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Kalita A, Das M. Aquaporins (AQPs) as a marker in the physiology of inflammation and its interaction studies with garcinol. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1575-1592. [PMID: 38267609 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Aquaporins like AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 are known to be involved in the pathophysiology of inflammation based on earlier reports. This study aimed to evaluate the involvement of Aquaporins as a potential target of inflammation. The study also investigates the efficacy of methanolic extract of Garcinia (GME) and its potent phytocompound (garcinol) against the Aquaporins involved in inflammation. siRNA silencing of AQP3 was carried out in RAW264.7 cells followed by LPS stimulation (1 µg/ml) and assessment of important markers of inflammation including NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL20, iNOS and COX-2. To assess the anti-inflammatory potential of Garcinia extract and garcinol, cells were stimulated with 1 µg/ml LPS in the absence and presence of increasing concentrations of GME and garcinol. During the experimental period, extract concentrations (115 µg/ml and 230 µg/ml for RAW264.7; 118 µg/ml and 236 µg/ml for THP-1) and garcinol concentrations (6 µM and 12 µM for RAW264.7; 3 µM and 6 µM for THP-1) were selected based on the IC50. The anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by measuring the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL20 in LPS-stimulated cells. The AQP expression was studied at transcriptional and translational levels using qPCR and Western blot analysis respectively. AQP3 knockdown significantly decreased the NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β levels along with iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression. LPS stimulation led to a significant increase in the mRNA and protein level expression AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 in RAW264.7 cells; and AQP1 and AQP3 in THP-1 cells indicating their role as markers of inflammation. GME and garcinol effectively suppressed the LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in both cell lines. The results indicate that AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 could play a crucial role as markers of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory agents like Garcinia could potentially decrease the expression of such AQPs, thus inhibiting the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kalita
- Department of Zoology, Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Manas Das
- Department of Zoology, Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India.
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Campos-Maldonado F, González-Dávalos ML, Piña E, Anaya-Loyola MA, Shimada A, Varela-Echavarria A, Mora O. Fructose promotes more than glucose the adipocytic differentiation of pig mesenchymal stem cells. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14429. [PMID: 36153825 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate how glucose and fructose affected the adipose differentiation of pig newborn mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Cells were grown with or without inosine in 7.5 mM glucose (substituted with 1.5 or 6 mM fructose). MSCs displayed adipose morphology after 70 days of differentiation. Fructose stimulated the highest levels of PPARγ and C/EBPβ. Fructose at 6 mM, but not glucose at 7.5 mM or fructose at 1.5 mM, promotes differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes and increases 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) mRNA in the absence of hepatic effects (as simulated by the inosine). Fructose and glucose increased xanthine oxide-reductase (XOR) catalytic activity almost 10-fold and elevated their products: intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) pool, extracellular H2 O2 pool by 4 orders of magnitude, and uric acid by a factor of 10. Therefore, in our experimental model, differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes occurs exclusively at the blood concentration of fructose detected after ingestion by people on a high fructose diet. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results of this study provide new evidence for fructose's adipogenic potential in mesenchymal stem cells, a model in which its effects on XOR activity had not been studied. The increased expression of genes such as C/EBPβ, PPARγ, and NOX4, as well as the increased XOR activity and high production of ROS during the differentiation process in the presence of fructose, coincides in pointing to this hexose as an important factor in the development of adipogenesis in young animals, which could have a great impact on the development of future obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Campos-Maldonado
- Maestría en Ciencias de la Nutrición Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - María L González-Dávalos
- Laboratorio de Rumiología y Metabolismo Nutricional (RuMeN), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Cuautitlán (FES-Cuautitlán), UNAM, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico
| | | | | | - Armando Shimada
- Laboratorio de Rumiología y Metabolismo Nutricional (RuMeN), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Cuautitlán (FES-Cuautitlán), UNAM, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico
| | | | - Ofelia Mora
- Laboratorio de Rumiología y Metabolismo Nutricional (RuMeN), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Cuautitlán (FES-Cuautitlán), UNAM, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico
