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Pawlak M, Pobłocki K, Drzeżdżon J, Gawdzik B, Jacewicz D. "Isocyanates and isocyanides - life-threatening toxins or essential compounds?". THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173250. [PMID: 38761928 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Isocyanides and isocyanates are some of the most reactive compounds in organic chemistry, making them perceived as compounds with high potential for use in both the laboratory and industry. With their high reactivity also comes several disadvantages, most notably their potentially high toxicity. The following article is a collection of information on the toxic effects of the isocyanide group on the human body and the environment. Information on the mechanism of how these harmful substances affect living tissues and the environment, worldwide information on how to protect against these chemicals, current regulations, and exposure limits for specific countries is compiled. The latest research on the application uses of isocyanates and isocyanides is also outlined, as well as the latest safer and greener methods and techniques to work with these compounds. Additionally, the presented article can serve as a brief guide to the organic toxicity of a group of isocyanates and isocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pawlak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Kacper Pobłocki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Drzeżdżon
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawdzik
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland.
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Stefanescu K, Timlin CL, Moy AS, Zapotoczny G. Reduced Isocyanate Release Using a Waterproof, Resin-Based Cast Alternative Relative to Fiberglass Casts. TOXICS 2023; 11:1002. [PMID: 38133403 PMCID: PMC10747184 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of occupational isocyanate exposure range from asthma and contact dermatitis to neurotoxicity and cancer. Respiratory sensitization due to orthopedic cast application has been well documented. This study aims to compare the safety of standard-of-care fiberglass casts and a novel waterproof cast alternative by measuring the amount of isocyanate released during off-gassing over time. A 3D-printed arm simulator with comparable casing material amounts was placed in a sealed chamber. An isocyanate-sensing color-changing (SafeAir) tag was used to measure the levels of toxic exposure. Triplicate trials were conducted across all time periods (15 min, 1 h, and 24 h) and conditions. The bare arm simulator and freshly opened tags served as negative controls. Normalized pixel intensity indexes and isocyanate release estimates in ppb were derived from ImageJ-analyzed SafeAir tag photos. Fiberglass casts exhibited greater isocyanate release than both the waterproof alternative (p = 0.0002) and no-cast controls (p = 0.0006), particularly at 24 h. The waterproof alternative and no-cast control did not statistically differ (p = 0.1603). Therefore, the waterproof alternative released less isocyanate than the fiberglass casts. Waterproof cast alternatives may be safer than fiberglass by limiting medical professionals' exposure to toxic isocyanates and, thus, decreasing their risk of suffering occupational asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Stefanescu
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | | | | | - Grzegorz Zapotoczny
- Consortium for Technology & Innovation in Pediatrics, Lurie Children’s Hospital, 225 E Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
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McCanlies EC, Gu JK, Kashon M, Yucesoy B, Ma CC, Sanderson WT, Kim K, Ludeña-Rodriguez YJ, Hertz-Picciotto I. Parental occupational exposure to solvents and autism spectrum disorder: An exploratory look at gene-environment interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115769. [PMID: 37004853 PMCID: PMC10273405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin C McCanlies
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Ja Kook Gu
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Berran Yucesoy
- Former Affiliate of Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Claudia C Ma
- Former Affiliate of Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Khan Z, Ali SA. Isocyanate induces cytotoxicity via activation of phosphorylated alpha synuclein protein, nitrosative stress, and apoptotic pathway in Parkinson's Disease model-SHSY-5Y cells. Neurol Res 2023; 45:676-687. [PMID: 36827495 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2181919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotoxic disorders account for a significant portion of the diseases that influence the worldwide disease burden. Parkinson's disease is one such disease that is linked with environmental toxin exposure. Isocyanates are a highly reactive industrial intermediate used widely in manufacturing plastic products, paints, etc. This study aims to delineate the neurotoxic potential of isocyanate in Parkinson's cell model-SHSY-5Y cells. METHODOLOGY SHSY-5Y cells were treated with isocyanate analogue (N succinimidyl N methyl carbamate) in time and dose dependant manner. Different parameters were assessed like protein expression, nitrosative stress level, antioxidant enzymes level and apoptosis. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that dose- and time-dependent isocyanate exposure increases reactive nitrogen species and decreases the glutathione, SOD, and catalase levels. Further, increased phosphorylated alpha-synuclein protein and activation of caspase 3 exert cytotoxicity in SHSY-5Y cells. CONCLUSION Our research reveals that widely used isocyanate induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, nitrosative stress, and protein dysfunction, which might constitute a potential mechanism of neurodegeneration in Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saifia Science College, Bhopal, India
| | - Sharique A Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Saifia Science College, Bhopal, India
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Karaytuğ MO, Balcı N, Türkan F, Gürbüz M, Demirkol ME, Namlı Z, Tamam L, Gülçin İ. Piperazine derivatives with potent drug moiety as efficient acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and glutathione S-transferase inhibitors. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23259. [PMID: 36419212 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterases catalyze the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), a naturally occurring neurotransmitter, into choline and acetic acid, allowing the nervous system to function properly. In the human body, cholinesterases come in two types, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C.3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; E.C.3.1.1.8). Both cholinergic enzyme inhibitors are essential in the biochemical processes of the human body, notably in the brain. On the other hand, GSTs are found all across nature and are the principal Phase II detoxifying enzymes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Specific isozymes are identified as therapeutic targets because they are overexpressed in various malignancies and may have a role in the genesis of other diseases such as neurological disorders, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and especially cancer cell. Piperazine chemicals have a role in many biological processes and have fascinating pharmacological properties. As a result, therapeutically effective piperazine research is becoming more prominent. Half maximal inhibition concentrations (IC50 ) of piperazine derivatives were found in ranging of 4.59-6.48 µM for AChE, 4.85-8.35 µM for BChE, and 3.94-8.66 µM for GST. Also, piperazine derivatives exhibited Ki values of 8.04 ± 5.73-61.94 ± 54.56, 0.24 ± 0.03-32.14 ± 16.20, and 7.73 ± 1.13-22.97 ± 9.10 µM toward AChE, BChE, and GST, respectively. Consequently, the inhibitory properties of the AChE/BChE and GST enzymes have been compared to Tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and Etacrynic acid (for GST).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Onur Karaytuğ
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fikret Türkan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Gürbüz
- St. Elisabeth KrankenhausKlinik Fur Psychiatrie Und, Psychotherapie, Hattingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Emin Demirkol
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Namlı
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Lut Tamam
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Vieira FR, Gama N, Magina S, Barros-Timmons A, Evtuguin DV, Pinto PCOR. Polyurethane Adhesives Based on Oxyalkylated Kraft Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235305. [PMID: 36501699 PMCID: PMC9740935 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin-based polyol was obtained via oxyalkylation reaction with propylene carbonate using eucalyptus kraft lignin isolated from the industrial cooking liquor by the Lignoboost® procedure. This lignin-based polyol (LBP) was used without purification in the preparation of polyurethane (PU) adhesives combined with polymeric 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI). A series of adhesives were obtained by varying the NCO/OH ratio of PU counterparts (pMDI and LBPs) and their performance was evaluated by gluing wood pieces under predefined conditions. The adhesion properties of the novel PU adhesive were compared with those of a commercial PU adhesive (CPA). The occurrence and extent of curing reactions and changes in the polymeric network of PA were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis. Although the lap shear strength and glass transition temperature of the lignin-based PU adhesives have increased steadily with the NCO/OH ratio ranging from 1.1-2.2, chemical aging resistance can be compromised when the NCO/OH is very low. It was found that the lignin-based PU adhesive with an NCO/OH ratio of 1.3 showed better chemical resistance and adhesion efficiency than CPA possibly because the NCO/OH in the latter is too high as revealed by FTIR spectroscopy. Despite some lower thermal stability and shorter gelation time of lignin-based PU than CPA, the former revealed great potential to reduce the use of petroleum-derived polyols and isocyanates with potential application in the furniture industry as wood bonding adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rosa Vieira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Institute of Materials, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.R.V.); (A.B.-T.)
| | - Nuno Gama
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Institute of Materials, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Magina
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Institute of Materials, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Institute of Materials, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.R.V.); (A.B.-T.)
