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van der Eijk Y, Tan GPP, Makhbal B. Is It Time to Ban Flavored Cigarettes in Asia-Pacific Countries? A Scoping Review. Asia Pac J Public Health 2024; 36:542-549. [PMID: 39054851 DOI: 10.1177/10105395241266042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Flavored cigarettes encourage youth smoking and deter quitting. No country in Asia-Pacific, a region with some of the world's highest smoking rates, has regulated tobacco flavors. We examined market data, academic literature, and gray literature to describe what is known on flavored cigarettes in the Asia-Pacific region. Of the 12 countries for which market data were available, ten had substantial flavored cigarette market shares ranging from 10% to 97%. With no regulations and growing markets for flavor capsule variants, the tobacco industry's ongoing promotion of flavored cigarettes, which targets primarily youth and women, is expected to drive further increases in smoking prevalence. There are significant research and monitoring gaps on the industry's marketing tactics and use of flavored cigarettes in the region. Given the large market shares, Asia-Pacific countries stand to benefit substantially from a tobacco flavors ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van der Eijk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Grace Ping Ping Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
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Kyriakos CN, Zatoński MZ, Filippidis FT. Flavour capsule cigarette use and perceptions: a systematic review. Tob Control 2023; 32:e83-e94. [PMID: 34607888 PMCID: PMC10086486 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review on flavour capsule cigarettes aims to examine prevalence, correlates of use, behaviours and perceptions of these products globally. DATA SOURCES A search of original, peer-reviewed research without restrictions in publication year, population, study design or language, using a combination of cigarette and capsule terms was conducted across four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus), indexed until 30 April 2021. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they presented original, human subjects research on flavour capsule cigarettes. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data on main outcome results and assessed risk of bias using a validated quality assessment tool (QATSDD). DATA SYNTHESIS Of 842 unduplicated database records and four studies from citation searching screened, 20 studies were included in the review. Studies reported data from 2009 to 2019 across eight countries, the majority of which used cross-sectional or focus group study designs. Current capsule use among smokers was highest in Chile and Mexico (40%) and was associated with younger age, and in some countries, with being female. Capsule cigarettes are perceived as tasting better, being smoother on the throat, more fun to smoke, and more attractive compared with non-capsule cigarettes, particularly among susceptible non-smokers and non-daily smokers. CONCLUSION Findings call for the adoption of comprehensive tobacco control policies that account for flavour capsules and similar iterations, which can increase appeal through flavours and innovative features. Continued monitoring and research of these products is critical, with particular attention to low-income and middle-income countries, which make up a disproportionately larger share of the capsule market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Kyriakos
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mateusz Zygmunt Zatoński
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland
| | - Filippos T Filippidis
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ogunnaike A, Gallegos-Carrillo K, Barrientos-Gutierrez I, Arillo Santillán E, Cho YJ, Thrasher JF. Why Smoke Flavor Capsule Cigarettes? Preferences and Perceptions Among Adult Smokers in Mexico. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1635-1644. [PMID: 35244723 PMCID: PMC9575969 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flavor capsule cigarettes are rapidly gaining global market share, particularly in Latin America; however, little is known about consumer profiles and perceptions since the diffusion of this product innovation has become more widespread. AIMS AND METHODS This paper compares profiles and perceptions of smokers who prefer flavor capsule cigarettes and those who do not in Mexico. We analyzed data from six online surveys of adult Mexican smokers (n = 4488) from 2018-2020. Participants identified their preferred brand variety characteristics (no capsule; one capsule; two capsules), and reported perceptions of their brand varieties' flavor, smoothness, harmfulness, and whether they smoke to control their appetite. Separate multinomial logistic models regressed preferred cigarette type on sociodemographic and smoking-related variables, as well as perceived benefits on preferred cigarette type, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Most participants preferred capsule cigarettes (single capsule = 47.5%; double capsule = 12.9%). Flavor capsule users reported that their preferred varieties mostly tasted like menthol/mint (59% of single capsule users and 23% of double capsule users), cucumber (12% and 27%, respectively) or berries (10% and 22%, respectively). Females were more likely than males to prefer either single or double capsule cigarettes (AOR = 2.26 and 2.01, respectively). Preference for flavor capsules was also higher among younger smokers, e-cigarette users, those who smoke less frequently, and those who recently tried or plan to quit. Smokers who preferred capsules were more likely than non-capsule smokers to perceive their cigarettes as smoother, less harmful, and to smoke to control their appetite. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of capsule use and widespread perceptions of the benefits of capsules over traditional cigarettes may help explain why tobacco control policies have not reduced smoking prevalence in Mexico. IMPLICATIONS Flavor capsules are rapidly growing in popularity in many countries around the world, including Mexico. This study found that more Mexican adult smokers prefer brand varieties with capsules (60%) than without capsules (40%), that flavor capsule use strongly correlates with menthol cigarette use, and that perceived flavors of capsules range widely. Flavor capsule smokers have more positive smoking expectancies (eg, lower risk perceptions, dietary control) than noncapsule smokers. Capsules appeal particularly to women, young adults, less frequent smokers, and those who recently tried to quit. Policies should consider banning flavors in cigarettes, including capsules and other filter innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebusola Ogunnaike
