Obesity-associated oxidative stress: strategies finalized to improve redox state

Metabolic effects of physical exercise on zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed a high-fat diet

The present study aimed to establish zebrafish as an experimental model for investigations into obesity and physical exercise, as well as to assess the effects of these factors on metabolism. The experiment spanned twelve weeks, comprising a feeding trial during which the last four weeks incorporated a physical exercise protocol. This protocol involved placing fifteen animals in a five-liter aquarium, where they were subjected to swimming at an approximate speed of 0.08 m/s for 30 min daily. Throughout the experiment, histological analyses of visceral, subcutaneous, and hepatic adipose tissues were conducted, along with biochemical analyses of total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides, glucose, lactate, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase activity and the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, were investigated. The results revealed that the group fed a high-fat diet exhibited an increase in ROS production and SOD activity. In contrast, the group administered the high-fat diet and subjected to physical exercise demonstrated a notable reduction in visceral adipocyte area, hepatic steatosis levels, ALT levels, and SOD activity. These findings indicate that physical exercise has a positive effect on obesity and oxidative stress in zebrafish, providing promising evidence for future investigations in this field.

Prevalence of wasting and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Habro district, Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Background

Globally, five million children under the age of five died in 2021. Asia and African countries contributed to 69% and 27.2% of wasting, respectively. In Ethiopia, out of 901 (10.1%) under-five children, 632 (8.1%) were found to be moderately wasted, and 269 (3.0%) were severely wasted. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of wasting and its associated factors among children between the ages of 6 and 59 months in Habro Woreda, Oromia, Eastern Ethiopia.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Habro Woreda from 25 August to 20 September 2020. In total, 306 participants were included in this study through a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire through a face-to-face interview, entered into EpiData version 3.1, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Predictors were assessed using a multivariate logistic regression analysis model and reported using an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

Overall, the prevalence of wasting among children aged 6-59 months in the Habro district was 28%, with a 95% confidence interval [26.5, 32.2%]. Factors such as mothers illiterate [AOR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.14-10.47], households without latrines [AOR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.33-6.37], food-insecure households [AOR = 4.11; 95% CI: 1.87-9], households that did not receive home visits [AOR = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.92-9.15], did not eat a variety of food [AOR = 7.44; 95% CI: 2.58-21.45], sick children after discharge from the program [AOR = 6.55; 95% CI: 2.85-15.02], readmitted children [AOR = 3.98; 95% CI: 1.43-15.07], and wasting 3.42 [AOR = 3.42; 95% CI: 1.24-9.45] were factors statistically associated with outcome variables.

Conclusion

This study noted that the prevalence of wasting among children aged 6-59 months following discharge from the Outpatient Therapeutic Program remains high. Educational status of the mother, availability of a latrine, separate kitchen in the household, household food insecurity, household dietary diversity, home visit, and admission type were significantly associated with wasting of children after discharge from the outpatient therapeutic program. Therefore, efforts that target these factors should be maximized to reduce the occurrence of wasting among children aged 6-59 months after discharge from the outpatient therapeutic program.

Exploring the Link between Oxidative Stress, Selenium Levels, and Obesity in Youth

Obesity is a worldwide increasing concern. Although in adults this is easily estimated with the body mass index, in children, who are constantly growing and whose bodies are changing, the reference points to assess weight status are age and gender, and need corroboration with complementary data, making their quantification highly difficult. The present review explores the interaction spectrum of oxidative stress, selenium status, and obesity in children and adolescents. Any factor related to oxidative stress that triggers obesity and, conversely, obesity that induces oxidative stress are part of a vicious circle, a complex chain of mechanisms that derive from each other and reinforce each other with serious health consequences. Selenium and its compounds exhibit key antioxidant activity and also have a significant role in the nutritional evaluation of obese children. The balance of selenium intake, retention, and metabolism emerges as a vital aspect of health, reflecting the complex interactions between diet, oxidative stress, and obesity. Understanding whether selenium status is a contributor to or a consequence of obesity could inform nutritional interventions and public health strategies aimed at preventing and managing obesity from an early age.

Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by hepatic fat accumulation in individuals consuming little or no alcohol, has become highly prevalent globally. Oxidative stress plays a central role in instigating inflammation and cell death pathways driving NAFLD progression. This case-control study aimed to elucidate the association between circulating levels of the pivotal non-enzymatic antioxidants - coenzyme Q10 and vitamins E and C - and liver injury parameters among 60 Iraqi NAFLD patients versus 30 healthy controls. NAFLD diagnosis entailed over 5% hepatic steatosis on ultrasound excluding other etiologies. Patients spanned three age groups: 20-29, 30-39, and 40-49. Substantially diminished antioxidant levels concurrent with elevated alkaline phosphatase enzyme were unveiled in NAFLD patients relative to controls (all p < 0.001). Age-based analysis reinforced widespread antioxidant depletion and liver enzyme augmentation across NAFLD patients. Significant correlations also emerged between antioxidants and liver parameters. Our novel observations confirm an antioxidant inadequacy likely perpetuating pathogenic oxidative reactions in NAFLD. Restoring such deficits through lifestyle or therapeutic interventions may confer preventative and disease-modifying value.

Association of dietary total antioxidant capacity with general and abdominal obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

BACKGROUND

The dual existence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity within a single individual may describe a combined adverse health effects, including impaired quality of life and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Oxidative stress is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of obesity. Meanwhile, dietary antioxidants may improve the antioxidant defense system and thereby decrease oxidative injury. Dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is usually used to investigate the potential health effects of dietary antioxidant intake on several oxidative stress induced chronic diseases. This study aimed to examine the association of dietary TAC with obesity-related features in T2DM patients.

METHODS

The present study included 254 type 2 diabetes outpatients with a mean (SD) age of 54.52 (7.21) years and mean (SD) diabetes duration of 8.2 (6.4) years. Data on dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Dietary TAC was estimated by ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) method. Anthropometric, clinical and lifestyle characteristics were all collected.

RESULTS

In linear regression analyses, dietary antioxidant capacity was inversely associated with body mass index (β = -0,231; 95% CI, -0,419 to -0,042), waist circumference (β = -0,427; 95% CI, -0,849 to -0,006) and fat mass percentage (β = -0,328; 95% CI, -0,545 to -0,112) independently of the assessed confounding variables. Interestingly, dietary TAC showed positive and significant associations with vitamin A, vitamin C, β-carotene, magnesium, folic acid and iron intakes, after adjusting for age and daily energy intake.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher intake of dietary TAC was in association with lower indices of general and central obesity in T2DM patients. Therefore, dietary recommendations for counteracting obesity in patients with T2DM should take into account a high dietary TAC.

Role of Corn Peptide Powder in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Corn peptide (CP) is a short, naturally occurring, and physiologically active peptide generated from corn-protease-catalyzed hydrolysis. CP plays a role in preventing obesity-related disorders, but its impact on reducing inflammation is unknown. Hence, this study examined the possible protective effects of corn peptide powder (CPP) against the harmful effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with a particular emphasis on reducing oxidative damage and inflammation in adipocytes. Hence, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes underwent exposure to 10 ng/mL LPS, with or without CPP (10 and 20 μg/mL). LPS stimulation increased reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion generation. However, this effect was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by pretreatment with CPP. CPP treatment elevated the mRNA expressions of the antioxidant enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase (mnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) while reducing the mRNA expressions of the cytosolic reactive oxygen species indicators p40 and p67 (NADPH oxidase 2). In addition, CPP inhibited the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Toll-like receptor 4, and nuclear factor kappa B mRNA expressions induced by LPS. These findings demonstrate that CPP may ameliorate adipocyte dysfunction by suppressing oxidative damage and inflammatory responses through a new mechanism known as Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B-mediated signaling.

The Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 Reduces Fat Deposition and Oxidative Stress and Increases Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans was recently shown to be a powerful model for studying and identifying probiotics with specific functions. Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lacticaseibacillus casei LBC80R, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CLR2, which are three bacteria that were marketed by Bio-K+, were evaluated using the nematode C. elegans to study fat accumulation, lifespan, and resistance to oxidative stress. Although the general effects of probiotics in terms of protection against oxidative stress were highlighted, the CL1285 strain had an interesting and specific feature, namely its ability to prevent fat accumulation in nematodes; this effect was verified by both the Oil Red and Nile Red methods. This observed phenotype requires daf-16 and is affected by glucose levels. In addition, in a daf-16- and glucose-dependent manner, CL1285 extended the lifespan of C. elegans; this effect was unique to CL1285 and not found in the other L. acidophilus subtypes in this study. Our findings indicate that L. acidophilus CL1285 impacts fat/glucose metabolism in C. elegans and provides a basis to further study this probiotic, which could have potential health benefits in humans and/or in mammals.

Amino acid HPLC-FLD analysis of spirulina and its protective mechanism against the combination of obesity and colitis in wistar rats

Objective

The cafeteria diet (CD), designed as an experimental diet mimicking the obesogenic diet, may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This study delves into the influence of spirulina (SP) on obesity associated with colitis in Wistar rats.

Methods

The amino acids composition of SP was analyzed using HPLC-FLD. Animals were equally separated into eight groups, each containing seven animals and treated daily for eight weeks as follows: Control diet (SD), cafeteria diet (CD) group, CD + SP (500 mg/kg) and SD + SP. Ulcerative colitis was provoked by rectal injection of acetic acid (AA) (3 % v/v, 5 ml/kg b.w.) on the last day of treatment in the following groups: SD + AA, SD + AA + SP, CD + AA, and CD + AA + SP.

Results

Findings revealed that UC and/or CD increased the abdominal fat, weights gain, and colons. Moreover, severe colonic alteration, perturbations in the serum metabolic parameters associated with an oxidative stress state in the colonic mucosa, defined by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased levels of plasma scavenging activity (PSA). Additionally, obesity exacerbated the severity of AA-induced UC promoting inflammation marked by the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Significantly, treatment with SP provided notable protection against inflammation severity, reduced histopathological alterations, attenuated lipid peroxidation (MDA), and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, and GPX) along with non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH and SH-G).

Conclusions

Thus, the antioxidant effects and anti-inflammatory proprieties of SP could be attributed to its richness in amino acids, which could potentially mitigate inflammation severity in obese subjects suffering from ulcerative colitis. These results imply that SP hold promise as a therapeutic agent for managing of UC, particularly in individuals with concomitant obesity. Understanding SP's mechanisms of action may lead novel treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel diseases and hyperlipidemia in medical research.

The effects of green tea extract supplementation on body composition, obesity-related hormones and oxidative stress markers: a grade-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Research indicates that green tea extract (GTE) supplementation is beneficial for a range of conditions, including several forms of cancer, CVD and liver diseases; nevertheless, the existing evidence addressing its effects on body composition, oxidative stress and obesity-related hormones is inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of GTE supplementation on body composition (body mass (BM), body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass (FM), BMI, waist circumference (WC)), obesity-related hormones (leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) markers. We searched proper databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Web of Science, up to July 2022 to recognise published randomised controlled trials (RCT) that investigated the effects of GTE supplementation on the markers mentioned above. A random effects model was used to carry out a meta-analysis. The heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 index. Among the initial 11 286 studies identified from an electronic database search, fifty-nine studies involving 3802 participants were eligible to be included in this meta-analysis. Pooled effect sizes indicated that BM, BFP, BMI and MDA significantly reduced following GTE supplementation. In addition, GTE supplementation increased adiponectin and TAC, with no effects on FM, leptin and ghrelin. Certainty of evidence across outcomes ranged from low to high. Our results suggest that GTE supplementation can attenuate oxidative stress, BM, BMI and BFP, which are thought to negatively affect human health. Moreover, GTE as a nutraceutical dietary supplement can increase TAC and adiponectin.

Retinal thickness changes in preobese and obese patients without hyperglycemia: Optical coherence tomography study

PURPOSE

To evaluate retinal thickness changes by optical coherence tomography in preobese and obese patients without hyperglycemia.

METHODS

This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 55 normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), 42 preobese (25-29.9 kg/m2), 34 obese (>30 kg/m2), a total of 131, according to body mass index (BMI) value at the time of examination. All participants were examined in the internal medicine department and fasting serological biochemical and lipid tests were performed, and those with hyperglycemia were excluded from the study. All participants underwent a full ophthalmological examination and sectoral examination of the retina with optical coherence tomography.

RESULTS

The study included 55 right eyes of 55 normal, 42 of 42 preobese, and 34 of 34 obese, age- and sex-matched participants, without hyperglycemia. The mean BMI of the normal group was 22.3 ± 1.3, 26.8 ± 1.3 in the preobese group, and 33.2 ± 4.2 in the obese group. Central foveal thickness (normal 229.8 ± 20.1 µm, preobese 234.7 ± 18.8 µm and obese 222.0 ± 23.4 µm, P:0.031) and mean inferior (normal 280.7 ± 55.8 µm, preobese 296.7 ± 11.1 µm and obese 285.3 ± 9.9 µm) thickness in the 3 mm The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) circle was significantly higher in the preobese group and significantly lower in the obese group. Mean nasal, temporal, and superior thickness in the 3 mm ETDRS circle and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer was higher in the preobese group and lower in the obese group but this difference was statistically not significant.

CONCLUSION

The fact that preobesity, which is not accompanied by hyperglycemia, causes an increase in the thickness of the central macular regions and obesity causes thinning of the retina, supports that lipid metabolism in the body alone can affect retinal thickness changes and retinal neurodegeneration.

Ameliorative effects of Myrtus communis L. extract involving the inhibition of oxidative stress on high fat diet-induced testis damage in rats

The possible protective effects of Myrtus communis L. (MC) extract on a high fat diet (HFD)-induced testicular injury in a rat model were investigated using histological and biochemical methods. Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: a standard diet control group; a HFD group; and an HFD+MC group. The HFD and HFD+MC groups were fed with a HFD for 16 weeks. MC extract (100 mg/kg) was given orally five days a week to the rats in the HFD+MC group during the last four weeks of the experiment. Leptin, triglyceride, high-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, LH and FSH were analyzed in blood serum. Sperm parameters were evaluated from the epididymis. Testicular morphology, proliferative, apoptotic and NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2)-positive cells were evaluated histologically. Testicular oxidative stress parameters were analyzed biochemically. In the HFD group, lipid and hormone profiles were changed, abnormal spermatozoa, degenerated seminiferous tubules with apoptotic and NOX2-positive cells were increased in number, and sperm motility and germinal proliferative cells decreased compared to the control group. Moreover, testicular malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and myeloperoxidase levels increased, whereas glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels decreased in the HFD group compared to the control group. All these histological and biochemical features were ameliorated by MC treatment of HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, HFD caused alterations in sperm parameters and testicular morphology by increasing oxidative damage and apoptosis. MC extract may have potential protective effects by inhibiting oxidative damage.

