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Al-Maweri SA, Alhajj MN, Al-Soneidar WA, Shamala A, Alkadasi BA, Amran AG, Abu-Lohom F, Al-Sharani HM, Basalamah MA, Al-Muaalemi Z, Almeslet AS, Abdulrab S, Asiri AA, Kassim S, Halboub E. Tobacco use and khat chewing among adolescents in Yemen: a large-scale school-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2406. [PMID: 39232711 PMCID: PMC11375828 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study sought to assess the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use (cigarette smoking and shisha use) and khat chewing among Yemeni adolescents, and to evaluate their knowledge and attitudes toward these habits. METHODS This school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 13 to 19-year-old students attending middle/high schools (both private and public) across five main cities in Yemen. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires comprising questions/items related to sociodemographic data, cigarette smoking, shisha use, khat chewing, and knowledge on and attitudes toward these habits. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore the most determinant factors. RESULTS A total of 7505 students were recruited from 42 schools across five major cities in Yemen. The prevalence rates of khat chewing, cigarette smoking, and shisha use were 42.4%, 6.8%, and 19.3%, respectively. Compared to females, male subjects reported significantly higher prevalence of khat chewing (51.4% vs. 23.5%, p < 0.001), shisha use (20.3% vs. 17.2%, p < 0.01), and cigarette smoking (8.8% vs. 2.6%, p < 0.001). Male gender, older age, poor knowledge, khat chewing, parents' low education level, and parents' and peers' smoking habits were significant determinants of adolescents' cigarette smoking status. Private education, male gender, older age, poor knowledge, parents' low education level, and parents' and peers' khat chewing habits were significant determinants of adolescents' khat chewing status. The participant's knowledge of and attitudes toward tobacco use and khat chewing were inadequate. CONCLUSION The prevalence of khat chewing, shisha use, and to lesser extent cigarette smoking among Yemeni adolescents is high that needs immediate intervention. The results highlight the urgent need to implement prevention strategies to tackle these habits among the youth in Yemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq Ali Al-Maweri
- Department of Preclinical Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | | | - Anas Shamala
- Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, College of Dentistry, University of Science & Technology, Sanaa, Yemen
| | | | | | | | - Hesham Mohammed Al-Sharani
- National Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Zakarya Al-Muaalemi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Jiblah University for Medical & Health Sciences, Ibb, Yemen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Asma Saleh Almeslet
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleem Abdulrab
- Alkhor Health Centre, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Saba Kassim
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Halima Allahdad A, Ngari M, Mwiti Kibiti C, Udu Yusuf R, Mutua S, Budambula V. Shisha Consumption and Presence of Cotinine in Saliva Samples among Students in Public Universities in Coastal Kenya. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom 2024; 2024:5653709. [PMID: 39206219 PMCID: PMC11357821 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5653709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the well-known adverse health effects of tobacco, shisha use among students in tertiary institutions remains a public health concern. In Kenya, the literature on status of shisha after the 2017 ban is scanty. This study sought to ascertain actual shisha use among university students along the coastal strip. Methods We investigated confirmed and self-reported shisha use. Using proportionate-to-size and snowball sampling methods, 380 respondents were enrolled from three universities. Sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported history of shisha use were documented using a participant-assisted questionnaire. Actual shisha use was determined qualitatively using 6 panel plus alcohol saliva test kit that detected cotinine use among other selected drugs. Results Of the 380 participants, 278 (73%) were males and their median (IQR) age was 22 (20-23) years. This study reports 29% current use based on testing positive for cotinine. Among those who reported current ever use of shisha, 19% tested positive for cotinine, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, being separated (adjusted risk ratio (aRR): 2.06 (95% CI: 1.45-2.94)) compared to being single and studying for a degree compared to a diploma (aRR: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.10-1.58)) were associated with cotinine positive. The 4th year of study (aRR: 1.68 (95% CI: 1.22-2.33)) compared to the 1st year and reported knowledge of shisha (aRR: 1.84 (95% CI: 1.18-2.87)) were associated with cotinine positive. Conclusion Nearly one-third of university students along the Kenyan coast are active shisha users. Saliva testing for cotinine is a more reliable method of reporting tobacco use. We recommend upscaling of health education, re-enforcement of the current ban on shisha consumption by concerned authorities, and saliva testing for cotinine while assessing current tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moses Ngari
