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Sowers TD, Nelson CM, Blackmon MD, Li K, Jerden ML, Kirby AM, Kovalcik K, Cox D, Dewalt G, Friedman W, Pinzer EA, Ashley PJ, Bradham KD. United States house dust Pb concentrations are influenced by soil, paint, and house age: insights from a national survey. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:709-717. [PMID: 38548929 PMCID: PMC11303246 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) in house dust contributes significantly to blood lead levels (BLLs) in children which may result in dire health consequences. Assessment of house dust Pb in the United States, relationships with Pb in soil and paint, and residential factors influencing Pb concentrations are essential to probing drivers of house dust Pb exposure. OBJECTIVE Pb concentrations in vacuum-collected house dust are characterized across 346 homes participating in the American Health Homes Survey II (AHHS II), a US survey (2018-2019) evaluating residential Pb hazards. Connections between house dust Pb and soil Pb, paint Pb, and other residential factors are evaluated, and dust Pb concentration data are compared to paired loading data to understand Pb hazard standard implications. RESULTS Mean and median vacuum dust Pb concentrations were 124 µg Pb g-1 and 34 µg Pb g-1, respectively. Vacuum-collected dust concentrations and dust wipe Pb loading rates were significantly correlated within homes (α < 0.001; r ≥ 0.4). At least one wipe sample exceeded current house dust Pb loading hazard standards (10 µg ft-2 or 100 µg Pb ft-2 for floors and windowsills, respectively) in 75 of 346 homes (22%). House dust Pb concentrations were correlated with soil Pb (r = 0.64) and Pb paint (r = 0.57). Soil Pb and paint Pb were also correlated (r = 0.6). IMPACT The AHHS II provides a window into the current state of Pb in and around residences. We evaluated the relationship between house dust Pb concentrations and two common residential Pb sources: soil and Pb-based paint. Here, we identify relationships between Pb concentrations from vacuum-collected dust and paired Pb wipe loading data, enabling dust Pb concentrations to be evaluated in the context of hazard standards. This relationship, along with direct ties to Pb in soil and interior/exterior paint, provides a comprehensive assessment of dust Pb for US homes, crucial for formulating effective strategies to mitigate Pb exposure risks in households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Sowers
- Center of Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | | | - Matthew D Blackmon
- Center of Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Kevin Li
- Independent Researcher, Lansing, MI, 48915, USA
| | - Marissa L Jerden
- Jacobs Technology, Inc., 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Alicia M Kirby
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Kasey Kovalcik
- Center of Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - David Cox
- QuanTech, 6110 Executive Blvd Suite 206, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Gary Dewalt
- QuanTech, 6110 Executive Blvd Suite 206, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Warren Friedman
- Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, 20410, USA
| | - Eugene A Pinzer
- Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, 20410, USA
| | - Peter J Ashley
- Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, 20410, USA
| | - Karen D Bradham
- Center of Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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Sowers TD, Blackmon MD, Wilkin RT, Rovero M, Bone SE, Jerden ML, Nelson CM, Bradham KD. Lead Speciation, Bioaccessibility, and Sources for a Contaminated Subset of House Dust and Soils Collected from Similar United States Residences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9339-9349. [PMID: 38748567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Residential lead (Pb) exposure is of critical concern to families globally as Pb promotes severe neurological effects in children, especially those less than 5 years old, and no blood lead level is deemed safe by the US Center for Disease Control. House dust and soils are commonly thought to be important sources of Pb exposure. Probing the relationship between house dust and soil Pb is critical to understanding residential exposure, as Pb bioavailability is highly influenced by Pb sources and/or species. We investigated paired house dust and soil collected from homes built before 1978 to determine Pb speciation, source, and bioaccessibility with the primary goal of assessing chemical factors driving Pb exposure in residential media. House dust was predominately found to contain (hydro)cerussite (i.e., Pb (hydroxy)carbonate) phases commonly used in Pb-based paint that, in-turn, promoted elevated bioaccessibility (>60%). Pb X-ray absorption spectroscopy, μ-XRF mapping, and Pb isotope ratio analysis for house dust and soils support house dust Pb as chemically unique compared to exterior soils, although paint Pb is expected to be a major source for both. Soil pedogenesis and increased protection from environmental conditions (e.g., weathering) in households is expected to greatly impact Pb phase differences between house dust and soils, subsequently dictating differences in Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Sowers
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Matthew D Blackmon
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Richard T Wilkin
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | - Matt Rovero
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | - Sharon E Bone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Marissa L Jerden
- Jacobs Technology, Inc., 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, RTP, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Clay M Nelson
- BioGeoChem Scientific, Austin, Texas 78748, United States
| | - Karen D Bradham
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Casey JA, Daouda M, Babadi RS, Do V, Flores NM, Berzansky I, González DJ, Van Horne YO, James-Todd T. Methods in Public Health Environmental Justice Research: a Scoping Review from 2018 to 2021. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023; 10:312-336. [PMID: 37581863 PMCID: PMC10504232 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The volume of public health environmental justice (EJ) research produced by academic institutions increased through 2022. However, the methods used for evaluating EJ in exposure science and epidemiologic studies have not been catalogued. Here, we completed a scoping review of EJ studies published in 19 environmental science and epidemiologic journals from 2018 to 2021 to summarize research types, frameworks, and methods. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 402 articles that included populations with health disparities as a part of EJ research question and met other inclusion criteria. Most studies (60%) evaluated EJ questions related to socioeconomic status (SES) or race/ethnicity. EJ studies took place in 69 countries, led by the US (n = 246 [61%]). Only 50% of studies explicitly described a theoretical EJ framework in the background, methods, or discussion and just 10% explicitly stated a framework in all three sections. Among exposure studies, the most common area-level exposure was air pollution (40%), whereas chemicals predominated personal exposure studies (35%). Overall, the most common method used for exposure-only EJ analyses was main effect regression modeling (50%); for epidemiologic studies the most common method was effect modification (58%), where an analysis evaluated a health disparity variable as an effect modifier. Based on the results of this scoping review, current methods in public health EJ studies could be bolstered by integrating expertise from other fields (e.g., sociology), conducting community-based participatory research and intervention studies, and using more rigorous, theory-based, and solution-oriented statistical research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A. Casey
