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Alrajhi A, Alharbi S, Beecham S, Alotaibi F. Regulation of root growth and elongation in wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1397337. [PMID: 38835859 PMCID: PMC11148372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1397337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Currently, the control of rhizosphere selection on farms has been applied to achieve enhancements in phenotype, extending from improvements in single root characteristics to the dynamic nature of entire crop systems. Several specific signals, regulatory elements, and mechanisms that regulate the initiation, morphogenesis, and growth of new lateral or adventitious root species have been identified, but much more work remains. Today, phenotyping technology drives the development of root traits. Available models for simulation can support all phenotyping decisions (root trait improvement). The detection and use of markers for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are effective for enhancing selection efficiency and increasing reproductive genetic gains. Furthermore, QTLs may help wheat breeders select the appropriate roots for efficient nutrient acquisition. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or alignment of sequences can only be helpful when they are associated with phenotypic variation for root development and elongation. Here, we focus on major root development processes and detail important new insights recently generated regarding the wheat genome. The first part of this review paper discusses the root morphology, apical meristem, transcriptional control, auxin distribution, phenotyping of the root system, and simulation models. In the second part, the molecular genetics of the wheat root system, SNPs, TFs, and QTLs related to root development as well as genome editing (GE) techniques for the improvement of root traits in wheat are discussed. Finally, we address the effect of omics strategies on root biomass production and summarize existing knowledge of the main molecular mechanisms involved in wheat root development and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alrajhi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Sustainable Infrastructure and Resource Management, University of South Australia, University of South Australia Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (UniSA STEM), Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Saif Alharbi
- The National Research and Development Center for Sustainable Agriculture (Estidamah), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Beecham
- Sustainable Infrastructure and Resource Management, University of South Australia, University of South Australia Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (UniSA STEM), Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Fahad Alotaibi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Boutillon A, Banavar SP, Campàs O. Conserved physical mechanisms of cell and tissue elongation. Development 2024; 151:dev202687. [PMID: 38767601 PMCID: PMC11190436 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms have the ability to self-shape into complex structures appropriate for their function. The genetic and molecular mechanisms that enable cells to do this have been extensively studied in several model and non-model organisms. In contrast, the physical mechanisms that shape cells and tissues have only recently started to emerge, in part thanks to new quantitative in vivo measurements of the physical quantities guiding morphogenesis. These data, combined with indirect inferences of physical characteristics, are starting to reveal similarities in the physical mechanisms underlying morphogenesis across different organisms. Here, we review how physics contributes to shape cells and tissues in a simple, yet ubiquitous, morphogenetic transformation: elongation. Drawing from observed similarities across species, we propose the existence of conserved physical mechanisms of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Boutillon
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Samhita P. Banavar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Otger Campàs
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Abou Jaoudé R, Luziatelli F, Ficca AG, Ruzzi M. A plant's perception of growth-promoting bacteria and their metabolites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1332864. [PMID: 38328622 PMCID: PMC10848262 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1332864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Many recent studies have highlighted the importance of plant growth-promoting (rhizo)bacteria (PGPR) in supporting plant's development, particularly under biotic and abiotic stress. Most focus on the plant growth-promoting traits of selected strains and the latter's effect on plant biomass, root architecture, leaf area, and specific metabolite accumulation. Regarding energy balance, plant growth is the outcome of an input (photosynthesis) and several outputs (i.e., respiration, exudation, shedding, and herbivory), frequently neglected in classical studies on PGPR-plant interaction. Here, we discuss the primary evidence underlying the modifications triggered by PGPR and their metabolites on the plant ecophysiology. We propose to detect PGPR-induced variations in the photosynthetic activity using leaf gas exchange and recommend setting up the correct timing for monitoring plant responses according to the specific objectives of the experiment. This research identifies the challenges and tries to provide future directions to scientists working on PGPR-plant interactions to exploit the potential of microorganisms' application in improving plant value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Abou Jaoudé
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Ruzzi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Cho H, Banf M, Shahzad Z, Van Leene J, Bossi F, Ruffel S, Bouain N, Cao P, Krouk G, De Jaeger G, Lacombe B, Brandizzi F, Rhee SY, Rouached H. ARSK1 activates TORC1 signaling to adjust growth to phosphate availability in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1778-1786.e5. [PMID: 36963384 PMCID: PMC10175222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing and signaling are essential for adjusting growth and development to available resources. Deprivation of the essential mineral phosphorus (P) inhibits root growth.1 The molecular processes that sense P limitation to trigger early root growth inhibition are not known yet. Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a central regulatory hub in eukaryotes to adapt growth to internal and external nutritional cues.2,3 How nutritional signals are transduced to TOR to control plant growth remains unclear. Here, we identify Arabidopsis-root-specific kinase 1 (ARSK1), which attenuates initial root growth inhibition in response to P limitation. We demonstrate that ARSK1 phosphorylates and stabilizes the regulatory-associated protein of TOR 1B (RAPTOR1B), a component of the TOR complex 1, to adjust root growth to P availability. These findings uncover signaling components acting upstream of TOR to balance growth to P availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huikyong Cho
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Michael Banf
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zaigham Shahzad
- Department of Life Sciences, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Jelle Van Leene
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Flavia Bossi
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Nadia Bouain
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Pengfei Cao
- MSU DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Gabiel Krouk
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benoit Lacombe
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Seung Y Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Hatem Rouached