Obesogenic Diet in Mice Leads to Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Mother in Association with Sex-Specific Changes in Fetal Development, Inflammatory Markers and Placental Transcriptome

BACKGROUND

Obesity during pregnancy is related to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Factors involved in these outcomes may include increased maternal insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient mishandling. The placenta is the primary determinant of fetal outcomes, and its function can be impacted by maternal obesity. The aim of this study on mice was to determine the effect of obesity on maternal lipid handling, inflammatory and redox state, and placental oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and gene expression relative to female and male fetal growth.

METHODS

Female mice were fed control or obesogenic high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFHS) from 9 weeks prior to, and during, pregnancy. On day 18.5 of pregnancy, maternal plasma, and liver, placenta, and fetal serum were collected to examine the immune and redox states. The placental labyrinth zone (Lz) was dissected for RNA-sequencing analysis of gene expression changes.

RESULTS

the HFHS diet induced, in the dams, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress (reduced catalase, elevated protein oxidation) and the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways (p38-MAPK), along with imbalanced circulating cytokine concentrations (increased IL-6 and decreased IL-5 and IL-17A). HFHS fetuses were asymmetrically growth-restricted, showing sex-specific changes in circulating cytokines (GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ). The morphology of the placenta Lz was modified by an HFHS diet, in association with sex-specific alterations in the expression of genes and proteins implicated in oxidative stress, inflammation, and stress signaling. Placental gene expression changes were comparable to that seen in models of intrauterine inflammation and were related to a transcriptional network involving transcription factors, LYL1 and PLAG1.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that fetal growth restriction with maternal obesity is related to elevated oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, and sex-specific placental changes. Our data are important, given the marked consequences and the rising rates of obesity worldwide.

Phytochemicals, Health-Promoting Effects, and Enzyme Inhibition Traits of Phlomis stewartii Extracts

Phlomis stewartii is a wild, perennial woody plant used for diverse therapeutic targets. The present work evaluated the influence of independent variables such as extraction time, solvent concentration, and speed in the range of (100 mL, 150 mL, and 200 mL), (2 h, 5 h, and 8 h), and (100 rpm, 150 rpm, and 200 rpm), respectively, on extraction yields, phytochemical components, total phenolic contents (TPC), and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of P. stewartii extract. In the present work, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction yield. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to detect the bioactive constituents of the extracts. The potent extracts were analyzed to study α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Under the optimized conditions of solvent concentration (200 mL), extraction time (8 h), and speed (150 rpm), the whole plant methanol extract (WPME) showed a maximum extraction yield of 13.5%, while the leaves methanol extract (LME) showed a maximum TPC of 19.5 ± 44 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of extract and a maximum TFC of 4.78 ± 0.34 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE) per gram of extract. HPLC analysis showed the presence of p-coumaric, gallic acid, quercetin, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, and vanillic acid. LME showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 46.86 ± 0.21 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 value of 45.81 ± 0.17 µg/mL). Therefore, in conclusion, LME could be considered to fix the α-amylase and α-glucosidase-mediated disorders in the human body to develop herbal phytomedicine.

Emerging and multifaceted potential contributions of polyphenols in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as a serious public health concern with a considerable impact on human life, long-term health expenditures, and substantial health losses. In this context, the use of dietary polyphenols to prevent and manage T2DM is widely documented. These dietary compounds exert their beneficial effects through several actions, including the protection of pancreatic islet β-cell, the antioxidant capacities of these molecules, their effects on insulin secretion and actions, the regulation of intestinal microbiota, and their contribution to ameliorate diabetic complications, particularly those of vascular origin. In the present review, we intend to highlight these multifaceted actions and the molecular mechanisms by which these plant-derived secondary metabolites exert their beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes patients.

The Potential Effects of Dietary Antioxidants in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Obesity has become a global health concern, with its prevalence steadily increasing in recent decades. It is associated with numerous health complications, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. The aetiology of obesity is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. In recent years, oxidative stress has emerged as a potential contributor to obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Dietary antioxidants, which can counteract oxidative stress, have gained significant attention for their potential role in preventing and managing obesity. This comprehensive review aims to explore the impact of dietary antioxidants on obesity and its associated metabolic dysregulations, discussing the underlying mechanisms and highlighting the potential therapeutic implications.

Untargeted Metabolomic Analyses and Antilipidemic Effects of Citrus Physiological Premature Fruit Drop

Increasingly globally prevalent obesity and related metabolic disorders have underscored the demand for safe and natural therapeutic approaches, given the limitations of weight loss drugs and surgeries. This study compared the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of five different varieties of citrus physiological premature fruit drop (CPFD). Untargeted metabolomics was employed to identify variations in metabolites among different CPFDs, and their antilipidemic effects in vitro were assessed. The results showed that Citrus aurantium L. 'Daidai' physiological premature fruit drop (DDPD) and Citrus aurantium 'Changshan-huyou' physiological premature fruit drop (HYPD) exhibited higher levels of phytochemicals and stronger antioxidant activity. There were 97 differential metabolites identified in DDPD and HYPD, including phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, terpenes, and lipids. Additionally, DDPD and HYPD demonstrated potential antilipidemic effects against oleic acid (OA)-induced steatosis in HepG2 hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In conclusion, our findings reveal the outstanding antioxidant activity and antilipidemic effects of CPFD, indicating its potential use as a natural antioxidant and health supplement and promoting the high-value utilization of this resource.

The obesity-autophagy-cancer axis: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspectives

Autophagy, a self-degradative process vital for cellular homeostasis, plays a significant role in adipose tissue metabolism and tumorigenesis. This review aims to elucidate the complex interplay between autophagy, obesity, and cancer development, with a specific emphasis on how obesity-driven changes affect the regulation of autophagy and subsequent implications for cancer risk. The burgeoning epidemic of obesity underscores the relevance of this research, particularly given the established links between obesity, autophagy, and various cancers. Our exploration delves into hormonal influence, notably INS (insulin) and LEP (leptin), on obesity and autophagy interactions. Further, we draw attention to the latest findings on molecular factors linking obesity to cancer, including hormonal changes, altered metabolism, and secretory autophagy. We posit that targeting autophagy modulation may offer a potent therapeutic approach for obesity-associated cancer, pointing to promising advancements in nanocarrier-based targeted therapies for autophagy modulation. However, we also recognize the challenges inherent to these approaches, particularly concerning their precision, control, and the dual roles autophagy can play in cancer. Future research directions include identifying novel biomarkers, refining targeted therapies, and harmonizing these approaches with precision medicine principles, thereby contributing to a more personalized, effective treatment paradigm for obesity-mediated cancer.

An Intestinal FXR Agonist Mitigates Dysbiosis, Intestinal Tight Junctions, and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

SCOPE

To analyze the effects of fexaramine (FEX), as an intestinal FXR agonist, on the modulation of the intestinal microbiota and ileum of mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Three-month-old C57Bl/6 male mice are divided into two groups and received a control (C, 10% of energy from lipids) or HF (50% of energy from lipids) diet for 12 weeks. They are subdivided into the C, C + FEX, HF, and HF + FEX groups. FEX is administered (FEX-5 mg kg-1 ) via orogastric gavage for three weeks. Body mass (BM), glucose metabolism, qPCR 16S rRNA gene expression, and ileum gene expression, bile acids (BAs), tight junctions (TJs), and incretin are analyzed. FEX reduces BM and glucose intolerance, reduces plasma lipid concentrations and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, increases the Lactobacillus sp. and Prevotella sp. abundance, and reduces the Escherichia coli abundance. Consequently, the ileal gene expression of Fxr-Fgf15, Tgr5-Glp1, and Cldn-Ocldn-Zo1 is increased, and Tlr4-Il6-Il1beta is decreased.