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Katia Gallegos-Carrillo
- Epidemiology and Health Services Research Unit–Morelos, Mexican Social Security Institute, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Inti Barrientos-Gutierrez
- Evaluation and Surveys Research Center/Tobacco Research Department, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edna Arillo Santillán
- Evaluation and Surveys Research Center/Tobacco Research Department, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yoo Jin Cho
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Evaluation and Surveys Research Center/Tobacco Research Department, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
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Evaluating the public health impact of partial and full tobacco flavour bans: A simulation study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH - WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 21:100414. [PMID: 35252911 PMCID: PMC8891712 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Methods Findings Interpretations Funding
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van der Eijk Y, Lin L, Gan L, Teo O, Subramaniam M, Lee JK. "The Menthol One Is More Friendly": Young Singaporeans' Perspectives on Flavored Cigarettes. Asia Pac J Public Health 2021; 34:236-243. [PMID: 34911349 DOI: 10.1177/10105395211065307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over half of the cigarettes sold in Singapore contain added flavors such as menthol. We conducted nine focus group discussions (n = 46) with young (age 20-25) current smokers in Singapore to understand the role of flavors in smoking initiation. We found that flavors triggered the curiosity to experiment with tobacco and e-cigarette products and played an important role in the formation of early cigarette preferences. Menthol-flavored cigarettes were the most appealing to participants due to their smoothness and cooling sensation, described as pleasant against Singapore's hot and humid climate. While some participants believed that flavored and nonflavored cigarettes were equally harmful, others believed that flavored variants had a lower nicotine content and were therefore less harmful, or that the added chemicals in flavored cigarettes could result in higher toxicant exposures. Thus, among young people in Singapore, flavors appear to play an important role in smoking initiation and there appear to be various misperceptions regarding their harmfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van der Eijk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lavinia Lin
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lydia Gan
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Odelia Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mythily Subramaniam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Jeong Kyu Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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van der Eijk Y, Ng XY, Lee JK. Cross-sectional survey of flavored cigarette use among adult smokers in Singapore. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:42. [PMID: 34131420 PMCID: PMC8173988 DOI: 10.18332/tid/135321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Singapore, a city-state with a multi-ethnic Asian population, has one of the world's largest market shares for cigarettes with added flavors, such as menthol and fruit, which increase the appeal of smoking. Little is known on the sociodemographic or smoking-related traits associated with flavored cigarette use in the Asian context. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in January-March 2020 of 1123 Singaporean adult (aged 21-69 years) current smokers using a self-completed online or postal questionnaire. We used descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses to compare the answers of flavored and non-flavored cigarette users and fitted a multivariate logistic regression model to identify correlates of flavored cigarette use. RESULTS Of the respondents, 85.2% reported ever use and 52.7% of respondents with a regular brand reported current use of flavored cigarettes. Older age 40-49 years (AOR= 0.63) age ≥50 years (AOR=0.60), Indian ethnicity (AOR=0.39), and a moderate (AOR=0.57) or high (AOR=0.34) dependence level were correlated with non-flavored cigarette use, while female gender (AOR=2.53) and a later initiation age (16-20 years: AOR=1.72; age ≥21 years: AOR=2.19) were correlated with flavored cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with findings from other countries, flavored cigarette use in Singapore is associated with being younger in age, female, of a certain ethnicity (Malay or Chinese), and having a lower nicotine dependence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van der Eijk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xian Yi Ng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeong Kyu Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Gilbert E, Ewald A. Fresher with flavour: young women smokers' constructions and experiences of menthol capsule cigarettes and regular cigarettes. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:155. [PMID: 33863322 PMCID: PMC8051088 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Flavour capsule cigarettes are one of the fastest growing segments of the tobacco market, and there is evidence that Australian young people are increasingly using menthol flavoured capsule cigarettes. This qualitative research examines how young women construct and experience menthol flavour capsule cigarettes as part of their smoking practices, and explores the perceived differences between menthol capsule cigarettes and regular cigarettes. Semi-structured face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with 41 Australian young women smokers, using a constructivist grounded theory approach. Results Findings reveal that the perceived fresh and improved taste of menthol and the ability to customise the smoking process positively contributed to young women’s experiences of smoking menthol capsule cigarettes. In particular, menthol capsule flavour cigarettes were constructed by the young women as “fresh”, “light” and “minty”, and “popping” the menthol capsule allowed the young women to personalise their smoking experience. Conclusion These results indicate that specific public health campaigns and legislation should be developed to counter the powerfully alluring effects and the innovative appeal of menthol capsule cigarettes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-021-01297-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gilbert