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. Recent insights into metabolic and signalling events of directional root growth regulation and its implications for sustainable crop production systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154088. [PMID: 37008498 PMCID: PMC10060999 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Roots are sensors evolved to simultaneously respond to manifold signals, which allow the plant to survive. Root growth responses, including the modulation of directional root growth, were shown to be differently regulated when the root is exposed to a combination of exogenous stimuli compared to an individual stress trigger. Several studies pointed especially to the impact of the negative phototropic response of roots, which interferes with the adaptation of directional root growth upon additional gravitropic, halotropic or mechanical triggers. This review will provide a general overview of known cellular, molecular and signalling mechanisms involved in directional root growth regulation upon exogenous stimuli. Furthermore, we summarise recent experimental approaches to dissect which root growth responses are regulated upon which individual trigger. Finally, we provide a general overview of how to implement the knowledge gained to improve plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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Zheng Z, Chen S, Wei P, Guo S, Yu G, Wu J. The proteomics and metabolomics studies of GZU001 on promoting the Merisis of maize (Zea mays L.) roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:103. [PMID: 36803498 PMCID: PMC9942296 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant growth regulators are chemicals that regulate plant growth and development, which can regulate hormonal balance and affect plant growth, thereby increasing crop yield and improving crop quality. Our studies have revealed a new compound, GZU001, which could be used as a plant growth regulator. This compound has been observed to affect root elongation in maize significantly. However, the exact mechanism of this phenomenon is still being investigated. RESULTS Metabolomics and proteomics were used in unison in this study to explore the response pathway and regulation mechanism of GZU001 in promoting maize root elongation. From the appearance, we can see that both roots and plants of maize treated with GZU001 are significantly improved. Maize root metabolism revealed 101 differentially abundant proteins and 79 differentially expressed metabolites. The current study identified altered proteins and metabolites associated with physiological and biochemical processes. GZU001 treatment has been demonstrated to promote primary metabolism, essential for carbohydrates, amino acids, energy, and secondary metabolism. The result suggests that the stimulation of primary metabolism is beneficial for the growth and development of maize and plays a significant role in sustaining metabolism and growth. CONCLUSIONS This study recorded the changes of related proteins and metabolites in maize roots after GZU001 treatment and provided evidence for this compound's action mode and mechanism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunhong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Jian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Zhang T, Wang L, Pan Y, He H, Wang J, Zhao T, Ding T, Wang Y, Zhao L, Han X, Fan J, Xu G, Cui Y, Yu S. Effect of rapamycin treatment on oocyte in vitro maturation and embryonic development after parthenogenesis in yaks. Theriogenology 2022; 193:128-135. [PMID: 36162289 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in mammalian oocyte maturation and early embryonic development and rapamycin is well known for inducing autophagy. Although previous studies have reported the effects of rapamycin on oocytes in vitro maturation (IVM) in different species, few studies have been reported on the role of rapamycin in yak oocytes IVM and embryonic development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of rapamycin treatment on yak oocytes IVM and early embryonic development. Specifically, immature yak oocytes during IVM or parthenogenetic (PA) embryos were treated with different rapamycin concentrations to select an optimal dose. Then evaluated its effect on maturation rates, cleavage, and blastocyst formation rates, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS levels. Related genes and proteins expression in matured oocytes and blastocysts were also evaluated. The results show that 10 nM rapamycin treatment during IVM significantly improved oocyte maturation rates of oocytes and blastocyst formation rates. Treatment with 10 nM rapamycin reduced ROS level but increased mitochondrial membrane potential. Correspondingly, mRNA and protein expressions of LC3, Beclin-1, and Bcl-2 up-regulated while Bax down-regulated in matured yak COCs. When parthenogenetic embryos were treated with different rapamycin concentrations, 10 nM rapamycin treatment showed higher 8-cell and blastocyst formation rates. Also, CDX2, POU5F1, SOX2, and Nanog levels in blastocysts were upregulated. In summary, our findings demonstrate that rapamycin treatment improves oocytes maturation probably by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing ROS levels, and regulating the apoptosis in mature yak oocytes. Rapamycin treatment also improves embryonic developmental competence in the yak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Libin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, China
| | - Honghong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinglei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiangfeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, China
| | - Gengquan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, China
| | - Yan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, China
| | - Sijiu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, China.
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García MJ, Angulo M, Lucena C, Pérez-Vicente R, Romera FJ. To grow or not to grow under nutrient scarcity: Target of rapamycin-ethylene is the question. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968665. [PMID: 36035680 PMCID: PMC9412941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To cope with nutrient scarcity, plants generally follow two main complementary strategies. On the one hand, they can slow down growing, mainly shoot growth, to diminish the demand of nutrients. We can call this strategy as "stop growing." On the other hand, plants can develop different physiological and morphological responses, mainly in their roots, aimed to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients. We can call this second strategy as "searching for nutrients." Both strategies are compatible and can function simultaneously but the interconnection between them is not yet well-known. In relation to the "stop growing" strategy, it is known that the TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) system is a central regulator of growth in response to nutrients in eukaryotic cells. TOR is a protein complex with kinase activity that promotes protein synthesis and growth while some SnRK (Sucrose non-fermenting 1-Related protein Kinases) and GCN (General Control Non-derepressible) kinases act antagonistically. It is also known that some SnRKs and GCNs are activated by nutrient deficiencies while TOR is active under nutrient sufficiency. In relation to the "searching for nutrients" strategy, it is known that the plant hormone ethylene participates in the activation of many nutrient deficiency responses. In this Mini Review, we discuss the possible role of ethylene as the hub connecting the "stop growing" strategy and the "searching for nutrients" strategy since very recent results also suggest a clear relationship of ethylene with the TOR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José García
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Macarena Angulo
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Lucena
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Schroeder MM, Gomez MY, McLain N, Gachomo EW. Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 Alters Arabidopsis thaliana Root Architecture via Regulation of Auxin Efflux Transporters PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:215-229. [PMID: 34941379 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0118-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial rhizobacteria can stimulate changes in plant root development. Although root system growth is mediated by multiple factors, the regulated distribution of the phytohormone auxin within root tissues plays a principal role. Auxin transport facilitators help to generate the auxin gradients and maxima that determine root structure. Here, we show that the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 influences specific auxin efflux transporters to alter Arabidopsis thaliana root morphology. Gene expression profiling of host transcripts in control and B. japonicum-inoculated roots of the wild-type A. thaliana accession Col-0 confirmed upregulation of PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 with B. japonicum and identified genes potentially contributing to a diverse array of auxin-related responses. Cocultivation of the bacterium with loss-of-function auxin efflux transport mutants revealed that B. japonicum requires PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 to increase lateral root development and utilizes PIN2 to reduce primary root length. Accelerated lateral root primordia production due to B. japonicum was not observed in single pin3, pin7, or abcb19 mutants, suggesting independent roles for PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 during the plant-microbe interaction. Our work demonstrates B. japonicum's influence over host transcriptional reprogramming during plant interaction with this beneficial microbe and the subsequent alterations to root system architecture.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes M Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Y Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Nathan McLain