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti
- Department of Pure and Applied SciencesTechnical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Rahma Udu Yusuf
- Department of Pure and Applied SciencesTechnical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Sylvia Mutua
- Department of Mass Communication StudiesTechnical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Valentine Budambula
- Department of Environment and Health SciencesTechnical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
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Cham B, Weaver SR, Jones CK, Popova L, Jacques N. Prevalence and associated factors of shisha smoking among students in Senegal: Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2020. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-77. [PMID: 38745595 PMCID: PMC11091866 DOI: 10.18332/tid/186656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although shisha smoking is banned in Senegal, it has become increasingly popular, especially among youth. Despite the health risks associated with shisha smoking, there are few studies on shisha smoking in West Africa and none in Senegal. Our study assessed the prevalence and factors associated with shisha smoking among students aged 13-15 years in Senegal. METHODS We used the 2020 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) Senegal data from 2524 students aged 13-15 years. We calculated the weighted prevalence of ever and current (past 30 days) shisha smoking. Multivariable logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with ever and current shisha smoking among students. RESULTS The prevalences of ever and current shisha smoking were 9.8% (95% CI: 7.7-12.3) and 2.2% (95% CI: 1.5-3.1), respectively. Ever shisha smoking was significantly associated with being male (AOR=1.97; 95% CI: 1.33-2.92), current cigarette smoking (AOR=7.54; 95% CI: 2.95-19.29), higher class grade (AOR=2.27; 95% CI:1.10-4.67), more weekly pocket money (AOR=3.29; 95% CI:1.36-7.95), current use of smokeless tobacco (AOR=11.53; 95% CI: 4.98- 26.72), and exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke in public (AOR=1.55; 95% CI: 1.00-2.41). Current shisha smoking was significantly associated with current cigarette smoking (AOR=21.75; 95% CI: 6.08-77.78), more weekly pocket money (AOR=8.91; 95% CI: 1.75-45.40), current use of smokeless tobacco (AOR=8.26; 95% CI: 2.07-33.04), and fathers' smoking (AOR=3.34; 95% CI: 1.24-8.96). CONCLUSIONS One in 10 students aged 13-15 years have ever smoked shisha and 2.2% were currently smoking it, suggesting that shisha smoking is a public health concern in Senegal. Senegal might consider offering students more education on the harms of shisha, both in schools and through comprehensive media campaigns that address all tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Cham
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Scott R. Weaver
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Candace K. Jones
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, United States
| | - Lucy Popova
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Nerline Jacques
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
- CyberData Technologies, Herndon, United States
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Mdege ND, Ekpo R, Ogolla S, Ali SJ, Camara A, Mugweni E. Reasons for shisha smoking: Findings from a mixed methods study among adult shisha smokers in Nigeria. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002853. [PMID: 38306320 PMCID: PMC10836660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Shisha smoking has increased significantly worldwide over the past decade including in developing countries such as Nigeria. We aimed to understand the reasons for shisha smoking in Nigeria in order to address the lack of context-specific evidence to inform the national response to the growing threat posed by shisha smoking. We adopted the Theory of Planned Behaviour to conduct in-depth interviews among 78 purposely sampled current shisha smokers in 13 states (six in each state), and a quantitative survey including a random sample of 611 current shisha smokers in 12 states, across the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The in-depth interview data was analysed using thematic analysis whilst the quantitative survey data was analysed descriptively. We triangulated the key findings from the two datasets using a triangulation matrix organised by the three meta-themes: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control. Positive attitudes towards shisha smoking stem from shisha flavours, perceived pleasure from shisha smoking, curiosity about product attributes, beliefs about health benefits, limited knowledge on the health effects, and weak regulation. Having friends and family members who smoke shisha and the need to belong, particularly during social events, also promote shisha smoking. Negative societal views towards shisha smoking are potentially a protective factor. The availability of and ability to smoke shisha in many places makes shisha more accessible, whilst the high costs of shisha are potentially prohibitive. The findings also indicate that quitting shisha smoking without support is difficult. Restrictions on flavours, strengthening compliance monitoring and enforcement of the tobacco control laws in relation to shisha (e.g., smoke-free environments in indoor and outdoor public places; health warnings in English on shisha products including the pots; and tax and price measures) have the potential to minimise initiation and use, and to protect the health and wellbeing of Nigeria's general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Dadirai Mdege
