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Reifenberg P, Zimmer A. Branched-chain amino acids: physico-chemical properties, industrial synthesis and role in signaling, metabolism and energy production. Amino Acids 2024; 56:51. [PMID: 39198298 PMCID: PMC11358235 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)-leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val)-are essential nutrients with significant roles in protein synthesis, metabolic regulation, and energy production. This review paper offers a detailed examination of the physico-chemical properties of BCAAs, their industrial synthesis, and their critical functions in various biological processes. The unique isomerism of BCAAs is presented, focusing on analytical challenges in their separation and quantification as well as their solubility characteristics, which are crucial for formulation and purification applications. The industrial synthesis of BCAAs, particularly using bacterial strains like Corynebacterium glutamicum, is explored, alongside methods such as genetic engineering aimed at enhancing production, detailing the enzymatic processes and specific precursors. The dietary uptake, distribution, and catabolism of BCAAs are reviewed as fundamental components of their physiological functions. Ultimately, their multifaceted impact on signaling pathways, immune function, and disease progression is discussed, providing insights into their profound influence on muscle protein synthesis and metabolic health. This comprehensive analysis serves as a resource for understanding both the basic and complex roles of BCAAs in biological systems and their industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reifenberg
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich‑Weiss‑Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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2
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Wang X, Guo Q, Huang K, Ma G, Zhai L, Lin B, Ren H, Yang Z. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on risk of sarcopenia: From lockdown and infection perspectives: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39257. [PMID: 39121262 PMCID: PMC11315480 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there are numerous symptoms in the skeletal muscular system, such as decreased skeletal muscle mass, strength, and muscle function, which are the main manifestations of sarcopenia. To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sarcopenia from the perspectives of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and COVID-19 infection, we conducted this study. METHODS We searched for literature related to COVID-19 and sarcopenia published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Two researchers independently searched and screened the articles, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the final included literature. RevMan 5.4 was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 8 articles with a total of 1145 patients were included. There was a significant difference in SARC-F scores (MD = 0.67, 95%CI = [0.41, 0.93], Z = 5.00, P < .00001), handgrip (MD = -1.57, 95%CI = [-2.41, -0.73], Z = 3.66, P = .0002), body weight (MD = -1.87, 95%CI = [-3.69, -0.05], Z = 2.01, P = .04), and skeletal muscle mass index (MD = -0.28, 95%CI = [-0.54, -0.02], Z = 2.13, P = .03) between the time before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the results showed that there was no significant difference in muscle mass between the 2 groups (MD = -1.72, 95%CI = [-4.39, 0.94], Z = 1.27, P = .21). CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on sarcopenia. Both infection with COVID-19 and lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic increase the risk of sarcopenia. Research should pay more attention to this disease during the COVID-19 pandemic and adopt effective interventions to minimize adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaofeng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gouping Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifeng Zhai
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingyuan Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyong Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ze Yang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Chu PH, Jenol MA, Phang LY, Ibrahim MF, Purkan P, Hadi S, Abd-Aziz S. Innovative approaches for amino acid production via consolidated bioprocessing of agricultural biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33303-33324. [PMID: 38710845 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia yield substantial waste, necessitating proper disposal to address environmental concerns. Yet, these wastes, rich in starch and lignocellulosic content, offer an opportunity for value-added product development, particularly amino acid production. Traditional methods often rely on costly commercial enzymes to convert biomass into fermentable sugars for amino acid production. An alternative, consolidated bioprocessing, enables the direct conversion of agricultural biomass into amino acids using selected microorganisms. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the potential of agricultural biomass in Indonesia and Malaysia for amino acid production through consolidated bioprocessing. It explores suitable microorganisms and presents a case study on using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 to produce 9.56 mg/mL of amino acids directly from pineapple plant stems. These findings contribute to the advancement of sustainable amino acid production methods using agricultural biomass especially in Indonesia and Malaysia through consolidated bioprocessing, reducing waste and enhancing environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsia Chu
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azwan Jenol
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai-Yee Phang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Purkan Purkan
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Sofijan Hadi
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Suraini Abd-Aziz
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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4
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Barbalho SM, Minniti G, Miola VFB, Haber JFDS, Bueno PCDS, de Argollo Haber LS, Girio RSJ, Detregiachi CRP, Dall'Antonia CT, Rodrigues VD, Nicolau CCT, Catharin VMCS, Araújo AC, Laurindo LF. Organokines in COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Cells 2023; 12:1349. [PMID: 37408184 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 that induces a generalized inflammatory state. Organokines (adipokines, osteokines, myokines, hepatokines, and cardiokines) can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. This study aimed to systematically review the role of organokines on COVID-19. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were searched, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and 37 studies were selected, comprising more than 2700 individuals infected with the virus. Among COVID-19 patients, organokines have been associated with endothelial dysfunction and multiple organ failure due to augmented cytokines and increased SARS-CoV-2 viremia. Changes in the pattern of organokines secretion can directly or indirectly contribute to aggravating the infection, promoting immune response alterations, and predicting the disease progression. These molecules have the potential to be used as adjuvant biomarkers to predict the severity of the illness and severe outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Avenida Castro Alves, 62, Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Giulia Minniti
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Fernando Bordin Miola
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Jesselina Francisco Dos Santos Haber
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Centro Interdisciplinar em Diabetes (CENID), School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cincotto Dos Santos Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza Santos de Argollo Haber
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Raul S J Girio
