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Moraes GS, Tozetto NM, Pedroso TAA, de Mattos MA, Urban AM, Paludo KS, Dos Santos FA, Neppelenbroek KH, Urban VM. Anti-Candida activity and in vitro toxicity screening of antifungals complexed with β-cyclodextrin. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:747-755. [PMID: 38198744 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of resistant fungal species and the toxicity of currently available antifungal drugs are relevant issues that require special consideration. Cyclodextrins inclusion complexes could optimize the antimicrobial activity of such drugs and create a controlled release system with few side effects. This study aimed to assess the in vitro toxicity and antifungal effectiveness of nystatin (Nys) and chlorhexidine (Chx) complexed or not with β-cyclodextrin (βCD). First, a drug toxicity screening was performed through the Artemia salina bioassay. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Candida albicans were determined with the broth microdilution test. After MICs determination, the cytotoxicity of the drugs was evaluated through the methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays and through cell morphology analysis. The PROBIT analysis was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50), and the cell viability values were submitted to one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)/Tukey (α = 0.05). Overall, the βCD-complexed antifungals were less toxic against A. salina than their raw forms, suggesting that inclusion complexes can reduce the toxicity of drugs. The MICs obtained were as follows: Nys 0.5 mg/L; Nys:βCD 4 mg/L; Chx 4 mg/L; and Chx:βCD 8 mg/L. Chx showed significant cytotoxicity (MTT: 12.9 ± 9.6%; NR: 10.6 ± 12.5%) and promoted important morphological changes. Cells exposed to the other drugs showed viability above 70% with no cellular damage. These results suggest that antifungals complexed with βCD might be a biocompatible option for the treatment of Candida-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Katia Sabrina Paludo
- Department of Structural, Molecular, and Genetic Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | | | - Karin Hermana Neppelenbroek
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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Nandhagopal M, Mala R, Somarathinam K, Dhakshinamurthy D, Narayanasamy M, Vijayan P, Shankar MM. Anti-fungal effects of novel N-(tert-butyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-amine derivative and it's in-vitro, in-silico, and mode of action against Candida spp. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:186. [PMID: 38509398 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Imidazoles are a category of azole antifungals that encompass compounds such as ketoconazole, miconazole, esomeprazole, and clotrimazole. In contrast, the triazoles group, which includes fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole, also plays a significant role. The rise of antibiotic resistance in fungal pathogens has evolved into a substantial global public health concern. In this study, two newly synthesized imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative (Probe I and Probe II) molecules were investigated for its antimicrobial potency against of a panel of bacterial (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) and fungal pathogens. Among the different types of pathogens, we found that Probe II showed excellent antifungal activity against fungal pathogens, based on the preliminary screening the potent molecule further investigated against multidrug-resistance Candida sp. (n = 10) and compared with commercial molecules. In addition, in-silico molecular docking, its dynamics, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) were analyzed. In this study, the small molecule (Probe II) displayed potent activity only against the Candida spp. including several multidrug-resistant Candida spp. Probe II exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration ranges from 4 to 16 µg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration in the range 4‒32 µg/mL as the lowest concentration enough to eliminate the Candida spp. The selected molecules inhibit the formation of yeast to mold as well as ergosterol formation by the computational simulation against Sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) and inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis by in-vitro model show that the Probe II completely inhibits the formation of ergosterol in yeast cells at 2× MIC. The ADMET analysis Probe II could be moderately toxic to the human being, though the in-vitro toxicity studies will help to understand the real-time toxic level. The novel compound Probe II, which was synthesized during the study, shows promise for development into a new generation of drug treatments aimed at addressing the emerging drug resistance in Candida sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Nandhagopal
- Bio-Control and Microbial Product Lab, Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - Ramanjaneyulu Mala
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Kanagasabai Somarathinam
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divya Dhakshinamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr, Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, 600062, India
| | - Mathivanan Narayanasamy
- Biocontrol and Microbial Metabolites Lab, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadharshni Vijayan
- Biocontrol and Microbial Metabolites Lab, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manimuthu Mani Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
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Sharma K, Parmanu PK, Sharma M. Mechanisms of antifungal resistance and developments in alternative strategies to combat Candida albicans infection. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:95. [PMID: 38349529 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that infects the humans and becomes an opportunistic pathogen particularly in immuno-compromised patients. Among the Candida genus, yeast C. albicans is the most frequently incriminated species and is responsible for nearly 50-90% of human candidiasis, with vulvovaginal candidiasis alone, affecting about 75% of the women worldwide. One of the significant virulence traits in C. albicans is its tendency to alternate between the yeast and hyphae morphotypes, accounting for the development of multi-drug resistance in them. Thus, a thorough comprehension of the decision points and genes controlling this transition is necessary, to understand the pathogenicity of this, naturally occurring, pernicious fungus. Additionally, the formation of C. albicans biofilm is yet another pathogenesis trait and a paramount cause of invasive candidiasis. Since 1980 and in 90 s, wide spread use of immune-suppressing therapies and over prescription of fluconazole, a drug used to treat chronic fungal infections, triggered the emergence of novel anti-fungal drug development. Thus, this review thoroughly elucidates the diseases associated with C. albicans infection as well as the anti-fungal resistance mechanism associated with them and identifies the emerging therapeutic agents, along with a rigorous discussion regarding the future strategies that can possibly be adopted for the cure of this deleterious pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Sharma
- Molecular Genetics of Aging, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (DU), Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Parmanu
- Molecular Genetics of Aging, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (DU), Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Molecular Genetics of Aging, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (DU), Delhi, India.
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Han D, Ji Y, Yang S, Song P, Shi Y, Shao D, Chen X, Shang L, Shi J, Jiang C. Therapeutic effect of iturin A on Candida albicans oral infection and its pathogenic factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0094823. [PMID: 38051047 PMCID: PMC10777857 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00948-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is responsible for conditions ranging from superficial infections such as oral or vaginal candidiasis to potentially fatal systemic infections. It produces pathogenic factors contributing to its virulence. Iturin A, a lipopeptide derived from Bacillus sp., exhibits a significant inhibitory effect against C. albicans. However, its exact mechanism in mitigating the pathogenic factors of C. albicans remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the influence of iturin A on several pathogenic attributes of C. albicans, including hypha formation, cell membrane permeability, cell adhesion, biofilm formation, and therapeutic efficacy in an oral C. albicans infection model in mice. The minimal inhibitory concentration of iturin A against C. albicans was determined to be 25 µg/mL in both YEPD and RPMI-1640 media. Iturin A effectively inhibited C. albicans hyphal formation, decreased cell viability within biofilms, enhanced cell membrane permeability, and disrupted cell adhesion in vitro. Nonetheless, iturin A did not significantly affect the phospholipase activity or hydrophobicity of C. albicans. A comparative study with nystatin demonstrated the superior therapeutic efficacy of iturin A in a mouse model of oral C. albicans infection, significantly decreasing C. albicans count and inhibiting both fungal hypha formation and tongue surface adhesion. High-dose iturin A treatment (25 µg/mL) in mice had no significant effects on blood indices, tongue condition, or body weight, indicating the potential for iturin A in managing oral infections. This study confirmed the therapeutic potential of iturin A and provided valuable insights for developing effective antifungal therapies targeting C. albicans pathogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Han
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yulan Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Saixue Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pei Song
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yihong Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xianqing Chen