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Chen Y, Chen H, Wang C, Yu J, Tao J, Mao J, Shen L. The Correlation between the Increased Expression of Aquaporins on the Inner Limiting Membrane and the Occurrence of Diabetic Macular Edema. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7412208. [PMID: 35528520 PMCID: PMC9071982 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7412208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major cause of vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy; this study is aimed at comparing the expression of aquaporins (AQPs) on the inner limiting membranes (ILMs) of various vitreoretinal diseases and investigating the role of aquaporins expressed on the ILMs in mediating the occurrence of DME. Methods The whole-mounted ILM specimens surgically excised from patients with various vitreoretinal diseases (idiopathic macular hole, myopic traction maculopathy, and diabetic retinopathy) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The distribution and morphology of AQP4, AQP7, and AQP11 on the ILMs were correlated with immunohistochemical staining characteristics. Moreover, immunofluorescence of AQP4 was performed on the ILM specimens of the patient in four groups: the control group, negative control group, no DME group, and DME group. The immunofluorescence intensity value of AQP4 was measured using ImageJ. The difference between the four groups and the correction between the immunofluorescence value and central foveal thickness (CFT) were analyzed. Results In IHC sections, the expression of AQP4, AQP7, and AQP11 on ILMs of diabetic retinopathy (DR) with macular edema, respectively, seemed to be more abundant than in the idiopathic macular hole (iMH) and myopic traction maculopathy (MTM). Moreover, markedly higher fluorescence intensity of AQP4 of ILMs was determined in the DME group (51.05 ± 5.67) versus the other three groups (P < 0.001). A marked positive association was identified between the fluorescence intensity of AQP4 and CFT (r = 0.758; P = 0.011). Conclusions AQP4, AQP7, and AQP11 can be expressed on human ILM in vivo. The increased expression of AQPs on the ILMs of DR may be associated with the occurrence of DME. Moreover, the degree of DME may be positively correlated with the expression of AQP4 on the ILMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Chen
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Retina Center, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiwei Tao
- Department of Retina Center, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianbo Mao
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Localization of aquaglyceroporins in human and murine white adipose tissue. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:623-639. [PMID: 35235046 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The glycerol channel AQP7 facilitates glycerol efflux from adipose tissue (AT), and AQP7 deficiency has been suggested to promote obesity. However, the release of glycerol from AT is not fully blocked in AQP7-deficient mice, which suggests that either alternative glycerol channels are present in AT or significant simple diffusion of glycerol occurs. Previous investigations of the expression of other aquaglyceroporins (AQP3, AQP9, AQP10) than AQP7 in AT are contradictory. Therefore, we here aim at determining the cellular localization of AQP3 and AQP9 in addition to AQP7 in human and mouse AT using well-characterized antibodies for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoblotting as well as available single-cell transcriptomic data from human and mouse AT. We confirm that AQP7 is expressed in endothelial cells and adipocytes in human AT and find ex vivo evidence for interaction between AQP7 and perilipin-1 in adipocytes. In addition, labeling for AQP7 in human AT also includes CD68-positive cells. No labeling for AQP3 or AQP9 was identified in endothelial cells or adipocytes in human or mouse AT using IHC. Instead, in human AT, AQP3 was predominantly found in erythrocytes, whereas AQP9 expression was observed in a small number of CD15-positive cells. The transcriptomic data revealed that AQP3 mRNA was found in a low number of cells in most of the identified cell clusters, whereas AQP9 mRNA was found in myeloid cell clusters as well as in clusters likely representing mesothelial progenitor cells. No AQP10 mRNA was identified in human AT. In conclusion, the presented results do not suggest a functional overlap between AQP3/AQP9/AQP10 and AQP7 in human or mouse white AT.
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Ikarashi N, Shiseki M, Yoshida R, Tabata K, Kimura R, Watanabe T, Kon R, Sakai H, Kamei J. Cannabidiol Application Increases Cutaneous Aquaporin-3 and Exerts a Skin Moisturizing Effect. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090879. [PMID: 34577578 PMCID: PMC8469387 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major nonpsychotropic component of Cannabis sativa with various pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated the skin moisturizing effect of CBD and its mechanism. A 1% CBD solution was applied daily to skin of HR-1 hairless (Seven-week-old, male) for 14 days. The dermal water content in CBD-treated mice was significantly increased compared to that in the control group. Furthermore, no inflammatory reaction in the skin and no obvious skin disorders were observed. The mRNA expression levels of loricrin, filaggrin, collagen, hyaluronic acid degrading enzyme, hyaluronic acid synthase, ceramide degrading enzyme, and ceramide synthase in the skin were not affected by the application of CBD. However, only aquaporin-3 (AQP3), a member of the aquaporin family, showed significantly higher levels in the CBD-treated group than in the control group at both the mRNA and protein levels. It was revealed that CBD has a moisturizing effect on the skin. In addition, it is possible that increased expression of AQP3, which plays an important role in skin water retention, is a contributor to the mechanism. CBD is expected to be developed in the future as a cosmetic material with a unique mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutomo Ikarashi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (K.T.); (R.K.); (T.W.); (R.K.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (J.K.); Tel.: +81-3-5498-5918 (N.I.); +81-3-3815-7021 (J.K.)