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Institute of Materials, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula C. O. R. Pinto
- RAIZ, Forest and Paper Research Institute, Quinta de S. Francisco, 3801-501 Aveiro, Portugal
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Vieira FR, Magina S, Evtuguin DV, Barros-Timmons A. Lignin as a Renewable Building Block for Sustainable Polyurethanes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6182. [PMID: 36079563 PMCID: PMC9457695 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the pulp and paper industry generates around 50-70 million tons of lignin annually, which is mainly burned for energy recovery. Lignin, being a natural aromatic polymer rich in functional hydroxyl groups, has been drawing the interest of academia and industry for its valorization, especially for the development of polymeric materials. Among the different types of polymers that can be derived from lignin, polyurethanes (PUs) are amid the most important ones, especially due to their wide range of applications. This review encompasses available technologies to isolate lignin from pulping processes, the main approaches to convert solid lignin into a liquid polyol to produce bio-based polyurethanes, the challenges involving its characterization, and the current technology assessment. Despite the fact that PUs derived from bio-based polyols, such as lignin, are important in contributing to the circular economy, the use of isocyanate is a major environmental hot spot. Therefore, the main strategies that have been used to replace isocyanates to produce non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) derived from lignin are also discussed.
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Klusáčková P, Dušková Š, Mráz J, Navrátil T, Vlčková Š, Pelclová D. Health effects of exposure to isocyanates in a car factory. Cent Eur J Public Health 2022; 30:32-36. [PMID: 35421296 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a6805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Isocyanates are known to induce occupational diseases. The aim of this work was to assess the health effects of exposure to isocyanates and to test the sensitivity of selected parameters for early detection of isocyanate-related allergic diseases. METHODS In total, 35 employees from one factory were tested: 26 workers exposed to isocyanates (exposed group) and nine office workers (control group). All subjects filled in a questionnaire regarding possible health problems. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and spirometry were measured for each subject at the same time during two consecutive working days. A urine sample was taken for a biological exposure test (BET). RESULTS No significant difference was found between the exposed and control groups for spirometry parameters and FeNO. However, in the exposed group, FeNO was highly elevated (> 50 ppb) in five subjects (all reporting health problems at the workplace, all with normal spirometry and non-smokers). The BET revealed a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the exposed and control groups for 4,4´-methylenediphenyl diamine (MDA) in the urine. CONCLUSIONS Our examination showed the usefulness of the BET in monitoring of workplace exposure to isocyanates and the importance of FeNO in monitoring of allergic inflammation of airways in non-smoking employees with normal spirometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Klusáčková
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Navrátil
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpánka Vlčková
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Pelclová
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kasatkina SO, Geyl KK, Baykov SV, Novikov MS, Boyarskiy VP. “Urea to Urea” Approach: Access to Unsymmetrical Ureas Bearing Pyridyl Substituents. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana O. Kasatkina
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9 Saint Petersburg 199034 Russian Federatio
| | - Kirill K. Geyl
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9 Saint Petersburg 199034 Russian Federatio
| | - Sergey V. Baykov
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9 Saint Petersburg 199034 Russian Federatio
| | - Mikhail S. Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9 Saint Petersburg 199034 Russian Federatio
| | - Vadim P. Boyarskiy
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9 Saint Petersburg 199034 Russian Federatio
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Taylor LW, French JE, Robbins ZG, Nylander-French LA. Epigenetic Markers Are Associated With Differences in Isocyanate Biomarker Levels in Exposed Spray-Painters. Front Genet 2021; 12:700636. [PMID: 34335698 PMCID: PMC8318037 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.700636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocyanates are respiratory and skin sensitizers that are one of the main causes of occupational asthma globally. Genetic and epigenetic markers are associated with isocyanate-induced asthma and, before asthma develops, we have shown that genetic polymorphisms are associated with variation in plasma and urine biomarker levels in exposed workers. Inter-individual epigenetic variance may also have a significant role in the observed biomarker variability following isocyanate exposure. Therefore, we determined the percent methylation for CpG islands from DNA extracted from mononuclear blood cells of 24 male spray-painters exposed to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) monomer and HDI isocyanurate. Spray-painters’ personal inhalation and skin exposure to these compounds and the respective biomarker levels of 1,6-diaminohexane (HDA) and trisaminohexyl isocyanurate (TAHI) in their plasma and urine were measured during three repeated industrial hygiene monitoring visits. We controlled for inhalation exposure, skin exposure, age, smoking status, and ethnicity as covariates and performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) using likelihood-ratio statistical modeling. We identified 38 CpG markers associated with differences in isocyanate biomarker levels (Bonferroni < 0.05). Annotations for these markers included 18 genes: ALG1, ANKRD11, C16orf89, CHD7, COL27A, FUZ, FZD9, HMGN1, KRT6A, LEPR, MAPK10, MED25, NOSIP, PKD1, SNX19, UNC13A, UROS, and ZFHX3. We explored the functions of the genes that have been published in the literature and used GeneMANIA to investigate gene ontologies and predicted protein-interaction networks. The protein functions of the predicted networks include keratinocyte migration, cell–cell adhesions, calcium transport, neurotransmitter release, nitric oxide production, and apoptosis regulation. Many of the protein pathway functions overlap with previous findings on genetic markers associated with variability both in isocyanate biomarker levels and asthma susceptibility, which suggests there are overlapping protein pathways that contribute to both isocyanate toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. These predicted protein networks can inform future research on the mechanism of allergic airway sensitization by isocyanates and aid in the development of mitigation strategies to better protect worker health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John E French
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Zachary G Robbins
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Leena A Nylander-French
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Kreis K, Aumann-Suslin I, Lüdeke A, Wegewitz U, Zeidler J, Graf von der Schulenburg JM. Costs of isocyanate-related occupational diseases: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:446-466. [PMID: 31100044 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1609005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although isocyanates are increasingly used in manufacturing and workplace exposure to isocyanates is widely recognized as one of the most frequent causes for occupational lung and skin diseases, little is known about the economic burden on the affected individual and the society. This study provides an overview on costs of occupational diseases related to isocyanates. We performed a systematic literature search of studies in the electronic databases of the German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information, and the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. We extracted the key characteristics of the studies and performed a study quality assessment. We identified eight studies on the costs of illness, of which five focused on occupational lung diseases and three on occupational skin diseases. Further, eight studies calculated loss of income/compensation payments. Out of the 16 identified articles, only two reported costs directly attributable to isocyanate-induced diseases (asthma). Studies were hardly comparable because they differed substantially in their methodological approaches. Moreover, the quality assessment of the studies revealed substantial limitations. While a wide range of isocyanate-related costs was identified, consequences of isocyanate-related occupational diseases were considerable in terms of societal costs and loss of income. In most studies, indirect costs were the main cost driver. There is a need for high-quality cost of illness studies on isocyanate-induced diseases stratified by degree of severity and sex. Such studies provide valuable information to develop preventive strategies and set priorities for measures to lower the burden of professional health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Kreis
- a Center for Health Economics Research Hannover (CHERH) , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Ines Aumann-Suslin
- a Center for Health Economics Research Hannover (CHERH) , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Andreas Lüdeke
- b Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Uta Wegewitz
- c Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jan Zeidler