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - A Ewald
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Prevalence, Use Behaviors, and Preferences among Users of Heated Tobacco Products: Findings from the 2018 ITC Japan Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234630. [PMID: 31766410 PMCID: PMC6926809 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heated tobacco products (HTPs), such as IQOS, glo, and Ploom TECH, with a variety of flavored tobacco-containing inserts, have reportedly achieved a significant market share in Japan. We analyzed data from Wave 1 of the ITC Japan Survey, a nationally representative web survey conducted in February to March 2018 among 4684 adult participants to estimate the prevalence of HTP use, describe characteristics of HTP users, and explore user preferences for HTP device and flavor. The overall prevalence of monthly HTP use was 2.7% (1.7% daily use). Virtually all HTP users were current cigarette smokers (67.8%) or former smokers (25.0%); only 1.0% of HTP users were never smokers. Among HTP users, IQOS was the most frequently reported brand used (64.5%), and menthol was the most common flavor reported (41.5%). IQOS was used more by younger respondents and those who reported daily use, while Ploom TECH was more popular among older respondents and non-daily HTP users. This is one of the first non-industry funded studies to explore the use of HTPs in Japan.
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Challenges and opportunities for greater tobacco control in Japan. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 70:78-86. [PMID: 31121458 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Japan is a high tobacco burden country with over 20 million smokers in 2017. Tobacco control measures in Japan has been criticised as largely inadequate and ineffective despite ratifying the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2004. Numerous factors such as pro-tobacco legislators, regulatory oversight of the primary Japanese tobacco company from the Ministry of Finance and industry interference on the policy-making process in Japan have prevented aggressive tobacco control efforts. Given the intricate challenges in Japan, it is important to develop feasible and effective smoking cessation strategies. In this paper, we have analysed the trends in tobacco prices, sale and smoking prevalence, major tobacco/smoking policies and some of the industry-related challenges that have prevented the development of effective tobacco control measures in Japan. We have emphasised the need for stronger implementation of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and its MPOWER policy package and to separate the tobacco industry from the tobacco control policymaking process to promote cessation and abstinence from smoking and better sensitisation against exposure to second-hand smoke.
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Islam F, Thrasher JF, Szklo A, Figueiredo VC, Perez CDA, White CM, Hammond D. Cigarette flavors, package shape, and cigarette brand perceptions: an experiment among young Brazilian women. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2018; 42:e5. [PMID: 31093036 PMCID: PMC6385815 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2018.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In 2012, a new Brazilian regulation prohibited the use of flavor additives in tobacco products. To better understand the potential impact of this regulation, this study examines how flavor descriptors on cigarette packaging influence brand perceptions among young Brazilian women. Methods An online cross-sectional experiment was conducted with Brazilian women aged 16–26 (N = 640: 182 smokers and 458 nonsmokers) who rated 10 cigarette packages from one of three conditions: 1) branded packs; 2) packs with the same size, shape, and verbal descriptions as in condition 1, but without brand imagery (i.e., “plain pack”); and 3) packs from condition 2 but without brand descriptors (i.e., “plain pack, no descriptors”). Mixed-effects linear regression models were utilized to determine what associations that pack features (i.e., experimental condition; flavor descriptor vs. not; slim pack vs. not) had with participant ratings of nine characteristics, including appeal, taste, smoothness, and attributes of people who smoke the brand. Results Flavored branded packs were rated as more appealing, better tasting, and smoother than flavored plain packs with descriptors. Compared to flavored plain packs with descriptors, the same packs without descriptors were rated less positively on eight of the nine characteristics. Compared to nonsusceptible nonsmokers, susceptible nonsmokers rated flavored packs more positively on eight of the nine characteristics. Slim packs were rated more positively than regular packs on eight of the nine characteristics. Conclusions Slim packs and brands highlighting tobacco flavors appear to increase positive perceptions of tobacco products. Banning tobacco flavorings and slim packs may reduce the appeal of smoking for young Brazilian women, as well as for other vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Islam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - André Szklo
- Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeska Carvalho Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos sobre Tabaco e Saúde (CETAB), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Christine M White