- School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junling Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Li X, Kong B, Sun Y, Sun F, Yang H, Zheng S. Synergistic potential of teriflunomide with fluconazole against resistant Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1282320. [PMID: 38169891 PMCID: PMC10758495 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida albicans is the primary cause of systemic candidiasis, which is involved in high morbidity and mortality. Drug resistance exacerbates these problems. In addition, there are limited antifungal drugs available. In order to solve these problems, combination therapy has aroused great interest. Teriflunomide is an immunosuppressant. In the present work, we aimed to identify whether teriflunomide can reverse the resistance of Candida albicans in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole in vitro and in vivo. Methods Seven Candida albicans isolates were used in this study. Susceptibility of Candida albicans in vitro to the drugs was determined using a checkerboard microdilution assay in accordance with the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The effects of drugs on biofilm biomass of Candida albicans were determined by crystal violet staining. The development ability of Candida albicans hyphae was performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Galleria mellonella was used for testing the in vivo efficacy of the combination therapies. Results We found that the combination of teriflunomide (64 µg/mL) and fluconazole (0.5-1 µg/mL) has a significant synergistic effect in all resistant Candida albicans isolates (n=4). Also, this drug combination could inhibit the immature biofilm biomass and hyphae formation of resistant Candida albicans. Galleria mellonella was used for testing the in vivo efficacy of this combination therapies. As for the Galleria mellonella larvae infected by resistant Candida albicans, teriflunomide (1.6 µg/larvae) combined with fluconazole (1.6 µg/larvae) significantly increased their survival rates, and reduced the fungal burden, as well as damage of tissue in comparison to that in the control group or drug monotherapy group. Conclusion These results expand our knowledge about the antifungal potential of teriflunomide as an adjuvant of existing antifungal drugs, and also open new perspectives in the treatment of resistant Candida albicans based on repurposing clinically available nonantifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Li
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Kong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaqiong Sun
- Obstetrics Department, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Radiology Department, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huijun Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shicun Zheng
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Arita GS, Ma Q, Leaves I, Pradhan A, Hickey E, Dambuza I, Bebes A, Vincenzi Conrado PC, Barros Galinari C, Vicente Seixas FA, Kioshima ÉS, de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça P, Svidzinski TIE, Brown AJP. The impact of ORF19.36.1 in the pathobiology of Candida albicans. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106437. [PMID: 37913825 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous proteomics data obtained from Candida albicans recovered after serial passage in a murine model of systemic infection revealed that Orf19.36.1 expression correlates with the virulence of the fungus. Therefore, the impact of ORF19.36.1 upon virulence was tested in this study. MATERIALS & METHODS CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to construct homozygous C. albicans orf19.36.1 null mutants and the phenotypes of these mutants examined in vitro (filamentation, invasion, adhesion, biofilm formation, hydrolase activities) and in vivo assays. RESULTS The deletion of ORF19.36.1 did not significantly impact the phenotypes examined or the virulence of C. albicans in two infection models. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, although Orf19.36.1 expression correlates with virulence, this protein is not essential for C. albicans pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Sayuri Arita
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringa, T20 Building, Room 203, Colombo Avenue, 5790 - Zone 7, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Qinxi Ma
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ian Leaves
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Arnab Pradhan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Emer Hickey
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ivy Dambuza
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Attila Bebes
- Centre for Cytomics, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Pollyanna Cristina Vincenzi Conrado
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringa, T20 Building, Room 203, Colombo Avenue, 5790 - Zone 7, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Barros Galinari
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringa, T20 Building, Room 203, Colombo Avenue, 5790 - Zone 7, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Flávio Augusto Vicente Seixas
- Department of Technology, State University of Maringa, Ângelo Moreira da Fonseca Avenue, 1800 - Danielle Park, Umuarama, PR, 87506-370, Brazil
| | - Érika Seki Kioshima
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringa, T20 Building, Room 203, Colombo Avenue, 5790 - Zone 7, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringa, T20 Building, Room 203, Colombo Avenue, 5790 - Zone 7, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Inez Estivalet Svidzinski
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringa, T20 Building, Room 203, Colombo Avenue, 5790 - Zone 7, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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Feng W, Yang J, Ma Y, Zhang L, Yin R, Qiao Z, Ji Y, Zhou Y. Relationships between Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase 2 and General Control Nonderepressible 4 gene in the Candida albicans resistant to itraconazole under planktonic and biofilm conditions. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:619-627. [PMID: 37087512 PMCID: PMC10235319 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the roles of SAP2 and GCN4 in itraconazole (ITR) resistance of C. albicans under different conditions, and their correlations. A total of 20 clinical strains of C. albicans, including 10 ITR resistant strains and 10 sensitive strains, were used. Then, SAP2 sequencing and GCN4 sequencing were performed, and the biofilm formation ability of different C. albicans strains was determined. Finally, real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure the expression of SAP2 and GCN4 in C. albicans under planktonic and biofilm conditions, as well as their correlation was also analyzed. No missense mutations and three synonymous mutation sites, including T276A, G543A, and A675C, were found in SAP2 sequencing. GCN4 sequencing showed one missense mutation site (A106T (T36S)) and six synonymous mutation sites (A147C, C426T, T513C, T576A, G624A and C732T). The biofilm formation ability of drug-resistant C. albicans strains was significantly higher than that of sensitive strains (P < 0.05). Additionally, SAP2 and GCN4 were up-regulated in the ITR-resistant strains, and were both significantly higher in C. albicans under biofilm condition. The mRNA expression levels of SAP2 and GCN4 had significantly positive correlation. The higher expression levels of SAP2 and GCN4 were observed in the ITR-resistant strains of C. albicans under planktonic and biofilm conditions, as well as there was a positive correlation between SAP2 and GCN4 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Feng
- The Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, NO.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- The Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, NO.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yan Ma
- The Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, NO.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- The Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, NO.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Rong Yin
- The Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, NO.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zusha Qiao
- The Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, NO.382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying Ji
- The Department of Bluttranfusion, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yong'an Zhou
- The Department of Bluttranfusion, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA during Candida albicans Infection. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020251. [PMID: 36833177 PMCID: PMC9956080 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most commonly found species in fungal infections. Due to its clinical importance, molecular aspects of the host immune defense against the fungus are of interest to biomedical sciences. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been investigated in different pathologies and gained widespread attention regarding their role as gene regulators. However, the biological processes in which most lncRNAs perform their function are still unclear. This study investigates the association between lncRNAs with host response to C. albicans using a public RNA-Seq dataset from lung samples of female C57BL/6J wild-type Mus musculus with induced C. albicans infection. The animals were exposed to the fungus for 24 h before sample collection. We selected lncRNAs and protein-coding genes related to the host immune response by combining the results from different computational approaches used for gene selection: differential expression gene analysis, co-expression genes network analysis, and machine learning-based gene selection. Using a guilt by association strategy, we inferred connections between 41 lncRNAs and 25 biological processes. Our results indicated that nine up-regulated lncRNAs were associated with biological processes derived from the response to wounding: 1200007C13Rik, 4833418N02Rik, Gm12840, Gm15832, Gm20186, Gm38037, Gm45774, Gm4610, Mir22hg, and Mirt1. Additionally, 29 lncRNAs were related to genes involved in immune response, while 22 lncRNAs were associated with processes related to reactive species production. These results support the participation of lncRNAs during C. albicans infection, and may contribute to new studies investigating lncRNA functions in the immune response.
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Macias-Paz IU, Pérez-Hernández S, Tavera-Tapia A, Luna-Arias JP, Guerra-Cárdenas JE, Reyna-Beltrán E. Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans. Rev Argent Microbiol 2022:S0325-7541(22)00084-0. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Halophytes as Medicinal Plants against Human Infectious Diseases. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Halophytes have long been used for medicinal purposes. However, for many decades, their use was entirely empirical, with virtually no knowledge of the bioactive compounds underlying the different applications. In recent decades, the growing problem of antibiotic resistance triggered the research on alternative antimicrobial approaches, and halophytes, along with other medicinal plants, regained attention as an underexplored pharmacological vein. Furthermore, the high nutritional/nutraceutical/pharmacological value of some halophytic species may represent added value to the emerging activity of saline agriculture and targeted modification of the rhizosphere, with plant-growth-promoting bacteria being attempted to be used as a tool to modulate the plant metabolome and enhance the expression of interesting metabolites. The objective of this review is to highlight the potential of halophytes as a valuable, and still unexplored, source of antimicrobial compounds for clinical applications. For that, we provide a critical perspective on the empirical use of halophytes in traditional medicine and a state-or-the-art overview of the most relevant plant species and metabolites related with antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial activities.