CONCLUSION

FEX stimulates intestinal FXR and improves dysbiosis, intestinal TJs, and the release of incretins, mitigating glucose intolerance and BM increases induced by an HF diet. However, FEX results in glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and reduces intestinal TJs in a control group, thus demonstrating limitations to this dietary model.

The Role of Glutathione and Its Precursors in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major worldwide health crisis affecting about 6.2% of the world's population. Alarmingly, about one in five children in the USA have prediabetes. Glutathione (GSH) and its precursors play a promising role in the prevention and management of type T2D. Oxidative stress (OxS) is a probable factor in both T2D initiation and progression. GSH is the major cytosolic water-soluble chemical antioxidant and emerging evidence supports its role in improving T2D outcomes. Dietary supplementation with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and/or glycine (GLY), which are GSH precursors, has also been studied for possible beneficial effects on T2D. This review will focus on the underlying pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms linking GSH and its precursors with T2D and OxS. In addition to their traditional antioxidant roles, the in vivo effects of GSH/NAC/GLY supplements will be evaluated for their potential abilities to modulate the complex pro-oxidant pathophysiological factors (e.g., hyperglycemia) driving T2D progression. Positive feedback loops that amplify OxS over long time intervals are likely to result in irreversible T2D micro- and macro-vascular damage. Most clinical studies with GSH/NAC/GLY have focused on adults or the elderly. Future research with pediatric populations should be a high priority since early intervention is critical.

Taurine supplementation alters gene expression profiles in white adipose tissue of obese C57BL/6J mice: Inflammation and lipid synthesis perspectives

This work aimed to identify the mechanisms by which taurine exerts its anti-obesity effects in the C57BL/6J ob/ob mice model and determine if taurine supplementation increases the amelioration of inflammation and lipogenesis linked genes in the adipose and liver tissues. Three groups of C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard chow diet for a period of 10 weeks the C57BL/6J normal group, the C57BL/6J ob/ob negative control group with no taurine intake and C57BL/6J ob/ob taurine group with taurine intake. Real time PCR was used to examine the gene expression profile in the experimental groups intrascapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver. TNF-alpha, Ccl2, Adgre and illb genes that are associated with inflammation were found to have varying level of expression in the three tissues. In comparison to BAT and liver these genes were expressed at a much lower level in WAT, with enhanced serum adiponectin levels.

Zinc homeostasis and redox alterations in obesity

Impairment of both cellular zinc and redox homeostasis is a feature of several chronic diseases, including obesity. A significant two-way interaction exists between redox metabolism and the relatively redox-inert zinc ion. Redox metabolism critically influences zinc homeostasis and controls its cellular availability for various cellular functions by regulating zinc exchange from/to zinc-binding proteins. Zinc can regulate redox metabolism and exhibits multiple pro-antioxidant properties. On the other hand, even minor disturbances in zinc status and zinc homeostasis affect systemic and cellular redox homeostasis. At the cellular level, zinc homeostasis is regulated by a multi-layered machinery consisting of zinc-binding molecules, zinc sensors, and two selective families of zinc transporters, the Zinc Transporter (ZnT) and Zrt, Irt-like protein (ZIP). In the present review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the role of the mutual interaction between zinc and redox homeostasis in physiology and pathophysiology, pointing to the role of zinc in the alterations responsible for redox stress in obesity. Since zinc transporters primarily control zinc homeostasis, we describe how changes in the expression and activity of these zinc-regulating proteins are associated with obesity.

Main Colonic Metabolites from Coffee Chlorogenic Acid May Counteract Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in 3T3-L1 Cells

Obesity is coupled with an altered redox state and low-level inflammation. Oxidative stress may increase pre-adipocyte proliferation, adipocyte differentiation and mature adipocyte size. Regarding inflammation, the dysregulation of cytokine production by adipose tissue takes place in obesity, which is promoted by oxidative stress. Polyphenols may exert a positive effect on obesity, not only by modulating the redox state, but also due to their anti-inflammatory activity. Coffee, which is one of the most consumed beverages, is very rich in phenolic compounds. Bioavailability studies on coffee phenols have shown that the most abundant group of metabolites in plasma and urine are dihydrocaffeic (DHCA), dihydroferulic (DHFA), and hydroxyhippuric (HHA) acids, the three acids of colonic origin. To better understand the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of DHCA, DHFA, and HHA, an inflammation/oxidation model was set up in the pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cell line using tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). After the exposure of 3T3-L1 cells to 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 µM of TNF-α at different times, the cell viability, interleukin (IL)-6 secretion, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) were determined. Using the TNF-α prooxidant and proinflammatory conditions established (10 µM, 24 h), it was observed that the physiological concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 µM) of DHCA, DHFA, and HHA induced dose-dependent antioxidant effects according to the ROS, GSH, and antioxidant enzyme (glutathione peroxidase) results. In addition, reductions in the IL-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) concentrations were observed to different extents depending on the metabolite (DHFA, HHA, or DHCA) and the concentration used. In conclusion, the main colonic metabolites from coffee chlorogenic acids may counteract TNF-α-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in the 3T3-L1 cell line, and thus, they present antiobesity potential.

Overweight in elderly increases postural instability during sit-to-stand test: a Kinect-based assessment

BACKGROUND

Being overweight increases the risk of falls and subsequent injuries. However, conventional functional balance tests may not be appropriate for this population as body weight can affect test performance. Thus, it is crucial to develop reliable methods for assessing balance ability in overweight individuals.

AIM

The purpose of this study was to utilize a portable gaming device (Kinect Xbox 360) to measure the center of mass (CoM) of elderly individuals and compare the results between normal weight and overweight elderly women.

METHODS

The study included 64 female elderly individuals who were divided into two groups: 32 normal weight and 32 overweight subjects, matched for age (matched pairs design). The study collected the body's CoM during the five-time sit-to-stand test (FTSST) using Kinect camera. Additionally, the participants underwent the time up and go test (TUGT) and one-leg standing balance (OLSB) tests. The Kinect Xbox 360 demonstrated high test-retest reliability for measuring body's center of mass sway, with ICC3,1 value of 0.982 in the vertical direction, 0.983 in the mediolateral (ML) direction, and 0.997 in the anteroposterior (AP) direction. Additionally, the technical error of measurement (TEM) was very low at 0.006, 0.002, and 0.004, respectively. The % coefficient of variation ranged from 1.31% to 5.68%, indicating good measurement consistency.

RESULTS

Overweight individuals took longer to complete FTSST and TUGT compared to normal weight individuals, but no significant difference was observed in OLSB tests. Moreover, overweight elderly individuals had greater sway length in the ML and AP directions compared to normal weight elderly individuals.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Overweight elderly individuals had poorer balance than their normal weight counterparts when using Kinect camera. The researchers suggest that Kinect device can be a cost-effective alternative to measure balance performance among overweight elderly in the community-based setting.