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), School of Medicine, Avenida Monte Carmelo, 800, Marília 17519-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Tiveron Dall'Antonia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Victória Dogani Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), School of Medicine, Avenida Monte Carmelo, 800, Marília 17519-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia C T Nicolau
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Avenida Castro Alves, 62, Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Virginia Maria Cavallari Strozze Catharin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cressoni Araújo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), School of Medicine, Avenida Monte Carmelo, 800, Marília 17519-030, SP, Brazil
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Zhao Y, Wu X, Tang M, Shi L, Gong S, Mei X, Zhao Z, He J, Huang L, Cui W. Late-life depression: Epidemiology, phenotype, pathogenesis and treatment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1017203. [PMID: 37091719 PMCID: PMC10119596 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1017203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Late-life depression (LLD) is one of the most common mental disorders among the older adults. Population aging, social stress, and the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly affected the emotional health of older adults, resulting in a worldwide prevalence of LLD. The clinical phenotypes between LLD and adult depression differ in terms of symptoms, comorbid physical diseases, and coexisting cognitive impairments. Many pathological factors such as the imbalance of neurotransmitters, a decrease in neurotrophic factors, an increase in β-amyloid production, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and changes in the gut microbiota, are allegedly associated with the onset of LLD. However, the exact pathogenic mechanism underlying LLD remains unclear. Traditional selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy results in poor responsiveness and side effects during LLD treatment. Neuromodulation therapies and complementary and integrative therapies have been proven safe and effective for the treatment of LLD. Importantly, during the COVID-19 pandemic, modern digital health intervention technologies, including socially assistive robots and app-based interventions, have proven to be advantageous in providing personal services to patients with LLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Zhao
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangping Wu
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Rehabilitation Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingli Shi
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Gong
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Rehabilitation Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Mei
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayue He
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Cui,
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Mattioli AV, Selleri V, Zanini G, Nasi M, Pinti M, Stefanelli C, Fedele F, Gallina S. Physical Activity and Diet in Older Women: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 12:81. [PMID: 36614882 PMCID: PMC9821197 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and diet are essential for maintaining good health and preventing the development of non-communicable diseases, especially in the older adults. One aspect that is often over-looked is the different response between men and women to exercise and nutrients. The body's response to exercise and to different nutrients as well as the choice of foods is different in the two sexes and is strongly influenced by the different hormonal ages in women. The present narrative review analyzes the effects of gender on nutrition and physical activity in older women. Understanding which components of diet and physical activity affect the health status of older women would help target non-pharmacological but lifestyle-related therapeutic interventions. It is interesting to note that this analysis shows a lack of studies dedicated to older women and a lack of studies dedicated to the interactions between diet and physical activity in women. Gender medicine is a current need that still finds little evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Selleri
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giada Zanini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Stefanelli
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Quality of Life, Alma Mater Studiorum, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Gallina
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Makarowski R, Predoiu R, Piotrowski A, Görner K, Predoiu A, Oliveira R, Pelin RA, Moanță AD, Boe O, Rawat S, Ahuja G. Coping Strategies and Perceiving Stress among Athletes during Different Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic-Data from Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:1770. [PMID: 36141381 PMCID: PMC9498477 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has affected numerous aspects of human functioning. Social contacts, work, education, travel, and sports have drastically changed during the lockdown periods. The pandemic restrictions have severely limited professional athletes’ ability to train and participate in competitions. For many who rely on sports as their main source of income, this represents a source of intense stress. To assess the dynamics of perceived stress as well as coping strategies during different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, we carried out a longitudinal study using the Perception of Stress Questionnaire and the Brief COPE on a sample of 2020 professional athletes in Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. The results revealed that in all three countries, the highest intrapsychic stress levels were reported during the fourth wave (all, p < 0.01) and the highest external stress levels were reported before the pandemic (p < 0.05). To analyze the data, analyses of variance were carried out using Tukey’s post hoc test and η2 for effect size. Further, emotional tension was the highest among Polish and Slovak athletes in the fourth wave, while the highest among Romanian athletes was in the pre-pandemic period. The coping strategies used by the athletes in the fourth wave were more dysfunctional than during the first wave (independent t test and Cohen’s d were used). The dynamics of the coping strategies—emotion focused and problem focused—were also discussed among Polish, Romanian, and Slovak athletes. Coaches and sports psychologists can modify the athletes’ perceived stress while simultaneously promoting effective coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Makarowski
- Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences, Academy of Applied Medical and Social Sciences in Elbląg, 82-300 Elblag, Poland
| | - Radu Predoiu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sports, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrzej Piotrowski
- Department of Personality Psychology and Forensic Psychology, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karol Görner
- Faculty of Sports, University of Presov, 08001 Presov, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Predoiu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sports, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior—Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Raluca Anca Pelin
- Department of Physical Education and Sports-Kinetotherapy, Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Daniela Moanță
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sports, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ole Boe
- Department of Business, Strategy and Political Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3045 Drammen, Norway
- Institute of Psychology, Oslo New University College, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gayatri Ahuja
- Department of Education, Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities, Mumbai 400050, India
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