| | - Marina Shiseki
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (K.T.); (R.K.); (T.W.); (R.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Ryotaro Yoshida
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (K.T.); (R.K.); (T.W.); (R.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Keito Tabata
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (K.T.); (R.K.); (T.W.); (R.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Rina Kimura
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (K.T.); (R.K.); (T.W.); (R.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Tomofumi Watanabe
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (K.T.); (R.K.); (T.W.); (R.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Risako Kon
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (K.T.); (R.K.); (T.W.); (R.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (K.T.); (R.K.); (T.W.); (R.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (K.T.); (R.K.); (T.W.); (R.K.); (H.S.)
- Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (J.K.); Tel.: +81-3-5498-5918 (N.I.); +81-3-3815-7021 (J.K.)
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Exploring the role of Aquaporins (AQPs) in LPS induced systemic inflammation and the ameliorative effect of Garcinia in male Wistar rat. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:801-823. [PMID: 34106384 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Aquaporins (AQPs) could prove to be striking targets of inflammation. The aim of this study was to study the involvement of AQPs and explore the anti-inflammatory activity of Garcinia extract in LPS induced acute systemic inflammation in Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 6) were pretreated with Garcinia orally twice for 7 days, followed by a single intraperitoneal dose (5.5 mg/kgbw) of LPS. Serum ALT, AST, ALP, Creatinine, Urea and BUN, nitric oxide, prostaglandin, cytokine and chemokine levels were measured. LC-MS analysis of Garcinia was performed to identify the phytoconstituents present. The iNOS and COX enzyme activity were determined in the target tissues. qPCR analysis of inos, cox-2 and aqps was performed. Relative protein expression of AQPs was studied by Western blot analysis. Molecular docking studies were performed to study the interaction of garcinol and hydroxycitric acid, the two important phytoconstituents of Garcinia with AQP. The qPCR analysis showed tissue-specific up-regulation of aqp1, aqp3, aqp4 and aqp8 in LPS induced rats. Garcinia extract treatment effectively lowered the mRNA expression of these AQPs. Garcinia extract significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO, prostaglandin, cytokine and chemokine production in serum and also decreased tissue-specific transcript level of inos and cox-2, thus suggesting the anti-inflammatory role of Garcinia. Also, docking studies revealed interactions of garcinol and hydroxycitric acid with AQP1, 3, 4 and 8. Therefore, the present study suggests the possible involvement of AQP1, 3, 4 and 8 in inflammation and the efficacy of Garcinia extract as an anti-inflammatory agent. Therefore, AQPs can act as prognostic markers of inflammation and can be targeted with Garcinia extract.
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Galli M, Hameed A, Żbikowski A, Zabielski P. Aquaporins in insulin resistance and diabetes: More than channels! Redox Biol 2021; 44:102027. [PMID: 34090243 PMCID: PMC8182305 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are part of the family of the integral membrane proteins. Their function is dedicated to the transport of water, glycerol, ammonia, urea, H2O2, and other small molecules across the biological membranes. Although for many years they were scarcely considered, AQPs have a relevant role in the development of many diseases. Recent discoveries suggest, that AQPs may play an important role in the process of fat accumulation and regulation of oxidative stress, two crucial aspects of insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes (T2D). Insulin resistance (IR) and T2D are multi-faceted systemic diseases with multiple connections to obesity and other comorbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Both IR and T2D transcends different tissues and organs, creating the maze of mutual relationships between adipose fat depots, skeletal muscle, liver and other insulin-sensitive organs. AQPs with their heterogenous properties, distinctive tissue distribution and documented involvement in both the lipid metabolism and regulation of the oxidative stress appear to be feasible candidates in the search for the explanation to this third-millennium plague. A lot of research has been assigned to adipose tissue AQP7 and liver tissue AQP9, clarifying their relationship and coordinated work in the induction of hepatic insulin resistance. Novel research points also to other aquaporins, such as AQP11 which may be associated with the induction of insulin resistance and T2D through its involvement in hydrogen peroxide transport. In this review we collected recent discoveries in the field of AQP's involvement in the insulin resistance and T2D. Novel paths which connect AQPs with metabolic disorders can give new fuel to the research on obesity, insulin resistance and T2D - one of the most worrying problems of the modern society. Presentation of the current knowledge on the involvement of aquaporins in disease state. Overview on latest research regarding insulin resistance and AQPs. Conceptualisation of an AQPs network involved regulation of lipid-related metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Galli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ahsan Hameed
- Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Żbikowski
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Zabielski
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