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Jin Z, Dong YT, Liu S, Liu J, Qiu XR, Zhang Y, Zong H, Hou WT, Guo SY, Sun YF, Chen SM, Dong HQ, Li YY, An MM, Shen H. Potential of Polyethyleneimine as an Adjuvant To Prepare Long-Term and Potent Antifungal Nanovaccine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:843684. [PMID: 35651617 PMCID: PMC9149211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans infections are particularly prevalent in immunocompromised patients. Even with appropriate treatment with current antifungal drugs, the mortality rate of invasive candidiasis remains high. Many positive results have been achieved in the current vaccine development. There are also issues such as the vaccine's protective effect is not persistent. Considering the functionality and cost of the vaccine, it is important to develop safe and efficient new vaccines with long-term effects. In this paper, an antifungal nanovaccine with Polyethyleneimine (PEI) as adjuvant was constructed, which could elicit more effective and long-term immunity via stimulating B cells to differentiate into long-lived plasma cells. Materials and Methods Hsp90-CTD is an important target for protective antibodies during disseminated candidiasis. Hsp90-CTD was used as the antigen, then introduced SDS to "charge" the protein and added PEI to form the nanovaccine. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope were conducted to identify the size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology of nanovaccine. The antibody titers in mice immunized with the nanovaccine were measured by ELISA. The activation and maturation of long-lived plasma cells in bone marrow by nanovaccine were also investigated via flow cytometry. Finally, the kidney of mice infected with Candida albicans was stained with H&E and PAS to evaluate the protective effect of antibody in serum produced by immunized mice. Results Nanoparticles (NP) formed by Hsp90-CTD and PEI are small, uniform, and stable. NP had an average size of 116.2 nm with a PDI of 0.13. After immunizing mice with the nanovaccine, it was found that the nano-group produced antibodies faster and for a longer time. After 12 months of immunization, mice still had high and low levels of antibodies in their bodies. Results showed that the nanovaccine could promote the differentiation of B cells into long-lived plasma cells and maintain the long-term existence of antibodies in vivo. After immunization, the antibodies in mice could protect the mice infected by C. albicans. Conclusion As an adjuvant, PEI can promote the differentiation of B cells into long-lived plasma cells to maintain long-term antibodies in vivo. This strategy can be adapted for the future design of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ting Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Ran Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Tong Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Fang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Qing Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Yong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao-Mao An
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Enespa, Chandra P, Singh DP. Sources, purification, immobilization and industrial applications of microbial lipases: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6653-6686. [PMID: 35179093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2038076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enespa
- School for Agriculture, Sri Mahesh Prasad Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Arita GS, Vincenzi Conrado PC, Sakita KM, Vilugron Rodrigues-Vendramini FA, Faria DR, Kioshima ES, de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça P, Estivalet Svidzinski TI. Serial systemic candidiasis alters Candida albicans macromorphology associated with enhancement of virulence attributes. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105413. [PMID: 35066070 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the major pathogens found in superficial and invasive infections. This fungus expresses several virulence factors and fitness attributes that are essential to the pathogenesis. In our previous study using a murine model of serial systemic candidiasis, virulence of the recovered C. albicans was enhanced and several virulence factors were also modified after five successive passages through mice (P1-P5). In this study, we aimed to correlate the different fungal morphologies, as well as the filamentation, invasion, and stress resistance abilities, of the cells recovered after passing through this model of infection with our previous findings regarding virulence. We obtained two colony morphology types from the recovered cells, differing in their peripheral filamentation. The morphotype 1, which presented zero to five filaments in the colony edge, was higher in P2, while morphotype 2, which presented more than five filaments in the colony edge, was predominant from P3 to P5. In general, morphotype 1 showed similar levels regarding filamentation in serum, invasion of agar and cells, and resistance to osmotic, oxidative, and thermal stress in all passages analyzed. The morphotype 2, however, exhibited an enhancement in these abilities over the passages. We observed an accordance with the increased virulence over the passages obtained in our previous study and the increased adaptability profile of morphotype 2. Therefore, we suggest that the behavior observed previously in the pathogenesis and virulence could be attributed, at least in part, to the greater presence and ability of morphotype 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Sayuri Arita
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Mayumi Sakita
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Daniella Renata Faria
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erika Seki Kioshima
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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14
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Huët MAL, Lee CZ, Rahman S. A review on association of fungi with the development and progression of carcinogenesis in the human body. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 3:100090. [PMID: 34917994 PMCID: PMC8666644 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and impact of commensal and pathogenic fungi in different parts of the human body are being increasingly appreciated, unveiling the importance of such microorganisms in human health. A key function is the involvement of the mycobiota in cross-kingdom interactions within the microbiome. Any disturbance in the functionality of the microbiota could alter metabolic reactions, have a negative impact on homeostasis or induce diseases. The association of fungi with cancer development is the focus of this review. Several studies have reported direct or indirect involvement of fungal pathogens and mycobiome dysbiosis in induction of carcinogenesis. Most studies focused on cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. However, researchers are now investigating other organs, such as the skin, where the significant results obtained confirm the involvement of fungal pathogens and administration of antifungal drugs in development of cancer. This review gives an overview of the different organs affected and describes the mechanisms used by these eukaryotes or antifungals to induce oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Andrea Laetitia Huët
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway,Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chuen Zhang Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway,Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway,Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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15
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Shao Y, Molestak E, Su W, Stankevič M, Tchórzewski M. Sordarin - the antifungal antibiotic with a unique modus operandi. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1125-1145. [PMID: 34767248 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections cause serious problems in many aspects of human life, in particular infections in immunocompromised patients represent serious problems. Current antifungal antibiotics target various metabolic pathways, predominantly the cell wall or cellular membrane. Numerous compounds are available to combat fungal infections, but their efficacy is far from being satisfactory and some of them display high toxicity. The emerging resistance represents a serious issue as well; hence, there is a considerable need for new anti-fungal compounds with lower toxicity and higher effectiveness. One of the unique antifungal antibiotics is sordarin, the only known compound that acts on the fungal translational machinery per se. Sordarin inhibits protein synthesis at the elongation step of the translational cycle, acting on eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2. In this review, we intend to deliver a robust scientific platform promoting the development of antifungal compounds, in particular focusing on the molecular action of sordarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Eliza Molestak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Weike Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Marek Stankevič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Tchórzewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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16
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Ward RA, Aghaeepour N, Bhattacharyya RP, Clish CB, Gaudillière B, Hacohen N, Mansour MK, Mudd PA, Pasupneti S, Presti RM, Rhee EP, Sen P, Spec A, Tam JM, Villani AC, Woolley AE, Hsu JL, Vyas JM. Harnessing the Potential of Multiomics Studies for Precision Medicine in Infectious Disease. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab483. [PMID: 34805429 PMCID: PMC8598922 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of infectious diseases currently takes a reactive approach and treats infections as they present in patients. Although certain populations are known to be at greater risk of developing infection (eg, immunocompromised), we lack a systems approach to define the true risk of future infection for a patient. Guided by impressive gains in "omics" technologies, future strategies to infectious diseases should take a precision approach to infection through identification of patients at intermediate and high-risk of infection and deploy targeted preventative measures (ie, prophylaxis). The advances of high-throughput immune profiling by multiomics approaches (ie, transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolomics, proteomics) hold the promise to identify patients at increased risk of infection and enable risk-stratifying approaches to be applied in the clinic. Integration of patient-specific data using machine learning improves the effectiveness of prediction, providing the necessary technologies needed to propel the field of infectious diseases medicine into the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Ward
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Roby P Bhattacharyya
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brice Gaudillière
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip A Mudd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shravani Pasupneti
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of lnternal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eugene P Rhee
- The Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pritha Sen
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrej Spec
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of lnternal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jenny M Tam
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann E Woolley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joe L Hsu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Jothi R, Sangavi R, Kumar P, Pandian SK, Gowrishankar S. Catechol thwarts virulent dimorphism in Candida albicans and potentiates the antifungal efficacy of azoles and polyenes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21049. [PMID: 34702898 PMCID: PMC8548306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was deliberately focused to explore the antivirulence efficacy of a plant allelochemical-catechol against Candida albicans, and attempts were made to elucidate the underlying mechanisms as well. Catechol at its sub-MIC concentrations (2-256 μg/mL) exhibited a dose dependent biofilm as well as hyphal inhibitory efficacies, which were ascertained through both light and fluorescence microscopic analyses. Further, sub-MICs of catechol displayed remarkable antivirulence efficacy, as it substantially inhibited C. albicans' virulence enzymes i.e. secreted hydrolases. Notably, FTIR analysis divulged the potency of catechol in effective loosening of C. albicans' exopolymeric matrix, which was further reinforced using EPS quantification assay. Although, catechol at BIC (256 μg/mL) did not disrupt the mature biofilms of C. albicans, their initial adherence was significantly impeded by reducing their hydrophobic nature. Besides, FTIR analysis also unveiled the ability of catechol in enhancing the production of farnesol-a metabolite of C. albicans, whose accumulation naturally blocks yeast-hyphal transition. The qPCR data showed significant down-regulation of candidate genes viz., RAS1, HWP1 and ALS3 which are the key targets of Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway -the pathway that contribute for C. albicans' pathogenesis. Interestingly, the up-regulation of TUP1 (a gene responsible for farnesol-mediated hyphal inhibition) during catechol exposure strengthen the speculation of catechol triggered farnesol-mediated hyphal inhibition. Furthermore, catechol profusely enhanced the fungicidal efficacy of certain known antifungal agent's viz., azoles (ketoconazole and miconazole) and polyenes (amphotericin-B and nystatin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jothi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Ravichellam Sangavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | | | - Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India.