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Emma W Gachomo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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Parker D, Daguerre Y, Dufil G, Mantione D, Solano E, Cloutet E, Hadziioannou G, Näsholm T, Berggren M, Pavlopoulou E, Stavrinidou E. Biohybrid plants with electronic roots via in vivo polymerization of conjugated oligomers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3295-3305. [PMID: 34730593 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01423d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant processes, ranging from photosynthesis through production of biomaterials to environmental sensing and adaptation, can be used in technology via integration of functional materials and devices. Previously, plants with integrated organic electronic devices and circuits distributed in their vascular tissue and organs have been demonstrated. To circumvent biological barriers, and thereby access the internal tissue, plant cuttings were used, which resulted in biohybrids with limited lifetime and use. Here, we report intact plants with electronic functionality that continue to grow and develop enabling plant-biohybrid systems that fully maintain their biological processes. The biocatalytic machinery of the plant cell wall was leveraged to seamlessly integrate conductors with mixed ionic-electronic conductivity along the root system of the plants. Cell wall peroxidases catalyzed ETE-S polymerization while the plant tissue served as the template, organizing the polymer in a favorable manner. The conductivity of the resulting p(ETE-S) roots reached the order of 10 S cm-1 and remained stable over the course of 4 weeks while the roots continued to grow. The p(ETE-S) roots were used to build supercapacitors that outperform previous plant-biohybrid charge storage demonstrations. Plants were not affected by the electronic functionalization but adapted to this new hybrid state by developing a more complex root system. Biohybrid plants with electronic roots pave the way for autonomous systems with potential applications in energy, sensing and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Parker
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Yohann Daguerre
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 90183 Umea, Sweden
| | - Gwennaël Dufil
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Daniele Mantione
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, LCPO UMR 5629, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | - Eduardo Solano
- NCD-SWEET Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Eric Cloutet
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, LCPO UMR 5629, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, LCPO UMR 5629, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 90183 Umea, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Pavlopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, P.O. Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion Crete, Greece
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 90183 Umea, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
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11
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Lacek J, García-González J, Weckwerth W, Retzer K. Lessons Learned from the Studies of Roots Shaded from Direct Root Illumination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12784. [PMID: 34884591 PMCID: PMC8657594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The root is the below-ground organ of a plant, and it has evolved multiple signaling pathways that allow adaptation of architecture, growth rate, and direction to an ever-changing environment. Roots grow along the gravitropic vector towards beneficial areas in the soil to provide the plant with proper nutrients to ensure its survival and productivity. In addition, roots have developed escape mechanisms to avoid adverse environments, which include direct illumination. Standard laboratory growth conditions for basic research of plant development and stress adaptation include growing seedlings in Petri dishes on medium with roots exposed to light. Several studies have shown that direct illumination of roots alters their morphology, cellular and biochemical responses, which results in reduced nutrient uptake and adaptability upon additive stress stimuli. In this review, we summarize recent methods that allow the study of shaded roots under controlled laboratory conditions and discuss the observed changes in the results depending on the root illumination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (J.G.-G.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (J.G.-G.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (J.G.-G.)
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12
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da Silva VCH, Martins MCM, Calderan-Rodrigues MJ, Artins A, Monte Bello CC, Gupta S, Sobreira TJP, Riaño-Pachón DM, Mafra V, Caldana C. Shedding Light on the Dynamic Role of the "Target of Rapamycin" Kinase in the Fast-Growing C 4 Species Setaria viridis, a Suitable Model for Biomass Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637508. [PMID: 33927734 PMCID: PMC8078139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase pathway integrates energy and nutrient availability into metabolism promoting growth in eukaryotes. The overall higher efficiency on nutrient use translated into faster growth rates in C4 grass plants led to the investigation of differential transcriptional and metabolic responses to short-term chemical TOR complex (TORC) suppression in the model Setaria viridis. In addition to previously described responses to TORC inhibition (i.e., general growth arrest, translational repression, and primary metabolism reprogramming) in Arabidopsis thaliana (C3), the magnitude of changes was smaller in S. viridis, particularly regarding nutrient use efficiency and C allocation and partitioning that promote biosynthetic growth. Besides photosynthetic differences, S. viridis and A. thaliana present several specificities that classify them into distinct lineages, which also contribute to the observed alterations mediated by TOR. Indeed, cell wall metabolism seems to be distinctly regulated according to each cell wall type, as synthesis of non-pectic polysaccharides were affected in S. viridis, whilst assembly and structure in A. thaliana. Our results indicate that the metabolic network needed to achieve faster growth seems to be less stringently controlled by TORC in S. viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony Artins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Saurabh Gupta
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | | | - Valéria Mafra
- National Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- National Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
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13
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. The TOR-Auxin Connection Upstream of Root Hair Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:150. [PMID: 33451169 PMCID: PMC7828656 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity are orchestrated by a network of signaling cascades involved in balancing responses to perceived environmental changes with resource availability. Vascular plants are divided into the shoot, an aboveground organ where sugar is synthesized, and the underground located root. Continuous growth requires the generation of energy in the form of carbohydrates in the leaves upon photosynthesis and uptake of nutrients and water through root hairs. Root hair outgrowth depends on the overall condition of the plant and its energy level must be high enough to maintain root growth. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR)-mediated signaling cascades serve as a hub to evaluate which resources are needed to respond to external stimuli and which are available to maintain proper plant adaptation. Root hair growth further requires appropriate distribution of the phytohormone auxin, which primes root hair cell fate and triggers root hair elongation. Auxin is transported in an active, directed manner by a plasma membrane located carrier. The auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED 2 is necessary to transport auxin to root hair cells, followed by subcellular rearrangements involved in root hair outgrowth. This review presents an overview of events upstream and downstream of PIN2 action, which are involved in root hair growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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14