- a Center for Health Economics Research Hannover (CHERH) , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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Leanderson P, Krapi B. High levels of isocyanic acid in smoke generated during hot iron cauterization. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2019; 75:159-164. [PMID: 31070514 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1593920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of nitrogen containing biofuels generates isocyanic acid (ICA) and we here studied if ICA also is present in cauterization smoke. Air sampling was performed when animal technicians that had developed airway symptoms worked with dehorning. Tissue heated in a laboratory model was used to mimic cauterization. ICA in air at the workplace exceeded 10 times the national exposure limit. In the laboratory, the ICA generated per mg tissue from heated hair, horn and nail was 13.9 ± 7.8, 24.0 ± 4.1 and 32.0 ± 2.9 µg, respectively. Three workers were medically examined and two were diagnosed with asthma and a third had severe airway problem that resembled asthma. The study shows that high levels of ICA are generated during cauterization of nitrogen-containing tissue. If this could trigger airway symptoms deserves to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Leanderson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Blerim Krapi
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Leanderson P. Isocyanates and hydrogen cyanide in fumes from heated proteins and protein-rich foods. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:291-298. [PMID: 30548495 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxic compounds in cooking fumes could cause respiratory problems. In the present study, the formation of isocyanic acid (ICA), methyl isocyanate (MIC), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was studied during the heating of proteins or frying of protein-rich foods. Heating was performed in an experimental setup using a tube oven set at 200-500°C and in a kitchen when foods with different protein content were fried at a temperature around 300°C. ICA, MIC, and HCN were all generated when protein or meat was heated. Individual amino acids were also heated, and there was a significant positive correlation between their respective nitrogen content and the formation of the measured compounds. Gas from heated protein or meat also caused carbamylation in albumin. ICA, MIC, and HCN were also present in fumes generated when meat, egg, and halloumi were fried in a kitchen pan. The levels of ICA were here twice that of the Swedish occupational exposure limit. If ICA, MIC, and HCN in fumes from heated protein-rich foods could contribute to the risk of airway dysfunction among those exposed is not clear, but it is important to avoid inhaling frying and grilling fumes and to equip kitchens with good exhaust ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Leanderson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Jankowski MJ, Olsen R, Thomassen Y, Molander P. Comparison of air samplers for determination of isocyanic acid and applicability for work environment exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1075-1085. [PMID: 28762425 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanic acid (ICA) is one of the most abundant isocyanates formed during thermal decomposition of polyurethane (PUR), and other nitrogen containing polymers. Hot-work, such as flame cutting, forging, grinding, turning and welding may give rise to thermal decomposition of said polymers potentially forming significant amounts of ICA. A newly launched dry denuder sampler for airborne isocyanates using di-n-butylamine (DBA) demonstrated build-up of background ICA-DBA over time. Build-up of background ICA-DBA was not observed when stored at inert conditions (Ar atmosphere) for 84 days. Thus, freshly prepared denuders were used. The sampling efficiency of ICA using freshly prepared denuder samplers (0.2 L min-1), impinger + filter samplers (0.5 L min-1) using DBA and 1-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazine (2MP)-impregnated filter cassette samplers (1 L min-1) was investigated. PTR-MS measurements of ICA were used as a quantitative reference. Dynamically generated standard ICA atmospheres covered the range 5.6 to 640 ppb at absolute humidities (AH) 4.0 and 16 g m-3. Recovered ICA was found to be 73-115% (denuder), 89-115% (impinger + filter) and 62-100% (2MP filter cassette). The method limit of detection (LOD) was equal to an amount of ICA of 24 ng (denuder), 8.9 ng (impinger + filter) and 9.4 ng (2MP filter cassette). The PTR-MS LOD for ICA was 1.8 and 2.8 ppb in atmospheres with an AH of 4 and 16 g m-3. Denuder samplers were used for personal (n = 176) and stationary (n = 31) air sampling during hot-work at six industrial sites (n = 23 workers). ICA was detected above method LOD in 66% and 58% of the personal and stationary samples, respectively. ICA workroom air concentrations were determined to be 1.8-320 ppb (median 12 ppb) (personal samples), and 1.5-44 ppb (median 6.6 ppb) (stationary samples).
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Crossingham I, Evans DJW, Halcovitch NR, Marsden PA. Stepping down the dose of inhaled corticosteroids for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 2:CD011802. [PMID: 28146601 PMCID: PMC6464396 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011802.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a condition of the airways affecting more than 300 million adults and children worldwide. National and international guidelines recommend titrating up the dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) to gain symptom control at the lowest possible dose because long-term use of higher doses of ICS carries a risk of systemic adverse events. For patients whose asthma symptoms are controlled on moderate or higher doses of ICS, it may be possible to reduce the dose of ICS without compromising symptom control. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the evidence for stepping down ICS treatment in adults with well-controlled asthma who are already receiving a moderate or high dose of ICS. SEARCH METHODS We identified trials from the Specialised Register of the Cochrane Airways Group and conducted a search of ClinicalTrials.gov (www.ClinicalTrials.gov) and the World Health Organization (WHO) trials portal (www.who.int/ictrp/en/). We searched all databases from their inception with no restriction on language. We also searched the reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews. We performed the most recent search in July 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 12 weeks' duration and excluded cross-over trials. We looked for studies of adults (aged ≥ 18 years) whose asthma had been well controlled for a minimum of three months on at least a moderate dose of ICS. We excluded studies that enrolled participants with any other respiratory comorbidity.We included trials comparing a reduction in the dose of ICS versus no change in the dose of ICS in people with well-controlled asthma who a) were not taking a concomitant long-acting beta agonist (LABA; comparison 1), and b) were taking a concomitant LABA (comparison 2). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened the search results for included studies, extracted data on prespecified outcomes of interest and assessed the risk of bias of included studies; we resolved disagreements by discussion with a third review author. We analysed dichotomous data as odds ratios (ORs) using study participants as the unit of analysis and analysed continuous data as mean differences (MDs). We used a random-effects model. We rated all outcomes using the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system and presented results in 'Summary of findings' tables. MAIN RESULTS We included six studies, which randomised a total of 1654 participants (ICS dose reduction, no concomitant LABA (comparison 1): n = 892 participants, three RCTs; ICS dose reduction, concomitant LABA (comparison 2): n = 762 participants, three RCTs). All included studies were RCTs with a parallel design that compared a fixed dose of ICS versus a 50% to 60% reduction in the dose of ICS in adult participants with well-controlled asthma. The duration of the treatment period ranged from 12 to 52 weeks (mean duration 21 weeks; median duration 14 weeks). Two studies were performed in the setting of primary care, two were performed in the secondary care setting and two reported no information on setting.Meta-analysis was hampered by the small number of studies contributing to each comparison, combined with heterogeneity among outcomes reported in the included studies. We found the quality of synthesised evidence to be low or very low for most outcomes considered because of a risk of bias (principally, selective reporting), imprecision and indirectness. Although we found no statistically significant or clinically relevant differences between groups with respect to any of the primary or secondary outcomes considered in this review, the data were insufficient to rule out benefit or harm. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The strength of the evidence is not sufficient to determine whether stepping down the dose of ICS is of net benefit (in terms of fewer adverse effects) or harm (in terms of reduced effectiveness of treatment) for adult patients with well-controlled asthma. A small number of relevant studies and varied outcome measures limited the number of meta-analyses that we could perform. Additional well-designed RCTs of longer duration are needed to inform clinical practice regarding use of a 'stepping down ICS' strategy for patients with well-controlled asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David JW Evans
- Lancaster UniversityLancaster Health HubLancasterUKLA1 4YG
| | | | - Paul A Marsden
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston HospitalLancashire Chest CentrePrestonUK