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Villanti AC, Collins LK, Niaura RS, Gagosian SY, Abrams DB. Menthol cigarettes and the public health standard: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:983. [PMID: 29284458 PMCID: PMC5747135 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although menthol was not banned under the Tobacco Control Act, the law made it clear that this did not prevent the Food and Drug Administration from issuing a product standard to ban menthol to protect public health. The purpose of this review was to update the evidence synthesis regarding the role of menthol in initiation, dependence and cessation. Methods A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on menthol cigarettes via a PubMed search through May 9, 2017. The National Cancer Institute’s Bibliography of Literature on Menthol and Tobacco and the FDA’s 2011 report and 2013 addendum were reviewed for additional publications. Included articles addressing initiation, dependence, and cessation were synthesized based on study design and quality, consistency of evidence across populations and over time, coherence of findings across studies, and plausibility of the findings. Results Eighty-two studies on menthol cigarette initiation (n = 46), dependence (n = 14), and cessation (n = 34) were included. Large, representative studies show an association between menthol and youth smoking that is consistent in magnitude and direction. One longitudinal and eight cross-sectional studies demonstrate that menthol smokers report increased nicotine dependence compared to non-menthol smokers. Ten studies support the temporal relationship between menthol and reduced smoking cessation, as they measure cessation success at follow-up. Conclusions The strength and consistency of the associations in these studies support that the removal of menthol from cigarettes is likely to reduce youth smoking initiation, improve smoking cessation outcomes in adult smokers, and in turn, benefit public health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-017-4987-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA. .,Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. .,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lauren K Collins
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Thrasher JF, Islam F, Barnoya J, Mejia R, Valenzuela MT, Chaloupka FJ. Market share for flavour capsule cigarettes is quickly growing, especially in Latin America. Tob Control 2017; 26:468-470. [PMID: 27329114 PMCID: PMC5177543 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Farahnaz Islam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joaquin Barnoya
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Raul Mejia
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Teresa Valenzuela
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Frank J Chaloupka
- Department of Economics, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Gibbon L, Griffin KW, Tanno S, Tanigawa T, Botvin GJ. Perceived friend and peer smoking and direct and indirect refusal skills as predictors of cigarette smoking in U.S. and Japanese middle school students. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2016; 13:209-26. [PMID: 25176116 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2013.847394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents (aged 12-14 years) from the United States (n = 539) and Japan (n = 644) completed surveys regarding tobacco use, perceptions of friend and peer smoking, and their own likelihood of using smoking refusal skills. U.S. youth were more likely to report lifetime or monthly tobacco use, whereas Japanese youth were more likely to smoke ≥20 cigarettes per week. High perceived friend and peer smoking prevalence predicted lifetime smoking, whereas direct refusal skill use (e.g., "saying no") predicted less lifetime tobacco use. Results are discussed in terms of cultural influences that may mediate the effect of risk factors on U.S. and Japanese youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Gibbon
- a Department of Public Health, Division of Prevention and Health Behavior , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , New York
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Dynamic impact of social stratification and social influence on smoking prevalence by gender: An agent-based model. Soc Sci Med 2015; 147:280-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Azagba S, Sharaf MF. Binge drinking and marijuana use among menthol and non-menthol adolescent smokers: findings from the youth smoking survey. Addict Behav 2014; 39:740-3. [PMID: 24369112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has shown that smoking menthol cigarettes induces smoking initiation and hinders cessation efforts especially among youth. The objective of this paper is to examine the association between menthol cigarette smoking and substance use among adolescent students in Canada. METHODS A nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 4466 Canadian students in grades 7 to 12 from the 2010-2011 Youth Smoking Survey is analyzed. A bivariate probit model is used jointly to examine the association of menthol smoking status with binge drinking and marijuana use. RESULTS 32% of the current smokers in grades 7 to 12 smoke mentholated cigarettes, 73% are binge drinkers and 79% use marijuana. Results of the bivariate probit regression analysis, controlling for other covariates, show statistically significant differences in the likelihood of binge drinking and marijuana use between menthol and non-menthol smokers. Menthol cigarette smokers are 6% (ME=0.06, 95% CI=0.03-0.09) more likely to binge drink and 7% (ME=0.07, 95% CI=0.05-0.10) more likely to use marijuana. CONCLUSION Smoking menthol cigarettes is associated with a higher likelihood of binge drinking and marijuana use among Canadian adolescents. Banning menthol in cigarettes may be beneficial to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Azagba
- Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo, Canada; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Mesbah F Sharaf
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Commerce, Damanhour University, Egypt