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García-González J, Lacek J, Retzer K. Dissecting Hierarchies between Light, Sugar and Auxin Action Underpinning Root and Root Hair Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:111. [PMID: 33430437 PMCID: PMC7826589 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant roots are very plastic and can adjust their tissue organization and cell appearance during abiotic stress responses. Previous studies showed that direct root illumination and sugar supplementation mask root growth phenotypes and traits. Sugar and light signaling where further connected to changes in auxin biosynthesis and distribution along the root. Auxin signaling underpins almost all processes involved in the establishment of root traits, including total root length, gravitropic growth, root hair initiation and elongation. Root hair plasticity allows maximized nutrient uptake and therefore plant productivity, and root hair priming and elongation require proper auxin availability. In the presence of sucrose in the growth medium, root hair emergence is partially rescued, but the full potential of root hair elongation is lost. With our work we describe a combinatory study showing to which extent light and sucrose are antagonistically influencing root length, but additively affecting root hair emergence and elongation. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of the loss of PIN-FORMED2, an auxin efflux carrier mediating shootward auxin transporter, on the establishment of root traits in combination with all growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
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15
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Zluhan-Martínez E, López-Ruíz BA, García-Gómez ML, García-Ponce B, de la Paz Sánchez M, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Integrative Roles of Phytohormones on Cell Proliferation, Elongation and Differentiation in the Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659155. [PMID: 33981325 PMCID: PMC8107238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation, elongation and differentiation that are tightly regulated throughout development by internal and external stimuli. The plasticity of a growth response largely depends on the capacity of the organism to adjust the ratio between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana offers many advantages toward understanding growth homeostasis as root cells are continuously produced and move from cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that are processes spatially separated and could be studied along the longitudinal axis. Hormones fine tune plant growth responses and a huge amount of information has been recently generated on the role of these compounds in Arabidopsis primary root development. In this review, we summarized the participation of nine hormones in the regulation of the different zones and domains of the Arabidopsis primary root. In some cases, we found synergism between hormones that function either positively or negatively in proliferation, elongation or differentiation. Intriguingly, there are other cases where the interaction between hormones exhibits unexpected results. Future analysis on the molecular mechanisms underlying crosstalk hormone action in specific zones and domains will unravel their coordination over PR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Brenda Anabel López-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adriana Garay-Arroyo,
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16
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García-González J, van Gelderen K. Bundling up the Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Primary Root Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777119. [PMID: 34975959 PMCID: PMC8716943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary root growth is required by the plant to anchor in the soil and reach out for nutrients and water, while dealing with obstacles. Efficient root elongation and bending depends upon the coordinated action of environmental sensing, signal transduction, and growth responses. The actin cytoskeleton is a highly plastic network that constitutes a point of integration for environmental stimuli and hormonal pathways. In this review, we present a detailed compilation highlighting the importance of the actin cytoskeleton during primary root growth and we describe how actin-binding proteins, plant hormones, and actin-disrupting drugs affect root growth and root actin. We also discuss the feedback loop between actin and root responses to light and gravity. Actin affects cell division and elongation through the control of its own organization. We remark upon the importance of longitudinally oriented actin bundles as a hallmark of cell elongation as well as the role of the actin cytoskeleton in protein trafficking and vacuolar reshaping during this process. The actin network is shaped by a plethora of actin-binding proteins; however, there is still a large gap in connecting the molecular function of these proteins with their developmental effects. Here, we summarize their function and known effects on primary root growth with a focus on their high level of specialization. Light and gravity are key factors that help us understand root growth directionality. The response of the root to gravity relies on hormonal, particularly auxin, homeostasis, and the actin cytoskeleton. Actin is necessary for the perception of the gravity stimulus via the repositioning of sedimenting statoliths, but it is also involved in mediating the growth response via the trafficking of auxin transporters and cell elongation. Furthermore, auxin and auxin analogs can affect the composition of the actin network, indicating a potential feedback loop. Light, in its turn, affects actin organization and hence, root growth, although its precise role remains largely unknown. Recently, fundamental studies with the latest techniques have given us more in-depth knowledge of the role and organization of actin in the coordination of root growth; however, there remains a lot to discover, especially in how actin organization helps cell shaping, and therefore root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Judith García-González,
| | - Kasper van Gelderen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Kasper van Gelderen,
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17
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Sun X, Chen H, Wang P, Chen F, Yuan L, Mi G. Low nitrogen induces root elongation via auxin-induced acid growth and auxin-regulated target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway in maize. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 254:153281. [PMID: 32971423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Under low nitrogen (N) supply, an important adaption of the maize root system is to promote the root elongation so as to increase N uptake from a larger soil space. The underlying physiological mechanism is largely unknown. In the present study, two maize inbred lines (Ye478 and Wu312) were used to study the possible involvement of the auxin and target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway in low-N-induced root elongation. Compared to Wu312, primary root elongation of Ye478 was more sensitive to low nitrate supply. Correspondingly, more auxin was accumulated in the root tip, and more protons were secreted, increasing the acidity of the apoplast space. On the other hand, low-N-induced root elongation was greatly reduced when shoot-to-root auxin transport was inhibited by applying N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) at the plant base or by pruning the top leaf where auxin is mostly synthesized. Furthermore, exogenous application of TOR inhibitor also eliminated the response of root elongation under low N. The content of TOR kinase and the expression of TOR pathway-related genes were significantly changed when shoot-to-root auxin transport was reduced by NPA treatment. Taken together, it is concluded that low-N stress increases shoot-to-root auxin transport which enhances root elongation via auxin-dependent acid growth and the auxin-regulated TOR pathway in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Fanjun Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Lixing Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Guohua Mi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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18
