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Bastian JLD, Zeuschner P, Stöckle M, Junker K, Linxweiler J. Tumor promoting effect of spheroids in an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8835. [PMID: 38632341 PMCID: PMC11024136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to establish a technique for intraprostatic implantation of prostate cancer (PCa) spheroids and to identify the impact of three-dimensional organization of PCa cells on tumor progression and metastasis in a representative in vivo model. 40,000 LNCaP cells were implanted into the prostate of immunodeficient SCID mice either as single cells (n = 8) or as preformed 3D spheroids (n = 8). For a follow up of 20 weeks, tumor growth was monitored by serum PSA and high-resolution 3D ultrasonography. Eventually, animals were sacrificed and autopsied. The organ dissects were analyzed for the presence of metastases by histology (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (AMACR, AR, Ki-67, CK5, CK8, E-Cadherin, Vimentin). Solid intraprostatic tumors developed in 50% of mice after spheroid implantation and in 50% of mice after implantation of a single cells. Primary tumors of LNCaP spheroids evolved earlier, exhibiting a shorter tumor doubling time whilst developing larger tumor volumes, which was reflected by a higher immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and AR, too. Spheroid tumors established lung and lymph node metastases in 75% of mice, in contrast to 50% of mice after single cell implantation. Our technique enables a variety of studies regarding the influence of the tumor microenvironment on PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Lars Daniel Bastian
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstr. 100 Gebäude 6, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philip Zeuschner
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstr. 100 Gebäude 6, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Stöckle
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstr. 100 Gebäude 6, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstr. 100 Gebäude 6, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Linxweiler
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstr. 100 Gebäude 6, 66424, Homburg, Germany.
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2
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Guerrero-Ochoa P, Rodríguez-Zapater S, Anel A, Esteban LM, Camón-Fernández A, Espilez-Ortiz R, Gil-Sanz MJ, Borque-Fernando Á. Prostate Cancer and the Mevalonate Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2152. [PMID: 38396837 PMCID: PMC10888820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antineoplastic therapies for prostate cancer (PCa) have traditionally centered around the androgen receptor (AR) pathway, which has demonstrated a significant role in oncogenesis. Nevertheless, it is becoming progressively apparent that therapeutic strategies must diversify their focus due to the emergence of resistance mechanisms that the tumor employs when subjected to monomolecular treatments. This review illustrates how the dysregulation of the lipid metabolic pathway constitutes a survival strategy adopted by tumors to evade eradication efforts. Integrating this aspect into oncological management could prove valuable in combating PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guerrero-Ochoa
- Health Research Institute of Aragon Foundation, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (A.C.-F.); (R.E.-O.); (M.J.G.-S.)
| | - Sergio Rodríguez-Zapater
- Minimally Invasive Research Group (GITMI), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Alberto Anel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Luis Mariano Esteban
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica de La Almunia, Institute for Biocomputation and Physic of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50100 La Almunia de Doña Godina, Spain
| | - Alejandro Camón-Fernández
- Health Research Institute of Aragon Foundation, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (A.C.-F.); (R.E.-O.); (M.J.G.-S.)
| | - Raquel Espilez-Ortiz
- Health Research Institute of Aragon Foundation, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (A.C.-F.); (R.E.-O.); (M.J.G.-S.)
- Department of Urology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Area of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Jesús Gil-Sanz
- Health Research Institute of Aragon Foundation, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (A.C.-F.); (R.E.-O.); (M.J.G.-S.)
- Department of Urology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ángel Borque-Fernando
- Health Research Institute of Aragon Foundation, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (A.C.-F.); (R.E.-O.); (M.J.G.-S.)
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica de La Almunia, Institute for Biocomputation and Physic of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50100 La Almunia de Doña Godina, Spain
- Department of Urology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Area of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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3
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Pu T, Wang J, Wei J, Zeng A, Zhang J, Chen J, Yin L, Li J, Lin TP, Melamed J, Corey E, Gao AC, Wu BJ. Stromal-derived MAOB promotes prostate cancer growth and progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi4935. [PMID: 38335292 PMCID: PMC10857382 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) develops in a microenvironment where the stromal cells modulate adjacent tumor growth and progression. Here, we demonstrated elevated levels of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), a mitochondrial enzyme that degrades biogenic and dietary monoamines, in human PC stroma, which was associated with poor clinical outcomes of PC patients. Knockdown or overexpression of MAOB in human prostate stromal fibroblasts indicated that MAOB promotes cocultured PC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and co-inoculated prostate tumor growth in mice. Mechanistically, MAOB induces a reactive stroma with activated marker expression, increased extracellular matrix remodeling, and acquisition of a protumorigenic phenotype through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, MAOB transcriptionally activates CXCL12 through Twist1 synergizing with TGFβ1-dependent Smads in prostate stroma, which stimulates tumor-expressed CXCR4-Src/JNK signaling in a paracrine manner. Pharmacological inhibition of stromal MAOB restricted PC xenograft growth in mice. Collectively, these findings characterize the contribution of MAOB to PC and suggest MAOB as a potential stroma-based therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjie Pu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Alan Zeng
- Undergraduate Programs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jinglong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Jingrui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Tzu-Ping Lin
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allen C. Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
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4
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Yang X, Pan R, Ning K, Xie Y, Chen F, Sun W, Yu L. High throughput generating stable spheroids with tip-refill wafer. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300427. [PMID: 38403449 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have garnered significant attention in biomedical research due to their ability to mimic the in vivo cellular environment more accurately. The formation of 3D cell spheroids using hanging drops has emerged as a cost-effective and crucial method for generating uniformly-sized spheroids. This study aimed to validate the potential of a tip-refill wafer (TrW), a disposable laboratory item used to hold pipette tips, in facilitating 3D cell culture. The TrW allows for easy generation of hanging drops by pipetting the solution into the holes of the wafer. The mechanical stability of the hanging drops is ensured by the surface wettability and thickness of the TrW. Hanging drops containing 60-µL of solution remained securely attached to the TrW even when subjected to orbital shaking at 210 rpm. The exceptional resistance to mechanical shaking enabled the use of inertial focusing to facilitate spheroid formation. This was demonstrated through live/dead cell staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, and cytoskeleton staining, which revealed that horizontal orbiting at 60 rpm for 15 min promoted cell aggregation and ultimately led to the formation of 3D spheroids. The spheroid harvest rate is 96.1% ± 3.5% across three TrWs, each containing 60 hanging drops. In addition to generating mono-culture 3D spheroids, the TrW-based hanging drop platform also enables the formation of multicellular spheroids, and on-demand pairing and fusion of spheroids. The TrW is a disposable item that does not require any fabrication or surface modification procedures, further enhancing its application potential in conventional biological laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Habbit NL, Anbiah B, Suresh J, Anderson L, Davies ML, Hassani I, Ghosh TM, Greene MW, Prabhakarpandian B, Arnold RD, Lipke EA. Ratiometric Inclusion of Fibroblasts Promotes Both Castration-Resistant and Androgen-Dependent Tumorigenic Progression in Engineered Prostate Cancer Tissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301139. [PMID: 37450342 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the ratiometric role of fibroblasts in prostate cancer (PCa) progression, this work establishes a matrix-inclusive, 3D engineered prostate cancer tissue (EPCaT) model that enables direct coculture of neuroendocrine-variant castration-resistant (CPRC-ne) or androgen-dependent (ADPC) PCa cells with tumor-supporting stromal cell types. Results show that the inclusion of fibroblasts within CRPC-ne and ADPC EPCaTs drives PCa aggression through significant matrix remodeling and increased proliferative cell populations. Interestingly, this is observed to a much greater degree in EPCaTs formed with a small number of fibroblasts relative to the number of PCa cells. Fibroblast coculture also results in ADPC behavior more similar to the aggressive CRPC-ne condition, suggesting fibroblasts play a role in elevating PCa disease state and may contribute to the ADPC to CRPC-ne switch. Bulk transcriptomic analyses additionally elucidate fibroblast-driven enrichment of hallmark gene sets associated with tumorigenic progression. Finally, the EPCaT model clinical relevancy is probed through a comparison to the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PCa patient cohort; notably, similar gene set enrichment is observed between EPCaT models and the patient primary tumor transcriptome. Taken together, study results demonstrate the potential of the EPCaT model to serve as a PCa-mimetic tool in future therapeutic development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Habbit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin Anbiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Joshita Suresh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Luke Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Megan L Davies
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Iman Hassani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Taraswi M Ghosh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 So. Donahue Dr., Pharmaceutical Research Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Michael W Greene
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, 210 Spidle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | | | - Robert D Arnold
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 So. Donahue Dr., Pharmaceutical Research Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Lipke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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6
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De Vlieghere E, Van de Vijver K, Blondeel E, Carpentier N, Ghobeira R, Pauwels J, Riemann S, Minsart M, Fieuws C, Mestach J, Baeyens A, De Geyter N, Debbaut C, Denys H, Descamps B, Claes K, Vral A, Van Dorpe J, Gevaert K, De Geest BG, Ceelen W, Van Vlierberghe S, De Wever O. A preclinical platform for assessing long-term drug efficacy exploiting mechanically tunable scaffolds colonized by a three-dimensional tumor microenvironment. Biomater Res 2023; 27:104. [PMID: 37853495 PMCID: PMC10583378 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term drug evaluation heavily relies upon rodent models. Drug discovery methods to reduce animal models in oncology may include three-dimensional (3D) cellular systems that take into account tumor microenvironment (TME) cell types and biomechanical properties. METHODS In this study we reconstructed a 3D tumor using an elastic polymer (acrylate-endcapped urethane-based poly(ethylene glycol) (AUPPEG)) with clinical relevant stiffness. Single cell suspensions from low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC) patient-derived early passage cultures of cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) embedded in a collagen gel were introduced to the AUPPEG scaffold. After self-organization in to a 3D tumor, this model was evaluated by a long-term (> 40 days) exposure to a drug combination of MEK and HSP90 inhibitors. The drug-response results from this long-term in vitro model are compared with drug responses in an orthotopic LGSOC xenograft mouse model. RESULTS The in vitro 3D scaffold LGSOC model mimics the growth ratio and spatial organization of the LGSOC. The AUPPEG scaffold approach allows to test new targeted treatments and monitor long-term drug responses. The results correlate with those of the orthotopic LGSOC xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSIONS The mechanically-tunable scaffolds colonized by a three-dimensional LGSOC allow long-term drug evaluation and can be considered as a valid alternative to reduce, replace and refine animal models in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly De Vlieghere