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Hon CY, Peters CE, Jardine KJ, Arrandale VH. Historical occupational isocyanate exposure levels in two Canadian provinces. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:1-8. [PMID: 27468809 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1207777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanates such as toluene 2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI), methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) are known sensitizers and exposure to these chemicals can result in isocyanate-induced asthma-the leading cause of occupational asthma. A newly created exposure database was available containing occupational isocyanate measurements spanning 1981-1996 from Ontario and British Columbia (BC)-two of the largest provinces in Canada. The aim was to describe the historical measurements relative to exposure thresholds, ascertain differences in the data between provinces, and identify time trends. Descriptive statistics of the observations were summarized and stratified by isocyanate species and province. Chi-square tests and Student's t-test were performed to determine differences between provinces. To investigate time trends in the odds of a measurement exceeding the limit of detection (LOD) and time-weighted average (TWA), mixed effects logistic regression models were constructed. In total, 6,984 isocyanate measurements were analyzed, the majority of which were below the LOD (79%). Overall, 8.3% of samples were in excess of the 2014 TLV-TWA of 0.005 ppm. Comparing the two provinces, the proportion of samples exceeding the LOD and TLV-TWA was greater in BC for all isocyanate species. Differences in time trends were also observed between provinces-the odds of a sample exceeding the TLV-TWA decreased over time in the case of MDI (Ontario only), TDI (both Ontario and BC), and other isocyanates (BC only). Our finding that a majority of the exposure measurements was below the LOD is similar to that reported by others. Differences between provinces may be due the fact that isocyanates are classified as a designated substance in Ontario and must adhere to specific exposure control regulations. Limitations of the database, such as finite number of variables and measurements available until 1996 only, presents challenges for more in-depth analysis and generalization of results. An argument is made that a Canadian occupational exposure database be maintained to facilitate risk assessments as well as for occupational epidemiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yip Hon
- a School of Occupational and Public Health , Ryerson University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Cheryl E Peters
- b CAREX Canada , Simon Fraser University , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
- c Department of Health Sciences , Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Katherine J Jardine
- d Occupational Cancer Research Centre , Cancer Care Ontario , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Victoria H Arrandale
- d Occupational Cancer Research Centre , Cancer Care Ontario , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
- e Dalla Lana School of Public Heath , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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Blocking TRPA1 in Respiratory Disorders: Does It Hold a Promise? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9040070. [PMID: 27827953 PMCID: PMC5198045 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel is expressed abundantly on the C fibers that innervate almost entire respiratory tract starting from oral cavity and oropharynx, conducting airways in the trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and upto alveolar ducts and alveoli. Functional presence of TRPA1 on non-neuronal cells got recognized recently. TRPA1 plays a well-recognized role of “chemosensor”, detecting presence of exogenous irritants and endogenous pro-inflammatory mediators that are implicated in airway inflammation and sensory symptoms like chronic cough, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergic rhinitis and cystic fibrosis. TRPA1 can remain activated chronically due to elevated levels and continued presence of such endogenous ligands and pro-inflammatory mediators. Several selective TRPA1 antagonists have been tested in animal models of respiratory disease and their performance is very promising. Although there is no TRPA1 antagonist in advanced clinical trials or approved on market yet to treat respiratory diseases, however, limited but promising evidences available so far indicate likelihood that targeting TRPA1 may present a new therapy in treatment of respiratory diseases in near future. This review will focus on in vitro, animal and human evidences that strengthen the proposed role of TRPA1 in modulation of specific airway sensory responses and also on preclinical and clinical progress of selected TRPA1 antagonists.
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Franklin G, Harari H, Ahsan S, Bello D, Sterling DA, Nedrelow J, Raynaud S, Biswas S, Liu Y. Residual Isocyanates in Medical Devices and Products: A Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2016; 10:175-190. [PMID: 27773989 PMCID: PMC5067089 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s39149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a pilot qualitative and quantitative assessment of residual isocyanates and their potential initial exposures in neonates, as little is known about their contact effect. After a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stockroom inventory, polyurethane (PU) and PU foam (PUF) devices and products were qualitatively evaluated for residual isocyanates using Surface SWYPE™. Those containing isocyanates were quantitatively tested for methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) species, using UPLC-UV-MS/MS method. Ten of 37 products and devices tested, indicated both free and bound residual surface isocyanates; PU/PUF pieces contained aromatic isocyanates; one product contained aliphatic isocyanates. Overall, quantified mean MDI concentrations were low (4,4'-MDI = 0.52 to 140.1 pg/mg) and (2,4'-MDI = 0.01 to 4.48 pg/mg). The 4,4'-MDI species had the highest measured concentration (280 pg/mg). Commonly used medical devices/products contain low, but measurable concentrations of residual isocyanates. Quantifying other isocyanate species and neonatal skin exposure to isocyanates from these devices and products requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Franklin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Current Affiliation: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Homero Harari
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samavi Ahsan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- CACI International Inc., Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - David A. Sterling
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Nedrelow
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Cook Children’s Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Scott Raynaud
- Research Administration, Cook Children’s Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Youcheng Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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20
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Yucesoy B, Kashon ML, Johnson VJ, Lummus ZL, Fluharty K, Gautrin D, Cartier A, Boulet LP, Sastre J, Quirce S, Tarlo SM, Cruz MJ, Munoz X, Luster MI, Bernstein DI. Genetic variants in TNFα, TGFB1, PTGS1 and PTGS2 genes are associated with diisocyanate-induced asthma. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:119-26. [PMID: 25721048 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1017061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diisocyanates are the most common cause of occupational asthma, but risk factors are not well defined. A case-control study was conducted to investigate whether genetic variants in inflammatory response genes (TNFα, IL1α, IL1β, IL1RN, IL10, TGFB1, ADAM33, ALOX-5, PTGS1, PTGS2 and NAG-1/GDF15) are associated with increased susceptibility to diisocyanate asthma (DA). These genes were selected based on their role in asthmatic inflammatory processes and previously reported associations with asthma phenotypes. The main study population consisted of 237 Caucasian French Canadians from among a larger sample of 280 diisocyanate-exposed workers in two groups: workers with specific inhalation challenge (SIC) confirmed DA (DA(+), n = 95) and asymptomatic exposed workers (AW, n = 142). Genotyping was performed on genomic DNA, using a 5' nuclease PCR assay. After adjusting for potentially confounding variables of age, smoking status and duration of exposure, the PTGS1 rs5788 and TGFB1 rs1800469 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) showed a protective effect under a dominant model (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17, 0.89 and OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.74, respectively) while the TNFα rs1800629 SNP was associated with an increased risk of DA (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.03, 4.17). Additionally, the PTGS2 rs20417 variant showed an association with increased risk of DA in a recessive genetic model (OR = 6.40; 95% CI = 1.06, 38.75). These results suggest that genetic variations in TNFα, TGFB1, PTGS1 and PTGS2 genes contribute to DA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berran Yucesoy
- a Division of Immunology , Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA .,b CDC/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Michael L Kashon
- b CDC/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | | | - Zana L Lummus
- a Division of Immunology , Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Kara Fluharty
- b CDC/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Denyse Gautrin
- d Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - André Cartier
- d Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | | | - Joaquin Sastre
- f Department of Allergy , Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES , Madrid , Spain
| | - Santiago Quirce
- g Department of Allergy , Hospital La Paz-IdiPAZ and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES , Madrid , Spain
| | - Susan M Tarlo
- h Department of Medicine , and.,i Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Maria-Jesus Cruz
- j Hospitals Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES , Madrid , Spain , and
| | - Xavier Munoz
- j Hospitals Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES , Madrid , Spain , and
| | - Michael I Luster
- k West Virginia University, School of Public Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- a Division of Immunology , Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Hulst AG, Verstappen DRW, van der Riet-Van Oeveren D, Vermeulen NPE, Noort D. Mass spectrometric identification of isocyanate-induced modifications of keratins in human skin. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 237:141-50. [PMID: 26070416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the current paper we show that exposure of human callus to isocyanates leads to covalent modifications within keratin proteins. Mass spectrometric analyses of pronase digests of keratin isolated from exposed callus show that both mono- and di-adducts (for di-isocyanates) are predominantly formed on the ε-amino group of lysine. In addition, numerous modified tryptic keratin fragments were identified, demonstrating rather random lysine modification. Interestingly, preliminary experiments demonstrate that in case of MDI a similar lysine di-adduct was formed with lung elastin. Our data support the hypothesis that skin sensitization through antigenic modifications of skin proteins by isocyanates could play a role in occupational isocyanate-induced asthma. It is further envisaged that the elucidated adducts will also have great potential for use as biomarkers to assess skin exposure to isocyanates. Advantageously, the various lysine adducts display the presence of a characteristic daughter fragment at m/z 173.1 [lysine-NCO](+), enabling generic and rapid screening for exposure to isocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert G Hulst