- University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA USA
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Misbath Daouda
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Ryan S. Babadi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Vivian Do
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Nina M. Flores
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Isa Berzansky
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - David J.X. González
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Tamarra James-Todd
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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Bassetti OG, McDonough RA, Shakya KM. Soil contamination in community gardens of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:782. [PMID: 37261617 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Community gardens have been seen sprouting up in and around urban settings such as Philadelphia and Pittsburgh over the past several decades. Due to the long histories of industrial activities and urbanization, these soils in urban regions may be at a high risk for various contaminants such as metals and metalloids. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), we measured 7 elements (lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), vanadium (V), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As)) in soil samples collected from a total of 21 community gardens in Philadelphia City, Philadelphia suburban areas, and Pittsburgh City during September and October 2021. We found that the city areas in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh had higher elemental concentrations in community garden soils compared to the suburbs. We found that all elements except vanadium were below the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) guidelines. When compared to more stringent Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) guidelines of a maximum of 140 mg/kg of lead in the soil, 36% percent of Philadelphia community gardens, 60% of Pittsburgh gardens, and 20% of the Philadelphia suburb gardens exceeded the CCME guideline. In Philadelphia city, generally, elemental concentrations exhibited a negative trend with increasing distance to historical smelter locations, although a significant correlation was observed for only zinc. We found that the soil from the raised beds had lower concentrations of lead and arsenic, but many of the samples from the raised beds had higher concentrations of zinc, copper, vanadium, and nickel. This discrepancy in raised beds is most likely attributed to these elements being actively deposited in the soil from present day sources such as vehicles on the road and active industrial sites. Understanding and recognizing such variations of these contaminants in community gardens are essential to understanding how industrial legacies and modern pollution continue to put urban communities at a disproportionate risk of health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Bassetti
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Rebecca A McDonough
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kabindra M Shakya
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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Lodge EK, Martin CL, Fry RC, White AJ, Ward-Caviness CK, Galea S, Aiello AE. Objectively measured external building quality, Census housing vacancies and age, and serum metals in an adult cohort in Detroit, Michigan. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:177-186. [PMID: 35577901 PMCID: PMC9666563 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residentially derived lead pollution remains a significant problem in urban areas across the country and globe. The risks of childhood residence in housing contaminated with lead-based paint are well-established, but less is known about the effects of housing quality on adult lead exposure. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of residential-area housing age, vacancy status, and building quality on adult lead exposures. METHODS We evaluated the effect of Census block group housing vacancy proportion, block group housing age, and in-person survey evaluated neighborhood building quality on serum levels of lead, mercury, manganese, and copper among a representative cohort of adults in Detroit, Michigan, from 2008-2013 using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Participants in Census block groups with higher proportions of vacant and aged housing had non-significantly elevated serum lead levels. We identified similar positive associations between residence in neighborhoods with poorer objectively measured building quality and serum lead. Associations between Census vacancies, housing age, objectively measured building quality, and serum lead were stronger among participants with a more stable residential history. SIGNIFICANCE Vacant, aged, and poorly maintained housing may contribute to widespread, low-level lead exposure among adult residents of older cities like Detroit, Michigan. US Census and neighborhood quality data may be a useful tool to identify population-level lead exposures among US adults. IMPACT Using longitudinal data from a representative cohort of adults in Detroit, Michigan, we demonstrate that Census data regarding housing vacancies and age and neighborhood survey data regarding housing quality are associated with increasing serum lead levels. Previous research has primarily focused on housing quality and lead exposures among children. Here, we demonstrate that area-level metrics of housing quality are associated with lead exposures among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans K Lodge
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Chantel L Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Environmental Health & Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Center for Environmental Health & Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra J White
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cavin K Ward-Caviness