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Van de Vijver
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Blondeel
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rouba Ghobeira
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jarne Pauwels
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Riemann
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Manon Minsart
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Fieuws
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johanna Mestach
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ans Baeyens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Radiobiology Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Debbaut
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, IBiTech-Biommeda, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Denys
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Descamps
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, IbiTech-Medisip, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Claes
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Vral
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Radiobiology Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Ceelen
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Experimental Surgery Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Huang J, Liu D, Li J, Xu J, Dong S, Zhang H. A 12-gene panel in estimating hormone-treatment responses of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients generated using a combined analysis of bulk and single-cell sequencing data. Ann Med 2023; 55:2260387. [PMID: 37729607 PMCID: PMC10512812 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2260387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) represents one type of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) with a median survival time of 1-2 years. Currently, there is a lack of reliable gene panels in predicting hormone treatment (HT) responses due to limited knowledge of CRPC-specific tumor-microenvironment (TME) characteristics. METHODS In this study, we first screened for up-regulated genes in CRPC samples using bulk-sequencing data retrieved from TCGA online database, and further investigated the expression status of these genes in four sets of downloaded single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data: GSE117403 containing 16 normal human prostate samples; GSE141445 containing 13 PCa samples; GSE176031 containing 11 PCa samples and GSE137829 containing 6 CRPC samples. RESULTS We identified a series of CRPC-specific TME characteristics including an enriched number of PEG10+ neuroendocrine cells, elevated expression of PPIB/CCDC74A/GAPDH/AR genes in tumor cells, increased expression of FAP/TGFB1 in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), suppressed immune environment featured by enhanced M2 macrophage polarization, T cell exhaustion and increased number of regulatory B cells. We further established a 12-gene panel using these characteristics and showed that this panel could separate CRPC samples from PCa samples (AUC of 0.78), and CRPC patients with higher panel scores tended to have treatment failure or progression (R = -0.47, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Based on these unique TME characteristics of CRPC, we established a prediction tool for estimating the duration of HT responses in PCa treatment. Our results suggest mechanisms by which prostate cancer becomes castrate resistant. Further study of PEG10 (and/or others) to evaluate therapeutic efficacy should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanlan Huang
- Department of Health Management, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Dale Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowei Dong
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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8
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Patwardhan CA, Kommalapati VK, Llbiyi T, Singh D, Alfa E, Horuzsko A, Korkaya H, Panda S, Reilly CA, Popik V, Chadli A. Capsaicin binds the N-terminus of Hsp90, induces lysosomal degradation of Hsp70, and enhances the anti-tumor effects of 17-AAG (Tanespimycin). Sci Rep 2023; 13:13790. [PMID: 37612326 PMCID: PMC10447550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and its co-chaperones promote cancer, and targeting Hsp90 holds promise for cancer treatment. Most of the efforts to harness this potential have focused on targeting the Hsp90 N-terminus ATP binding site. Although newer-generation inhibitors have shown improved efficacy in aggressive cancers, induction of the cellular heat shock response (HSR) by these inhibitors is thought to limit their clinical efficacy. Therefore, Hsp90 inhibitors with novel mechanisms of action and that do not trigger the HSR would be advantageous. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which capsaicin inhibits Hsp90. Through mutagenesis, chemical modifications, and proteomic studies, we show that capsaicin binds to the N-terminus of Hsp90 and inhibits its ATPase activity. Consequently, capsaicin and its analogs inhibit Hsp90 ATPase-dependent progesterone receptor reconstitution in vitro. Capsaicin did not induce the HSR, instead, it promoted the degradation of Hsp70 through the lysosome-autophagy pathway. Remarkably, capsaicin did not induce degradation of the constitutively expressed cognate Hsc70, indicating selectivity for Hsp70. Combined treatments of capsaicin and the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG improved the anti-tumor efficacy of 17-AAG in cell culture and tridimensional tumor spheroid growth assays using breast and prostate cancer models. Consistent with this, in silico docking studies revealed that capsaicin binding to the ATP binding site of Hsp90 was distinct from classical N-terminus Hsp90 inhibitors, indicating a novel mechanism of action. Collectively, these findings support the use of capsaicin as a chemical scaffold to develop novel Hsp90 N-terminus inhibitors as well as its ability to be a potential cancer co-therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya A Patwardhan
- Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University (Formerly Medical College of Georgia), 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN-3313, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Vamsi Krishna Kommalapati
- Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University (Formerly Medical College of Georgia), 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN-3313, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Taoufik Llbiyi
- Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University (Formerly Medical College of Georgia), 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN-3313, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Digvijay Singh
- Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University (Formerly Medical College of Georgia), 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN-3313, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Eyad Alfa
- Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University (Formerly Medical College of Georgia), 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN-3313, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Anatolij Horuzsko
- Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University (Formerly Medical College of Georgia), 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN-3313, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hasan Korkaya
- Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University (Formerly Medical College of Georgia), 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN-3313, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Siva Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Christopher A Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Vladimir Popik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ahmed Chadli
- Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University (Formerly Medical College of Georgia), 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN-3313, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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9
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Urzì O, Gasparro R, Costanzo E, De Luca A, Giavaresi G, Fontana S, Alessandro R. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures: The Bridge between In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12046. [PMID: 37569426 PMCID: PMC10419178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although historically, the traditional bidimensional in vitro cell system has been widely used in research, providing much fundamental information regarding cellular functions and signaling pathways as well as nuclear activities, the simplicity of this system does not fully reflect the heterogeneity and complexity of the in vivo systems. From this arises the need to use animals for experimental research and in vivo testing. Nevertheless, animal use in experimentation presents various aspects of complexity, such as ethical issues, which led Russell and Burch in 1959 to formulate the 3R (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) principle, underlying the urgent need to introduce non-animal-based methods in research. Considering this, three-dimensional (3D) models emerged in the scientific community as a bridge between in vitro and in vivo models, allowing for the achievement of cell differentiation and complexity while avoiding the use of animals in experimental research. The purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the most common methods to establish 3D cell culture and to discuss their promising applications. Three-dimensional cell cultures have been employed as models to study both organ physiology and diseases; moreover, they represent a valuable tool for studying many aspects of cancer. Finally, the possibility of using 3D models for drug screening and regenerative medicine paves the way for the development of new therapeutic opportunities for many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Urzì
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Roberta Gasparro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Elisa Costanzo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Angela De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Simona Fontana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
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10
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Let’s Go 3D! New Generation of Models for Evaluating Drug Response and Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065293. [PMID: 36982368 PMCID: PMC10049142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide and the second most frequent in men. Several risk factors can contribute to the development of PC, and those include age, family history, and specific genetic mutations. So far, drug testing in PC, as well as in cancer research in general, has been performed on 2D cell cultures. This is mainly because of the vast benefits these models provide, including simplicity and cost effectiveness. However, it is now known that these models are exposed to much higher stiffness; lose physiological extracellular matrix on artificial plastic surfaces; and show changes in differentiation, polarization, and cell–cell communication. This leads to the loss of crucial cellular signaling pathways and changes in cell responses to stimuli when compared to in vivo conditions. Here, we emphasize the importance of a diverse collection of 3D PC models and their benefits over 2D models in drug discovery and screening from the studies done so far, outlining their benefits and limitations. We highlight the differences between the diverse types of 3D models, with the focus on tumor–stroma interactions, cell populations, and extracellular matrix composition, and we summarize various standard and novel therapies tested on 3D models of PC for the purpose of raising awareness of the possibilities for a personalized approach in PC therapy.
