of Urban and Regional PlanningKhulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET)Khulna9203Bangladesh
| | - Kamal Chandra Paul
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringThe William States Lee College of EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC28223USA
| | - Md. Amjad Hossain
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics and EngineeringShepherd UniversityShepherdstownWV25443USA
| | - G. G. Md. Nawaz Ali
- Department of Applied Computer ScienceUniversity of CharlestonCharlestonWV25304USA
| | - Md. Shahinoor Rahman
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesNew Jersey City UniversityJersey CityNJ07305USA
| | - Jean-Claude Thill
- Department of Geography and Earth SciencesSchool of Data ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC28223USA
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