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18
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Thrombin-Derived C-Terminal Peptide Reduces Candida-Induced Inflammation and Infection In Vitro and In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0103221. [PMID: 34424043 PMCID: PMC8522777 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01032-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections due to the opportunistic fungus Candida have been on the rise in the last decades, especially in immunocompromised individuals and hospital settings. Unfortunately, the treatments available today are limited. Thrombin-derived C-terminal peptide (TCP-25) is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects. In this work, we, for the first time, demonstrate the ability of TCP-25 ability to counteract Candidain vitro and in vivo. Using a combination of viable count assay (VCA), radial diffusion assay (RDA), and fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy analyses, TCP-25 was found to exert a direct fungicidal activity. An inhibitory activity of TCP-25 on NF-κB activation induced by both zymosan alone and heat-killed C. albicans was demonstrated in vitro using THP-1 cells, and in vivo using NF-κB reporter mice. Moreover, the immunomodulatory property of TCP-25 was further substantiated in vitro by analyzing cytokine responses in human blood stimulated with zymosan, and in vivo employing a zymosan-induced peritonitis model in C57BL/6 mice. The therapeutic potential of TCP-25 was demonstrated in mice infected with luminescent C. albicans. Finally, the binding between TCP-25 and zymosan was investigated using circular dichroism spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence analysis. Taken together, our results show that TCP-25 has a dual function by inhibiting Candida as well as the associated zymosan-induced inflammation. The latter function is accompanied by a change in secondary structure upon binding to zymosan. TCP-25, therefore, shows promise as a novel drug candidate against Candida infections.
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19
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Nair A, Sarma SJ. The impact of carbon and nitrogen catabolite repression in microorganisms. Microbiol Res 2021; 251:126831. [PMID: 34325194 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organisms have cellular machinery that is focused on optimum utilization of resources to maximize growth and survival depending on various environmental and developmental factors. Catabolite repression is a strategy utilized by various species of bacteria and fungi to accommodate changes in the environment such as the depletion of resources, or an abundance of less-favored nutrient sources. Catabolite repression allows for the rapid use of certain substrates like glucose over other carbon sources. Effective handling of carbon and nitrogen catabolite repression in microorganisms is crucial to outcompete others in nutrient limiting conditions. Investigations into genes and proteins linked to preferential uptake of different nutrients under various environmental conditions can aid in identifying regulatory mechanisms that are crucial for optimum growth and survival of microorganisms. The exact time and way bacteria and fungi switch their utilization of certain nutrients is of great interest for scientific, industrial, and clinical reasons. Catabolite repression is of great significance for industrial applications that rely on microorganisms for the generation of valuable bio-products. The impact catabolite repression has on virulence of pathogenic bacteria and fungi and disease progression in hosts makes it important area of interest in medical research for the prevention of diseases and developing new treatment strategies. Regulatory networks under catabolite repression exemplify the flexibility and the tremendous diversity that is found in microorganisms and provides an impetus for newer insights into these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Jyoti Sarma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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20
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Sinde H, Patel P, Kikani KM, Kothari DR, Kikani BA. Inhibition of Phospholipase by Orlistat as an Alternate Therapy to Combat Opportunistic Mycosis Caused by C. albicans. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2071-2079. [PMID: 33811506 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most important etiological agents causing an opportunistic mycosis, candidiasis. In the past, it was perceived to be associated with immunocompromised patients only. However, it has now been reported with several clinical complications with varying severity. Additionally, increasing incidences of multiple drug resistance associated with the infections have complicated its treatment as well. Therefore, an investigation of alternate therapy, for instance, inhibition of the virulence factors is desperately needed. In the present study, a multidrug-resistant Candida albicans SDL-4 was screened for secretion of the virulence factors: aspartyl proteases and phospholipases. The pathogen secreted phospholipases potentially compared to aspartyl proteases. Therefore, C. albicans SDL-4 phospholipase was purified to homogeneity, characterized, and its inhibition was studied subsequently. It catalysed the substrate, p-nitrophenyl palmitate, optimally in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 5, at 37 °C. In the present study, we also aimed to re-purpose orlistat, which is a commercially available anti-obesity drug. Orlistat, at the concentration of 360 μg/ml, could diminish the activity and stability of the candidal virulence factor. Its half-life was reduced in the presence of orlistat at 37 °C. As well, increase in Km and unaltered Vmax indicated that orlistat inhibited phospholipase competitively. The inhibition kinetics was supported by measuring alterations in the secondary structure of the candidal phospholipase upon treatment with orlistat by the circular dichroism spectroscopy and K2D3. Moreover, validation of the study at clinical level may establish orlistat as a supportive treatment to reduce invasiveness and related medical intricacies during candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardi Sinde
- Department of Biological Sciences, P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Gujarat, 388 421, India
| | - Priyanka Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Gujarat, 388 421, India
| | - Kunjan M Kikani
- Department of Microbiology, C.U. Shah Medical College, Surendranagar, Gujarat, 363 001, India
| | - Dhyey R Kothari
- Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 001, India
| | - Bhavtosh A Kikani
- Department of Biological Sciences, P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Gujarat, 388 421, India.