- TNO, Department of CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Daan R W Verstappen
- TNO, Department of CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Section of Molecular Toxicology, AIMMS, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nico P E Vermeulen
- Section of Molecular Toxicology, AIMMS, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Noort
- TNO, Department of CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Nails are integral extensions of the skin and they together form the largest organ of the human body. Changes in nail appearance can be due to external insults or internal pathologies, and nail signs have to be interpreted in light of a good history. We present an interesting case of a man who developed dark-green discolouration of his nails over a short period of time. His work as a chemical mixer rendered him susceptible to hazardous chemical exposure. A notification was filed and the local Occupational Health Department discovered insufficient protective gear and lack of protocols regarding hazards of isocyanate-based resin. The patient also reported washing utensils with bare hands. Based on the meniscal demarcation borders between the discoloured and normal areas, plus a positive bacterial culture from nail clippings, the final diagnosis of isocyanate-resin-induced onycholysis with secondary Pseudomonas infection remained as the most likely clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence K Leung
- Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Harding
- Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Is the analysis of histamine and/or interleukin-4 release after isocyanate challenge useful in the identification of patients with IgE-mediated isocyanate asthma? J Immunol Methods 2015; 422:35-50. [PMID: 25865264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanates are a well-known and frequent cause of occupational asthma. The implementation of specific inhalation challenges (SICs) is the gold standard in asthma diagnosis supporting occupational case history, lung function testing, specific skin prick tests and the detection of specific IgE. However, the diagnosis is not always definitive. An interesting new approach, analyses of individual genetic susceptibilities, requires discrimination between a positive SIC reaction arising from IgE-mediated immune responses and one from other pathophysiological mechanisms. Hence, additional refinement tools would be helpful in defining sub-classes of occupational asthma and diagnosis. We used total IgE levels, specific IgE and SIC results for sub-classification of 27 symptomatic isocyanate workers studied. Some mutations in glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are suspected either to enhance or to decrease the individual risk in the development of isocyanate asthma. Our patient groups were assessed for the point mutations GSTP1*I105V and GSTP1*A114V as well as deletions (null mutations) of GSTM1 and GSTT1. There seems to be a higher risk in developing IgE-mediated reactions when GSTM1 is deleted, while GSTT1 deletions were found more frequently in the SIC positive group. Blood samples taken before SIC, 30-60 min and 24h after SIC, were analyzed for histamine and IL-4, classical markers for the IgE-mediated antigen-specific activation of basophils or mast cells. We suggest that the utility of histamine measurements might provide an additional useful marker reflecting isocyanate-induced cellular reactions (although the sampling times require optimization). The promising measurement of IL-4 is not feasible at present due to the lack of a reliable, validated assay.
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Kim SH, Bae SJ, Palikhe S, Ye YM, Park HS. Effects of MBL2 polymorphisms in patients with diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e157. [PMID: 25857450 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diisocyanate (DI) is the most common cause of occupational asthma (OA) in Korea. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) initiates the lectin complement activation pathway following oxidative stress and plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory processes. To determine whether there is a genetic association between MBL2 polymorphisms and DI-OA, 99 patients with DI-OA, 99 asymptomatic exposed controls (AECs) and 144 unexposed normal controls were enrolled in this study. Three polymorphisms (-554 G>C, -431A>C and -225 G>C) in the MBL2 promoter were genotyped, and serum MBL levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Functional variabilities in the promoter polymorphisms were analyzed by a luciferase reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). A significantly higher frequency of haplotype (ht) 2 [CAG] was noted in the DI-OA group compared with the AEC group (P=0.044). The patients with DI-OA carrying ht2 [CAG] had significantly lower PC20 methacholine levels (P<0.001) than the non-carriers. The serum MBL levels were significantly higher in the DI-exposed subjects (both the DI-OA patients and AECs) carrying ht1 [GAG] (P=0.028). Luciferase activity was significantly enhanced in ht1 [GAG] compared with ht2 [CAG] in human hepatocarcinoma cells (Hep3B) (P=0.002). The EMSA showed that a -554G probe produced a specific shifted band compared with the -554C probe. These findings suggest that decreased serum MBL levels due to polymorphisms of the MBL2 gene may increase susceptibility to the development of DI-OA in DI-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Bae
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sailesh Palikhe
- 1] Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- 1] Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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Ceballos DM, Reeb-Whitaker C, Sasakura M, Dills R, Yost MG. Protection efficacy of gloves against components of the solvent in a sprayed isocyanate coating utilizing a reciprocating permeation panel. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2014; 59:358-72. [PMID: 25452292 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine protection effectiveness of 5-mil natural rubber latex (0.13-mm), 5-mil nitrile rubber (0.13-mm), and 13-mil butyl rubber (0.33-mm) glove materials against solvents present in a commonly used automotive clear coat formulation using a novel permeation panel. The latex and nitrile gloves were the type commonly used by local autobody spray painters. METHODS Glove materials were tested by spraying an automotive clear coat onto an automated reciprocating permeation panel (permeation panel II). Temperature, relative humidity, and spray conditions were controlled to optimize clear coat loading homogeneity as evaluated by gravimetric analysis. Solvent permeation was measured using charcoal cloth analyzed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1501 method. RESULTS Natural rubber latex allowed 3-5 times the permeation of solvents relative to nitrile rubber for all 10 solvents evaluated: ethyl benzene, 2-heptanone, 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, n-butyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, petroleum distillates, and toluene. There is a distinct behavior in solvent permeation before and after the coating dry time. Solvent permeation increased steadily before coating dry time and remained fairly constant after coating dry time. Butyl was not permeated by any of the solvents under the conditions tested. CONCLUSIONS Commonly used 5-mil thick (0.13-mm) latex and nitrile gloves were ineffective barriers to solvents found in a commonly used clear coat formulation. Conversely, 13-mil (0.33-mm) butyl gloves were found to be protective against all solvents in the clear coat formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Ceballos
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
| | - Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker
- 2.Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, PO Box 44330, Olympia, WA 98504-4330, USA
| | - Miyoko Sasakura
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
| | - Russell Dills
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
| | - Michael G Yost
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
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Raghuram GV, Mishra PK. Stress induced premature senescence: a new culprit in ovarian tumorigenesis? Indian J Med Res 2014; 140 Suppl:S120-9. [PMID: 25673532 PMCID: PMC4345742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress induced premature senescence (SIPS) is a relative extension to the concept of exogenous cellular insult. Besides persistent double strand (ds) DNA breaks and increased β-galactosidase activity, biological significance of telomeric attrition in conjunction with senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) has been highlighted in SIPS. To gain insight on the potential role of this unique phenomenon invoked upon environmental stress, we sequentially validated the molecular repercussions of this event in ovarian epithelial cells after exposure to methyl isocyanate, an elegant regulator of cellular biotransformation. Persistent accumulation of DNA damage response factors phospho-ATM/γ-H2AX, morphological changes with increased cell size and early yet incremental β-gal staining, imply the inception of premature senescence. Advent of SASP is attributed by prolonged secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines along with untimely but significant G1/S cell cycle arrest. Telomeric dysfunction associated with premature senescence is indicative of early loss of TRF2 (telomeric repeat binding factor 2) protein and resultant multiple translocations. Induction of senescence-associated heterochromatic foci formation showcases the chromatin alterations in form of trimethylated H3K9me3 in conjunction with H4 hypoacetylation and altered miRNA expression. Anchorage-independent neoplastic growth observed in treated cells reaffirms the oncogenic transformation following the exposure. Collectively, we infer the possible role of SIPS, as a central phenomenon, to perturbed genomic integrity in ovarian surface epithelium, orchestrated through SASP and chromatin level alterations, a hitherto unknown molecular paradigm. Although translational utility of SIPS as a biomarker for estimating ovarian cancer risk seems evident, further investigations will be imperative to provide a tangible way for its precise validation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorantla Venkata Raghuram