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Development Gateway: An IREX Venture, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Centre for Research in Health and Development, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ranti Ekpo
- Voice of Children Foundation, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Sharon Ogolla
- Development Gateway: An IREX Venture, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Seember Joy Ali
- Development Gateway: An IREX Venture, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Aminata Camara
- Development Gateway: An IREX Venture, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Esther Mugweni
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
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Bhargava SS, Das S, Priya H, Mishra D, Shivabasappa S, Sood A, Hazarika CR, Gupta PC, Chakma JK, Swasticharan L, Sinha P, Munish VG, Gupta SR. The Burden and Correlates of Waterpipe (Hookah) Smoking among Adolescents and Youth: A Systematic Review. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:29-40. [PMID: 37907086 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2257320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review evaluated the available medical literature on the prevalence and trends of waterpipe tobacco smoking among adolescents and youth in jurisdictionally representative populations. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for relevant studies from inception until 31 December 2022 that reported the burden of waterpipe smoking among adolescents and youth (10-24 years of age). We extracted qualitative data on the demographic characteristics, burden, and correlates of waterpipe smoking (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022310982). RESULTS A total of 2,197 articles were screened and 62 were included in the analysis. The majority (29) of the studies was from the United States of America and there were no studies from the south-east Asian region. The prevalence of ever waterpipe smoking among the 10-24 years age group was noted to be 18.16% (95% CI, 18.03-18.29). The prevalence of current (30-day) waterpipe smoking was 6.43% (95% CI, 6.34-6.50). The age of initiation of waterpipe smoking was variable. The prevalence of waterpipe smoking was higher among males, among those who belong to the high- and middle-income groups, and among university students. The common risk factors of waterpipe smoking included cigarette smoking, alcohol, and substance use. Waterpipe smoking resulted in increased susceptibility to the use of conventional forms of tobacco (e.g. smoking) among those who were never smokers. CONCLUSION Waterpipe smoking usage was significantly high among adolescents and young adults. Developing regulatory guidelines for water-pipe smoking, surveillance of its use, intervention, and specific policy frameworks may be considered a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Sharad Bhargava
- Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Saibal Das
- Indian Council of Medical Research - Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, India
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harsh Priya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Mishra
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Santhosh Shivabasappa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Eductaion and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Anubhuti Sood
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Chaya Rani Hazarika
- Socio-Behavioral Health Systems and Implementation Research Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Joy Kumar Chakma
- Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Leimapokpam Swasticharan
- Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Shalini R Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Ngahane BHM, Magouanet T, Bitchong EC, Endale LM, Barche B, Budzi MN, Mbele OC, Assob JC. Prevalence, knowledge and factors associated with shisha smoking among university students in Cameroon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:606-611. [PMID: 37491753 PMCID: PMC10365552 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.22.0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Young adults consider shisha (water-pipe) less harmful than other smoking methods, but it has been reported to expose its users to excess levels of tobacco. This study sought to determine the prevalence, knowledge and factors associated with shisha use among university students in Buea, Cameroon.METHODS: Consenting participants were included in a cross-sectional study. Knowledge was assessed using a knowledge summary score and logistic regression used to identify factors associated with shisha smoking. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: There were 1,008 student participants; 509 (50.9%) were female. The mean age was 22.9 ± 3.1 years. The prevalence of shisha smoking was 26% (95% CI 23.3-28.8). Most respondents had good knowledge about shisha (59.2%). Poor knowledge about shisha (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.37, 95% CI 1.57-3.59)], living in a hostel (aOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.29-3.11), friends' use of shisha (aOR 5.41, 95% CI 3.03-10.43) and alcohol consumption (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.24-2.94) were associated with shisha smoking.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of shisha smoking among university students in Buea is high; about one-quarter of the students have poor knowledge about its harmful health effects. There is an increasing need for sensitisation of these young adults to the harmful effects of tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Mbatchou Ngahane