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11
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Bedeschi M, Marino N, Cavassi E, Piccinini F, Tesei A. Cancer-Associated Fibroblast: Role in Prostate Cancer Progression to Metastatic Disease and Therapeutic Resistance. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050802. [PMID: 36899938 PMCID: PMC10000679 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in European males. Although therapeutic approaches have changed in recent years, and several new drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the standard of care. Currently, PCa represents a clinical and economic burden due to the development of resistance to ADT, paving the way to cancer progression, metastasis, and to long-term side effects induced by ADT and radio-chemotherapeutic regimens. In light of this, a growing number of studies are focusing on the tumor microenvironment (TME) because of its role in supporting tumor growth. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have a central function in the TME because they communicate with prostate cancer cells, altering their metabolism and sensitivity to drugs; hence, targeted therapy against the TME, and, in particular, CAFs, could represent an alternative therapeutic approach to defeat therapy resistance in PCa. In this review, we focus on different CAF origins, subsets, and functions to highlight their potential in future therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bedeschi
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.T.); Tel.: +39-0543739932 (A.T.)
| | - Noemi Marino
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Elena Cavassi
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Filippo Piccinini
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.T.); Tel.: +39-0543739932 (A.T.)
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12
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Patrício D, Santiago J, Mano JF, Fardilha M. Organoids of the male reproductive system: Challenges, opportunities, and their potential use in fertility research. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1590. [PMID: 36442887 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are units of function of a given organ able to reproduce, in culture, a biological structure similar in architecture and function to its counterpart in vivo. Today, it is possible to develop an organoid from a fragment of tissue, a stem cell located in an adult organ, an embryonic stem cell, or an induced pluripotent stem cell. In the past decade, many organoids have been developed which mimic stomach, pancreas, liver and brain tissues, optic cups, among many others. Additionally, different male reproductive system organs have already been developed as organoids, including the prostate and testis. These 3D cultures may be of great importance for urological cancer research and have the potential to be used in fertility research for the study of spermatozoa production and maturation, germ cells-somatic cells interactions, and mechanisms of disease. They also provide an accurate preclinical pipeline for drug testing and discovery, as well as for the study of drug resistance. In this work, we revise the current knowledge on organoid technology and its use in healthcare and research, describe the male reproductive system organoids and other biomaterials already developed, and discuss their current application. Finally, we highlight the research gaps, challenges, and opportunities in the field and propose strategies to improve the use of organoids for the study of male infertility situations. This article is categorized under: Reproductive System Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Reproductive System Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patrício
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Santiago
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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13
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Owen JS, Clayton A, Pearson HB. Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Heterogeneity, Activation and Function: Implications for Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 13:67. [PMID: 36671452 PMCID: PMC9856041 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous remodeling of the tumor microenvironment (TME) during prostate tumorigenesis is emerging as a critical event that facilitates cancer growth, progression and drug-resistance. Recent advances have identified extensive communication networks that enable tumor-stroma cross-talk, and emphasized the functional importance of diverse, heterogeneous stromal fibroblast populations during malignant growth. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a vital component of the TME, which mediate key oncogenic events including angiogenesis, immunosuppression, metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance, thus presenting an attractive therapeutic target. Nevertheless, how fibroblast heterogeneity, recruitment, cell-of-origin and differential functions contribute to prostate cancer remains to be fully delineated. Developing our molecular understanding of these processes is fundamental to developing new therapies and biomarkers that can ultimately improve clinical outcomes. In this review, we explore the current challenges surrounding fibroblast identification, discuss new mechanistic insights into fibroblast functions during normal prostate tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis, and illustrate the diverse nature of fibroblast recruitment and CAF generation. We also highlight the promise of CAF-targeted therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S. Owen
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Tissue Microenvironment Group, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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14
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Polydopamine Copolymers for Stable Drug Nanoprecipitation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012420. [PMID: 36293275 PMCID: PMC9604411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA), a biomaterial inspired by marine mussels, has attracted interest in cancer nanomedicine due to its photothermal properties, nanoparticle coating, and pi-pi stacking-based drug encapsulation abilities. Despite numerous one-pot and post-polymerization modifications, PDA copolymers have not been sufficiently studied in the context of stabilizing hydrophobic drugs in the process of nanoprecipitation. In this study, we tested combinatorial panels of comonomers with PDA to optimize drug loading efficiency, particle size and stability of nano formulations made via drug nanoprecipitation. As a selection criterion for optimal comonomers, we used drug aggregation-induced emission (AIE). We identified 1,1,2-Trimethyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)benz[e]indolium (In820) as a novel and highly useful comonomer for catecholamines and optimized the conditions for its incorporation into PDA copolymers used for drug nanoprecipitation. Surprisingly, it was superior to polyethylene glycol modifications in every aspect. The leading copolymer, poly(dopamine)-poly(L-dopa)-co-In820 (PDA-PDO-In820 1:1:1), was shown to be a good stabilizer for several hydrophobic drugs. The resulting nanoparticles showed stability for up to 15 days, high encapsulation efficiency of at least 80%, low toxicity, and high antitumor efficacy in vitro. Nanoprecipitation of hydrophobic drugs can be greatly enhanced by the use of PDA copolymers containing In820, which are easy-to-prepare and highly effective stabilizers.
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15
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Prostate Cancer Tumor Stroma: Responsibility in Tumor Biology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184412. [PMID: 36139572 PMCID: PMC9496870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The crosstalk between prostate stroma and its epithelium is essential to tissue homeostasis. Likewise, reciprocal signaling between tumor cells and the stromal compartment is required in tumor progression to facilitate or stimulate key processes such as cell proliferation and invasion. The aim of the present work was to review the current state of knowledge on the significance of tumor stroma in the genesis, progression and therapeutic response of prostate carcinoma. Additionally, we addressed the future therapeutic opportunities. Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common cancer among males globally, and its occurrence is growing worldwide. Clinical decisions about the combination of therapies are becoming highly relevant. However, this is a heterogeneous disease, ranging widely in prognosis. Therefore, new approaches are needed based on tumor biology, from which further prognostic assessments can be established and complementary strategies can be identified. The knowledge of both the morphological structure and functional biology of the PCa stroma compartment can provide new diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic possibilities. In the present review, we analyzed the aspects related to the tumor stromal component (both acellular and cellular) in PCa, their influence on tumor behavior and the therapeutic response and their consideration as a new therapeutic target.
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16
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Karkampouna S, Kruithof-de Julio M, Thalmann GN. Role of prostate and bone stromal cells on prostate cancer progression. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2022; 10:180-187. [PMID: 35874291 PMCID: PMC9301059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease, often manifesting in a metastatic form to the bone. Complex tumour cells and surrounding microenvironment interactions are important determinants of disease progression and therapy resistance. Here, we provide an overview of some of the early studies that recognized the pro-tumourigenic role of prostate stroma, particularly fibroblasts, bone stromal components, and its permissive tumour properties. This article is written in memory of Prof. Dr LWK Chung and his contributions. Prostate and bone metastasis stroma concepts emerging from his work are now more actively being pursued by the authors of this article and others in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Karkampouna
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of BernBern, Switzerland
- Translational Organoid Resource, Department for BioMedical Research, University of BernBern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern and InselspitalBern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalBern, Switzerland
| | - George N Thalmann
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of BernBern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalBern, Switzerland
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17
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Bidan N, Lores S, Vanhecke A, Nicolas V, Domenichini S, López R, de la Fuente M, Mura S. Before in vivo studies: In vitro screening of sphingomyelin nanosystems using a relevant 3D multicellular pancreatic tumor spheroid model. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121577. [PMID: 35167901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin nanosystems have already shown to be promising carriers for efficient delivery of anticancer drugs. For further application in the treatment of pancreatic tumor, the investigation on relevant in vitro models able to reproduce its physio-pathological complexity, is mandatory. Accordingly, a 3D heterotype spheroid model of pancreatic tumor has been herein constructed to investigate the potential of bare and polyethylene glycol-modified lipids nanosystems in terms of their ability to penetrate the tumor mass and deliver drugs. Regardless of their surface properties, the lipid nanosystems successfully diffused through the spheroid without inducing toxicity, showing a clear safety profile. Loading of the bare nanosystems with a lipid prodrug of gemcitabine was used to evaluate their therapeutic potential. While the nanosystems were more effective than the free drug on 2D cell monocultures, this advantage, despite their efficient penetration capacity, was lost in the 3D tumor model. The latter, being able to mimic the tumor and its microenvironment, was capable to provide a more realistic information on the cell sensitivity to treatments. These results highlight the importance of using appropriate 3D tumour models as tools for proper in vitro evaluation of nanomedicine efficacy and their timely optimisation, so as to identify the best candidates for later in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Bidan
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Saínza Lores
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aure Vanhecke
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Valérie Nicolas
- UMS-IPSIT MIPSIT Microscopy facility, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Severine Domenichini
- UMS-IPSIT MIPSIT Microscopy facility, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Rafael López
- Translational Medical Oncology group (ONCOMET), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - María de la Fuente
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - Simona Mura
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
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18
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Thyroid hormone and androgen signals mutually interplay and enhance inflammation and tumorigenic activation of tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 532:215581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Gastric cancer cell death analyzed by live cell imaging of spheroids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1488. [PMID: 35087119 PMCID: PMC8795446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and is often diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease. This makes the development of more comprehensive models and efficient treatments crucial. One option is based on repurposing already marketed drugs as adjuvants to chemotherapy. Accordingly, we have previously developed the combination of docetaxel and the cholesterol-lowering drug, lovastatin, as a powerful trigger of HGT-1 human GC cells' apoptosis using 2D cultures. Because 3D models, known as spheroids, are getting recognized as possibly better suited than 2Ds in toxicological research, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of this drug combination with such a model. We established monocellular spheroids from two human (GC) cell lines, HGT-1 and AGS, and bicellular spheroids from these cells mixed with cancer-associated fibroblasts. With these, we surveyed drug-induced cytotoxicity with MTT assays. In addition, we used the Incucyte live imaging and analysis system to follow spheroid growth and apoptosis. Taken together, our results showed that the lovastatin + docetaxel combination was an efficient strategy to eliminate GC cells grown in 2D or 3D cultures, lending further support in favor of repurposing lovastatin as an adjuvant to taxane-based anticancer treatment.