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21
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Konečná K, Němečková I, Diepoltová A, Vejsová M, Janďourek O. The Impact of Cultivation Media on the In Vitro Biofilm Biomass Production of Candida spp. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2104-2111. [PMID: 33765192 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The yeasts of the genus Candida are among the most clinically significant fungal pathogenic agents. One of the unique features of the Candida species' pathogenicity is their ability to form biofilms. Generally, infections caused by biofilm-forming microorganisms tend to have chronic course and are difficult to treat. This fact highlights the need to search for drugs with anti-biofilm activities. At present, there are variety of protocols for performing antifungal anti-biofilm activity testing in which fundamental differences, especially in the choice of cultivation media for biofilm formation, can be noted. In our study, we focused on the effect of four different culture media on biofilm biomass formation in ten Candida spp. strains. With emphasis placed on clinical significance, strains of the C. albicans species were predominantly included in this study. Based on our results, we can conclude that the availability of other components in the culture media, such as amino acids or proteins, and not just the commonly mentioned glucose availability, helps promote the transition of Candida yeasts into a sessile form and leads to in vitro robust biofilm formation. We revealed that biofilm formation in C. albicans strains was enhanced, especially in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS). The nutritionally balanced cultivation medium with 10 g/L glucose and 10% (v/v) FBS evidently showed the most significant benefit for in vitro biofilm production in C. albicans strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Konečná
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Teaching and Research Center, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Teaching and Research Center, Charles University, Zborovská 2089, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Němečková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Teaching and Research Center, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Diepoltová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Teaching and Research Center, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Vejsová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Teaching and Research Center, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Janďourek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, The Teaching and Research Center, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Wang BX, Wu CM, Ribbeck K. Home, sweet home: how mucus accommodates our microbiota. FEBS J 2021; 288:1789-1799. [PMID: 32755014 PMCID: PMC8739745 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a natural environment for human-microbiota interactions, healthy mucus houses a remarkably stable and diverse microbial community. Maintaining this microbiota is essential to human health, both to support the commensal bacteria that perform a wide array of beneficial functions and to prevent the outgrowth of pathogens. However, how the host selects and maintains a specialized microbiota remains largely unknown. In this viewpoint, we propose several strategies by which mucus may regulate the composition and function of the human microbiota and discuss how compromised mucus barriers in disease can give rise to microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin X Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chloe M Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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23
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Nasiri S, Shams Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi Abyaneh M. Effect of Carum carvi essential oil on ERG6 gene expression and virulence factors in Candida albicans. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 6:30-36. [PMID: 33628979 PMCID: PMC7888518 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.2.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effects of Carum carvi essential oil (EO) against ERG6 gene expression in relation to fungal growth and some important virulence factors in Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. carvi EO against C. albicans was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A4 method at a concentration range of 20-1280 μg/ml. Furthermore, the expression of ERG6 gene was studied at the 0.5× MIC concentration of C. carvi EO using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The proteinase and phospholipase activities, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), and cell membrane ergosterol (CME) content of C. albicans were also assessed at the 0.5× MIC concentration of the plant EO using the approved methods. In addition, fluconazole (FLC) was used as a control antifungal drug. Results: The results indicated that the MIC and minimum fungicidal concentration of C. carvi EO for C. albicans growth were 320 and 640 μg/ml, respectively. The expression of fungal ERG6 at an mRNA level and ergosterol content of yeast cells were significantly decreased by both C. carvi EO (640 μg/ml) and FLC (2 μg/ml). The proteinase and phospholipase activities were also reduced in C. carvi EO by 49.82% and 53.26%, respectively, while they were inhibited in FLC-treated cultures by 27.72% and 34.67%, respectively. Furthermore, the CSH was inhibited in EO- and FLC-treated cultures by 12.75% and 20.80%, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that C. carvi EO can be considered a potential natural compound in the development of an efficient antifungal agent against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Nasiri
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Mechanism of Antifungal Activity by 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carbohydrazonamide Derivatives against Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020183. [PMID: 33673152 PMCID: PMC7917925 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic mycoses are one major cause of morbidity/mortality among immunocompromised/debilitated individuals. Studying the mechanism of action is a strategy to develop safer/potent antifungals, warning resistance emergence. The major goal of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of three (Z)-5-amino-N’-aryl-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carbohydrazonamides (2h, 2k, 2l) that had previously demonstrated strong antifungal activity against Candida krusei and C. albicans ATCC strains. Activity was confirmed against clinical isolates, susceptible or resistant to fluconazole by broth microdilution assay. Ergosterol content (HPLC-DAD), mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (MTT), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (flow cytometry), germ tube inhibition and drug interaction were evaluated. None of the compounds inhibited ergosterol synthesis. Ascorbic acid reduced the antifungal effect of compounds and significantly decreased ROS production. The metabolic viability of C. krusei was significantly reduced for values of 2MIC. Compounds 2h and 2k caused a significant increase in ROS production for MIC values while for 2l a significant increase was only observed for concentrations above MIC. ROS production seems to be involved in antifungal activity and the higher activity against C. krusei versus C. albicans may be related to their unequal sensitivity to different ROS. No synergism with fluconazole or amphotericin was observed, but the association of 2h with fluconazole might be valuable due to the significant inhibition of the dimorphic transition, a C. albicans virulence mechanism.
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Colabella C, Casagrande Pierantoni D, Corte L, Roscini L, Conti A, Bassetti M, Tascini C, Robert V, Cardinali G. Single Strain High-Depth NGS Reveals High rDNA (ITS-LSU) Variability in the Four Prevalent Pathogenic Species of the Genus Candida. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020302. [PMID: 33540602 PMCID: PMC7912828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal RNA in fungi is encoded by a series of genes and spacers included in a large operon present in 100 tandem repeats, normally in a single locus. The multigene nature of this locus was somehow masked by Sanger sequencing, which produces a single sequence reporting the prevalent nucleotide of each site. The introduction of next generation sequencing led to deeper knowledge of the individual sequences (reads) and therefore of the variants between the same DNA sequences located in different tandem repeats. In this framework, NGS sequencing of the rDNA region was used to elucidate the extent of intra- and inter-genomic variation at both the strain and species level. Specifically, the use of an innovative NGS technique allowed the high-throughput high-depth sequencing of the ITS1-LSU D1/D2 amplicons of 252 strains belonging to four opportunistic yeast species of the genus Candida. Results showed the presence of a large extent of variability among strains and species. These variants were differently distributed throughout the analyzed regions with a higher concentration within the Internally Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region, suggesting that concerted evolution was not able to totally homogenize these sequences. Both the internal variability and the SNPs between strain can be used for a deep typing of the strains and to study their ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Colabella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (D.C.P.); (L.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Debora Casagrande Pierantoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (D.C.P.); (L.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Laura Corte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (D.C.P.); (L.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Luca Roscini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (D.C.P.); (L.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (D.C.P.); (L.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Department Science and Health, University of Genoa and Genoa Hospital, 16100 Genova, Italy;
| | - Carlo Tascini
- Department of Medical Art, University of Udine and Udine Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Vincent Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Gianluigi Cardinali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (D.C.P.); (L.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
- CEMIN Excellence Research Centre, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-585-6484
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Zhao Z, Zhou Y, Wang R, Xie F, Zhai Z. Expression, purification, and characterization of phospholipase B1 from Candida albicans in Escherichia coli. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:538. [PMID: 33224707 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an important fungal pathogen that causes a wide variety of human infections, ranging from mucocutaneous infections to life-threatening systemic infections. Phospholipase B1 (PLB1) has been reported to be directly responsible for C. albicans pathogenicity and is likely to be involved in the early steps of host invasion. Therefore, PLB1 could be a potential marker for diagnosis of C. albicans infection. In this study, PLB1 was expressed using an Escherichia coli expression system. Recombinant PLB1 is found in inclusion bodies and constitutes up to 38.4% of total insoluble protein. After refolding in a GSH/GSSG redox system, GST-tagged PLB1 was purified by GST-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography and then cleaved with thrombin to remove the GST-tag. The recombinant PLB1 was further purified by anion-exchange chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. The final yield of purified PLB1 was approximately 15.6 mg from 100 mL of bacterial cell culture, and its concentration was 784 μg/μL. The recombinant PLB1 could form a white precipitation zone on egg yolk agar plate, suggesting its phospholipase activity. Moreover, the maximum activity of PLB1 was 68 IU/mg at pH 6.0, 37 °C. Therefore, recombinant PLB1 has potential application in structural analytical studies, or diagnosis of C. albicans infection.
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Aspartyl Proteinase and Phospholipase Activities of Candida albicans Isolated From Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Candida albicans is one of the most important members of the human normal flora that can cause opportunistic fungal infections. Hydrolytic enzymes are one of the main virulence factors in the pathogenesis of Candida species. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine proteolytic activities, and their related gene expressions in C. albicans isolates obtained from oropharyngeal candidiasis in head and neck cancer patients. Methods: Thirty-two C. albicans clinical isolates were included in this study. Secreted aspartyl protease and phospholipase activities were analyzed by appropriate agar media and precipitation zones. The expression levels of SAP1, 3 and PLB1, 2 genes were evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: All the 32 isolates exhibited proteinase activity while 28 of them showed phospholipase activity. All the strains possessed all SAPs genes; however, PLBs genes were not expressed in four isolates. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that the clinical strains of C. albicans had strong proteolytic activity and high expression levels of the pertaining genes.