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Karpov PA, Sheremet YA, Blume YB, Yemets AI. Studying the Role of Protein Kinases CK1 in Organization of Cortical Microtubules in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Cells. CYTOL GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452719060033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Li B, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tian W, Chong K, Jang JC, Wang L. PRR5, 7 and 9 positively modulate TOR signaling-mediated root cell proliferation by repressing TANDEM ZINC FINGER 1 in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:5001-5015. [PMID: 30892623 PMCID: PMC6547441 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clock coordinates numerous plant growth and developmental processes including cell elongation in the hypocotyl, whether or not it modulates cell proliferation is largely unknown. Here we have found that Pseudo Response Regulators (PRRs), essential components of circadian core oscillators, affect root meristem cell proliferation mediated by Target Of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling. The null mutants of PRRs display much reduced sensitivities to sugar-activated TOR signaling. We have subsequently identified Tandem Zinc Finger 1, encoding a processing body localized RNA-binding protein, as a direct target repressed by PRRs in mediating TOR signaling. Multiple lines of biochemical and genetic evidence have demonstrated that TZF1 acts downstream of PRRs to attenuate TOR signaling. Furthermore, TZF1 could directly bind TOR mRNA via its tandem zinc finger motif to affect TOR mRNA stability. Our findings support a notion that PRR-TZF1-TOR molecular axis modulates root meristem cell proliferation by integrating both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Kang Chong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jyan-Chyun Jang
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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20
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Salem MA, Giavalisco P. Mutation in the Arabidopsis regulatory-associated protein TOR 1B ( RAPTOR1B) leads to decreased jasmonates levels in leaf tissue. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1649567. [PMID: 31382813 PMCID: PMC6768200 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1649567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) complex (TORC) regulates plant growth and development by modulation of metabolism in response to environmental cues. TORC contains in its core the TOR kinase and two interacting partners, namely; regulatory-associated partner of TOR (RAPTOR) and lethal with sec thirteen protein 8 (LST8). RAPTOR is described to act as a scaffold protein which recruits substrates for phosphorylation to the TOR kinase. In the current manuscript we show that mutation of Arabidopsis RAPTOR1B leads to significantly decreased levels of free jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-(L)-isoleucine (JA-Ile) as well as its biosynthetic precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). Although raptor1b leaves showed decreased basic JA level compared to WT, the mutant responded substantially to wounding stress by producing the same amount of JA as WT. Furthermore, we could show that the chemical inhibition of TOR by AZD-8055 led to an opposite response. AZD-treated WT and raptor1b leaves accumulated high JA levels. These results strongly imply that the TOR signaling pathway is responding differentially to the inhibition of the TOR kinase as compared to the inhibition of the scaffold protein RAPTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Egypt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Salem MA, Giavalisco P. Regulatory-Associated Protein of TOR 1B (RAPTOR1B) regulates hormonal switches during seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1613130. [PMID: 31058576 PMCID: PMC6619983 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1613130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Target of Rapamycin (TOR) regulates multiple growth- and metabolic-related processes in Arabidopsis thaliana as in all other eukaryotes. While several of these processes have been investigated in diverse Arabidopsis growth stages, little is known about hormonal and metabolic regulation of TOR during seed germination. This is mainly due to the fact that Arabidopsis knockout lines of TOR are embryo lethal. Here, we utilized the knockout lines of TOR-interacting protein, REGULATORY-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN OF TOR 1B (RAPTOR1B), to perform comprehensive hormone profiling during seed germination. We previously reported that RAPTOR1B positively regulates seed germination by maintaining the nutritional and hormonal balance. In the current analysis, dry and imbibed seeds as well as germinated seeds were subjected to detailed hormone analysis. Accordingly, the abscisic acid content of dry and imbibed raptor1b seeds was higher than that of WT, while the amounts of gibberellins were comparable after stratification. Further analysis showed that raptor1b seeds maintained higher levels of indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonates, namely jasmonic acid (JA) and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, even after stratification. The combination of this hormonal perturbation seems to be the driving factor for the observed delayed germination phenotypes in raptor1b seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Egypt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Germany
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22
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Barrada A, Djendli M, Desnos T, Mercier R, Robaglia C, Montané MH, Menand B. A TOR-YAK1 signaling axis controls cell cycle, meristem activity and plant growth in Arabidopsis. Development 2019; 146:dev.171298. [PMID: 30705074 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) is a conserved eukaryotic phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related kinase that plays a major role in regulating growth and metabolism in response to environment in plants. We performed a genetic screen for Arabidopsis ethylmethane sulfonate mutants resistant to the ATP-competitive TOR inhibitor AZD-8055 to identify new components of the plant TOR pathway. We found that loss-of-function mutants of the DYRK (dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase)/YAK1 kinase are resistant to AZD-8055 and, reciprocally, that YAK1 overexpressors are hypersensitive to AZD-8055. Significantly, these phenotypes were conditional on TOR inhibition, positioning YAK1 activity downstream of TOR. We further show that the ATP-competitive DYRK1A inhibitor pINDY phenocopies YAK1 loss of function. Microscopy analysis revealed that YAK1 functions to repress meristem size and induce differentiation. We show that YAK1 represses cyclin expression in the different zones of the root meristem and that YAK1 is essential for TOR-dependent transcriptional regulation of the plant-specific SIAMESE-RELATED (SMR) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in both meristematic and differentiating root cells. Thus, YAK1 is a major regulator of meristem activity and cell differentiation downstream of TOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Barrada
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
| | - Meriem Djendli
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
| | - Thierry Desnos
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France F-13108
| | - Raphael Mercier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
| | - Marie-Hélène Montané
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
| | - Benoît Menand
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
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23
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Sakr S, Wang M, Dédaldéchamp F, Perez-Garcia MD, Ogé L, Hamama L, Atanassova R. The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 57:2367-2379. [PMID: 30149541 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development has to be continuously adjusted to the available resources. Their optimization requires the integration of signals conveying the plant metabolic status, its hormonal balance, and its developmental stage. Many investigations have recently been conducted to provide insights into sugar signaling and its interplay with hormones and nitrogen in the fine-tuning of plant growth, development, and survival. The present review emphasizes the diversity of sugar signaling integrators, the main molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to the sugar-signaling dependent regulations, and to the regulatory hubs acting in the interplay of the sugar-hormone and sugar-nitrogen networks. It also contributes to compiling evidence likely to fill a few knowledge gaps, and raises new questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulaiman Sakr