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20
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Pamarthy S, Sabaawy HE. Patient derived organoids in prostate cancer: improving therapeutic efficacy in precision medicine. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:125. [PMID: 34587953 PMCID: PMC8480086 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in the discovery of the clinical and molecular landscapes of prostate cancer (PCa), implementation of precision medicine-guided therapeutic testing in the clinic has become a priority. Patient derived organoids (PDOs) are three-dimensional (3D) tissue cultures that promise to enable the validation of preclinical drug testing in precision medicine and coclinical trials by modeling PCa for predicting therapeutic responses with a reliable efficacy. We evaluate the advances in 3D culture and PDO use to model clonal heterogeneity and screen for effective targeted therapies, with a focus on the technological advances in generating PDOs. Recent innovations include the utilization of PDOs both in original research and/or correlative studies in clinical trials to examine drug effects within the PCa tumor microenvironment (TME). There has also been a significant improvement with the utilization of various extracellular matrices and single cell assays for the generation and long-term propagation of PDOs. Single cell derived PDOs could faithfully recapitulate the original tumor and reflect the heterogeneity features. While most PDO use for precision medicine understandably involved tissues derived from metastatic patients, we envision that the generation of PDOs from localized PCa along with the incorporation of cells of the TME in tissue models would fulfill the great potential of PDOs in predicting drug clinical benefits. We conclude that single cell derived PDOs reiterate the molecular features of the original tumor and represent a reliable pre-clinical PCa model to understand individual tumors and design tailored targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi Pamarthy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, 195 Little Albany St, Rm 4557, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Hatem E Sabaawy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, 195 Little Albany St, Rm 4557, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Clinical Investigations and Precision Therapeutics Program, Devision of Medical Oncology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, RBHS-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, USA.
- Departments of Medicine, RBHS-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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21
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Stultz J, Fong L. How to turn up the heat on the cold immune microenvironment of metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:697-717. [PMID: 33820953 PMCID: PMC8384622 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced prostate cancer remains one of the most common and deadly cancers, despite advances in treatment options. Immunotherapy has provided little benefit to a majority of patients, largely due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that gives rise to inherently "cold tumors". In this review, we discuss the immunopathology of the prostate tumor microenvironment, strategies for treating prostate cancer with immunotherapies, and a perspective on potential approaches to enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapies. METHODS Databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane, were searched for articles relevant to the immunology of prostate cancer. We discuss the impact of different types of treatments on the immune system, and potential mechanisms through which prostate cancer evades the immune system. RESULTS The tumor microenvironment associated with prostate cancer is highly immunosuppressive due to (1) the function of regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), (2) the cytokine milieu secreted by tumor stromal cells and fibroblasts, and (3) the production of adenosine via prostatic acid phosphatase. Both adenosine and tumor growth factor beta (TGF-beta) serve as potent immunosuppressive molecules that could also represent potential therapeutic targets. While there have been many immunotherapy trials in prostate cancer, the majority of these trials have targeted a single immunosuppressive mechanism resulting in limited clinical efficacy. Future approaches will require the integration of improved patient selection as well as use of combination therapies to address multiple mechanisms of resistance. CONCLUSION Prostate cancer inherently gives rise to multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms that have been difficult to overcome with any one immunotherapeutic approach. Enhancing the clinical activity of immunotherapies will require strategic combinations of multiple therapies to address the emerging mechanisms of tumor immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Stultz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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22
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Jin GZ. Enhanced growth and myogenic differentiation of spheroid-derived C2C12 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1227-1234. [PMID: 33704409 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Among many factors of controlling stem cell differentiation, the key transcription factor upregulation via physical force is a good strategy on the lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells. The study aimed to compare growth and myogenic potentials between the parental cells (PCs) and the 1-day-old C2C12 spheroid-derived cells (SDCs) in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions through examination of the cell proliferation and the expression of myogenic genes. The data showed that 1-day-old spheroids had more intense expression of MyoD gene with respect to the PCs. The proliferation of the SDCs is significantly higher than the PCs in a time-dependent manner. The SDCs had also significantly higher myogenic potential than the PCs in 2D and 3D culture conditions. The results suggest that MyoD gene upregulation through cell-cell contacts is the good approach for preparation of seed cells in muscle tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Jin
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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23
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Fontana F, Marzagalli M, Sommariva M, Gagliano N, Limonta P. In Vitro 3D Cultures to Model the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122970. [PMID: 34199324 PMCID: PMC8231786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor stroma is known to significantly influence cancer initiation and progression. In the last decade, 3D cell cultures have shown potential in modeling the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the main features of current 3D models, shedding light on their importance in the study of cancer biology and treatment. Abstract It is now well established that the tumor microenvironment plays a key role in determining cancer growth, metastasis and drug resistance. Thus, it is fundamental to understand how cancer cells interact and communicate with their stroma and how this crosstalk regulates disease initiation and progression. In this setting, 3D cell cultures have gained a lot of interest in the last two decades, due to their ability to better recapitulate the complexity of tumor microenvironment and therefore to bridge the gap between 2D monolayers and animal models. Herein, we present an overview of the 3D systems commonly used for studying tumor–stroma interactions, with a focus on recent advances in cancer modeling and drug discovery and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-18427
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.L.)
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24
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Wu F, Yang J, Liu J, Wang Y, Mu J, Zeng Q, Deng S, Zhou H. Signaling pathways in cancer-associated fibroblasts and targeted therapy for cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:218. [PMID: 34108441 PMCID: PMC8190181 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To flourish, cancers greatly depend on their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in TME are critical for cancer occurrence and progression because of their versatile roles in extracellular matrix remodeling, maintenance of stemness, blood vessel formation, modulation of tumor metabolism, immune response, and promotion of cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and therapeutic resistance. CAFs are highly heterogeneous stromal cells and their crosstalk with cancer cells is mediated by a complex and intricate signaling network consisting of transforming growth factor-beta, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Wnt, Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription, epidermal growth factor receptor, Hippo, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, etc., signaling pathways. These signals in CAFs exhibit their own special characteristics during the cancer progression and have the potential to be targeted for anticancer therapy. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of these signaling cascades in interactions between cancer cells and CAFs is necessary to fully realize the pivotal roles of CAFs in cancers. Herein, in this review, we will summarize the enormous amounts of findings on the signals mediating crosstalk of CAFs with cancer cells and its related targets or trials. Further, we hypothesize three potential targeting strategies, including, namely, epithelial-mesenchymal common targets, sequential target perturbation, and crosstalk-directed signaling targets, paving the way for CAF-directed or host cell-directed antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Devlies W, Handle F, Devos G, Joniau S, Claessens F. Preclinical Models in Prostate Cancer: Resistance to AR Targeting Therapies in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:915. [PMID: 33671614 PMCID: PMC7926818 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is an androgen-driven tumor. Different prostate cancer therapies consequently focus on blocking the androgen receptor pathway. Clinical studies reported tumor resistance mechanisms by reactivating and bypassing the androgen pathway. Preclinical models allowed the identification, confirmation, and thorough study of these pathways. This review looks into the current and future role of preclinical models to understand resistance to androgen receptor-targeted therapies. Increasing knowledge on this resistance will greatly improve insights into tumor pathophysiology and future treatment strategies in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Devlies
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.D.); (S.J.)
| | - Florian Handle
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Gaëtan Devos
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.D.); (S.J.)
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.D.); (S.J.)