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28
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Sadeghi G, Mousavi SF, Ebrahimi-Rad M, Mirabzadeh-Ardekani E, Eslamifar A, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Jahanshiri Z, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. In vivo and in vitro Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Cutaneous Candidiasis. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2020; 24:324-32. [PMID: 32429646 PMCID: PMC7392142 DOI: 10.29252/ibj.24.5.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The Candida albicans is one of the most important global opportunistic pathogens, and the incidence of candidiasis has increased over the past few decades. Despite the established role of skin in defense against fungal invasion, little has been documented about the pathogenesis of Candida species when changing from normal flora to pathogens of vaginal and gastrointestinal epithelia. This study was carried out to determine the in vivo and in vitro pathogenesis of clinical C. albicans strains isolated from skin lesions. Methods In this study, association of in vivo and in vitro pathogenesis of C. albicans isolates with different evolutionary origins was investigated. Oral and systemic experimental candidiasis was established in BALB/C mice. The expression levels of secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAP1-3 genes), morphological transformation, and biofilm-forming ability of C. albicans were evaluated. Results All the strains showed in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity by various extents. The SAP1, SAP2, and SAP3 genes were expressed in 50%, 100%, and 75% of the strains, respectively. The biofilm formation ability was negative in 12% of the strains, while it was considerable in 38% of the strains. Fifty percent of the strains had no phospholipase activity, and no one demonstrated high level of this pathogenesis factor. Relatively all the strains had very low potency to form pseudohyphae. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that Candida albicans strains isolated from cutaneous candidiasis were able to cause oral and systemic infections in mice, so they could be considered as the potential agents of life-threatening nosocomial candidiasis in susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnar Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Mina Ebrahimi-Rad
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Ali Eslamifar
- Department of Clinical Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran
| | - Zahra Jahanshiri
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
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Leite KLDF, Martins ML, de Medeiros MMD, Bezerra NVF, Brito CSDM, de Almeida LDFD, Cavalcanti YW. Red propolis hydroalcoholic extract inhibits the formation of Candida albicans biofilms on denture surface. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e626-e631. [PMID: 32904863 PMCID: PMC7462375 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the antifungal activity of the red propolis hydroalcoholic extract (RPHE) against Candida albicans biofilms.
Material and Methods The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MFC) of the RPHE were determined by the microdilution technique. C. albicans biofilms were formed on the surface of resin specimens preconditioned with artificial saliva (1h). The specimens (N=48) were equally divided according to the four solutions used for anti-biofilm evaluation (n=12 per group). After overnight incubation, biofilms were daily exposed (2x/day for 15 min) along 3 days with 3% RPHE, 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 50,000 IU/mL nystatin (NYS) or saline (0.9% NaCl). Biofilms were analyzed regarding the number of viable microorganisms (CFU/mL), the metabolic activity (MTT assay) and the proportion of hyphae (optical microscopy).
Results The MIC and MFC of RPHE were respectively 0.29 mg/mL (0.03%) and 1.17 mg/mL (0.12%). There was no difference in the microorganisms’ viability (CFU/mL) among groups treated with RPHE (4.92×103), CHX (3.33×102) or NYS (6.8×104), being all of them different from NaCl (3.93×107) (p<0.05). The CHX (0.133) had the lowest metabolic activity (p<0.05), followed by RPHE (0.292) and NYS (0.302) (p>0.05). All experimental groups had a mean proportion of hyphae <10%, lower than NaCl (70%).
Conclusions RPHE has antifungal activity against C. albicans biofilms, suggesting its use for the biofilm control on denture surfaces. Key words:Propolis, Candida albicans, biofilm, dentures, antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla-Lorene-de França Leite
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana-Leonel Martins
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuri-Wanderley Cavalcanti
- Department of Clinical and Social Odontology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Dauben TJ, Dewald C, Firkowska-Boden I, Helbing C, Peisker H, Roth M, Bossert J, Jandt KD. Quantifying the relationship between surfaces' nano-contact point density and adhesion force of Candida albicans. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 194:111177. [PMID: 32569885 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently recognized that controlled surface structuring on the nanometer scale is a successful strategy to endow different materials with antimicrobial properties. Despite many studies on bacterial interactions with nanostructured surfaces, a quantitative link between surface topography and bacterial adhesion is still missing. To quantitatively link cell adhesion data with topographical surface parameters, we performed single-cell spectroscopy on chemically identical surfaces with controlled nano-contact point density achieved by immobilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) on gold thin films. Such materials surfaces have previously shown antimicrobial (anti-adhesive) efficacy towards Gram-negative Escherichia coli cells. In the current study, the influence of nano-structured surfaces on the surface coverage and adhesion forces of clinically relevant Candida albicans (C. albicans), the fungus primarily associated with implant infections, was investigated to validate their antimicrobial potency against different microbial cells. The adhesion forces of C. albicans cells to nanostructured surfaces showed a decreasing trend with decreasing contact-point density and correlated well with the results of the respective C. albicans cell counts. The surfaces with the lowest contact-point density, 25 AuNP/μm², resulted in an average adhesion force of 5 nN, which was up to 5 times lower compared to control and 61 AuNP/μm² surfaces. Further, detailed analyses of force-distance curves revealed that the work of adhesion, and thus the energy required to remove the C. albicans cell from the surface is up to 10 times lower on 25 AuNP/μm² surfaces compared to unstructured surfaces. These findings show that a controlled tuning of nanostructured surfaces in terms of accessible nano-contact points is crucial to generate surface structures with enhanced antimicrobial properties. The gained knowledge can be further exploited for the design of biomaterials surfaces to prevent adhesion of some most commonly encountered pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Dauben
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Dewald
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; Jena School for Microbial Communication (JSMC), Neugasse 23, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Izabela Firkowska-Boden
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Helbing
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Henrik Peisker
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University Clinic, Kirrberger Straße Building 43, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Martin Roth
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; Jena School for Microbial Communication (JSMC), Neugasse 23, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Bossert
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Jandt
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena School for Microbial Communication (JSMC), Neugasse 23, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Candida africana vulvovaginitis: Prevalence and geographical distribution. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:100966. [PMID: 32317216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida africana has been recovered principally as a causative agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) from different countries, which is likely to be misidentified as the typical Candida albicans or Candida dubliniensis. The current study aimed to characterize C. albicans species complex obtained from VVC based on conventional and molecular assays. Furthermore, in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing was performed based on CLSI documents. Additionally, due to low knowledge concerning C. africana infections, we reviewed all published papers from 1991 to 2019. One hundred forty-four out of 287 patients were identified with Candida infection, among whom 151 isolates of Candida were obtained. Candida albicans 109 (72.1%), Candida glabrata 21 (13.9%), Candida krusei 8 (5.2%), Candida tropicalis 5 (3.3%), Candida africana 3 (1.9%), Candida parapsilosis 3 (1.9%) and C. dubliniensis 2 (1.3%) were isolated from patients. MIC results showed that C. africana isolates were susceptible to all tested antifungal drugs. Candida africana infections were more prevalent in Africa. One hundred fifteen (40.6%) of patients with C. africana candidiasis were from seven African countries, and Madagascar and Angola had the majority of cases. The epidemiological data, phenotypic, clinical features, ecologic similarity, and antifungal susceptibility profiles for better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and optimal treatment underlying non-CandidaalbicansCandida vulvovaginitis are highly recommended.
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Galeane MC, Gomes PC, L Singulani JD, de Souza BM, Palma MS, Mendes-Giannini MJ, Almeida AM. Study of mastoparan analog peptides against Candida albicans and safety in zebrafish embryos ( Danio rerio). Future Microbiol 2020; 14:1087-1097. [PMID: 31512522 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this work, mastoparan analog peptides from wasp venom were tested against Candida albicans and safety assays were performed using cell culture and model zebrafish. Materials & methods: Minimal inhibitory concentration was determined and toxicity was performed using human skin keratinocyte and embryo zebrafish. Also, permeation of peptides through embryo chorion was performed. Results: The peptides demonstrated anti-C. albicans activity, with low cytotoxicity and nonteratogenicity in Danio rerio. The compounds had different permeation through chorion, suggesting that this occurs due to modifications in their amino acid sequence. Conclusion: The results showed that the studied peptides can be used as structural study models for novel potential antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Galeane
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, 14800-903 SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Gomes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, 14800-903 SP, Brazil
| | - Junya de L Singulani
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, 14800-903 SP, Brazil
| | - Bibiana M de Souza
- Department of Biology, CEIS / LSBZ, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rio Claro, 13506-900 SP, Brazil
| | - Mario S Palma
- Department of Biology, CEIS / LSBZ, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rio Claro, 13506-900 SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Js Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, 14800-903 SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Mf Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, 14800-903 SP, Brazil
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C16-Fengycin A affect the growth of Candida albicans by destroying its cell wall and accumulating reactive oxygen species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8963-8975. [PMID: 31630240 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common clinical pathogenic fungus, which is highly susceptible to immunodeficiency. Development of novel antifungal agents has become a growing trend in the treatment of Candida infections. C16-Fengycin A, a lipopeptide isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fmb60 showed significant fungicidal activity against C. albicans. In the study, we explored the possible antifungal mode of C16-Fengycin A. It was predicted that C16-Fengycin A had the ability to disrupt the cell wall due to its alterations of cell ultrastructure, and reduction of cell wall hydrophobicity. This was further confirmed by the changes in the exposure of the cell wall components and down-regulation of the genes related in the cell wall synthesis. Meanwhile, with the treatment of C16-Fengycin A, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction in the cells. We hypothesized that the antifungal mechanism of C16-Fengycin A might be via the destruction of the cell wall and the accumulation of ROS, which could activate the High-Osmolarity Glycerol Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (HOG-MAPK) pathway. Our findings indicated that C16-Fengycin A could be a potential antifungal agent that could be used to treat candida infections.