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Ming Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Laurent Ogé
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Latifa Hamama
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
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Sakr S, Wang M, Dédaldéchamp F, Perez-Garcia MD, Ogé L, Hamama L, Atanassova R. The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092506. [PMID: 30149541 PMCID: PMC6165531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development has to be continuously adjusted to the available resources. Their optimization requires the integration of signals conveying the plant metabolic status, its hormonal balance, and its developmental stage. Many investigations have recently been conducted to provide insights into sugar signaling and its interplay with hormones and nitrogen in the fine-tuning of plant growth, development, and survival. The present review emphasizes the diversity of sugar signaling integrators, the main molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to the sugar-signaling dependent regulations, and to the regulatory hubs acting in the interplay of the sugar-hormone and sugar-nitrogen networks. It also contributes to compiling evidence likely to fill a few knowledge gaps, and raises new questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulaiman Sakr
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Ming Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Laurent Ogé
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Latifa Hamama
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
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Dotson BR, Soltan D, Schmidt J, Areskoug M, Rabe K, Swart C, Widell S, Rasmusson AG. The antibiotic peptaibol alamethicin from Trichoderma permeabilises Arabidopsis root apical meristem and epidermis but is antagonised by cellulase-induced resistance to alamethicin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:165. [PMID: 30097019 PMCID: PMC6086028 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma fungi live in the soil rhizosphere and are beneficial for plant growth and pathogen resistance. Several species and strains are currently used worldwide in co-cultivation with crops as a biocontrol alternative to chemical pesticides even though little is known about the exact mechanisms of the beneficial interaction. We earlier found alamethicin, a peptide antibiotic secreted by Trichoderma, to efficiently permeabilise cultured tobacco cells. However, pre-treatment with Trichoderma cellulase made the cells resistant to subsequent alamethicin, suggesting a potential mechanism for plant tolerance to Trichoderma, needed for mutualistic symbiosis. RESULTS We here investigated intact sterile-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings germinated in water or growth medium. These could be permeabilised by alamethicin but not if pretreated with cellulase. By following the fluorescence from the membrane-impermeable DNA-binding probe propidium iodide, we found alamethicin to mainly permeabilise root tips, especially the apical meristem and epidermis cells, but not the root cap and basal meristem cells nor cortex cells. Alamethicin permeabilisation and cellulase-induced resistance were confirmed by developing a quantitative in situ assay based on NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase accessibility. The combined assays also showed that hyperosmotic treatment after the cellulase pretreatment abolished the induced cellulase resistance. CONCLUSION We here conclude the presence of cell-specific alamethicin permeabilisation, and cellulase-induced resistance to it, in root tip apical meristem and epidermis of the model organism A. thaliana. We suggest that contact between the plasma membrane and the cell wall is needed for the resistance to remain. Our results indicate a potential mode for the plant to avoid negative effects of alamethicin on plant growth and localises the point of potential damage and response. The results also open up for identification of plant genetic components essential for beneficial effects from Trichoderma on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Dotson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dia Soltan
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524 Egypt
| | - John Schmidt
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: MariboHilleshög AB, Säbyholmsvägen 24, 261 91 Landskrona, Sweden
| | - Mariam Areskoug
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenny Rabe
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 120, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Corné Swart
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Susanne Widell
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Allan G. Rasmusson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Koldenkova VP, Hatsugai N. How do Plants Keep their Functional Integrity? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1464853. [PMID: 29727257 PMCID: PMC6149517 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1464853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, plants possess a non-strict and sometimes very fuzzy morphology. Mutual proportions of plant parts can vary to a much greater extent than in animals, changing according to the environmental conditions and the plant needs of nutrients, water and light. Despite the existence of this fundamental difference between plants and animals, it passes almost non-reflected in most studies on plants. In this review we make a preliminary attempt to gather together the mechanisms by which plants preserve their integrity, not loosing at the same time the physiological (and morphological) flexibility which allows them adapting to the different environments they can populate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Pérez Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc. 06720, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota St Paul, MN, USA
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Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that plays a central role in both plants and animals, despite their distinct developmental programs and survival strategies. Indeed, TOR integrates nutrient, energy, hormone, growth factor and environmental inputs to control proliferation, growth and metabolism in diverse multicellular organisms. Here, we compare the molecular composition, upstream regulators and downstream signaling relays of TOR complexes in plants and animals. We also explore and discuss the pivotal functions of TOR signaling in basic cellular processes, such as translation, cell division and stem/progenitor cell regulation during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that controls plant life throughout development. Being a simple hydrophobic molecule, it can freely enter cells; therefore, the cell type specificity of its action is challenging. By means of tissue-specific expression of two negative regulators of the signaling cascade, we selectively disrupted the ethylene signal in different cell types without affecting its biosynthesis. We demonstrate that ethylene restricts plant growth by dampening the effect of auxins in the outermost cell layer. We further show that this epidermis-specific signaling has an impact on the growth of neighboring cells, suggesting that the master controller of cell expansion resides in the epidermis, where it senses the environment and, subsequently drives growth, of the inner tissues. The gaseous hormone ethylene plays a key role in plant growth and development, and it is a major regulator of stress responses. It inhibits vegetative growth by restricting cell elongation, mainly through cross-talk with auxins. However, it remains unknown whether ethylene controls growth throughout all plant tissues or whether its signaling is confined to specific cell types. We employed a targeted expression approach to map the tissue site(s) of ethylene growth regulation. The ubiquitin E3 ligase complex containing Skp1, Cullin1, and the F-box protein EBF1 or EBF2 (SCFEBF1/2) target the degradation of EIN3, the master transcription factor in ethylene signaling. We coupled EBF1 and EBF2 to a number of cell type-specific promoters. Using phenotypic assays for ethylene response and mutant complementation, we revealed that the epidermis is the main site of ethylene action controlling plant growth in both roots and shoots. Suppression of ethylene signaling in the epidermis of the constitutive ethylene signaling mutant ctr1-1 was sufficient to rescue the mutant phenotype, pointing to the epidermis as a key cell type required for ethylene-mediated growth inhibition.