- Internal Medicine Department, Douala General Hospital, Douala, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Environmental and Lung Health Association, Douala
| | - T Magouanet
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea
| | - E C Bitchong
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Jamot Hospital, Yaounde
| | - L M Endale
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Hôpital Laquintinie, Douala, Cameroon
| | - B Barche
- Hôpital Laquintinie, Douala, Cameroon
| | - M N Budzi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea
| | - O C Mbele
- Internal Medicine Department, Douala General Hospital, Douala, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala
| | - J C Assob
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala
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Goolam Mahomed A. Shisha use amongst students. Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med 2023; 29:10.7196/AJTCCM.2023.v29i1.893. [PMID: 37073270 PMCID: PMC10105901 DOI: 10.7196/ajtccm.2023.v29i1.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Goolam Mahomed
- Louis Pasteur Private Hospital and Raslouw Private Hospital, Pretoria,
South Africa
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Hirpa S, Fogarty AW, Addissie A, Bauld L, Frese T, Unverzagt S, Kantelhardt EJ, Getachew S, Deressa W. Prevalence and risk factors for tobacco, khat, and alcohol consumption among high school students in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:226. [PMID: 36732737 PMCID: PMC9893175 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco, khat, alcohol, and marijuana are the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases. There are limited studies on substance use in Ethiopia, especially among secondary school students. This study aims to determine the epidemiology of substance use among secondary school students in Ethiopia. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2020 in four large regions of Ethiopia and the capital Addis Ababa. We collected data from 3,355 grade 9 and grade 10 students in 36 randomly selected high schools. Data were collected on tobacco, khat, alcohol and other substances. Mixed effect logistic regression models were fitted to determine the predictors of cigarette smoking. RESULTS 157 (4.7%) of the participants ever smoked cigarettes and 81 (2.4%) were current smokers. 106 (3.2%) ever used smokeless tobacco, 1,342 (41.8%) had ever drunk alcohol, 290 (8.7%) ever used khat, 137 (4.8%) chewed khat regularly and 76 (2.3%) ever used marijuana. There was a significant regional variation in substance use patterns; cigarette and khat use was the highest in southern regions, whereas alcohol use was highest in the northern areas. Availability of cigarette and khat shops within a 100-meter radius of the school compound was reported by 1,229 (37.5%) and 816 (25%) students, respectively. Three hundred fifty-four (10.9%) students had ever seen someone smoking a cigarette in the school compound. Ever use of smokeless tobacco (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 9.4, 95%CI: 4.9-17.9), ever use of shisha (AOR = 8, 95% CI: 3.9-16.3), ever use of khat (AOR = 4.1, 95%CI: 2.5-6.8), ever use of alcohol (AOR = 2.3, 95%CI: 1.4-3.7), having a friend who smoked a cigarette (AOR = 2, 95%CI: 1.2-3.5), and ever seen someone smoking a cigarette in the school compound (AOR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.1-3.4) were associated with ever use of cigarettes. CONCLUSION Substance use prevalence in Ethiopia has regional variations and prevention strategies should be tailored to the needs of the regions. Although this study reported a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking, students could access cigarettes and khat in nearby school areas. The existing tobacco control laws that prohibit selling tobacco products to children and adolescents under 21 years of age and ban establishing tobacco shops close to school compounds should be enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selamawit Hirpa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
- Global Health Working Group, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Andrew W Fogarty
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adamu Addissie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biostatics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher institute and SPECTRUM Consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Frese
- General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Susanne Unverzagt
- General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Eva J Kantelhardt
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biostatics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
- Global Health Working Group, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sefonias Getachew
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biostatics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