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Nogueira F, Sharghi S, Kuchler K, Lion T. Pathogenetic Impact of Bacterial-Fungal Interactions. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100459. [PMID: 31623187 PMCID: PMC6843596 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections are of paramount importance because of the potential severity of clinical manifestations, often associated with increased resistance to antimicrobial treatment. The intricate interplay with the host and the immune system, and the impact on microbiome imbalance, are of importance in this context. The equilibrium of microbiota in the human host is critical for preventing potential dysbiosis and the ensuing development of disease. Bacteria and fungi can communicate via signaling molecules, and produce metabolites and toxins capable of modulating the immune response or altering the efficacy of treatment. Most of the bacterial–fungal interactions described to date focus on the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans and different bacteria. In this review, we discuss more than twenty different bacterial–fungal interactions involving several clinically important human pathogens. The interactions, which can be synergistic or antagonistic, both in vitro and in vivo, are addressed with a focus on the quorum-sensing molecules produced, the response of the immune system, and the impact on clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Nogueira
- CCRI-St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Labdia-Labordiagnostik GmbH, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.
| | - Shirin Sharghi
- CCRI-St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Labdia-Labordiagnostik GmbH, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.
| | - Thomas Lion
- CCRI-St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Labdia-Labordiagnostik GmbH, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Konečná K, Klimentová J, Benada O, Němečková I, Janďourek O, Jílek P, Vejsová M. A comparative analysis of protein virulence factors released via extracellular vesicles in two Candida albicans strains cultivated in a nutrient-limited medium. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103666. [PMID: 31412284 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the pathways for the delivery of virulence effector molecules into the extracellular environment of Candida albicans relies on the release of membrane-bound carriers which are called extracellular vesicles (EVs). Only a few studies aimed at investigating Candida albicans extracellular vesicles protein cargo and its potential contribution to the pathogenesis of C. albicans infections have been conducted to date. In this study, we mainly focused on a search for proteins with a demonstrated linkage to pathogenesis in EVs isolated from two C. albicans strains, the model strain ATCC 90028 and the clinical isolate from a woman suffering from vulvovaginal candidiasis. For the purpose of mimicking one of many hostile conditions during a host-pathogen interaction, C. albicans strains in a nutrient-limited medium were cultivated. We have hypothesized that this unfavourable, stressful condition could contribute to the induction of virulence effector molecules being released at a more extensive rate. In conclusion, 34 proteins with an undisputed linkage to C. albicans pathogenesis were detected in the extracellular vesicle cargoes of both strains. In case of the clinical isolate strain, no unique virulence-associated proteins were detected. In the C. albicans ATCC 90028 model strain, three unique proteins were detected, namely: agglutinin-like protein 3 (Als3), secreted aspartic protease 8 (Sap8) and cell surface superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] 6 (Sod6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Konečná
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Klimentová
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Benada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Němečková
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Janďourek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jílek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Vejsová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic
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Natu KN, Tatke PA. Essential oils – prospective candidates for antifungal treatment? JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1604437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani N. Natu
- C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women’s University, Mumbai, India
| | - Pratima A. Tatke
- C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women’s University, Mumbai, India
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Silva DR, Sardi JDCO, Freires IA, Silva ACB, Rosalen PL. In silico approaches for screening molecular targets in Candida albicans: A proteomic insight into drug discovery and development. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 842:64-69. [PMID: 30326213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida species are opportunistic pathogens which can cause conditions ranging from simple mucocutaneous infections to fungemia and death in immunosuppressed and hospitalized patients. Candida albicans is considered to be the species mostly associated with fungal infections in humans and, therefore, the mostly studied yeast. This microorganism has survival and virulence factors which, allied to a decreased host immunity response, make infection more difficult to control. Today, the current limited antifungal arsenal and a dramatic increase in fungal resistance have driven the need for the synthesis of drugs with novel mechanisms of action. However, the development of a new drug from discovery to marketing takes a long time and is highly costly. The objective of this review is to show that with advances in biotechnology and biofinformatics, in silico tools such as molecular docking can optimize such a timeline and reduce costs, while contributing to the design and development of targeted drugs. Here we highlight the most promising protein targets in Candida albicans for the development of drugs with new mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Romário Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP CEP: 13414-018, Brazil
| | - Janaína de Cássia Orlandi Sardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP CEP: 13414-018, Brazil
| | - Irlan Almeida Freires
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, 1395 Center Dr., 32610 Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andréa Cristina Barbosa Silva
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Paraíba, Av. Cel. Pedro Targino - Centro, Araruna, PB CEP: 58233-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP CEP: 13414-018, Brazil.
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Ward TL, Dominguez-Bello MG, Heisel T, Al-Ghalith G, Knights D, Gale CA. Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites. mSystems 2018; 3:e00140-17. [PMID: 29546248 PMCID: PMC5840654 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00140-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of next-generation sequencing and microbial community characterization, we are beginning to understand the key factors that shape early-life microbial colonization and associated health outcomes. Studies characterizing infant microbial colonization have focused mostly on bacteria in the microbiome and have largely neglected fungi (the mycobiome), despite their relevance to mucosal infections in healthy infants. In this pilot study, we characterized the skin, oral, and anal mycobiomes of infants over the first month of life (n = 17) and the anal and vaginal mycobiomes of mothers (n = 16) by internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) amplicon sequencing. We found that infant mycobiomes differed by body site, with the infant mycobiomes at the anal sites being different from those at the skin and oral sites. The relative abundances of body site-specific taxa differed by birth mode, with significantly more Candida albicans fungi present on the skin of vaginally born infants on day 30 and significantly more Candida orthopsilosis fungi present in the oral cavity of caesarean section-born infants throughout the first month of life. We found the mycobiomes within individual infants to be variable over the first month of life, and vaginal birth did not result in infant mycobiomes that were more similar to the mother's vaginal mycobiome. Therefore, although vertical transmission of specific fungal isolates from mother to infant has been reported, it is likely that other sources (environment, other caregivers) also contribute to early-life mycobiome establishment. Thus, future longitudinal studies of mycobiome and bacterial microbiome codevelopment, with dense sampling from birth to beyond the first month of life, are warranted. IMPORTANCE Humans are colonized by diverse fungi (mycobiome), which have received much less study to date than colonizing bacteria. We know very little about the succession of fungal colonization in early life and whether it may relate to long-term health. To better understand fungal colonization and its sources, we studied the skin, oral, and anal mycobiomes of healthy term infants and the vaginal and anal mycobiomes of their mothers. Generally, infants were colonized by few fungal taxa, and fungal alpha diversity did not increase over the first month of life. There was no clear community maturation over the first month of life, regardless of body site. Key body-site-specific taxa, but not overall fungal community structures, were impacted by birth mode. Thus, additional studies to characterize mycobiome acquisition and succession throughout early life are needed to form a foundation for research into the relationship between mycobiome development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya L. Ward
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology and Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tim Heisel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gabriel Al-Ghalith
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dan Knights
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Gale
