1
|
Pieters MM, Fahsen N, Quezada R, Pratt C, Craig C, McDavid K, Vega Ocasio D, Hug C, Cordón-Rosales C, Lozier MJ. Assessing hand hygiene knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among Guatemalan primary school students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2252. [PMID: 37974121 PMCID: PMC10652458 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand hygiene (HH) is an important practice that prevents transmission of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. However, in resource-limited areas, where water and soap are not always available, it can be difficult to practice HH correctly and at appropriate moments. The purpose of this study was to assess HH knowledge and behaviors among students from six elementary schools in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala to identify gaps that could later inform interventions to improve HH. METHODS We conducted knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) surveys among primary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022. We also observed students' HH practices at three different moments during the day, making note of the use of the HH station and materials, duration of handwashing, presence of a HH assistant, and the students' sex. We also used the Quantitative Personal Hygiene Assessment Tool (qPHAT), to measure hand dirtiness before eating, after restroom use, and upon arriving to school. RESULTS We surveyed 109 students across six schools. Mean scores were 4 out of 5 for knowledge, 8 out of 8 for attitudes, and 6 out of 7 for HH practices. Most students identified "before eating" as a critical moment for HH (68.8%), fewer identified "after restroom use" (31.2%), and no students mentioned HH being necessary "after coughing or sneezing". We observed 326 HH opportunities of which 51.2% performed correct HH (used water and soap for at least 20 s or used alcohol-based hand rub, where materials were available). We collected 82 qPHAT hand swabs. A Kruskal Wallis test revealed a significant difference in hand dirtiness between entering the school and after restroom use (p = 0.017), but no significant difference before eating and after entering the school (p = 0.6988). CONCLUSIONS The results from the KAP survey show high scores, however correct identification of key moments for HH was relatively uncommon, especially after restroom use and after coughing or sneezing. Additionally, half of HH opportunities observed had correct HH practices and on average, hands were dirtiest when arriving at school. These findings will inform interventions to improve HH practices and behaviors, which will be evaluated with follow-up data collection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Pieters
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
| | - Natalie Fahsen
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ramiro Quezada
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Caroline Pratt
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina Craig
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelsey McDavid
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Denisse Vega Ocasio
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christiana Hug
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia Cordón-Rosales
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Matthew J Lozier
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoang TKD, Binh QA, Bui XT, Le TH, Dang BT, Nguyen HH, Ngo TTM, Kohler P, Makohliso S, Maryna P, Raab M, Vanobberghen A, Hayter A, Schönenberger K. Assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene services in district health care facilities in rural area of Mekong Delta, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:775. [PMID: 36255561 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Access to sufficient water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is a crucial requirement for patients during therapy and general well-being in the hospital. However, in low- and middle-income countries, these services are often inadequate, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality of patients. This study aimed at assessing the current situation of WASH services in six District Health Care Facilities (DHCFs) in rural areas of the Mekong Delta provinces, Vietnam. The results showed that these services were available with inappropriate quality, which did not compromise the stakeholders' needs. The revealed WASH infrastructures have raised concerns about the prolonged hospital stays for patients and push nosocomial infections to a high level. The safety of the water supply was doubted as the high E. coli (> 60%) and total coliform incidence (86%) was observed with very low residual chlorine concentration (< 0.1 mg/L) in water quality assessment. Moreover, water supply contained a high concentration of iron (up to 15.55 mg/L) in groundwater in one DHCF. Technical assessment tool analysis proved that the improper management and lack of knowledge by human resources were the primary roots of the observed status WASH services. Improvement of the perceptions of WASH should be done for the hospital staff with collaboration and support from the government to prevent incidents in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Khanh-Dieu Hoang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet street, district 10, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Quach-An Binh
- Dong Nai Technology University, Dong Nai, Bien Hoa City, Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet street, district 10, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi-Hieu Le
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet street, district 10, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Bao-Trong Dang
- HUTECH University, 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hong-Hai Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Tra-My Ngo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet street, district 10, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Petra Kohler
- EssentialTech Centre, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 10, EPFL 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solomzi Makohliso
- EssentialTech Centre, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 10, EPFL 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Maryna
- University of Applied Sciences & Arts, Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Martin Raab
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Vanobberghen
- Health Technology and Telemedicine Unit (HTTU) of the Swiss Centre for International Health (SCIH), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Klaus Schönenberger
- EssentialTech Centre, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 10, EPFL 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|