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Navi Mumbai, India,Reprint requests: Dr Pradyumna Kumar Mishra, Scientist E, Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Navi Mumbai 410 210, Maharashtra, India. e-mail:
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Gui W, Wisnewski AV, Neamtiu I, Gurzau E, Sparer JA, Stowe MH, Liu J, Slade MD, Rusu OA, Redlich CA. Inception cohort study of workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate at a polyurethane foam factory: initial one-year follow-up. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:1207-15. [PMID: 25266741 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocyanates are one of the most commonly reported causes of occupational asthma; however, the risks of developing isocyanate asthma in modern production facilities remain poorly defined. We evaluated TDI exposure and respiratory health among an inception cohort of workers during their first year of employment at a new polyurethane foam production factory. METHODS Forty-nine newly hired workers were evaluated pre-employment, 6-months, and 12-months post-employment through questionnaire, spirometry, and TDI-specific serology. Airborne TDI levels were monitored by fixed-point air sampling and limited personal sampling. Qualitative surface SWYPE™ tests were performed to evaluate potential sources of skin exposure. RESULTS Airborne TDI levels overall were low; over 90% of fixed-point air measurements were below the limit of detection (0.1 ppb). Over the first year of employment, 12 of the 49 original workers (24.5%) were lost to follow-up, no additional workers were enrolled, and seven of the 49 original workers (14.2%) developed either new asthma symptoms (N = 3), TDI-specific IgG (N = 1), new airflow obstruction (N = 1) and/or a decline in FEV1 ≥ 15% (N = 3), findings that could indicate TDI-related health effects. The prevalence of current asthma symptoms was significantly higher in the workers lost to follow-up compared to those who completed the 12-month follow-up (25% vs. 2.7%; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest possible early TDI-related health effects in a modern polyurethane production plant. These findings also highlight the need for further longitudinal evaluation of these workers and the challenges of studying workers at risk for isocyanate asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gui
- Department of Internal Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Adam V. Wisnewski
- Department of Internal Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Iulia Neamtiu
- The Environmental Health Center; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Eugen Gurzau
- The Environmental Health Center; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Judith A. Sparer
- Department of Internal Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Meredith H. Stowe
- Department of Internal Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Martin D. Slade
- Department of Internal Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | | | - Carrie A. Redlich
- Department of Internal Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to update the knowledge on the burden of disease due to exposure to isocyanates. Health effects of isocyanates and their major products, polyurethanes, are mainly determined by sensitization to isocyanates. Recent studies on the genetic factors to explain individual susceptibility to sensitization are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Production of isocyanates has rapidly increased in the past and is predicted to increase at an annual rate of around 5%. Consumer products and the construction area are the main drivers of growth. This leads to increased nonoccupational exposure. The use of sprayed polyurethane foams for insulation in existing homes is one such example of nonoccupational exposure. The percentage of people exposed who show health effects is not known. Occupational exposure increases are mainly caused by the increase in the workforce. The percentage of workers exhibiting health effects remained fairly stable at 5-15% in the last decade. To explain why not all people exposed to isocyanates develop adverse health effects, recent findings on sensitization to isocyanate are reviewed. The skin is the most important route for sensitization. SUMMARY Increased production of isocyanates and rising use of these substances in consumer products is leading to an increased burden of disease, with an increase in nonoccupational exposure as well. Sensitization to isocyanates is the main route for adverse health effects. The skin is the major route for sensitization. Recently, several genetic factors have been identified that play a role in the individual susceptibility for sensitization.
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Vishweswaraiah S, Veerappa AM, Mahesh PA, Jayaraju BS, Krishnarao CS, Ramachandra NB. Molecular interaction network and pathway studies of ADAM33 potentially relevant to asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113:418-24.e1. [PMID: 25155083 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a complex disease caused by gene-gene, gene-protein, and protein-protein interactions and the influence of environment, which plays a significant role in causing asthma pathogenesis. ADAM33 is known to be an important gene involved in asthma pathogenesis. No one single gene is a causal factor of asthma; rather, asthma is caused by a complex interaction of multiple genes having pathogenetic and protective effects. OBJECTIVE To identify and understand the interacting genes and proteins of ADAM33. METHODS The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and GeneMANIA tools and a literature survey were used to identify the interacting candidates of ADAM33 and the WEB-based GEne SeT AnaLysis Toolkit was used to perform enrichment analysis of the proteins identified. RESULTS Keeping ADAM33 as a major hub, the authors identified some proteins whose interaction with ADAM33 had been associated with asthma and they recognized some proteins, such as amyloid β (A4) precursor protein, ataxin-7, α4-integrin, α5-integrin, α9-integrin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4, and ubiquilin-4, that had not been previously associated with asthma. CONCLUSION The proteins identified in this study were enriched for various mechanisms that are involved in airway hyperresponsiveness, and through the interaction with ADAM33, they may have potential relevance in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Vishweswaraiah
- Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Avinash M Veerappa
- Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | - Nallur B Ramachandra
- Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
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Azad GK, Singh V, Tomar RS. Assessment of the biological pathways targeted by isocyanate using N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92993. [PMID: 24664350 PMCID: PMC3963962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isocyanates, a group of low molecular weight aromatic and aliphatic compounds possesses the functional isocyanate group. They are highly toxic in nature hence; we used N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate (NSNM), a surrogate chemical containing a functional isocyanate group to understand the mode of action of this class of compounds. We employed budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism to study the pathways targeted by NSNM. Our screening with yeast mutants revealed that it affects chromatin, DNA damage response, protein-ubiquitylation and chaperones, oxidative stress, TOR pathway and DNA repair processes. We also show that NSNM acts as an epigenetic modifier as its treatment causes reduction in global histone acetylation and formation of histone adducts. Cells treated with NSNM exhibited increase in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as intracellular ROS levels and the effects were rescued by addition of reduced glutathione to the medium. We also report that deletion of SOD1 and SOD2, the superoxide dismutase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae displayed hypersensitivity to NSNM. Furthermore, NSNM treatment causes rapid depletion of total glutathione and reduced glutathione. We also demonstrated that NSNM induces degradation of Sml1, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor involved in regulating dNTPs production. In summary, we define the various biological pathways targeted by isocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar Azad
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Vikash Singh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Raghuvir S. Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
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Kouadio K, Zheng KC, Toure AA, Dosso M, Todoriki H. IL-4 and IL-5 secretions predominate in the airways of wistar rats exposed to toluene diisocyanate vapor. J Prev Med Public Health 2014; 47:57-63. [PMID: 24570807 PMCID: PMC3930808 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We established a Wistar rat model of asthma caused by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposure, and investigated the relationship between TDI exposure concentrations and respiratory hypersensitivity, airway inflammation, and cytokine secretions in animals, to better understand the mechanism of TDI induced occupational asthma. METHODS Wistar rats were exposed to two different concentrations of TDI vapor four hours a day for five consecutive days. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and differential leucocytes from the BAL fluid were analyzed. Lung histopathological examination was carried out to investigate the inflammatory status in the airways. Production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 productions in the BAL fluid in vivo was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS The TDI-exposed rats exhibited greater airway hypersensitivity symptoms than the control rats. The BAL differential cell count and lung histopathological examination demonstrated that inflammation reactions were present in both the central and peripheral airways, characterized with marked infiltration of eosinophils in the TDI-exposed rats. The cytokine assay showed that IL-4 and IL-5 were predominantly produced in the BAL fluid in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These findings imply that TDI exposure concentrations may greatly affect the occurrence and extent of inflammatory events and that Th2 type cytokines may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of TDI-induced occupational respiratory hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouame Kouadio