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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26
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Colombo E, Cattaneo MG. Multicellular 3D Models to Study Tumour-Stroma Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041633. [PMID: 33562840 PMCID: PMC7915117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been the standard for many different applications, ranging from basic research to stem cell and cancer research to regenerative medicine, for most of the past century. Hence, almost all of our knowledge about fundamental biological processes has been provided by primary and established cell lines cultured in 2D monolayer. However, cells in tissues and organs do not exist as single entities, and life in multicellular organisms relies on the coordination of several cellular activities, which depend on cell–cell communication across different cell types and tissues. In addition, cells are embedded within a complex non-cellular structure known as the extracellular matrix (ECM), which anchors them in a three-dimensional (3D) formation. Likewise, tumour cells interact with their surrounding matrix and tissue, and the physical and biochemical properties of this microenvironment regulate cancer differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. 2D models are unable to mimic the complex and dynamic interactions of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and ignore spatial cell–ECM and cell–cell interactions. Thus, multicellular 3D models are excellent tools to recapitulate in vitro the spatial dimension, cellular heterogeneity, and molecular networks of the TME. This review summarizes the biological significance of the cell–ECM and cell–cell interactions in the onset and progression of tumours and focuses on the requirement for these interactions to build up representative in vitro models for the study of the pathophysiology of cancer and for the design of more clinically relevant treatments.
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27
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Maitland NJ. Resistance to Antiandrogens in Prostate Cancer: Is It Inevitable, Intrinsic or Induced? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:327. [PMID: 33477370 PMCID: PMC7829888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated therapies for chemical castration dominate first-line treatments for locally advanced prostate cancer. However, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) offers little prospect of a cure, as resistant tumors emerge rather rapidly, normally within 30 months. Cells have multiple mechanisms of resistance to even the most sophisticated drug regimes, and both tumor cell heterogeneity in prostate cancer and the multiple salvage pathways result in castration-resistant disease related genetically to the original hormone-naive cancer. The timing and mechanisms of cell death after ADT for prostate cancer are not well understood, and off-target effects after long-term ADT due to functional extra-prostatic expression of the androgen receptor protein are now increasingly being recorded. Our knowledge of how these widely used treatments fail at a biological level in patients is deficient. In this review, I will discuss whether there are pre-existing drug-resistant cells in a tumor mass, or whether resistance is induced/selected by the ADT. Equally, what is the cell of origin of this resistance, and does it differ from the treatment-naïve tumor cells by differentiation or dedifferentiation? Conflicting evidence also emerges from studies in the range of biological systems and species employed to answer this key question. It is only by improving our understanding of this aspect of treatment and not simply devising another new means of androgen inhibition that we can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Maitland
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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28
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Ding M, Su Y, Cui D, Jiang C, Zhao S, Jia G, Wang X, Ruan Y, Jing Y, Xia S, Han B. Loss of exosomal miR-146a-5p from cancer-associated fibroblasts after androgen deprivation therapy contributes to prostate cancer metastasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:282. [PMID: 33317606 PMCID: PMC7734763 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the backbone of therapy for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Despite the good initial response, castration resistance and metastatic progression will inevitably occur. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) may be implicated in promoting metastasis of PCa after ADT. Our aim is to investigate the role and mechanism of CAFs-derived exosomes involving in metastasis of PCa after ADT. Methods PCa cells were co-cultured with exosomes derived from 10 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-treated (simulating the high androgen level of prostate cancer microenvironment) or ethanol (ETOH) -treated (simulating the castration level of prostate cancer microenvironment after ADT) CAFs, and their migration and invasion differences under castration condition were examined both in vitro and in vivo. The miRNA profiles of exosomes derived from DHT-treated CAFs and matched ETOH-treated CAFs were analysed via next generation sequencing. The transfer of exosomal miR-146a-5p from CAFs to PCa cells was identified by fluorescent microscopy. The function and direct target gene of exosomal miR-146a-5p in PCa cells were confirmed through Transwell assays, luciferase reporter, and western blot. Results Compared with DHT-treated CAFs, exosomes derived from ETOH-treated CAFs dramatically increased migration and invasion of PCa cells under castration condition. MiR-146a-5p level in exosomes from ETOH-treated CAFs was significantly reduced. The loss of miR-146a-5p may strengthen the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to accelerate cancer cells metastasis by modulating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ERK pathway. Conclusions CAFs-derived exosomal miR-146a-5p confers metastasis in PCa cells under ADT through the EGFR/ERK pathway and it may present a new treatment for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Mao Ding
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yiming Su
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Di Cui
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Chenyi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Gaozhen Jia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiaohai Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yifeng Jing
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shujie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Bangmin Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Wujin Road 85, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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29
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Patient-derived tumour models for personalized therapeutics in urological cancers. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 18:33-45. [PMID: 33173206 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-00389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical knowledge of dysregulated pathways and potential biomarkers for urological cancers has undergone limited translation into the clinic. Moreover, the low approval rate of new anticancer drugs and the heterogeneous drug responses in patients indicate that current preclinical models do not always reflect the complexity of malignant disease. Patient-derived tumour models used in preclinical uro-oncology research include 3D culture systems, organotypic tissue slices and patient-derived xenograft models. Technological innovations have enabled major improvements in the capacity of these tumour models to reproduce the clinical complexity of urological cancers. Each type of patient-derived model has inherent advantages and limitations that can be exploited, either alone or in combination, to gather specific knowledge on clinical challenges and address unmet clinical needs. Nevertheless, few opportunities exist for patients with urological cancers to benefit from personalized therapeutic approaches. Clinical validation of experimental data is needed to facilitate the translation and implementation of preclinical knowledge into treatment decision making.
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30
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Steinberg E, Orehov N, Tischenko K, Schwob O, Zamir G, Hubert A, Manevitch Z, Benny O. Rapid Clearing for High Resolution 3D Imaging of Ex Vivo Pancreatic Cancer Spheroids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7703. [PMID: 33081011 PMCID: PMC7589457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The currently accepted imaging methods have been a central hurdle to imaging the finer details of tumor behavior in three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo multicellular culture models. In our search for an improved way of imaging tumor behavior in its physiological-like niche, we developed a simple, efficient, and straightforward procedure using standard reagents and imaging equipment that significantly enhanced 3D imaging up to a ~200-micron depth. We tested its efficacy on pancreatic spheroids, prototypes of high-density tissues that are difficult to image. We found we could both save time with this method and extract information about pancreatic tumor spheroids that previously was difficult to obtain. We were able to discern clear differences in the organization of pancreatic tumor spheroids generated from different origins, suggesting cell-specific, inherent, bottom-up organization with a correlation to the level of malignancy. We also examined the dynamic changes in the spheroids at predetermined time points, providing important information related to tissue morphogenesis and its metabolic state. Lastly, this process enabled us to assess a drug vehicle's potential to penetrate dense tumor tissue by improving our view of the inert particles' diffusion in the 3D spheroid. This clearing method, a simple procedure, can open the door to more accurate imaging and reveal more about cancer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Steinberg
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (E.S.); (N.O.); (K.T.); (O.S.)
| | - Natalie Orehov
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (E.S.); (N.O.); (K.T.); (O.S.)
| | - Katerina Tischenko
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (E.S.); (N.O.); (K.T.); (O.S.)
| | - Ouri Schwob
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (E.S.); (N.O.); (K.T.); (O.S.)
| | - Gideon Zamir
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Ayala Hubert
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Zakhariya Manevitch
- The Core Research Facility, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Ofra Benny
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (E.S.); (N.O.); (K.T.); (O.S.)