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Smant G, Helder J, Goverse A. Parallel adaptations and common host cell responses enabling feeding of obligate and facultative plant parasitic nematodes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:686-702. [PMID: 29277939 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parallel adaptations enabling the use of plant cells as the primary food source have occurred multiple times in distinct nematode clades. The hallmark of all extant obligate and facultative plant-feeding nematodes is the presence of an oral stylet, which is required for penetration of plant cell walls, delivery of pharyngeal gland secretions into host cells and selective uptake of plant assimilates. Plant parasites from different clades, and even within a single clade, display a large diversity in feeding behaviours ranging from short feeding cycles on single cells to prolonged feeding on highly sophisticated host cell complexes. Despite these differences, feeding of nematodes frequently (but certainly not always) induces common responses in host cells (e.g. endopolyploidization and cellular hypertrophy). It is thought that these host cell responses are brought about by the interplay of effectors and other biological active compounds in stylet secretions of feeding nematodes, but this has only been studied for the most advanced sedentary plant parasites. In fact, these responses are thought to be fundamental for prolonged feeding of sedentary plant parasites on host cells. However, as we discuss in this review, some of these common plant responses to independent lineages of plant parasitic nematodes might also be generic reactions to cell stress and as such their onset may not require specific inputs from plant parasitic nematodes. Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes may utilize effectors and their ability to synthesize other biologically active compounds to tailor these common responses for prolonged feeding on host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Plant Cognition and Behavior: From Environmental Awareness to Synaptic Circuits Navigating Root Apices. MEMORY AND LEARNING IN PLANTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75596-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Cañas RA, Li Z, Pascual MB, Castro-Rodríguez V, Ávila C, Sterck L, Van de Peer Y, Cánovas FM. The gene expression landscape of pine seedling tissues. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:1064-1087. [PMID: 28635135 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Conifers dominate vast regions of the Northern hemisphere. They are the main source of raw materials for timber industry as well as a wide range of biomaterials. Despite their inherent difficulties as experimental models for classical plant biology research, the technological advances in genomics research are enabling fundamental studies on these plants. The use of laser capture microdissection followed by transcriptomic analysis is a powerful tool for unravelling the molecular and functional organization of conifer tissues and specialized cells. In the present work, 14 different tissues from 1-month-old maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seedlings have been isolated and their transcriptomes analysed. The results increased the sequence information and number of full-length transcripts from a previous reference transcriptome and added 39 841 new transcripts. In total, 2376 transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in all of the examined tissues. These transcripts could be considered the core 'housekeeping genes' in pine. The genes have been clustered in function to their expression profiles. This analysis reduced the number of profiles to 38, most of these defined by their expression in a unique tissue that is much higher than in the other tissues. The expression and localization data are accessible at ConGenIE.org (http://v22.popgenie.org/microdisection/). This study presents an overview of the gene expression distribution in different pine tissues, specifically highlighting the relationships between tissue gene expression and function. This transcriptome atlas is a valuable resource for functional genomics research in conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Belén Pascual
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Vanessa Castro-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Concepción Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Schepetilnikov M, Ryabova LA. Auxin Signaling in Regulation of Plant Translation Reinitiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1014. [PMID: 28659957 PMCID: PMC5469914 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The mRNA translation machinery directs protein production, and thus cell growth, according to prevailing cellular and environmental conditions. The target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway-a major growth-related pathway-plays a pivotal role in optimizing protein synthesis in mammals, while its deregulation triggers uncontrolled cell proliferation and the development of severe diseases. In plants, several signaling pathways sensitive to environmental changes, hormones, and pathogens have been implicated in post-transcriptional control, and thus far phytohormones have attracted most attention as TOR upstream regulators in plants. Recent data have suggested that the coordinated actions of the phytohormone auxin, Rho-like small GTPases (ROPs) from plants, and TOR signaling contribute to translation regulation of mRNAs that harbor upstream open reading frames (uORFs) within their 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTRs). This review will summarize recent advances in translational regulation of a specific set of uORF-containing mRNAs that encode regulatory proteins-transcription factors, protein kinases and other cellular controllers-and how their control can impact plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Schepetilnikov
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Lyubov A. Ryabova
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
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Kumari A, Ray K, Sadhna S, Pandey AK, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Metabolomic homeostasis shifts after callus formation and shoot regeneration in tomato. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176978. [PMID: 28481937 PMCID: PMC5421760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can regenerate from a variety of tissues on culturing in appropriate media. However, the metabolic shifts involved in callus formation and shoot regeneration are largely unknown. The metabolic profiles of callus generated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cotyledons and that of shoot regenerated from callus were compared with the pct1-2 mutant that exhibits enhanced polar auxin transport and the shr mutant that exhibits elevated nitric oxide levels. The transformation from cotyledon to callus involved a major shift in metabolite profiles with denser metabolic networks in the callus. In contrast, the transformation from callus to shoot involved minor changes in the networks. The metabolic networks in pct1-2 and shr mutants were distinct from wild type and were rewired with shifts in endogenous hormones and metabolite interactions. The callus formation was accompanied by a reduction in the levels of metabolites involved in cell wall lignification and cellular immunity. On the contrary, the levels of monoamines were upregulated in the callus and regenerated shoot. The callus formation and shoot regeneration were accompanied by an increase in salicylic acid in wild type and mutants. The transformation to the callus and also to the shoot downregulated LST8 and upregulated TOR transcript levels indicating a putative linkage between metabolic shift and TOR signalling pathway. The network analysis indicates that shift in metabolite profiles during callus formation and shoot regeneration is governed by a complex interaction between metabolites and endogenous hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Kumari
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kamalika Ray
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sadhna Sadhna
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Guan P. Dancing with Hormones: A Current Perspective of Nitrate Signaling and Regulation in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1697. [PMID: 29033968 PMCID: PMC5625010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In nature and agriculture, nitrate availability is a main environmental cue for plant growth, development and stress responses. Nitrate signaling and regulation are hence at the center of communications between plant intrinsic programs and the environment. It is also well known that endogenous phytohormones play numerous critical roles in integrating extrinsic cues and intrinsic responses, regulating and refining almost all aspects of plant growth, development and stress responses. Therefore, interaction between nitrate and phytohormones, such as auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, and ethylene, is prevalent. The growing evidence indicates that biosynthesis, de-conjugation, transport, and signaling of hormones are partly controlled by nitrate signaling. Recent advances with nitrate signaling and transcriptional regulation in Arabidopsis give rise to new paradigms. Given the comprehensive nitrate transport, sensing, signaling and regulations at the level of the cell and organism, nitrate itself is a local and long-distance signal molecule, conveying N status at the whole-plant level. A direct molecular link between nitrate signaling and cell cycle progression was revealed with TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR1-20 (TCP20) - NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 6/7 (NLP6/7) regulatory nexus. NLPs are key regulators of nitrogen responses in plants. TCPs function as the main regulators of plant morphology and architecture, with the emerging role as integrators of plant developmental responses to the environment. By analogy with auxin being proposed as a plant morphogen, nitrate may be an environmental morphogen. The morphogen-gradient-dependent and cell-autonomous mechanisms of nitrate signaling and regulation are an integral part of cell growth and cell identification. This is especially true in root meristem growth that is regulated by intertwined nitrate, phytohormones, and glucose-TOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, the nitrate transcriptional hierarchy is emerging. Nitrate regulators in primary nitrate signaling can individually and combinatorially control downstream transcriptional networks and hormonal pathways for signal propagation and amplification. Under the new paradigms, nitrate-induced hormone metabolism and signaling deserve fresh examination. The close interplay and convergent regulation of nitrate and hormonal signaling at morphological, physiological, and molecular levels have significant effects on important agronomic traits, especially nutrient-dependent adaptive root system growth and architecture.