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RAHMAN MM, ARIF MT, RAZAK MFA, SUHAILI MRB, TAMBI Z, AKOI C, NGADAN DP. Does menthol-brand cigarette initiate early smoking? Evidence from a cross sectional study in sarawak, malaysia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 43:385-6. [PMID: 25988103 PMCID: PMC4419181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Kahnert S, Nair U, Mons U, Pötschke-Langer M. Wirkungen von Menthol als Zusatzstoff in Tabakprodukten und die Notwendigkeit einer Regulierung. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2012; 55:409-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-011-1425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Large Cell Neuroendocrine Lung Cancer: The Strength of Large Databases and the Need for Prospective Trials. J Thorac Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31822e2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Objective To integrate information on cigarette companies' understanding and use of menthol as summarised in published research based on previously internal tobacco industry documents with results from large population-based surveys of tobacco use and other independent sources. Data sources Papers published in this supplement of Tobacco Control, together with papers identified using PubMed searches. Results Tobacco companies shaped consumer perceptions of menthol cigarettes. Menthol is not just a flavouring agent. Cigarette companies use menthol's ability to mask irritation and provide sensory effects to make menthol cigarettes appeal to youth and health-concerned smokers, in part because menthol makes low-tar cigarettes more palatable. Consistent with targeted marketing, youths, women and African Americans disproportionately smoke menthols. There appear to be complex interactions with addictive effects of nicotine. The ubiquitous addition of menthol by tobacco companies to over 90% of all tobacco products, whether labelled ‘menthol’ or not, demonstrates that menthol is not simply a flavour or brand. Menthol imparts sensory characteristics to cigarettes and has a complex interaction with nicotine that affects smoking behaviour whether it is perceived or not, or whether cigarettes containing menthol are marketed as ‘menthol’ or not. Adding menthol increases fine particles in cigarette smoke, which have immediate adverse effects on the risk of heart attack. Conclusion Information from industry documents, confirmed by independent scientific literature, consistently demonstrates that menthol increases population harm from smoking by increasing initiation and reducing cessation in some groups. Menthol facilitates and increases smoking, which causes disease and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ok Lee
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA
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Yerger VB. Menthol's potential effects on nicotine dependence: a tobacco industry perspective. Tob Control 2011; 20 Suppl 2:ii29-36. [PMID: 21504929 PMCID: PMC3088468 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.041970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine what the tobacco industry knows about the potential effects menthol may have on nicotine dependence. METHODS A snowball strategy was used to systematically search the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) between 22 February and 29 April, 2010. Of the approximately 11 million documents available in the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, the iterative searches returned tens of thousands of results. We qualitatively analysed a final collection of 309 documents relevant the effects of menthol on nicotine dependence. RESULTS The tobacco industry knows that menthol overrides the harsh taste of tobacco and alleviates nicotine's irritating effects, synergistically interacts with nicotine, stimulates the trigeminal nerve to elicit a 'liking' response for a tobacco product, and makes low tar, low nicotine tobacco products more acceptable to smokers than non-mentholated low delivery products. CONCLUSION Menthol is not only used in cigarettes as a flavour additive; tobacco companies know that menthol also has sensory effects and interacts with nicotine to produce tobacco products that are easier to smoke, thereby making it easier to expose smokers, especially those who are new and uninitiated, to the addictive power of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Yerger
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Box 0612, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, USA.
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Yerger VB, McCandless PM. Menthol sensory qualities and smoking topography: a review of tobacco industry documents. Tob Control 2011; 20 Suppl 2:ii37-43. [PMID: 21504930 PMCID: PMC3088462 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.041988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine what the tobacco industry knew about the potential effects of menthol on smoking topography-how a person smokes a cigarette. METHODS A snowball strategy was used to systematically search the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) between 1 June 2010 and 9 August 2010. We qualitatively analysed a final collection of 252 documents related to menthol and smoking topography. RESULTS The tobacco industry knew that menthol has cooling, anaesthetic and analgesic properties that moderate the harshness and irritation of tobacco. Owing to its physiological effects, menthol contributes to the sensory qualities of the smoke and affects smoking topography and cigarette preference. CONCLUSION Our review of industry studies suggests that the amount of menthol in a cigarette is associated with how the cigarette is smoked and how satisfying it is to the smoker. If menthol in cigarettes was banned, as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is currently considering, new/experimental smokers might choose not to smoke rather than experience the harshness of tobacco smoke and the irritating qualities of nicotine. Similarly, established menthol smokers might choose to quit if faced with an unpleasant smoking alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Yerger
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0612, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, USA.
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