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31
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Cinnamaldehyde induces endogenous apoptosis of the prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts via interfering the Glutathione-associated mitochondria function. Med Oncol 2020; 37:91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Muguruma M, Teraoka S, Miyahara K, Ueda A, Asaoka M, Okazaki M, Kawate T, Kuroda M, Miyagi Y, Ishikawa T. Differences in drug sensitivity between two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture systems in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:268-274. [PMID: 32958246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture reflects tumor biology complexities compared with two-dimensional (2D) culture. Thus, 3D culture has attracted attention in cell biology studies including drug sensitivity tests. Herein, we investigated differences in anticancer drug sensitivities between 2D and 3D culture systems in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. Thirteen TNBC cell lines were maintained in 2D and 3D cultures for 3 days before drug exposure. Cell morphology in the 3D culture was examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Sensitivities to epirubicin (EPI), cisplatin (CDDP), and docetaxel (DTX) were investigated by cell viability assay in both cultures and compared. The IC50s of all 3 drugs were significantly higher in the 3D culture than in the 2D culture in most cell lines. Those were correlated between the 2D and 3D cultures in EPI (R = 0.555) and CDDP (R = 0.955), but not in DTX (R = 0.221). Round spheroid-forming cells were more resistant to agents than grape-like types. In conclusion, 3D culture was more resistant to all 3 drugs than 2D culture in most TNBC cell lines. Sensitivity to CDDP was highly correlated between the 2D and 3D cultures, but not to DTX. 2D culture may be acceptable for sensitivity test for DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Muguruma
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Saeko Teraoka
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kana Miyahara
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Ai Ueda
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Miki Okazaki
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kawate
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
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33
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Fontana F, Raimondi M, Marzagalli M, Sommariva M, Gagliano N, Limonta P. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures as an In Vitro Tool for Prostate Cancer Modeling and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186806. [PMID: 32948069 PMCID: PMC7554845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology has gained a lot of interest due to its ability to better recapitulate the in vivo organization and microenvironment of in vitro cultured cancer cells. In particular, 3D tumor models have demonstrated several different characteristics compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures and have provided an interesting link between the latter and animal experiments. Indeed, 3D cell cultures represent a useful platform for the identification of the biological features of cancer cells as well as for the screening of novel antitumor agents. The present review is aimed at summarizing the most common 3D cell culture methods and applications, with a focus on prostate cancer modeling and drug discovery.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Androgens
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Culture Techniques/instrumentation
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Hypoxia
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/instrumentation
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Energy Metabolism
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Male
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Monitoring, Immunologic
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/cytology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Therapies, Investigational
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-18427
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
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Inhibition of TMPRSS2 by HAI-2 reduces prostate cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Oncogene 2020; 39:5950-5963. [PMID: 32778768 PMCID: PMC7416816 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS2 is an important membrane-anchored serine protease involved in human prostate cancer progression and metastasis. A serine protease physiologically often comes together with a cognate inhibitor for execution of proteolytically biologic function; however, TMPRSS2's cognate inhibitor is still elusive. To identify the cognate inhibitor of TMPRSS2, in this study, we applied co-immunoprecipitation and LC/MS/MS analysis and isolated hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitors (HAIs) to be potential inhibitor candidates for TMPRSS2. Moreover, the recombinant HAI-2 proteins exhibited a better inhibitory effect on TMPRSS2 proteolytic activity than HAI-1, and recombinant HAI-2 proteins had a high affinity to form a complex with TMPRSS2. The immunofluorescence images further showed that TMPRSS2 was co-localized to HAI-2. Both KD1 and KD2 domain of HAI-2 showed comparable inhibitory effects on TMPRSS2 proteolytic activity. In addition, HAI-2 overexpression could suppress the induction effect of TMPRSS2 on pro-HGF activation, extracellular matrix degradation and prostate cancer cell invasion. We further determined that the expression levels of TMPRSS2 were inversely correlated with HAI-2 levels during prostate cancer progression. In orthotopic xenograft animal model, TMPRSS2 overexpression promoted prostate cancer metastasis, and HAI-2 overexpression efficiently blocked TMPRSS2-induced metastasis. In summary, the results together indicate that HAI-2 can function as a cognate inhibitor for TMPRSS2 in human prostate cancer cells and may serve as a potential factor to suppress TMPRSS2-mediated malignancy.
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Kafka M, Mayr F, Temml V, Möller G, Adamski J, Höfer J, Schwaiger S, Heidegger I, Matuszczak B, Schuster D, Klocker H, Bektic J, Stuppner H, Eder IE. Dual Inhibitory Action of a Novel AKR1C3 Inhibitor on Both Full-Length AR and the Variant AR-V7 in Enzalutamide Resistant Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2092. [PMID: 32731472 PMCID: PMC7465893 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanded use of second-generation antiandrogens revolutionized the treatment landscape of progressed prostate cancer. However, resistances to these novel drugs are already the next obstacle to be solved. Various previous studies depicted an involvement of the enzyme AKR1C3 in the process of castration resistance as well as in the resistance to 2nd generation antiandrogens like enzalutamide. In our study, we examined the potential of natural AKR1C3 inhibitors in various prostate cancer cell lines and a three-dimensional co-culture spheroid model consisting of cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) mimicking enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer. One of our compounds, named MF-15, expressed strong antineoplastic effects especially in cell culture models with significant enzalutamide resistance. Furthermore, MF-15 exhibited a strong effect on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, including significant inhibition of AR activity, downregulation of androgen-regulated genes, lower prostate specific antigen (PSA) production, and decreased AR and AKR1C3 expression, indicating a bi-functional effect. Even more important, we demonstrated a persisting inhibition of AR activity in the presence of AR-V7 and further showed that MF-15 non-competitively binds within the DNA binding domain of the AR. The data suggest MF-15 as useful drug to overcome enzalutamide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kafka
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.K.); (J.H.); (I.H.); (H.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Fabian Mayr
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.M.); (V.T.); (S.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.M.); (V.T.); (S.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (G.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (G.M.); (J.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Julia Höfer
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.K.); (J.H.); (I.H.); (H.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.M.); (V.T.); (S.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Isabel Heidegger
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.K.); (J.H.); (I.H.); (H.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Barbara Matuszczak
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.M.); (D.S.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.K.); (J.H.); (I.H.); (H.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Jasmin Bektic
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.K.); (J.H.); (I.H.); (H.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.M.); (V.T.); (S.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Iris E. Eder
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.K.); (J.H.); (I.H.); (H.K.); (J.B.)
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Bonollo F, Thalmann GN, Kruithof-de Julio M, Karkampouna S. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Prostate Cancer Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1887. [PMID: 32668821 PMCID: PMC7409163 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors strongly depend on their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) for growth and progression, since stromal elements are required to generate the optimal conditions for cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and possibly metastasis. Prostate cancer (PCa), though easily curable during primary stages, represents a clinical challenge in advanced stages because of the acquisition of resistance to anti-cancer treatments, especially androgen-deprivation therapies (ADT), which possibly lead to uncurable metastases such as those affecting the bone. An increasing number of studies is giving evidence that prostate TME components, especially cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are the most abundant cell type, play a causal role in PCa since the very early disease stages, influencing therapy resistance and metastatic progression. This is highlighted by the prognostic value of the analysis of stromal markers, which may predict disease recurrence and metastasis. However, further investigations on the molecular mechanisms of tumor-stroma interactions are still needed to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting stromal components. In this review, we report the current knowledge of the characteristics and functions of the stroma in prostate tumorigenesis, including relevant discussion of normal prostate homeostasis, chronic inflammatory conditions, pre-neoplastic lesions, and primary and metastatic tumors. Specifically, we focus on the role of CAFs, to point out their prognostic and therapeutic potential in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonollo
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (F.B.); (G.N.T.)
| | - George N. Thalmann
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (F.B.); (G.N.T.)
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (F.B.); (G.N.T.)
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Karkampouna
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (F.B.); (G.N.T.)