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35
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Zubairova U, Nikolaev S, Penenko A, Podkolodnyy N, Golushko S, Afonnikov D, Kolchanov N. Mechanical Behavior of Cells within a Cell-Based Model of Wheat Leaf Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1878. [PMID: 28018409 PMCID: PMC5156783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the principles and mechanisms of cell growth coordination in plant tissue remains an outstanding challenge for modern developmental biology. Cell-based modeling is a widely used technique for studying the geometric and topological features of plant tissue morphology during growth. We developed a quasi-one-dimensional model of unidirectional growth of a tissue layer in a linear leaf blade that takes cell autonomous growth mode into account. The model allows for fitting of the visible cell length using the experimental cell length distribution along the longitudinal axis of a wheat leaf epidermis. Additionally, it describes changes in turgor and osmotic pressures for each cell in the growing tissue. Our numerical experiments show that the pressures in the cell change over the cell cycle, and in symplastically growing tissue, they vary from cell to cell and strongly depend on the leaf growing zone to which the cells belong. Therefore, we believe that the mechanical signals generated by pressures are important to consider in simulations of tissue growth as possible targets for molecular genetic regulators of individual cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Zubairova
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikolaev
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Analysis and Optimization of Non-Linear Systems, Institute of Computational Technologies (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey Penenko
- Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling of Hydrodynamic Processes in the Environment, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics (ICM & MG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Mathematical Methods in Geophysics, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Podkolodnyy
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Mathematical Problems of Geophysics, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics (ICM & MG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Informatics Systems, Faculty of Information Technologies, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Golushko
- Laboratory of Analysis and Optimization of Non-Linear Systems, Institute of Computational Technologies (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Mathematical Modeling, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Afonnikov
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Informational Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Kolchanov
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Informational Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
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Li L, Sheen J. Dynamic and diverse sugar signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:116-125. [PMID: 27423125 PMCID: PMC5050104 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugars fuel life and exert numerous regulatory actions that are fundamental to all life forms. There are two principal mechanisms underlie sugar 'perception and signal transduction' in biological systems. Direct sensing and signaling is triggered via sugar-binding sensors with a broad range of affinity and specificity, whereas sugar-derived bioenergetic molecules and metabolites modulate signaling proteins and indirectly relay sugar signals. This review discusses the emerging sugar signals and potential sugar sensors discovered in plant systems. The findings leading to informative understanding of physiological regulation by sugars are considered and assessed. Comparative transcriptome analyses highlight the primary and dynamic sugar responses and reveal the convergent and specific regulators of key biological processes in the sugar-signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA.
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Hernández A, Herrera-Palau R, Madroñal JM, Albi T, López-Lluch G, Perez-Castiñeira JR, Navas P, Valverde F, Serrano A. Vacuolar H(+)-Pyrophosphatase AVP1 is Involved in Amine Fungicide Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Provides Tridemorph Resistance in Yeast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:85. [PMID: 26904057 PMCID: PMC4746327 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Amine fungicides are widely used as crop protectants. Their success is believed to be related to their ability to inhibit postlanosterol sterol biosynthesis in fungi, in particular sterol-Δ(8),Δ(7)-isomerases and sterol-Δ(14)-reductases, with a concomitant accumulation of toxic abnormal sterols. However, their actual cellular effects and mechanisms of death induction are still poorly understood. Paradoxically, plants exhibit a natural resistance to amine fungicides although they have similar enzymes in postcicloartenol sterol biosynthesis that are also susceptible to fungicide inhibition. A major difference in vacuolar ion homeostasis between plants and fungi is the presence of a dual set of primary proton pumps in the former (V-ATPase and H(+)-pyrophosphatase), but only the V-ATPase in the latter. Abnormal sterols affect the proton-pumping capacity of V-ATPases in fungi and this has been proposed as a major determinant in fungicide action. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model fungus, we provide evidence that amine fungicide treatment induced cell death by apoptosis. Cell death was concomitant with impaired H(+)-pumping capacity in vacuole vesicles and dependent on vacuolar proteases. Also, the heterologous expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana main H(+)-pyrophosphatase (AVP1) at the fungal vacuolar membrane reduced apoptosis levels in yeast and increased resistance to amine fungicides. Consistently, A. thaliana avp1 mutant seedlings showed increased susceptibility to this amine fungicide, particularly at the level of root development. This is in agreement with AVP1 being nearly the sole H(+)-pyrophosphatase gene expressed at the root elongation zones. All in all, the present data suggest that H(+)-pyrophosphatases are major determinants of plant tolerance to amine fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Hernández
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Herrera-Palau
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M. Madroñal
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Tomás Albi
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and Centre of Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de OlavideSevilla, Spain
| | - José R. Perez-Castiñeira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and Centre of Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de OlavideSevilla, Spain
| | - Federico Valverde
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Aurelio Serrano
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
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