- Global Health Working Group, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Hussein T. Indoor Exposure and Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate during Smoking and Incense Stick Burning-The Jordanian Case as an Example for Eastern Mediterranean Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:587. [PMID: 36612906 PMCID: PMC9819828 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and incense burning are commonly used in Jordanian microenvironments. While smoking in Jordan is prohibited inside closed spaces, incense burning remains uncontrolled. In this study, particle size distributions (diameter 0.01-25 µm) were measured and inhaled deposited dose rates were calculated during typical smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios inside a closed room, and the exposure was summarized in terms of number and mass concentrations of submicron (PNSub) and fine particles (PM2.5). During cigarette smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios, the particle number concentrations exceeded 3 × 105 cm-3. They exceeded 5 × 105 cm-3 during shisha smoking. The emission rates were 1.9 × 1010, 6.8 × 1010, and 1.7 × 1010 particles/s, respectively, for incense, cigarettes, and shisha. That corresponded to about 7, 80, and 120 µg/s, respectively. Males received higher dose rates than females, with about 75% and 55% in the pulmonary/alveolar during walking and standing, respectively. The total dose rates were in the order of 1012-1013 #/h (103-104 µg/h), respectively, for PNSub and PM2.5. The above reported concentrations, emissions rates, and dose rates are considered seriously high, recalling the fact that aerosols emitted during such scenarios consist of a vast range of toxicant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Hussein
- Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Hirpa S, Dobbie F, Fogarty A, Addissie A, Kaba M, Frese T, Unverzagt S, Kantelhardt EJ, Siddiqi K, Bauld L, Deressa W. "If I don't smoke shisha, I won't be able to sleep": lived experiences of high school students in Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2022; 6:001c.33806. [PMID: 35518649 PMCID: PMC7612691 DOI: 10.29392/001c.33806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shisha smoking predisposes the users to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and infections, such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, and herpes. In Ethiopia, there is little data on the adolescents' shisha smoking experience. This study aimed to explore the lived experience of high school students and inform ongoing and future prevention and control interventions. Methods This study was conducted in Addis Ababa and Adama cities in Ethiopia. Twenty-five secondary school students aged 15-22 years who had shisha smoking experience participated in this study. A topic guide was used to facilitate the in-depth interviews (IDIs) and a digital audio recorder recorded the interviews. Interviews varied between 40-90 minutes and were conducted in private open-air spaces where only the interviewee and researcher were present. Each transcript was coded using Atlas.ti version 8 software. The analytical approach was iterative, with interview transcripts analyzed at the time of coding and re-analyzed after a preliminary result was drafted to search for additional themes. Results Students described two key factors that influenced their decision to initiate shisha smoking: peer influence and perceiving it as a means to release stress. After initiating shisha use students maintained the behaviour because of: peer influence, khat chewing, enjoyment of shisha smoking, having prolonged leisure time, and accessibility to shisha. Students regretted the impact shisha use had on their lives, such as conflict with their families, poor academic performance, and spending money on shisha smoking. Female students were also concerned about reproductive health risks related to shisha use. Conclusions Peer influence played a major role both in initiating and maintaining shisha use. However, students admitted concern over the impact of shisha smoking on academic performance and their relationship with their families. Since shisha use is associated with khat chewing; shisha smoking control programs cannot be successful without controlling khat. Especially young girls had worries about their reproductive health risks associated with shisha use. This suggests that targeted awareness raising programs highlighting the dangers of shisha use for both health and safety; especially for young women is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selamawit Hirpa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre of Health Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Fiona Dobbie
- Usher Institute and SPECTRUM Consortium, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Fogarty
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adamu Addissie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Centre of Health Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Mirgissa Kaba
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Thomas Frese
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre of Health Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Unverzagt
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre of Health Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Eva Johanna Kantelhardt
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Centre of Health Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Kamran Siddiqi
- The University of York and Hull York Medical School, Health Sciences, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute and SPECTRUM Consortium, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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