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Shehzad A, Ravinayagam V, AlRumaih H, Aljafary M, Almohazey D, Almofty S, Al-Rashid NA, Al-Suhaimi EA. Application of Three-dimensional (3D) Tumor Cell Culture Systems and Mechanism of Drug Resistance. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3599-3607. [PMID: 31612821 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191014163923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The in-vitro experimental model for the development of cancer therapeutics has always been challenging. Recently, the scientific revolution has improved cell culturing techniques by applying three dimensional (3D) culture system, which provides a similar physiologically relevant in-vivo model for studying various diseases including cancer. In particular, cancer cells exhibiting in-vivo behavior in a model of 3D cell culture is a more accurate cell culture model to test the effectiveness of anticancer drugs or characterization of cancer cells in comparison with two dimensional (2D) monolayer. This study underpins various factors that cause resistance to anticancer drugs in forms of spheroids in 3D in-vitro cell culture and also outlines key challenges and possible solutions for the future development of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Shehzad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijaya Ravinayagam
- Scientific Research & Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad AlRumaih
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meneerah Aljafary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Almohazey
- Stem Cell Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Almofty
- Stem Cell Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor A Al-Rashid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam A Al-Suhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Stem Cell Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Roy V, Magne B, Vaillancourt-Audet M, Blais M, Chabaud S, Grammond E, Piquet L, Fradette J, Laverdière I, Moulin VJ, Landreville S, Germain L, Auger FA, Gros-Louis F, Bolduc S. Human Organ-Specific 3D Cancer Models Produced by the Stromal Self-Assembly Method of Tissue Engineering for the Study of Solid Tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6051210. [PMID: 32352002 PMCID: PMC7178531 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6051210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research has considerably progressed with the improvement of in vitro study models, helping to understand the key role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer development and progression. Over the last few years, complex 3D human cell culture systems have gained much popularity over in vivo models, as they accurately mimic the tumor microenvironment and allow high-throughput drug screening. Of particular interest, in vitrohuman 3D tissue constructs, produced by the self-assembly method of tissue engineering, have been successfully used to model the tumor microenvironment and now represent a very promising approach to further develop diverse cancer models. In this review, we describe the importance of the tumor microenvironment and present the existing in vitro cancer models generated through the self-assembly method of tissue engineering. Lastly, we highlight the relevance of this approach to mimic various and complex tumors, including basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous neurofibroma, skin melanoma, bladder cancer, and uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roy
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Brice Magne
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Maude Vaillancourt-Audet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blais
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Emil Grammond
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Léo Piquet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laverdière
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique J. Moulin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Solange Landreville
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François A. Auger
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François Gros-Louis
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Neuwirt H, Bouchal J, Kharaishvili G, Ploner C, Jöhrer K, Pitterl F, Weber A, Klocker H, Eder IE. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote prostate tumor growth and progression through upregulation of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:11. [PMID: 31980029 PMCID: PMC6979368 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen receptor targeted therapies have emerged as an effective tool to manage advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, frequent occurrence of therapy resistance represents a major challenge in the clinical management of patients, also because the molecular mechanisms behind therapy resistance are not yet fully understood. In the present study, we therefore aimed to identify novel targets to intervene with therapy resistance using gene expression analysis of PCa co-culture spheroids where PCa cells are grown in the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and which have been previously shown to be a reliable model for antiandrogen resistance. Methods Gene expression changes of co-culture spheroids (LNCaP and DuCaP seeded together with CAFs) were identified by Illumina microarray profiling. Real-time PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and cell viability assays in 2D and 3D culture were performed to validate the expression of selected targets in vitro and in vivo. Cytokine profiling was conducted to analyze CAF-conditioned medium. Results Gene expression analysis of co-culture spheroids revealed that CAFs induced a significant upregulation of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis pathways in PCa cells. Cytokine profiling revealed high amounts of pro-inflammatory, pro-migratory and pro-angiogenic factors in the CAF supernatant. In particular, two genes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2 (HMGCS2) and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), were significantly upregulated in PCa cells upon co-culture with CAFs. Both enzymes were also significantly increased in human PCa compared to benign tissue with AKR1C3 expression even being associated with Gleason score and metastatic status. Inhibiting HMGCS2 and AKR1C3 resulted in significant growth retardation of co-culture spheroids as well as of various castration and enzalutamide resistant cell lines in 2D and 3D culture, underscoring their putative role in PCa. Importantly, dual targeting of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis with simvastatin, a commonly prescribed cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, and an inhibitor against AKR1C3 had the strongest growth inhibitory effect. Conclusions From our results we conclude that CAFs induce an upregulation of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis in PCa cells, driving them into AR targeted therapy resistance. Blocking both pathways with simvastatin and an AKR1C3 inhibitor may therefore be a promising approach to overcome resistances to AR targeted therapies in PCa. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Neuwirt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV - Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gvantsa Kharaishvili
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Ploner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karin Jöhrer
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Weber
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris E Eder
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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40
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Sun DY, Wu JQ, He ZH, He MF, Sun HB. Cancer-associated fibroblast regulate proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells through TGF-β signaling pathway. Life Sci 2019; 235:116791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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41
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Bregenzer ME, Horst EN, Mehta P, Novak CM, Raghavan S, Snyder CS, Mehta G. Integrated cancer tissue engineering models for precision medicine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216564. [PMID: 31075118 PMCID: PMC6510431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are not merely cancerous cells that undergo mindless proliferation. Rather, they are highly organized and interconnected organ systems. Tumor cells reside in complex microenvironments in which they are subjected to a variety of physical and chemical stimuli that influence cell behavior and ultimately the progression and maintenance of the tumor. As cancer bioengineers, it is our responsibility to create physiologic models that enable accurate understanding of the multi-dimensional structure, organization, and complex relationships in diverse tumor microenvironments. Such models can greatly expedite clinical discovery and translation by closely replicating the physiological conditions while maintaining high tunability and control of extrinsic factors. In this review, we discuss the current models that target key aspects of the tumor microenvironment and their role in cancer progression. In order to address sources of experimental variation and model limitations, we also make recommendations for methods to improve overall physiologic reproducibility, experimental repeatability, and rigor within the field. Improvements can be made through an enhanced emphasis on mathematical modeling, standardized in vitro model characterization, transparent reporting of methodologies, and designing experiments with physiological metrics. Taken together these considerations will enhance the relevance of in vitro tumor models, biological understanding, and accelerate treatment exploration ultimately leading to improved clinical outcomes. Moreover, the development of robust, user-friendly models that integrate important stimuli will allow for the in-depth study of tumors as they undergo progression from non-transformed primary cells to metastatic disease and facilitate translation to a wide variety of biological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Bregenzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric N. Horst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pooja Mehta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Caymen M. Novak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Catherine S. Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Rogel Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cheng HS, Lee JXT, Wahli W, Tan NS. Exploiting vulnerabilities of cancer by targeting nuclear receptors of stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:51. [PMID: 30925918 PMCID: PMC6441226 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex and dynamic cellular community comprising the tumor epithelium and various tumor-supporting cells such as immune cells, fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, adipose cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes. The interplay between the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells represents a key contributor to immune evasiveness, physiological hardiness and the local and systemic invasiveness of malignant cells. Nuclear receptors are master regulators of physiological processes and are known to play pro-/anti-oncogenic activities in tumor cells. However, the actions of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells have not been widely studied. Given the excellent druggability and extensive regulatory effects of nuclear receptors, understanding their biological functionality in the tumor microenvironment is of utmost importance. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize recent evidence about the roles of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells and their implications for malignant processes such as tumor proliferation, evasion of immune surveillance, angiogenesis, chemotherapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Based on findings derived mostly from cell culture studies and a few in vivo animal cancer models, the functions of VDR, PPARs, AR, ER and GR in tumor-supporting cells are relatively well-characterized. Evidence for other receptors, such as RARβ, RORγ, and FXR, is limited yet promising. Hence, the nuclear receptor signature in the tumor microenvironment may harbor prognostic value. The clinical prospects of a tumor microenvironment-oriented cancer therapy exploiting the nuclear receptors in different tumor-supporting cells are also encouraging. The major challenge, however, lies in the ability to develop a highly specific drug delivery system to facilitate precision medicine in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Jeannie Xue Ting Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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43
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Nunes AS, Barros AS, Costa EC, Moreira AF, Correia IJ. 3D tumor spheroids as in vitro models to mimic in vivo human solid tumors resistance to therapeutic drugs. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:206-226. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Nunes
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
| | - Andreia S. Barros
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
| | - Elisabete C. Costa
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
| | - André F. Moreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
| | - Ilídio J. Correia
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Química; Universidade de Coimbra, (CIEPQF); Coimbra Portugal
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44
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Drug screening of biopsy-derived spheroids using a self-generated microfluidic concentration gradient. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14672. [PMID: 30279484 PMCID: PMC6168499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing drug screening of tissue derived from cancer patient biopsies using physiologically relevant 3D tumour models presents challenges due to the limited amount of available cell material. Here, we present a microfluidic platform that enables drug screening of cancer cell-enriched multicellular spheroids derived from tumour biopsies, allowing extensive anticancer compound screening prior to treatment. This technology was validated using cell lines and then used to screen primary human prostate cancer cells, grown in 3D as a heterogeneous culture from biopsy-derived tissue. The technology enabled the formation of repeatable drug concentration gradients across an array of spheroids without external fluid actuation, delivering simultaneously a range of drug concentrations to multiple sized spheroids, as well as replicates for each concentration. As proof-of-concept screening, spheroids were generated from two patient biopsies and a panel of standard-of-care compounds for prostate cancer were tested. Brightfield and fluorescence images were analysed to provide readouts of spheroid growth and health, as well as drug efficacy over time. Overall, this technology could prove a useful tool for personalised medicine and future drug development, with the potential to provide cost- and time-reduction in the healthcare delivery.
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45
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Lazzari G, Nicolas V, Matsusaki M, Akashi M, Couvreur P, Mura S. Multicellular spheroid based on a triple co-culture: A novel 3D model to mimic pancreatic tumor complexity. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:296-307. [PMID: 30099198 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The preclinical drug screening of pancreatic cancer treatments suffers from the absence of appropriate models capable to reproduce in vitro the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and its stiff desmoplasia. Driven by this pressing need, we describe in this paper the conception and the characterization of a novel 3D tumor model consisting of a triple co-culture of pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1), fibroblasts (MRC-5) and endothelial cells (HUVEC), which assembled to form a hetero-type multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS). By histological analyses and Selective Plain Illumination Microscopy (SPIM) we have monitored the spatial distribution of each cell type and the evolution of the spheroid composition. Results revealed the presence of a core rich in fibroblasts and fibronectin in which endothelial cells were homogeneously distributed. The integration of the three cell types enabled to reproduce in vitro with fidelity the influence of the surrounding environment on the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a scaffold-free pancreatic cancer spheroid model combining both tumor and multiple stromal components has been designed. It holds the possibility to become an advantageous tool for a pertinent assessment of the efficacy of various therapeutic strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Pancreatic tumor microenvironment is characterized by abundant fibrosis and aberrant vasculature. Aiming to reproduce in vitro these features, cancer cells have been already co-cultured with fibroblasts or endothelial cells separately but the integration of both these essential components of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment in a unique system, although urgently needed, was still missing. In this study, we successfully integrated cellular and acellular microenvironment components (i.e., fibroblasts, endothelial cells, fibronectin) in a hetero-type scaffold-free multicellular tumor spheroid. This new 3D triple co-culture model closely mimicked the resistance to treatments observed in vivo, resulting in a reduction of cancer cell sensitivity to the anticancer treatment.