Hypolipidemic, Hypoglycemic, and Ameliorative Effects of Boiled Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and Mallow (Corchorus olitorius) Leaf Extracts in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats

Obesity is a major health concern associated with serious conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the potential anti-obesity effects of heat-treated parsley and mallow extracts (PE and ME, respectively) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. The selected herbs underwent three heat treatments (boiling, blanching, and microwaving), and the most effective treatment was orally administered to the HFD rats for eight weeks. All three treatments effectively increased the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity of the herbs, with boiling treatment exhibiting the most significant increase. Boiled herbs demonstrated approximately 29% higher TPC and an impressive 348% increase in antioxidant activity compared to the other treatments. Oral administration of the boiled herb extracts to the HFD rats resulted in significant reductions in body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol levels, while elevating the HDL cholesterol levels compared to the positive control rats. Additionally, the boiled herb extracts exhibited antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effects. Notably, PE displayed more significant anti-obesity properties compared to ME, potentially due to higher TPC and antioxidant activity observed in PE compared to ME. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential positive effects of boiled parsley against obesity and recommends boiling treatment as the preferred method when heat treatment is required for herbs.

Evaluating the Potential of Plukenetia volubilis Linneo (Sacha Inchi) in Alleviating Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Mini Review

Plukenetia volubilis Linneo or Sacha Inchi (SI), a traditional natural remedy indigenous to Peru and Brazil, has garnered global attention due to its exceptional nutritional composition. Its protective effects against various non-communicable diseases, notably cardiovascular disease (CVD), have become a subject of interest in recent research. This comprehensive review summarizes the existing evidence from 15 relevant articles concerning the impact of SI on common CVD risk factors, including dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. The relevant articles were derived from comprehensive searches on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using predefined criteria and keywords related to the topic. Overall, SI demonstrated positive effects in attenuating dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. The multifaceted mechanisms responsible for the protective effects of SI against these CVD risk factors are primarily attributed to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. While preclinical studies dominate the current scientific literature on SI, there are limited clinical trials to corroborate these findings. Therefore, future well-designed, large-scale randomized clinical trials are highly recommended to establish the efficacy of SI and determine its optimal dosage, potential drug and food interactions, and practical integration into preventive strategies and dietary interventions for the high-risk populations.

Anti-obesity effects of olivetol in adult zebrafish model induced by short-term high-fat diet

Obesity is a complex disease caused by various factors, and synthetic drugs used to treat it can have side effects. Natural compounds, such as olivetol, could be a promising alternative. Olivetol is a substance found in certain lichen species and has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. In this study, researchers conducted in-silico molecular docking studies and found that olivetol had significant binding affinity with receptors involved in obesity. They also investigated the effects of olivetol on a diet-induced obese zebrafish model and found that high doses of olivetol reduced excessive fat accumulation and triglyceride and lipid accumulation. The low dose of olivetol showed a significant reduction in liver enzymes' levels. However, the high dose of olivetol resulted in a significant increase in HMG-CoA levels. These results suggest that olivetol may be a promising anti-obesity agent for the treatment of hyperlipidemia-related disorders, but further research is necessary to understand its full effects on the body.

Melatonin Reduces Aggravation of Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Obese Rats by Maintaining Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Integrity through AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT3/SOD2 Activation

This study examined the potential benefits of melatonin against renal ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury in obesity and explored the underlying mechanisms. Obesity was induced in Wistar rats by feeding a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. Three obese groups that underwent renal IR induction (30-min renal ischemia followed by 24-h reperfusion) were randomly assigned to receive melatonin at ischemic onset, reperfusion onset, or pretreatment for 4 weeks before IR induction. Groups of vehicle-treated obese and normal-diet-fed rats that underwent sham or IR induction were also included in the study. The results showed that renal functional and structural impairments after IR incidence were aggravated in obese rats compared to normal-diet-fed rats. The obese-IR rats also exhibited oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy imbalances, which were all considerably improved upon melatonin treatment, irrespective of the treatment time. This study suggests the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of melatonin in IR-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in obese individuals, which may improve the prognosis of AKI in these populations. The benefits of melatonin are likely mediated by the modification of various signaling molecules within the mitochondria that maintain mitochondrial redox balance and lead to the protection of mitochondrial homeostasis and integrity.

The Role of Obesity in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis

Research has shown that obesity increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) by promoting insulin resistance, increases serum estrogen levels by the upregulation of aromatase, and promotes the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by macrophages. Increased circulating glucose has been shown to activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a significant signaling pathway in breast cancer pathogenesis. Estrogen plays an instrumental role in estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancers. The role of ROS in breast cancer warrants continued investigation, in relation to both pathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer. We aim to review the role of obesity in breast cancer pathogenesis and novel therapies mediating obesity-associated breast cancer development. We explore the association between body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer incidence and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress modulates breast cancer pathogenesis. We discuss the role of glutathione, a ubiquitous antioxidant, in breast cancer therapy. Lastly, we review breast cancer therapies targeting mTOR signaling, leptin signaling, blood sugar reduction, and novel immunotherapy targets.

Rhythm and ROS: Hepatic Chronotherapeutic Features of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Treatment in Cafeteria Diet-Fed Rats

Polyphenols play a key role in the modulation of circadian rhythms, while the cafeteria diet (CAF) is able to perturb the hepatic biological rhythm and induce important ROS production. Consequently, we aimed to elucidate whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) administration recovers the CAF-induced hepatic antioxidant (AOX) misalignment and characterize the chronotherapeutic properties of GSPE. For this purpose, Fischer 344 rats were fed a standard diet (STD) or a CAF and concomitantly treated with GSPE at two time-points (ZT0 vs. ZT12). Animals were euthanized every 6 h and the diurnal rhythms of hepatic ROS-related biomarkers, hepatic metabolites, and AOX gene expression were examined. Interestingly, GSPE treatment was able to recover the diurnal rhythm lost due to the CAF. Moreover, GSPE treatment also increased the acrophase of Sod1, as well as bringing the peak closer to that of the STD group. GSPE also corrected some hepatic metabolites altered by the CAF. Importantly, the differences observed at ZT0 vs. ZT12 due to the time of GSPE administration highlight a chronotherapeutic profile on the proanthocyanin effect. Finally, GSPE could also reduce diet-induced hepatic oxidative stress not only by its ROS-scavenging properties but also by retraining the circadian rhythm of AOX enzymes.

Unraveling Obesity: Transgenerational Inheritance, Treatment Side Effects, Flavonoids, Mechanisms, Microbiota, Redox Balance, and Bioavailability-A Narrative Review

Obesity is known as a transgenerational vicious cycle and has become a global burden due to its unavoidable complications. Modern approaches to obesity management often involve the use of pharmaceutical drugs and surgeries that have been associated with negative side effects. In contrast, natural antioxidants, such as flavonoids, have emerged as a promising alternative due to their potential health benefits and minimal side effects. Thus, this narrative review explores the potential protective role of flavonoids as a natural antioxidant in managing obesity. To identify recent in vivo studies on the efficiency of flavonoids in managing obesity, a comprehensive search was conducted on Wiley Online Library, Scopus, Nature, and ScienceDirect. The search was limited to the past 10 years; from the search, we identified 31 articles to be further reviewed. Based on the reviewed articles, we concluded that flavonoids offer novel therapeutic strategies for preventing obesity and its associated co-morbidities. This is because the appropriate dosage of flavonoid compounds is able to reduce adipose tissue mass, the formation of intracellular free radicals, enhance endogenous antioxidant defences, modulate the redox balance, and reduce inflammatory signalling pathways. Thus, this review provides an insight into the domain of a natural product therapeutic approach for managing obesity and recapitulates the transgenerational inheritance of obesity, the current available treatments to manage obesity and its side effects, flavonoids and their sources, the molecular mechanism involved, the modulation of gut microbiota in obesity, redox balance, and the bioavailability of flavonoids. In toto, although flavonoids show promising positive outcome in managing obesity, a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the advantageous impacts of flavonoids-achieved through translation to clinical trials-would provide a novel approach to inculcating flavonoids in managing obesity in the future as this review is limited to animal studies.