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gandolff R. Lead exposure in childhood and historical land use: a geostatistical analysis of soil lead concentrations in South Philadelphia parks. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:356. [PMID: 36732369 PMCID: PMC9894736 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Elevated soil lead (Pb) concentrations in public parks and outdoor spaces continue to have a significant impact on the public health of urban communities. This study evaluated the geospatial and statistical relationships between soil Pb concentrations, the urban environment, and child blood lead levels (BLLs) in the neighborhood of South Philadelphia, PA. Soil samples (n = 240) were collected from forty (40) public parks and analyzed for Pb using a field portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. Geospatial mapping was used to investigate historical land use of each park, vehicular traffic on adjacent roadways, and density of residential/commercial development. Predicted child BLLs and BLL "high-risk areas" were identified using interpolation and biokinetic modeling. Childhood BLL data for South Philadelphia (n = 10,379) was provided by the Philadelphia Department of Public Health (2013-2015). Of the two hundred forty (240) soil samples collected, Pb levels for 10.8% of samples were ≥ 400 ppm. Two hundred sixty-nine of 10,379 children screened were identified with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL. Historical land use of each park was shown to be significantly correlated (p = 0.01) with soil Pb concentrations and child BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL. Approximately 13.3% of the variance in child BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL was attributed to historical site land use. Overall, undeveloped/greenspace historical land use exhibited the highest soil Pb concentrations in the study. Geospatial relationships were identified between census tracts with higher percentages of children with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL and interpolated BLL "high-risk" areas (≥ 3.5 µg/dL). The results of this study suggest soil accumulation time and historical land use may influence soil Pb concentrations and child BLLs in urban communities. Measured soil Pb concentrations were determined to effectively model community-wide contamination and childhood Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafhael Gandolff
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York City, USA.
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Hung WC, Adams N, Ibrahim-Watkins ZR, Nguyen D, Jain T, Wang YH, Jay JA. Incorporating field-based research into remote learning: An assessment of soil lead pollution in different land-use types in Los Angeles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114480. [PMID: 36206923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A research-based course was developed to investigate the legacy of soil lead (Pb) pollution in Los Angeles, California. During the course, undergraduate and graduate students collected a total of 270 soil samples for analyses of metal (loid) concentrations in different land-use types (residential, park, and school). Residential soils had significantly higher Pb concentrations than other land uses (p < 0.01) exceeding the California recommended safety level for soil Pb (80 mg/kg) at the highest frequency (64% of samples), followed by schools (42%) and parks (6.0%). Soil Pb from all 87 census block groups was correlated with battery recycling plant and railroad proximity as geospatial indicators of childhood Pb exposure risk. Meanwhile, census block groups with higher Pb levels were correlated with higher percentages of the following population: those without health insurance, without college degrees, with a lower median household income and income below the poverty line, and ethnic and racial minorities (r = -0.46 to 0.59, p < 0.05). Principal component regression models significantly improved soil Pb estimation over correlation analysis by incorporating sociodemographic, economic, and geospatial risk factors for Pb exposure (R2 = 0.58, p < 0.05). This work provides new insights into how topsoil Pb prevails in various land-use types and their co-occurring sociodemographic, economic, and geospatial risk factors, indicating the need for multi-scalar assessment across urban land uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Hung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Naomi Adams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zanobia R Ibrahim-Watkins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dorothy Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tricia Jain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Han Wang
- Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Dietrich M, O'Shea MJ, Gieré R, Krekeler MPS. Road sediment, an underutilized material in environmental science research: A review of perspectives on United States studies with international context. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128604. [PMID: 35306410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Road sediment is a pervasive environmental medium that acts as both source and sink for a variety of natural and anthropogenic particles and often is enriched in heavy metals. Road sediment is generally understudied in the United States (U.S.) relative to other environmental media and compared to countries such as China and the United Kingdom (U.K.). However, the U.S. is an ideal target for these studies due to the diverse climates and wealth of geochemical, socioeconomic, demographic, and health data. This review outlines the existing U.S. road sediment literature while also providing key international perspectives and context. Furthermore, the most comprehensive table of U.S. road sediment studies to date is presented, which includes elemental concentrations, sample size, size fraction, collection and analytical methods, as well as digestion procedure. Overall, there were observed differences in studies by sampling time period for elemental concentrations, but not necessarily by climate in the U.S. Other key concepts addressed in this road sediment review include the processes controlling its distribution, the variety of nomenclature used, anthropogenic enrichment of heavy metals, electron microscopy, health risk assessments, remediation, and future directions of road sediment investigations. Going forward, it is recommended that studies with a higher geographic diversity are performed that consider smaller cities and rural areas. Furthermore, environmental justice must be a focus as community science studies of road sediment can elucidate pollution issues impacting areas of high need. Finally, this review calls for consistency in sampling, data reporting, and nomenclature to effectively expand work on understudied elements, particles, and background sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dietrich
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael J O'Shea
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA
| | - Reto Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3616, USA
| | - Mark P S Krekeler
- Department of Geology & Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Miami University-Hamilton, Hamilton, OH 45011, USA.