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. ; Eco-epidemiology Unit, Department of Environmental Health, Institut Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire, Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa
| | - Kui-Cheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. ; Fujian Provincial Center for Desease Control, Fuzhou, China
| | - Abdoulaye Abba Toure
- Eco-epidemiology Unit, Department of Environmental Health, Institut Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire, Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa
| | - Mireille Dosso
- Eco-epidemiology Unit, Department of Environmental Health, Institut Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire, Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa
| | - Hidemi Todoriki
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Raulf-Heimsoth M, Liebig R, Marczynski B, Borowitzki G, Bernard S, Freundt S, Heinze E, Brüning T, Merget R. Implementation of non-invasive methods in the diagnosis of diisocyanate-induced asthma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 788:293-300. [PMID: 23835990 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6627-3_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diisocyanate-induced asthma is difficult to diagnose since the immunopathological mechanisms and exposure determinants at the workplace are not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the non-invasive methods of nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and induced sputum (IS) to enhance the diagnostic efficiency. Sixty-three diisocyanate-exposed workers with work-related shortness of breath underwent a standardized 4-steps-1-day-whole body exposure test with diisocyanates used at work up to 30 ppb. NALF and IS were collected before, 0.5, and 19 h after the end of exposure. Cellular composition and soluble inflammatory biomarkers were studied in the samples. In addition, ten controls with bronchial hyperresponsiveness, but without prior occupational diisocyanate exposure, were also examined. Twelve out of the 63 subjects (19 %) showed a significant asthmatic reaction (pulmonary responders) after challenge (FEV1 decrease >20 %). NALF samples did not demonstrate significant effects either on cellular composition or on mediator concentrations in the responders, non-responders, or controls at any time point. In contrast, in the IS samples of the pulmonary responders collected 19 h after challenge, the percentage of eosinophils was higher (p = 0.001) compared with baseline before challenge. Eosinophils were also increased 30 min and 19 h after challenge in IS samples of the responders compared with the non-responders or controls. In addition, 19 h after challenge the eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) concentration was significantly higher in the responders than non-responders (p < 0.04) or controls (p < 0.002). In conclusion, positive asthmatic reactions to diisocyanates are accompanied by an influx of eosinophils into lower airways. Analysis of induced sputum should be implemented in the diagnostic procedure of diisocyanate-related airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raulf-Heimsoth
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany,
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Ceballos D, Reeb-Whitaker C, Glazer P, Murphy-Robinson H, Yost M. Understanding factors that influence protective glove use among automotive spray painters. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:306-313. [PMID: 24215135 PMCID: PMC5514320 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.862592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dermal contact with isocyanate-based coatings may lead to systemic respiratory sensitization. The most common isocyanates found in sprayed automotive coatings are monomeric and oligomeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). Most spray painters use thin (4-5 mil) latex gloves that are not effective at preventing dermal exposures when spraying isocyanate paints. Personal interviews with collision repair industry personnel and focus groups with spray painters were held to characterize risk awareness, to examine perceptions and challenges concerning protective glove use and selection, and to generate ideas for protective glove use interventions. The most popular gloves among spray painters were thin (4-5 mil) and thick (14 mil) latex. We found that medium to thick (6-8 mil) nitrile were not always perceived as comfortable and were expected to be more expensive than thin (4-5 mil) latex gloves. Of concern is the user's difficulty in distinguishing between nitrile and latex gloves; latex gloves are now sold in different colors including blue, which has traditionally been associated with nitrile gloves. Even though spray painters were familiar with the health hazards related to working with isocyanate paints, most were not always aware that dermal exposure to isocyanates could contribute to the development of occupational asthma. There is a need for more research to identify dermal materials that are protective against sprayed automotive coatings. Automotive spray painters and their employers need to be educated in the selection and use of protective gloves, specifically on attributes such as glove material, color, and thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ceballos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA
| | - Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker
- Safety & Health Assessment & Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, PO Box 44330, Olympia, Washington 98504-4330, USA
| | - Patricia Glazer
- Gilmore Research Group, 2101 4th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121-2300
| | - Helen Murphy-Robinson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA
| | - Michael Yost
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA
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Ceballos DM, Sasakura M, Reeb-Whitaker C, Broadwater K, Milbauer M, Crampton R, Dills R, Yost MG. Testing of glove efficacy against sprayed isocyanate coatings utilizing a reciprocating permeation panel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 58:50-9. [PMID: 24366204 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modify a permeation panel to evaluate dermal protective clothing for resistance to sprayed coatings with minimal variability in spray paint loading across the test panel. Determine isocyanate protection effectiveness of natural rubber latex (5 mil or 0.13mm), nitrile rubber (5 mil or 0.13mm), and butyl rubber (13 mil or 0.33mm) glove materials against a commonly used automotive clear coat formulation. The latex and nitrile gloves were the type used by the local autobody spray painters. METHODS Glove materials were tested by spraying paint onto an automated reciprocating permeation panel (permeation panel II). Temperature, relative humidity, and spray conditions were controlled to optimize paint loading homogeneity as evaluated by gravimetric analysis. Isocyanate permeation was measured using 1-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine-coated fiber-glass filters analyzed by a modified version of the OSHA 42/PV2034 methods. RESULTS Latex exhibited a higher permeation rate compared with nitrile for isocyanates (1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and isophorone diisocyanate monomers) and both materials presented permeation at all of the time points suggesting a fast isocyanate breakthrough. Butyl material exhibited no permeation or breakthrough for isocyanates under the tested conditions. The spray application at 69±8°F was optimally homogeneous at 45±0.5mg weight of dry clear coat per 5cm(2). CONCLUSIONS The permeation panel II is a reliable method to assess dermal protective clothing performance against polymerizing coatings. Commonly used 5-mil (0.13-mm) latex and nitrile gloves were determined to be ineffective barriers against the isocyanates found in a commonly used clear-coat formulation while butyl gloves were protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Ceballos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
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Cells and mediators in diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 13:125-31. [PMID: 23324746 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32835e0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diisocyanates are the most common cause of occupational asthma in many industrialized countries, and various pathogenic mechanisms have been suggested to be involved. Occupational asthma causes airway remodeling unless diagnosed and treated within a proper time frame. However, treatment modalities are limited because of an insufficient understanding regarding underlying pathogenic mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Several immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms have been suggested, indicating that the pathogenesis of occupational asthma may be more complex than other types of asthma. Airway epithelial cells are the first to encounter diisocyanates and orchestrate various responses, such as cytokine release, oxidative stress generation, and autoantibody formation. Some evidence supports the involvement of adaptive immune responses. Additional evidence suggests that other mechanisms are involved in diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma. One such candidate mechanism is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been shown to trigger and aid in the development of diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma in human samples and genetic studies, and some therapeutic trials were performed based on this finding. SUMMARY Diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma may be caused by a complex interaction of innate and adaptive immune responses. The knowledge presented in this review may help lead to the development of new treatment modalities through an increased understanding of occupational asthma pathogenesis.