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Succinate Accumulation Is Associated with a Shift of Mitochondrial Respiratory Control and HIF-1α Upregulation in PTEN Negative Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072129. [PMID: 30037119 PMCID: PMC6073160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of using metabolic aberrations as targets for diagnosis or therapeutic intervention has recently gained increasing interest. In a previous study, our group discovered intriguing differences in the oxidative mitochondrial respiration capacity of benign and prostate cancer (PCa) cells. In particular, we found that PCa cells had a higher total respiratory activity than benign cells. Moreover, PCa cells showed a substantial shift towards succinate-supported mitochondrial respiration compared to benign cells, indicating a re-programming of respiratory control. This study aimed to investigate the role of succinate and its main plasma membrane transporter NaDC3 (sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter member 3) in PCa cells and to determine whether targeting succinate metabolism can be potentially used to inhibit PCa cell growth. Using high-resolution respirometry analysis, we observed that ROUTINE respiration in viable cells and succinate-supported respiration in permeabilized cells was higher in cells lacking the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin-homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), which is frequently lost in PCa. In addition, loss of PTEN was associated with increased intracellular succinate accumulation and higher expression of NaDC3. However, siRNA-mediated knockdown of NaDC3 only moderately influenced succinate metabolism and did not affect PCa cell growth. By contrast, mersalyl acid—a broad acting inhibitor of dicarboxylic acid carriers—strongly interfered with intracellular succinate levels and resulted in reduced numbers of PCa cells. These findings suggest that blocking NaDC3 alone is insufficient to intervene with altered succinate metabolism associated with PCa. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that loss of PTEN is associated with increased succinate accumulation and enhanced succinate-supported respiration, which cannot be overcome by inhibiting the succinate transporter NaDC3 alone.
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Sampson N, Brunner E, Weber A, Puhr M, Schäfer G, Szyndralewiez C, Klocker H. Inhibition of Nox4-dependent ROS signaling attenuates prostate fibroblast activation and abrogates stromal-mediated protumorigenic interactions. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:383-395. [PMID: 29441570 PMCID: PMC6067067 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a key onco-supportive role during prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. We previously reported that the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is essential for TGFβ1-mediated activation of primary prostate human fibroblasts to a CAF-like phenotype. This study aimed to further investigate the functional relevance of prostatic Nox4 and determine whether pharmacological inhibition of stromal Nox4 abrogates paracrine-mediated PCa-relevant processes. RNA in situ hybridization revealed significantly elevated Nox4 mRNA levels predominantly in the peri-tumoral stroma of clinical PCa with intense stromal Nox4 staining adjacent to tumor foci expressing abundant TGFβ protein levels. At pharmacologically relevant concentrations, the Nox1/Nox4 inhibitor GKT137831 attenuated ROS production, CAF-associated marker expression and migration of TGFβ1-activated but not nonactivated primary human prostate fibroblasts. Similar effects were obtained upon shRNA-mediated silencing of Nox4 but not Nox1 indicating that GKT137831 primarily abrogates TGFβ1-driven fibroblast activation via Nox4 inhibition. Moreover, inhibiting stromal Nox4 abrogated the enhanced proliferation and migration of PCa cell lines induced by TGFβ1-activated prostate fibroblast conditioned media. These effects were not restricted to recombinant TGFβ1 as conditioned media from PCa cell lines endogenously secreting high TGFβ1 levels induced fibroblast activation in a stromal Nox4- and TGFβ receptor-dependent manner. Importantly, GKT137831 also attenuated PCa cell-driven fibroblast activation. Collectively, these findings suggest the TGFβ-Nox4 signaling axis is a key interface to dysregulated reciprocal stromal-epithelial interactions in PCa pathophysiology and provide a strong rationale for further investigating the applicability of Nox4 inhibition as a stromal-targeted approach to complement current PCa treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sampson
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Elena Brunner
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anja Weber
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin Puhr
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg Schäfer
- Division of PathologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental UrologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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48
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Palethorpe HM, Leach DA, Need EF, Drew PA, Smith E. Myofibroblast androgen receptor expression determines cell survival in co-cultures of myofibroblasts and prostate cancer cells in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19100-19114. [PMID: 29721186 PMCID: PMC5922380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts express androgen receptor (AR) in the normal prostate and during prostate cancer development. We have reported that loss of AR expression in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts is a poor prognostic indicator. Here we report outcomes of direct and indirect co-cultures of immortalised AR-positive (PShTert-AR) or AR-negative (PShTert) myofibroblasts with prostate cancer cells. In the initial co-cultures the AR-negative PC3 cell line was used so AR expression and signalling were restricted to the myofibroblasts. In both direct and indirect co-culture with PShTert-AR myofibroblasts, paracrine signalling to the PC3 cells slowed proliferation and induced apoptosis. In contrast, PC3 cells proliferated with PShTert myofibroblasts irrespective of the co-culture method. In direct co-culture PC3 cells induced apoptosis in and destroyed PShTerts by direct signalling. Similar results were seen in direct co-cultures with AR-negative DU145 and AR-positive LNCaP and C4-2B prostate cancer cell lines. The AR ligand 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibited the proliferation of the PShTert-AR myofibroblasts, thereby reducing the extent of their inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth. These results suggest loss of stromal AR would favour prostate cancer cell growth in vivo, providing an explanation for the clinical observation that reduced stromal AR is associated with a poorer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Palethorpe
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | - Damien A Leach
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor F Need
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | - Paul A Drew
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia.,Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
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49
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Hoarau-Véchot J, Rafii A, Touboul C, Pasquier J. Halfway between 2D and Animal Models: Are 3D Cultures the Ideal Tool to Study Cancer-Microenvironment Interactions? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010181. [PMID: 29346265 PMCID: PMC5796130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An area that has come to be of tremendous interest in tumor research in the last decade is the role of the microenvironment in the biology of neoplastic diseases. The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises various cells that are collectively important for normal tissue homeostasis as well as tumor progression or regression. Seminal studies have demonstrated the role of the dialogue between cancer cells (at many sites) and the cellular component of the microenvironment in tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. Using an appropriate system of microenvironment and tumor culture is the first step towards a better understanding of the complex interaction between cancer cells and their surroundings. Three-dimensional (3D) models have been widely described recently. However, while it is claimed that they can bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo, it is sometimes hard to decipher their advantage or limitation compared to classical two-dimensional (2D) cultures, especially given the broad number of techniques used. We present here a comprehensive review of the different 3D methods developed recently, and, secondly, we discuss the pros and cons of 3D culture compared to 2D when studying interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoarau-Véchot
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar.
| | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Cyril Touboul
- UMR INSERM U965, Angiogenèse et Recherche Translationnelle, Hôpital Lariboisière, 49 bd de la Chapelle, 75010 Paris, France.
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil UPEC, Paris XII, 40 Avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- INSERM U955, Equipe 7, 94000 Créteil, France.
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50
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Puhr M, Hoefer J, Eigentler A, Ploner C, Handle F, Schaefer G, Kroon J, Leo A, Heidegger I, Eder I, Culig Z, Van der Pluijm G, Klocker H. The Glucocorticoid Receptor Is a Key Player for Prostate Cancer Cell Survival and a Target for Improved Antiandrogen Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:927-938. [PMID: 29158269 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The major obstacle in the management of advanced prostate cancer is the occurrence of resistance to endocrine therapy. Although the androgen receptor (AR) has been linked to therapy failure, the underlying escape mechanisms have not been fully clarified. Being closely related to the AR, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been suggested to play a role in enzalutamide and docetaxel resistance. Given that glucocorticoids are frequently applied to prostate cancer patients, it is essential to unravel the exact role of the GR in prostate cancer progression.Experimental Design: Assessment of GR expression and functional significance in tissues from 177 prostate cancer patients, including 14 lymph node metastases, as well as in several human prostate cancer models, including androgen-dependent, androgen-independent, and long-term antiandrogen-treated cell lines.Results: Although GR expression is reduced in primary prostate cancer tissue, it is restored in metastatic lesions. Relapse patients with high GR experience shortened progression-free survival. GR is significantly increased upon long-term abiraterone or enzalutamide treatment in the majority of preclinical models, thus identifying GR upregulation as an underlying mechanism for cells to bypass AR blockade. Importantly, GR inhibition by RNAi or chemical blockade results in impaired proliferation and 3D-spheroid formation in all tested cell lines.Conclusions: GR upregulation seems to be a common mechanism during antiandrogen treatment and supports the notion that targeting the GR pathway combined with antiandrogen medication may further improve prostate cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 24(4); 927-38. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Puhr
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Julia Hoefer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Eigentler
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Ploner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Handle
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Schaefer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Kroon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Angela Leo
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isabel Heidegger
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris Eder
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabri Van der Pluijm
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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