Serine Threonine-Protein Kinase-Derived IW13 Improves Lipid Metabolism via C/EBP-α/SREBP1/FAS Signaling Pathways in HFD-Induced Zebrafish In Vivo Larval Model

Obesity is linked to the development of major metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Recent research has focused on the molecular link between obesity and oxidative stress. Obesity impairs antioxidant function, resulting in dramatically increased reactive oxygen levels and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of IW13 peptide on inhibiting lipid accumulation and regulating the antioxidant mechanism to normalize the lipid metabolism in HFD induced zebrafish larvae. Our results showed that co-treatment with IW13 peptide showed a protective effect in HFD zebra fish larvae by increasing the survival and heart rate. However, IW13 peptide co-treatment reduced triglycerides and cholesterol levels while also restoring the SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes. In addition, IW13 co-treatment inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion by regulating the glutathione level. Also, the results showed that IW13 specifically downregulated the expression of the lipogenic-specific genes (C/EBP-α, SREBP1, and FAS). The findings exhibited that the IW13 peptide with effective antioxidant and anti-obesity activity could act as a futuristic drug to treat obesity and oxidative stress-related diseases.

Polyphenol Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel Supplementation in Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Fruit by-products are a source of biocompounds with antioxidant properties and potential role in the obesity treatment. This study aimed to assess the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel (PP) supplementation on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in diet-induced obese rats. Thus, an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was performed to evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant capacity of PP. Moreover, 15 male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: control diet (CTL; 3.35 kcal/g), cafeteria (CAF) diet (3.72 kcal/g), and CAF diet supplemented with PP (CAF + PP; 200 mg/kg body weight; 3.72 kcal/g). Serum TAC was analyzed by ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2,2-Diphenil-1-picrylhydrazil assay. TPC in PP accounted for 8.82 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g in undigested samples. However, an in vitro digestion process was decreased by 94% the bioaccessibility of PP phenolic compounds in the intestinal phase, while PP supplementation increased serum TAC in diet-induced obese rats. Therefore, although PP phenolic compounds diminished after an in vitro digestion process, antioxidant effect was found in obese rats supplemented with PP.

Associations of oxidative balance score and visceral adiposity index with risk of ischaemic heart disease: a cross-sectional study of NHANES, 2005-2018

OBJECTIVE

Evidence on the association of oxidative balance score (OBS) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) with risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is limited. We aimed to explore the association of OBS and VAI with risk of IHD, and then examined their potential interactive effects.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study.

SETTING

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 27 867 individuals aged more than 20 years were included in this study.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for the associations of OBS and VAI with risk of IHD, including coronary heart disease (CHD), heart attack and angina pectoris.

RESULTS

Compared with those in the first quintile, participants with highest quintile of OBS had decreased risk of IHD (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.69), CHD (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.80), heart attack (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.66) and angina pectoris (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.82); meanwhile, those with highest quintile of VAI had increased risk of IHD (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.74), CHD (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.67), heart attack (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.94) and angina pectoris (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.87). Furthermore, we observed a stronger association between OBS and risk of IHD among participants with VAI ≥1.73 (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.62).

CONCLUSION

Our study found the negative association between OBS and risk of IHD, and positive association between VAI and risk of IHD. In addition, we found the interactive effects between VAI and OBS on the risk of IHD, underlining the importance of OBS in IHD prevention among participants with high VAI level.

Extract of Isatidis Radix Inhibits Lipid Accumulation in In Vitro and In Vivo by Regulating Oxidative Stress

Isatidis Radix (IR), the root of Isatis tinctoria L. belonging to Brassicaceae, has been traditionally used as a fever reducer. Although some pharmacological effects, such as anti-diabetes, anti-virus, and anti-inflammatory, have been reported, there is no study on the anti-obesity effect of IR. This study used 3T3-L1 cells, human mesenchymal adipose stem cells (hAMSCs), and a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model to confirm the anti-adipogenic effect of IR. Intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and hAMSCs was decreased by IR treatment.IR extract especially suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through a cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Consequently, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins alpha (C/EBPα), and fatty acid synthesis (FAS) were inhibited by IR extract. In addition, β-oxidation-related genes were also decreased by treatment of IR extract. IR inhibited weight gain through this cascade in the HFD-induced obese mouse model. IR significantly suppressed lipid accumulation in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Furthermore, the administration of IR extract decreased serum free fatty acid (FFA), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL cholesterol, suggesting that it could be a potential drug for obesity by inhibiting lipid accumulation.

How can early life adversity still exert an effect decades later? A question of timing, tissues and mechanisms

Exposure to any number of stressors during the first 1000 days from conception to age 2 years is important in shaping an individual's life trajectory of health and disease. Despite the expanding range of stressors as well as later-life phenotypes and outcomes, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Our previous data strongly suggests that early-life exposure to a stressor reduces the capacity of the immune system to generate subsequent generations of naïve cells, while others have shown that, early life stress impairs the capacity of neuronal stem cells to proliferate as they age. This leads us to the "stem cell hypothesis" whereby exposure to adversity during a sensitive period acts through a common mechanism in all the cell types by programming the tissue resident progenitor cells. Furthermore, we review the mechanistic differences observed in fully differentiated cells and suggest that early life adversity (ELA) may alter mitochondria in stem cells. This may consequently alter the destiny of these cells, producing the lifelong "supply" of functionally altered fully differentiated cells.

Obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and therapeutic targets

Obesity is a global epidemic and overwhelming evidence indicates that it is a risk factor for numerous cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Obesity-associated hepatic tumorigenesis develops from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and ultimately to HCC. The rising incidence of obesity is resulting in an increased prevalence of NAFLD and NASH, and subsequently HCC. Obesity represents an increasingly important underlying etiology of HCC, in particular as the other leading causes of HCC such as hepatitis infection, are declining due to effective treatments and vaccines. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated HCC. We summarize the preclinical experimental animal models available to study the features of NAFLD/NASH/HCC, and the non-invasive methods to diagnose NAFLD, NASH and early-stage HCC. Finally, since HCC is an aggressive tumor with a 5-year survival of less than 20%, we will also discuss novel therapeutic targets for obesity-associated HCC and ongoing clinical trials.

A Metabolic Enhancer Protects against Diet-Induced Obesity and Liver Steatosis and Corrects a Pro-Atherogenic Serum Profile in Mice

OBJECTIVE

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) affects hundreds of millions of individuals and constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Obesity is believed to be at the core of metabolic abnormalities associated with MetS, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, fatty liver disease and vascular dysfunction. Although previous studies demonstrate a diverse array of naturally occurring antioxidants that attenuate several manifestations of MetS, little is known about the (i) combined effect of these compounds on hepatic health and (ii) molecular mechanisms responsible for their effect.

METHODS

We explored the impact of a metabolic enhancer (ME), consisting of 7 naturally occurring antioxidants and mitochondrial enhancing agents, on diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis and atherogenic serum profile in mice.

RESULTS

Here we show that a diet-based ME supplementation and exercise have similar beneficial effects on adiposity and hepatic steatosis in mice. Mechanistically, ME reduced hepatic ER stress, fibrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation, thereby improving overall liver health. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ME improved HFD-induced pro-atherogenic serum profile in mice, similar to exercise. The protective effects of ME were reduced in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) knock out mice, suggesting that ME exerts it protective effect partly in a PCSK9-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that components of the ME have a positive, protective effect on obesity, hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular risk and that they show similar effects as exercise training.