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Caballero‐Gómez H, White HK, O’Shea MJ, Pepino R, Howarth M, Gieré R. Spatial Analysis and Lead-Risk Assessment of Philadelphia, USA. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2021GH000519. [PMID: 35340281 PMCID: PMC8934574 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Childhood lead poisoning is an issue that continues to plague major U.S. cities. Despite efforts by the Philadelphia Department of Public Health to curtail systemic childhood lead poisoning, children continue to be identified with elevated blood lead levels. The persistence of elevated blood lead levels in children is concerning because lead poisoning has been linked to decreases in academic achievement and IQ, with associated repercussions for entire communities. This paper reports the results of an analysis of the spatial distribution of houses with lead paint (i.e., pre-1978), demolitions, and occurrence of historic smelters, in West and North Philadelphia, relative to elevated blood lead level data, to determine which lead sources act as primary lead-risk factors. The presence of lead paint in homes and the number of demolitions of older properties were found to have the highest correlations to elevated blood lead levels for children in Philadelphia. Using lead-risk factors including lead paint, housing code violations, demolitions, and owner-occupied housing units, a lead-risk assessment was performed at the census tract level to identify future soil sampling sites and high-risk neighborhoods in Philadelphia. These sites of high risk for lead exposure, and in particular the census tracts 175 and 172, should be prioritized for lead poisoning prevention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Caballero‐Gómez
- Department of ChemistryHaverford CollegeHaverfordPAUSA
- Now at University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - H. K. White
- Department of ChemistryHaverford CollegeHaverfordPAUSA
| | - M. J. O’Shea
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - R. Pepino
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - M. Howarth
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - R. Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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Yang C, Li Y, Ding R, Xing H, Wang R, Zhang M. Lead exposure as a causative factor for metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and a lead exposure related nomogram for MAFLD prevalence. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1000403. [PMID: 36311639 PMCID: PMC9597460 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between lead exposure and neurological disorders has been extensively studied, but the effects of lead exposure on hepatotoxicity are unknown. Metabolically related fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is an update of previous non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It redefines the diagnostic conditions and emphasizes metabolic factors while considering non-alcoholic factors. Lead can affect the endocrine system and metabolism, so we believe that lead exposure may contribute to MAFLD. 41,723 individuals who had undergone blood lead testing from 2005 to 2018 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database were selected for this study. The characteristics of population lead exposure in the last decade or so, the effect of lead exposure on liver function and whether lead exposure can cause MAFLD were analyzed. Co-variates were adjusted according to age, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, visceral adiposity index (VAI), poverty indices (PIR), diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The results showed that blood lead concentrations stabilized at a low level after a decreasing trend from year to year. The differences in blood lead concentrations were associated with differences in age, sex, race, education level, and PIR. Lead exposure was an independent risk factor for MAFLD, and lead and nine other factors were used as independent risk factors for MAFLD, so a nomogram was established to predict the prevalence probability of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Children's Medical Big Data Intelligent Application, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Occupational Diseases and Poisoning, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiwu Xing
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruijue Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Children's Medical Big Data Intelligent Application, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Ruijue Wang
| | - Mingman Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Children's Medical Big Data Intelligent Application, Chongqing, China
- Mingman Zhang
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