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Reyna-Beltrán E, Iranzo M, Calderón-González KG, Mondragón-Flores R, Labra-Barrios ML, Mormeneo S, Luna-Arias JP. The Candida albicans ENO1 gene encodes a transglutaminase involved in growth, cell division, morphogenesis, and osmotic protection. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4304-4323. [PMID: 29386353 PMCID: PMC5868267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.810440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that is part of the normal microflora commonly found in the human digestive tract and the normal mucosa or skin of healthy individuals. However, in immunocompromised individuals, it becomes a serious health concern and a threat to their lives and is ranked as the leading fungal infection in humans worldwide. As existing treatments for this infection are non-specific or under threat of developing resistance, there is a dire necessity to find new targets for designing specific drugs to defeat this fungus. Some authors reported the presence of the transglutaminase activity in Candida and Saccharomyces, but its identity remains unknown. We report here the phenotypic effects produced by the inhibition of transglutaminase enzymatic activity with cystamine, including growth inhibition of yeast cells, induction of autophagy in response to damage caused by cystamine, alteration of the normal yeast division pattern, changes in cell wall, and inhibition of the yeast-to-mycelium transition. The latter phenomenon was also observed in the C. albicans ATCC 26555 strain. Growth inhibition by cystamine was also determined in other Candida strains, demonstrating the importance of transglutaminase in these species. Finally, we identified enolase 1 as the cell wall protein responsible for TGase activity. After studying the inhibition of enzymatic activities with anti-CaEno1 antibodies and through bioinformatics studies, we suggest that the enolase and transglutaminase catalytic sites are localized in different domains of the protein. The aforementioned data indicate that TGase/Eno1 is a putative target for designing new drugs to control C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Iranzo
- the Department de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Unidad de Microbiología, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, España
| | | | - Ricardo Mondragón-Flores
- Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, México and
| | | | - Salvador Mormeneo
- the Department de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Unidad de Microbiología, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, España
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Petrović M, Bonvin D, Hofmann H, Mionić Ebersold M. Fungicidal PMMA-Undecylenic Acid Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E184. [PMID: 29316713 PMCID: PMC5796133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Undecylenic acid (UA), known as antifungal agent, still cannot be used to efficiently modify commercial dental materials in such a way that this affects Candida. Actually, issues with Candida infections and fungal resistance compromise the use of Poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) as dental material. The challenge remains to turn PMMA into an antifugal material, which can ideally affect both sessile (attached) and planktonic (free-floating) Candida cells. We aimed to tackle this challenge by designing PMMA-UA composites with different UA concentrations (3-12%). We studied their physico-chemical properties, the antifungal effect on Candida and the cytotoxicity toward human cells. We found that UA changes the PMMA surface into a more hydrophilic one. Mainly, as-preparation composites with ≥6% UA reduced sessile Candida for >90%. After six days, the composites were still efficiently reducing the sessile Candida cells (for ~70% for composites with ≥6% UA). Similar results were recorded for planktonic Candida. Moreover, the inhibition zone increased along with the UA concentration. The antifungal effect of UA was also examined at the surface of an UA-loaded agar and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) was below the lowest-studied 0.0125% UA. Furthermore, the embedded filamentation test after 24 h and 48 h showed complete inhibition of the Candida growth at 0.4% UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Petrović
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18006 Niš, Serbia.
| | - Debora Bonvin
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Heinrich Hofmann
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marijana Mionić Ebersold
- Powder Technology Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Evaluation of intrinsic and acquired immune cells infiltration in kidney and spleen of the mice infected with systemic candidiasis and treated with chloroform fraction of Zataria Multiflora Boiss. Microb Pathog 2017; 114:444-448. [PMID: 29183758 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the use of antifungal drugs, the visceral candidiasis is associated with a high mortality rate. The aims of this study were an evaluation of intrinsic and acquired immune cells infiltration in kidney and spleen of the mice infected with systemic candidiasis and treated with chloroform fraction of Zataria Multiflora Boiss. MATERIALS AND METHODS Candida albicans (C. albicans) ATCC10231 clinical standard strain was isolated. C. albicans LD50 was determined. The laboratory animal (BALB/C mouse) infection with the visceral candidiasis was performed. The kidney and spleen tissues were stained with PAS and prepared for confirmation under the microscope. The Zataria Multiflora Boiss (Shiraz thyme) was prepared and the effects on the infected group were assessed. The kidney and spleen mononuclear cells (MNCs) were prepared and the flow cytometry technique was performed for the assessment of Th1, Th17, and Treg cells. RESULTS The LD50 and LD totals were 1.5 × 108 and 2 × 108 Yeast/0.1 ml, respectively. In mice which had a drug intervention, including chloroform fraction of Zataria Multiflora Boiss, thymol, carvacrol or fluconazole, fungal purification was greater in the spleen than in the kidney. Among those mice without medication intervention, fungal clearance was higher in the kidney. The highest percentage of TH1 cells was in group 1 and then group 4 and in groups 2 and 3 respectively. Moreover, there was a significant difference between groups 4 and 5 and also 6 and 7. The percentage of TH1 cells in the spleen MNCs was higher than that of the kidney cells, which is the difference between the groups except for group 7. The percentage of TH17 cells in the kidney and spleen of all drug-receiving groups exhibited a significant increase compared to groups 6 and 7. The percentage of Treg cells in the kidney and the spleen only in the extract-receiving group had a significant decrease compared to the non-drug receiving group and the other groups receiving group depicted no significant difference in the percentage of Treg cells. CONCLUSION In addition to the direct effect on the fungus proven in vitro, the extract exhibits immunosuppressive effects, and thus can degrade the fungus through this way. The results demonstrated that the fraction of Zataria Multiflora Boiss can be considered as a powerful alternative to C. albicans therapy along with other therapies.
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Freitas CG, Lima SMF, Freire MS, Cantuária APC, Júnior NGO, Santos TS, Folha JS, Ribeiro SM, Dias SC, Rezende TMB, Albuquerque P, Nicola AM, de la Fuente-Núñez C, Hancock REW, Franco OL, Felipe MSS. An Immunomodulatory Peptide Confers Protection in an Experimental Candidemia Murine Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e02518-16. [PMID: 28559266 PMCID: PMC5527641 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02518-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal Candida species are commensals present in the mammalian skin and mucous membranes. Candida spp. are capable of breaching the epithelial barrier of immunocompromised patients with neutrophil and cell-mediated immune dysfunctions and can also disseminate to multiple organs through the bloodstream. Here we examined the action of innate defense regulator 1018 (IDR-1018), a 12-amino-acid-residue peptide derived from bovine bactenecin (Bac2A): IDR-1018 showed weak antifungal and antibiofilm activity against a Candida albicans laboratory strain (ATCC 10231) and a clinical isolate (CI) (MICs of 32 and 64 μg · ml-1, respectively), while 8-fold lower concentrations led to dissolution of the fungal cells from preformed biofilms. IDR-1018 at 128 μg · ml-1 was not hemolytic when tested against murine red blood cells and also has not shown a cytotoxic effect on murine monocyte RAW 264.7 and primary murine macrophage cells at the tested concentrations. IDR-1018 modulated the cytokine profile during challenge of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages with heat-killed C. albicans (HKCA) antigens by increasing monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels, while suppressing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 levels. Mice treated with IDR-1018 at 10 mg · kg-1 of body weight had an increased survival rate in the candidemia model compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice, together with a diminished kidney fungal burden. Thus, IDR-1018 was able to protect against murine experimental candidemia and has the potential as an adjunctive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila G Freitas
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Stella M F Lima
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mirna S Freire
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade-Rede Centro-oeste, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C Cantuária
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nelson G O Júnior
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tatiane S Santos
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Folha
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Suzana M Ribeiro
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Simoni C Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Taia M B Rezende
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - André M Nicola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - César de la Fuente-Núñez
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Center for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech-Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade-Rede Centro-oeste, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli S Felipe
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech-Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Park SC, Kim YM, Lee JK, Kim NH, Kim EJ, Heo H, Lee MY, Lee JR, Jang MK. Targeting and synergistic action of an antifungal peptide in an antibiotic drug-delivery system. J Control Release 2017; 256:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Michalski C, Kan B, Lavoie PM. Antifungal Immunological Defenses in Newborns. Front Immunol 2017; 8:281. [PMID: 28360910 PMCID: PMC5350100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns are prone to fungal infections, largely due to Candida species. The immunological basis for this vulnerability is not yet fully understood. However, useful insights can be gained from the knowledge of the maturation of immune pathways during ontogeny, particularly when placed in context with how rare genetic mutations in humans predispose to fungal diseases. In this article, we review these most current data on immune functions in human newborns, highlighting pathways most relevant to the response to Candida. While discussing these data, we propose a framework of why deficiencies in these pathways make newborns particularly vulnerable to this opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Michalski
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bernard Kan
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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