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Calamita G, Delporte C. Involvement of aquaglyceroporins in energy metabolism in health and disease. Biochimie 2021; 188:20-34. [PMID: 33689852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aquaglyceroporins are a group of the aquaporin (AQP) family of transmembrane water channels. While AQPs facilitate the passage of water, small solutes, and gases across biological membranes, aquaglyceroporins allow passage of water, glycerol, urea and some other solutes. Thanks to their glycerol permeability, aquaglyceroporins are involved in energy homeostasis. This review provides an overview of what is currently known concerning the functional implication and control of aquaglyceroporins in tissues involved in energy metabolism, i.e. liver, adipose tissue and endocrine pancreas. The expression, role and (dys)regulation of aquaglyceroporins in disorders affecting energy metabolism, and the potential relevance of aquaglyceroporins as drug targets to treat the alterations of the energy balance is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Chen W, Peng X, Yu J, Chen X, Yuan M, Xiang R, He L, Yu D, Kang H, Pan Y, Xu Z. FengLiao affects gut microbiota and the expression levels of Na+/H+ exchangers, aquaporins and acute phase proteins in mice with castor oil-induced diarrhea. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236511. [PMID: 32722717 PMCID: PMC7386626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe side effects of chemosynthetic anti-diarrhea drugs have created an interest in low-toxic alternative plant-derived compounds. FengLiao consists of Polygonum hydropiper Linn. and Daphniphyllum calycinum Bench., and is widely used in China to treat diarrhea due to low levels of toxicity. In this study, the effects of FengLiao were analyzed in a castor oil-induced diarrhea model, using the anti-diarrhea drug, loperamide, as the positive control. The effects were evaluated using stool characteristics and the expression levels of various diarrhea-related factors in the jejunum and liver, as well as changes in the microbiota of the jejunum. The symptoms of diarrhea and stool consistency were improved through FengLiao and loperamide treatment. Furthermore, FengLiao down-regulated alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and up-regulated transferrin (TRF) mRNA levels in the liver, and down-regulated Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 8 (NHE8) expression in the epithelial cells of the jejunum. It also increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Aerococcus, Corynebacterium_1 and Pseudomonas, and lowered the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, which maintained the balance between immunity and intestinal health. Taken together, FengLiao alleviated castor oil-induced diarrhea by altering gut microbiota, and levels of jejunum epithelial transport proteins and acute phase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Chen
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Peng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Live stock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of veterinary drugs and diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jingxian Yu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanxuan Chen
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minggui Yuan
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Live stock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of veterinary drugs and diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Live stock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of veterinary drugs and diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limei He
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danni Yu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Live stock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of veterinary drugs and diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huahua Kang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Live stock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of veterinary drugs and diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufang Pan
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Live stock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of veterinary drugs and diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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da Silva IV, Cardoso C, Méndez-Giménez L, Camoes SP, Frühbeck G, Rodríguez A, Miranda JP, Soveral G. Aquaporin-7 and aquaporin-12 modulate the inflammatory phenotype of endocrine pancreatic beta-cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 691:108481. [PMID: 32735865 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) facilitate water and glycerol movement across membranes. AQP7 is the main aquaglyceroporin in pancreatic β-cells and was proposed to play a role in insulin exocytosis. Although AQP7-null mice display adult-onset obesity, impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance, AQP7 loss-of-function homozygous mutations in humans do not correlate with obesity nor type-2 diabetes. In addition, AQP12 is upregulated in pancreatitis. However, the implication of this isoform in endocrine pancreas inflammation is still unclear. Here, we investigated AQP7 and AQP12 involvement in cellular and inflammatory processes using RIN-m5F beta cells, a model widely used for their high insulin secretion. AQP7 and AQP12 expression were directly associated with cell proliferation, adhesion and migration. While tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)-induced inflammation impaired AQP7 expression and drastically reduced insulin secretion, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prompted AQP7 upregulation, and both TNFα and LPS upregulated AQP12. Importantly, cells overexpressing AQP12 are more resistant to inflammation, revealing lower levels of proinflammatory markers. Altogether, these data document AQP7 involvement in insulin secretion and AQP12 implication in inflammation, highlighting their fundamental role in pancreatic β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Vieira da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cardoso
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. Joaquim Chaves, 1495-068, Algés, Portugal