Association of nanoparticles and Nrf2 with various oxidative stress-mediated diseases

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regultes the cellular antioxidant defense system at the posttranscriptional level. During oxidative stress, Nrf2 is released from its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and binds to antioxidant response element (ARE) to transcribe antioxidative metabolizing/detoxifying genes. Various transcription factors like aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and epigenetic modification including DNA methylation and histone methylation might also regulate the expression of Nrf2. Despite its protective role, Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling is considered as a pharmacological target due to its involvement in various pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, hepatotoxicity and kidney disorders. Recently, nanomaterials have received a lot of attention due to their unique physiochemical properties and are also used in various biological applications, for example, biosensors, drug delivery systems, cancer therapy, etc. In this review, we will be discussing the functions of nanoparticles and Nrf2 as a combined therapy or sensitizing agent and their significance in various diseases such as diabetes, cancer and oxidative stress-mediated diseases.

Antioxidant Activity in Extracts from Zingiberaceae Family: Cardamom, Turmeric, and Ginger

An increase in life expectancy leads to a greater impact of chronic non-communicable diseases. This is even more remarkable in elder populations, to whom these become main determinants of health status, affecting mental and physical health, quality of life, and autonomy. Disease appearance is closely related to the levels of cellular oxidation, pointing out the importance of including foods in one's diet that can prevent oxidative stress. Previous studies and clinical data suggest that some plant-based products can slow and reduce the cellular degradation associated with aging and age-related diseases. Many plants from one family present several applications that range from the food to the pharmaceutical industry due to their characteristic flavor and scents. The Zingiberaceae family, which includes cardamom, turmeric, and ginger, has bioactive compounds with antioxidant activities. They also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiemetic activities and properties that help prevent cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. These products are abundant sources of chemical substances, such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and diarylheptanoids. The main bioactive compounds found in this family (cardamom, turmeric, and ginger) are 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, β-turmerone, and α-zingiberene. The present review gathers evidence surrounding the effects of dietary intake of extracts of the Zingiberaceae family and their underlying mechanisms of action. These extracts could be an adjuvant treatment for oxidative-stress-related pathologies. However, the bioavailability of these compounds needs to be optimized, and further research is needed to determine appropriate concentrations and their antioxidant effects in the body.

Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Metabolic syndrome is closely related to obesity. Increased adiposity promotes inflammation and oxidative stress, which are precursors of various complications involving metabolic syndrome components, namely insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. An increasing number of studies confirm the importance of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in the etiology of metabolic syndrome. However, few studies have reviewed the mechanisms underlying the role of oxidative stress in contributing to metabolic syndrome. In this review, we highlight mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase mitochondrial dysfunction, protein damage, lipid peroxidation, and impair antioxidant function in metabolic syndrome. Biomarkers of oxidative stress can be used in disease diagnosis and evaluation of severity.

Dauer larva-derived extracellular vesicles extend the life of Caenorhabditis elegans

There is growing evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a functional role in tissue repair and anti-aging by transferring the contents of donor cells to recipient cells. We hypothesized that Dauer (C. elegans), known as "ageless" nematodes, can also secrete extracellular vesicles and influence the lifespan of C. elegans. Here, we isolated EVs of dauer larvae (dauer EVs). Dauer EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Western blot analysis. Wild-type C. elegans were fed in the presence or absence of dauer EVs and tested for a range of phenotypes, including longevity, mobility and reproductive capacity. Results showed that dauer EVs increased the average lifespan of nematodes by 15.74%, improved mobility, slowed age-related pigmentation as well as body length, and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipids, while not impairing nematode reproductive capacity. These findings suggest that dauer EVs can extend the lifespan of C. elegans as well as the healthy lifespan by reducing ROS accumulation, with potential anti-aging capacity.

Effect of isgin (Rheum ribes L.) on biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity and DNA damage in rats with obesity induced with high-calorie diet

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Rheum ribes L. plant root extracts on DNA damage, biochemical and antioxidant parameters in rats with experimental obesity induced with a high-calorie diet. The study groups were divided as "normal control(NC)", "obese control(OC)", "obese + Rheum ribes(OR1)(200 mg/kg)" and "obese + Rheum ribes (OR2)(400 mg/kg)". At the end of the application, rats were sacrificed and blood and tissue samples were obtained. According to the results obtained, the marker of DNA damage in tissues of 8-OHdG was determined to be significantly reduced in brain tissue of the OR1 and OR2 groups compared to the NC group. However, fluctuations were identified in the MDA activity, antioxidant defense system elements and serum biomarkers in tissues. In conclusion, Rheum ribes plant root extract ensured improvements in DNA damage in brain tissues and MDA levels and showed positive effects on antioxidant parameter activities in different tissues.

Comparison of physicochemical properties of sorghum extract by ethanol concentration and its anti-adipogenic effect in 3T3-L1 cells

Sorghum is a vital cereal source that has various phenolic compounds and potential health-promoting benefits. This study evaluated the phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-obesity effects of sorghum extract (SE) prepared using three solvent systems: 50% (SE50), 80% (SE80), and 100% (SE100) ethanol. The results showed that SE50 exhibited the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid content among the sorghum extracts using different ethanol concentrations as extraction solvents. In addition, SE50 showed significantly higher antioxidant capacity than the other extracts. Interestingly, SE50 significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes; however, SE80 and SE100 had no beneficial effects. Moreover, SE50 significantly downregulated the mRNA expression levels of adipogenic genes (Cebpα, Pparγ, and Fabp4) and lipogenic genes (Srebp1c, Fas, and Scd1). These results suggest that SE50 is superior to other ethanol extracts in phenolic contents, antioxidant and anti-obesity activities, and it could be used as a nutraceutical for anti-obesity.

The GPx-1 Gene Variants (rs1050450) in Obesity: Association with the Risk of Obesity and the GPx Activity in Females

Background

This study aimed to investigate the GPx-1 gene polymorphism (rs1050450), the level of oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters, and the lipid profile in an obese Kurdish population in Sulaimani, Iraq.

Methods

In a case-control study,134 obese subjects and 131 normal BMI healthy individuals participated. The GPx-1 gene polymorphism was assessed by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The levels of biochemical and oxidative parameters were determined using photometric methods.

Results

The results showed that the fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly higher in obese subjects compared to the control group. Obese individuals had significantly lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than the controls. The GPx-1 activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were significantly elevated in the obese group compared to the control group (P=0.006, and P<0.001, respectively). No significant difference was detected in genotype and allele frequencies of GPx-1 (rs1050450) between obese and normal BMI groups. However, the presence of the GPx-1 TT genotype enhanced the risk of obesity in females by 1.93-fold (95% CI 1.04-3.58, P=0.036). In the total population, the GPx activity increased in the presence of TT compared to CC+CT and CT genotypes.

Conclusion

The study indicated that obesity is linked to significantly higher levels of FBS, TG, LDL-C, TAC, and GPx activity and lower level of HDL-C. Also, we found the GPx-1 gene polymorphism was associated with the risk of obesity in females and increased the GPx activity.