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Swierczyńska-Machura D, Nowakowska-Świrta E, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Piasecka-Zelga J, Swiercz R, Nocuń M, Pałczyński C. Effect of inhaled toluene diisocyanate on local immune response based on murine model for occupational asthma. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 11:166-71. [PMID: 23909811 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.818745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly reactive, low-molecular-weight diisocyanates (DIC) are the most commonly identified cause of occupational asthma (OA). Animal/clinical studies of DIC asthma have been more limited compared with atopic asthma, and an understanding of DIC pathogenesis is less clear. The aim of this study was to investigate in a mouse model, toluene diisocyanate (TDI, as 2,4-TDI isomer)-induced inflammatory reactions/cytokine profile changes in the lungs and accompanying changes in lymph node lymphocyte sub-populations. The study used female BALB/cJ/Han/IMP mice that were exposed first intra-nasally and then in an inhalation chamber to TDI or air. After the final exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and changes induced in inflammatory cell composition, levels of key cytokines (i.e. IL-4, TNFα, IFNγ), and lymphocyte sub-population profiles within auricular lymph nodes, were evaluated. Total number of cells in the BALF of treated mice was significantly higher than in control mice BALF. There was also a significant increase in BALF neutrophil and eosinophil levels with TDI mice compared to in controls; lymphocyte and macrophage numbers did not significantly differ. A significant increase in BALF levels of TNFα and IFNγ was also noted in mice exposed to TDI relative to levels in controls. BALF IL-4 levels were also increased, but the change from control was not significant. Lastly, the levels/percentages of CD3(+)CD4(+) (T-helper [TH]) lymphocytes significantly increased in the lymph nodes of TDI-exposed groups while those of the CD3(+)CD8(+) cells decreased as compared to in control mice. These studies, the first to assess TDI-induced changes in levels of three key cytokines in BALF in conjunction with changes in local lymph nodes following first an intra-nasal and then a general inhalation exposure to a low-level of TDI, confirm that TDI inhalation induces a pathology manifested by airway inflammation, TH cell-derived cytokine production, and shifts in lymph node lymphocytes sub-populations toward increases in TH cells.
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Panwar H, Jain D, Khan S, Pathak N, Raghuram GV, Bhargava A, Banerjee S, Mishra PK. Imbalance of mitochondrial-nuclear cross talk in isocyanate mediated pulmonary endothelial cell dysfunction. Redox Biol 2013; 1:163-71. [PMID: 24024149 PMCID: PMC3757684 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic investigations coupled with epidemiology, case-control, cohort and observational studies have increasingly linked isocyanate exposure (both chronic and acute) with pulmonary morbidity and mortality. Though ascribed for impairment in endothelial cell function, molecular mechanisms of these significant adverse pulmonary outcomes remains poorly understood. As preliminary studies conducted in past have failed to demonstrate a cause-effect relationship between isocyanate toxicity and compromised pulmonary endothelial cell function, we hypothesized that direct exposure to isocyanate may disrupt endothelial structural lining, resulting in cellular damage. Based on this premise, we comprehensively evaluated the molecular repercussions of methyl isocyanate (MIC) exposure on human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAE-26). We examined MIC-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine response, oxidative DNA damage response and apoptotic index. Our results demonstrate that exposure to MIC, augment mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, depletion in antioxidant defense enzymes, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine response and induced endothelial cell apoptosis via affecting the balance of mitochondrial-nuclear cross talk. We herein delineate the first and direct molecular cascade of isocyanate-induced pulmonary endothelial cell dysfunction. The results of our study might portray a connective link between associated respiratory morbidities with isocyanate exposure, and indeed facilitate to discern the exposure-phenotype relationship in observed deficits of pulmonary endothelial cell function. Further, understanding of inter- and intra-cellular signaling pathways involved in isocyanate-induced endothelial damage would not only aid in biomarker identification but also provide potential new avenues to target specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Panwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- School of Studies in Zoology & Biotechnology, Vikram University, Ujjain, India
| | - Deepika Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Saba Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Gorantla V. Raghuram
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
| | - Smita Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Pradyumna K. Mishra
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
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Abstract
Asthma is a syndrome which is seen by physicians in nearly every specialty and affects millions of people throughout the world. Although the geoepidemiology with respect to prevalence and incidence of asthma does vary, even under the most mild of circumstance, asthma is among the leading causes of school absenteeism, work loss, and physician visits. In the past, it was considered primarily a disorder of childhood. Hence, the adage that children outgrow their asthma. We now realize that children really only outgrow their pediatrician and the genetic predisposition to asthma and bronchial hyperactivity persists throughout life. This issue is devoted to key papers that focus on important clinical problems in allergies and asthma. This issue is dedicated to helping the many sufferers of asthma with the hope that this topic will eventually become a medical anachronism.
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Reeb-Whitaker C, Anderson NJ, Bonauto DK. Prevention guidance for isocyanate-induced asthma using occupational surveillance data. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:597-608. [PMID: 24116665 PMCID: PMC3805421 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.818236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Data from Washington State's work-related asthma surveillance system were used to characterize isocyanate-induced asthma cases occurring from 1999 through 2010. Injured worker interviews and medical records were used to describe the industry, job title, work process, workers' compensation cost, and exposure trends associated with 27 cases of isocyanate-induced asthma. The majority (81%) of cases were classified within the surveillance system as new-onset asthma while 19% were classified as work-aggravated asthma. The workers' compensation cost for isocyanate-induced asthma cases was $1.7 million; this was 14% of the total claims cost for all claims in the asthma surveillance system. The majority of cases (48%) occurred from paint processes, followed by foam application or foam manufacturing (22%). Nine of the asthma cases associated with spray application occurred during application to large or awkward-shaped objects. Six workers who did not directly handle isocyanates (indirect exposure) developed new-onset asthma. Two cases suggest that skin contact and processes secondary to the isocyanate spray application, such as cleanup, contributed to immune sensitization. Surveillance data provide insight for the prevention of isocyanate-induced respiratory disease. Key observations are made regarding the development of work-related asthma in association with a) paint application on large objects difficult to ventilate, b) indirect exposure to isocyanates, c) exposure during secondary or cleanup processes, and d) reports of dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, Olympia, Washington
- Address correspondence to: Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker, SHARP Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, P.O. Box 44330, Olympia, WA 98501; e-mail:
| | - Naomi J. Anderson
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, Olympia, Washington
| | - David K. Bonauto
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, Olympia, Washington
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Immunological determinants in a murine model of toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2012. [PMID: 23184444 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-012-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diisocyanates (DIC) are highly reactive, low-molecular-weight chemicals which are the leading cause of occupational asthma (OA). The aim of the study was to analyze certain aspects of the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in the airways induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in an experimental model in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried out on 50 female BALB/cJ/Han/IMP mice, which were exposed by inhalation (intranasal and in the inhalation chamber) to toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI). After the experiment, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected from the animals, and the composition of the induced inflammatory cells, and the concentrations of certain cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α) were evaluated. RESULTS The total number of cells in BALF of the examined group of mice was significantly higher compared to the control mice. There was also a significant increase in neutrophils and eosinophils in the study group compared to the controls. The number of lymphocytes and macrophages did not differ significantly between the two groups. A statistically significant increase in the level of TNF-α was shown to occur in the group exposed to toluene diisocyanate in comparison to the control group. The concentration of IL-4 increased in the study group, compared to the control one, but the differences did not reach the level of significance, p > 0.05. Such difference was not observed for IL-5. CONCLUSIONS We developed a murine model of TDI-induced asthma which caused the influx of inflammatory cells like eosinophils and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the TDI-treated mice. The increase of the concentration of some proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4) in BALF from the exposed mice was also observed.
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Asthma induced by exposure to spray polyurethane foam insulation in a residential home. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54:272-3. [PMID: 22406630 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31824d2da1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wallace AD. Toxic Endpoints in the Study of Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 112:89-115. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415813-9.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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