| | - Leire Méndez-Giménez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sérgio Povoas Camoes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Toxicological and Bromatological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joana Paiva Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Toxicological and Bromatological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Aquaporin-11 Contributes to TGF-β1-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Visceral Adipocytes: Role in Obesity-Associated Inflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061403. [PMID: 32512939 PMCID: PMC7349025 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-11 (AQP11) is expressed in human adipocytes, but its functional role remains unknown. Since AQP11 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein that transports water, glycerol, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), we hypothesized that this superaquaporin is involved in ER stress induced by lipotoxicity and inflammation in human obesity. AQP11 expression was assessed in 67 paired visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples obtained from patients with morbid obesity and normal-weight individuals. We found that obesity and obesity-associated type 2 diabetes increased (p < 0.05) AQP11 mRNA and protein in visceral adipose tissue, but not subcutaneous fat. Accordingly, AQP11 mRNA was upregulated (p < 0.05) during adipocyte differentiation and lipolysis, two biological processes altered in the obese state. Subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy studies confirmed its presence in the ER plasma membrane of visceral adipocytes. Proinflammatory factors TNF-α, and particularly TGF-β1, downregulated (p < 0.05) AQP11 mRNA and protein expression and reinforced its subcellular distribution surrounding lipid droplets. Importantly, the AQP11 gene knockdown increased (p < 0.05) basal and TGF-β1-induced expression of the ER markers ATF4 and CHOP. Together, the downregulation of AQP11 aggravates TGF-β1-induced ER stress in visceral adipocytes. Owing to its "peroxiporin" properties, AQP11 overexpression in visceral fat might constitute a compensatory mechanism to alleviate ER stress in obesity.
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12
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Wang X, Yang J, Yao Y, Shi X, Yang G, Li X. AQP3 Facilitates Proliferation and Adipogenic Differentiation of Porcine Intramuscular Adipocytes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040453. [PMID: 32331274 PMCID: PMC7230797 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The meat quality of animal products is closely related to the intramuscular fat content. Aquaglyceroporin (AQP) defines a class of water/glycerol channels that primarily facilitate the passive transport of glycerol and water across biological membranes. In this study, the AQP3 protein of the AQP family was mainly studied in the adipogenic function of intramuscular adipocytes in pigs. Here, we found that AQP3 was increased at both mRNA and protein levels upon adipogenic stimuli in porcine intramuscular adipocytes in vitro. Western blot results showed knockdown of AQP3 by siRNA significantly suppressed the expression of adipogenic genes (PPARγ, aP2, etc.), repressed Akt phosphorylation, as well as reducing lipid accumulation. Furthermore, deletion of AQP3 by siRNA significantly downregulated expression of cell cycle genes (cyclin D, E), and decreased the number of EdU-positive cells as well as cell viability. Collectively, our data indicate that AQP3 is of great importance in both adipogenic differentiation and proliferation in intramuscular adipocytes, providing a potential target for modulating fat infiltration in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-870-81531
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13
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Yue D, Zhao J, Chen H, Guo M, Chen C, Zhou Y, Xu L. MicroRNA-7, synergizes with RORα, negatively controls the pathology of brain tissue inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:28. [PMID: 31959187 PMCID: PMC6970296 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has documented that microRNA-7 (miR-7) plays an important role in the pathology of various diseases. However, the potential role of miR-7 in brain tissue inflammation (BTI) remains unclear. METHODS We detected the expression of miR-7 in LPS-induced murine BTI model and observed the possible effects of miR-7 deficiency on the pathology of BTI. To elucidate the mechanism, the target gene of miR-7 was screened out by Gene chip assay and its potential roles in BTI were evaluated by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and RNAi assay, respectively. RESULTS MiR-7 was upregulated in brain tissue in BTI mice and its deficiency could significantly aggravate the pathology of brain tissue. Moreover, RORα, a new target molecule of miR-7, was upregulated in brain tissue from miR-7 deficiency BTI mice. Of note, downregulation of RORα could remarkably exacerbate the pathology of brain tissue and elevate the transduction of NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in brain tissue from miR-7 deficiency BTI mice. Furthermore, RORα and miR-7 were dominantly co-expressed in neurons of BTI mice. Finally, RORα synergized with miR-7 to control the inflammatory reaction of neuronal cells in response to LPS stimulation. CONCLUSIONS MiR-7 expression is upregulated in BTI model. Moreover, miR-7 synergizes with its target gene RORα to control the inflammation reaction of neurons, thereby orchestrating the pathology of BTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Yue
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China.,Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China.,Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China
| | - Huizi Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China.,Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China.,Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China.,Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China.,Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China. .,Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China.