Oxidative stress, inflammation and hormesis: The role of dietary and lifestyle modifications on aging

Oxidative stress (OS) is primarily caused by the formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species; it is considered as one of the prominent factors in slowing down and degrading cellular machinery of an individual, and it eventually leads to aging and age-related diseases by its continuous higher state. The relation between molecular damage and OS should be particularized to understand the beginning of destruction at the cellular levels, extending outwards to affect tissues, organs, and ultimately to the organism. Several OS biomarkers, which are established at the biomolecular level, are useful in investigating the disease susceptibility during aging. Slowing down the aging process is a matter of reducing the rate of oxidative damage to the cellular machinery over time. The breakdown of homeostasis, the mild overcompensation, the reestablishment of homeostasis, and the adaptive nature of the process are the essential features of hormesis, which incorporates several factors, including calorie restriction, nutrition and lifestyle modifications that play an important role in reducing the OS. In the current review, along with the concept and theories of aging (with emphasis on free radical theory), various manifestations of OS with special attention on mitochondrial dysfunction and age-related diseases have been discussed. To alleviate the OS, hormetic approaches including caloric restriction, exercise, and nutrition have also been discussed.

Association between Pro-oxidant-Antioxidant balance and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A Study on Postmenopausal Women

INTRODUCTION

Oxidative stress known as a predictive marker for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases could be measured through pro-oxidant antioxidant balance (PAB). The present study aimed to evaluate PAB and its association with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the serum of postmenopausal women with diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

In this case-control study, 99 diabetic and 100 healthy postmenopausal women without diabetes mellitus were recruited. Serum PAB values, hs-CRP, lipid profile, insulin, and vitamin D levels were measured. Moreover, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, HOMA-β and QUICKI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body mass index (BMI) were calculated.

RESULTS

Serum PAB, hs-CRP, insulin resistance, HOMA-β, QUICKI, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) levels were significantly higher in the postmenopausal women with diabetes mellitus, while there was no significant difference in the total cholesterol (TC), serum insulin, WC, WHR, WHtR and vitamin D levels between the groups. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that HDL-C and insulin levels were directly correlated with serum PAB. Also, there was a significant direct relationship between LDL-C and insulin levels and hs-CRP. There was no meaningful relationship between serum insulin and vitamin D levels and other assessed parameters. Backward logistic regression showed a positive relationship between diabetes mellitus and serum PAB and an inverse relationship with serum HDL levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum PAB, hs-CRP concentration, and lipid profile were significantly different between postmenopausal women with and without diabetes mellitus. These differences may contribute to the development of coronary complications.

Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Introduction—Oxidative stress is linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and is suggested to vary by sex. However, few population-level studies have explored these associations and the majority comprise populations with advanced CVD. We assessed urinary isoprostane concentrations, a standard measure of oxidative stress, in a relatively young and healthy cohort, hypothesizing that higher oxidative stress is associated with an adverse cardiometabolic profile and female sex. Methods—Oxidative stress was measured in 475 women and 266 men, aged 48–55 years, from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study using urinary 8-isoprostane (IsoP) and 2,3-dinor-8-isoprostane (IsoP-M). Multivariable-adjusted regression was used to evaluate cross-sectional associations. As secondary analysis, previously measured plasma F2-isoprostanes (plasma IsoP) from another CARDIA subset was similarly analyzed. Results—Mean (SD) ages for men and women were 52.1(2.3) and 52.2(2.2) years, respectively (p = 0.46), and 39% of the participants self-identified as Black (vs. White). Before adjustments, female sex was associated with higher median urinary IsoP (880 vs. 704 ng/g creatinine in men; p < 0.01) and IsoP m (1675 vs. 1284 ng/g creatinine in men; p < 0.01). Higher body mass index (BMI), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides, current smoking, and less physical activity were associated with higher oxidative stress. Diabetes was not associated with urinary IsoP but was associated with lower IsoP m and plasma IsoP. Higher serum creatinine showed diverging associations with higher plasma and lower urinary isoprostane concentrations. Conclusions—Different isoprostane entities exhibit varying association patterns with CVD risk factors, and therefore are complementary, rather than interchangeable, in assessment of oxidative stress. Still, consistently higher isoprostanes among women, smokers, less active persons, and those with higher BMI and plasma triglycerides could reflect higher oxidative stress among these groups. While urinary isoprostanes are indexed to urinary creatinine due to variations in concentration, caution should be exercised when comparing groups with differing serum creatinine.

L-Carnitine and synbiotic co-supplementation: beneficial effects on metabolic-endotoxemia, meta-inflammation, and oxidative-stress biomarkers in obese patients: a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial

Obesity, a chronic pandemic disease, is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation, accompanied by over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to metabolic disorders pathogenesis. Oxidative-stress, an adverse cellular response to adipocyte hypertrophy, promotes inflammation. Furthermore, gut-microbiota dysbiosis may induce oxidative-stress, low-grade inflammation, and metabolic-endotoxemia as major drivers of obesity. Functional-foods/nutraceuticals have attracted extensive attention due to their plausible anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidative properties; evidence supports the superiority of the nutraceutical combined-supplementation approach versus conventional mono-therapies. Current data suggest the anti-oxidative/anti-inflammatory properties of either L-carnitine or pre/pro/synbiotics. This trial compared the effects of co-supplementing L-carnitine and multi-species/multi-strain synbiotic versusL-carnitine mono-therapy on inflammatory/anti-inflammatory, oxidative-stress, and metabolic-endotoxemia biomarkers in 46 female obese patients, receiving either co-supplementation (L-carnitine-tartrate (2 × 500 mg d^-1) + multi-species/multi-strain synbiotic (1 capsule per day)) or mono-therapy (L-carnitine-tartrate (2 × 500 mg d^-1) + maltodextrin (1 capsule per day)) for eight weeks. L-Carnitine + synbiotic co-supplementation significantly decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, -33.98%), high-sensitivity-C-reactive-protein (hs-CRP, -10%), tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-α, -18.73%), malondialdehyde (MDA, -21.73%), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, -10.14%), whereas the increase in interleukin-10 (IL-10, 7.69%) and total-antioxidant-capacity (TAC, 4.13%) levels was not significant. No significant changes were observed for the above-mentioned parameters in the L-carnitine + placebo group, except for a significant reduction in IL-10 (-17.59%) and TNF-α (-14.78%); however, between-group differences did not reach the significant threshold. Co-supplementing L-carnitine + multi-strain synbiotic led to significant amelioration of inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic-endotoxemia responses in female obese patients; nevertheless, no improving effects were observed in patients receiving single-supplementation, suggesting that L-carnitine + synbiotic co-supplementation might represent an adjuvant approach to improve oxidative-stress/pro-inflammatory indicators in women with obesity, possibly through beneficial effects of the synbiotic alone. Further longer duration studies with higher doses of L-carnitine in a three-group setting are warranted to elucidate the possibility of synergistic or complementary mechanisms.

Associations between Household Solid Fuel Use, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Health in China: A Cohort Study from 2011 to 2018

This study aims to explore the longitudinal relationship between solid fuel use and CMD incidence based on a nationally representative follow-up cohort study. A total of 6038 participants of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were enrolled in the study. CMD is a cluster of diseases that include heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to examine the association between solid fuel use and the incidence or multimorbidity of CMD. The interactions between overweight or obesity and household air pollution on CMD incidence were also investigated. In the present study, solid fuel use from cooking or heating, separately or simultaneously, was positively associated with CMD incidence. Elevated solid fuel use was significantly associated with a higher risk of CMD incidence (HR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.43 for cooking; HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.45 for heating). A statistically significant interaction between household solid fuel and OW/OB on the incidence of CMD and Cardiometabolic multimorbidity was also observed (p < 0.05). Our findings show that household solid fuel is a risk factor for the incidence of CMD. Therefore, reducing household solid fuel use and promoting clean energy may have great public health value for the prevention of CMD.