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14
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Calamita G, Perret J, Delporte C. Aquaglyceroporins: Drug Targets for Metabolic Diseases? Front Physiol 2018; 9:851. [PMID: 30042691 PMCID: PMC6048697 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channel proteins facilitating the transport of water, small solutes, and gasses across biological membranes. AQPs are expressed in all tissues and ensure multiple roles under normal and pathophysiological conditions. Aquaglyceroporins are a subfamily of AQPs permeable to glycerol in addition to water and participate thereby to energy metabolism. This review focalizes on the present knowledge of the expression, regulation and physiological roles of AQPs in adipose tissue, liver and endocrine pancreas, that are involved in energy metabolism. In addition, the review aims at summarizing the involvement of AQPs in metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes and liver diseases. Finally, challenges and recent advances related to pharmacological modulation of AQPs expression and function to control and treat metabolic diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jason Perret
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Yu H, Liu L, Wang K, Wu H, Wang W, Zhang X, Cui G, Cui X, Huang J. Upregulation of aquaporin 3 expression by diterpenoids in Euphorbia pekinensis is associated with activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the co-culture system of HT-29 and RAW 264.7 cells. Biochimie 2018; 144:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lipopolysaccharide Modifies Glycerol Permeability and Metabolism in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122566. [PMID: 29186031 PMCID: PMC5751169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaglyceroporins-aquaporin membrane channels (AQP) that conduct glycerol and other small neutral solutes in addition to water-play major roles in obesity. In adipocytes, aquaglyceroporins mediate glycerol uptake and release across the plasma membrane, which are two key steps for triacylglycerols (TAGs) synthesis (lipogenesis) and hydrolysis (lipolysis). The aim of this study was to assess both glycerol permeability and metabolism in undifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells (UDCs) as well as in untreated (CTL-DCs) versus lipopolysaccharide (LPS-DCs)-treated differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Glycerol release, TAGs content and whole membrane glycerol permeability were significantly increased in DCs as compared to UDCs. Moreover, in DCs, LPS treatment significantly increased TAGs content and decreased glycerol permeability. In addition, a significant reduction in whole membrane glycerol permeability was observed in LPS-DCs as compared to CTL-DCs. The relative contributions of AQP3, AQP7 and AQP9 (facilitated diffusion), as well as that of the phospholipid bilayer (simple diffusion), to the whole membrane glycerol permeability, were estimated biophysically in UDCs, CTL-DCs and LPS-DCs, using selective AQP inhibitors. Further studies will be required to determine if modifications in either subcellular localization and/or activity of aquaglyceroporins could account for the data herein. Nevertheless, our findings provide novel insights in understanding the LPS-induced adipocyte hypertrophy that accompanies obesity.
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AQP3 is regulated by PPARγ and JNK in hepatic stellate cells carrying PNPLA3 I148M. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14661. [PMID: 29116096 PMCID: PMC5676689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaglyceroporins (AQPs) allow the movement of glycerol that is required for triglyceride formation in hepatic stellate cells (HSC), as key cellular source of fibrogenesis in the liver. The genetic polymorphism I148M of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) is associated with hepatic steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cancer. We aimed to explore the role of AQP3 for HSC activation and unveil its potential interactions with PNPLA3. HSC were isolated from human liver, experiments were performed in primary HSC and human HSC line LX2. AQP3 was the only aquaglyceroporin present in HSC and its expression decreased during activation. The PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone, recovered AQP3 expression also in PNPLA3 I148M carrying HSC. When PNPLA3 was silenced, AQP3 expression increased. In liver sections from patients with NASH, the decreased amount of AQP3 was proportional to the severity of fibrosis and presence of the PNPLA3 I148M variant. In PNPLA3 I148M cells, the blockade of JNK pathway upregulated AQP3 in synergism with PPARγ. In conclusion, we demonstrated profound reduction of AQP3 in HSC carrying the PNPLA3 I148M variant in parallel to decreased PPARγ activation, which could be rescued by rosiglitazone and blockade of JNK.
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