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Florek LC, Lin X, Lin YC, Lin MH, Chakraborty A, Price-Whelan A, Tong L, Rahme L, Dietrich LE. The L-lactate dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are conditionally regulated but both contribute to survival during macrophage infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586142. [PMID: 38562866 PMCID: PMC10983889 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that thrives in environments associated with human activity, including soil and water altered by agriculture or pollution. Because L-lactate is a significant product of plant and animal metabolism, it is available to serve as a carbon source for P. aeruginosa in the diverse settings it inhabits. Here, we evaluate P. aeruginosa's production and use of its redundant L-lactate dehydrogenases, termed LldD and LldA. We confirm that the protein LldR represses lldD and identify a new transcription factor, called LldS, that activates lldA; these distinct regulators and the genomic contexts of lldD and lldA contribute to their differential expression. We demonstrate that the lldD and lldA genes are conditionally controlled in response to lactate isomers as well as to glycolate and - hydroxybutyrate, which, like lactate, are -hydroxycarboxylates. We also show that lldA is induced when iron availability is low. Our examination of lldD and lldA expression across depth in biofilms indicates a complex pattern that is consistent with the effects of glycolate production, iron availability, and cross-regulation on enzyme preference. Finally, macrophage infection assays revealed that both lldD and lldA contribute to persistence within host cells, underscoring the potential role of L-lactate as a carbon source during P. aeruginosa-eukaryote interactions. Together, these findings help us understand the metabolism of a key resource that may promote P. aeruginosa's success as a resident of contaminated environments and animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey C. Florek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan 112
| | - Min-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Arijit Chakraborty
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexa Price-Whelan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Laurence Rahme
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lars E.P. Dietrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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Luna-Bulbarela A, Romero-Gutiérrez MT, Tinoco-Valencia R, Ortiz E, Martínez-Romero ME, Galindo E, Serrano-Carreón L. Response of Bacillus velezensis 83 to interaction with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides resembles a Greek phalanx-style formation: A stress resistant phenotype with antibiosis capacity. Microbiol Res 2024; 280:127592. [PMID: 38199003 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, such as Bacillus spp., establish beneficial associations with plants and may inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. However, these bacteria are subject to multiple biotic stimuli from their competitors, causing stress and modifying their development. This work is a study of an in vitro interaction between two model microorganisms of socioeconomic relevance, using population dynamics and transcriptomic approaches. Co-cultures of Bacillus velezensis 83 with the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 09 were performed to evaluate the metabolic response of the bacteria under conditions of non-nutritional limitation. The bacterial response was associated with the induction of a stress-resistant phenotype, characterized by a lower specific growth rate, but with antimicrobial production capacity. About 12% of co-cultured B. velezensis 83 coding sequences were differentially expressed, including the up-regulation of the general stress response (sigB regulon), and the down-regulation of alternative carbon sources catabolism (glucose preference). Defense strategies in B. velezensis are a determining factor in order to preserve the long-term viability of its population. Mostly, the presence of the fungus does not affect the expression of antibiosis genes, except for those corresponding to surfactin/bacillomycin D production. Indeed, the up-regulation of antibiosis genes expression is associated with bacterial growth, regardless of the presence of the fungus. This behavior in B. velezensis 83 resembles the strategy used by the classical Greek phalanx formation: by sacrificing growth rate and metabolic versatility, resources can be redistributed to defense (stress resistant phenotype) while maintaining the attack (antibiosis capacity). The presented results are the first characterization of the molecular phenotype at the transcriptome level of a biological control agent under biotic stress caused by a phytopathogen without nutrient limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Luna-Bulbarela
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad #2001, Col. Chamilpa, CP 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Agro&Biotecnia S. de R.L. de C.V., Limones 8, Amate Redondo, 62334 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María Teresa Romero-Gutiérrez
- Technological Innovation Department, Tlajomulco University Center, University of Guadalajara, 45641 Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, Mexico; Translational Bioengineering Department, Exact Sciences and Engineering University Center, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Raunel Tinoco-Valencia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad #2001, Col. Chamilpa, CP 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Ortiz
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad #2001, Col. Chamilpa, CP 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María Esperanza Martínez-Romero
- Ecología Genómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Col. Chamilpa, CP 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Enrique Galindo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad #2001, Col. Chamilpa, CP 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Agro&Biotecnia S. de R.L. de C.V., Limones 8, Amate Redondo, 62334 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Serrano-Carreón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad #2001, Col. Chamilpa, CP 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Agro&Biotecnia S. de R.L. de C.V., Limones 8, Amate Redondo, 62334 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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3
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Talwar C, Nagar S, Negi RK. Comparative analyses of gut microbiota reveal ammonia detoxification and nitrogen assimilation in Cyprinus carpio var. specularis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01151-6. [PMID: 38367166 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The complex niche of fish gut is often characterized by the associated microorganisms that have implications in fish gut-health nexus. Although efforts to distinguish the microbial communities have highlighted their disparate structure along the gut length, remarkably little information is available about their distinct structural and functional profiles in different gut compartments in different fish species. Here, we performed comparative taxonomic and predictive functional analyses of the foregut and hindgut microbiota in an omnivorous freshwater fish species, Cyprinus carpio var. specularis, commonly known as mirror carp. Our analyses showed that the hindgut microbiota could be distinguished from foregut based on the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing, denitrifying, and nitrogen-fixing commensals of families such as Rhodospirillaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, Nitrosomonadaceae, and Nitrospiraceae. Functionally, unique metabolic pathways such as degradation of lignin, 2-nitrobenzoate, vanillin, vanillate, and toluene predicted within hindgut also hinted at the ability of hindgut microbiota for assimilation of nitrogen and detoxification of ammonia. The study highlights a major role of hindgut microbiota in assimilating nitrogen, which remains to be one of the limiting nutrients within the gut of mirror carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Talwar
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 770030, USA
| | - Shekhar Nagar
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Ram Krishan Negi
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Wang X, Zhong L, Huo X, Guo N, Zhang Y, Wang G, Shi K. Chromate-induced methylglyoxal detoxification system drives cadmium and chromate immobilization by Cupriavidus sp. MP-37. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123194. [PMID: 38145638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The detoxification of cadmium (Cd) or chromium (Cr) by microorganisms plays a vital role in bacterial survival and restoration of the polluted environment, but how microorganisms detoxify Cd and Cr simultaneously is largely unknown. Here, we isolated a bacterium, Cupriavidus sp. MP-37, which immobilized Cd(II) and reduced Cr(VI) simultaneously. Notably, strain MP-37 exhibited variable Cd(II) immobilization phenotypes, namely, cell adsorption and extracellular immobilization in the co-presence of Cd(II) and Cr(VI), while cell adsorption in the presence of Cd(II) alone. To unravel Cr(VI)-induced extracellular Cd(II) immobilization, proteomic analysis was performed, and methylglyoxal-scavenging protein (glyoxalase I, GlyI) and a regulator (YafY) showed the highest upregulation in the co-presence of Cd(II) and Cr(VI). GlyI overexpression reduced the intracellular methylglyoxal content and increased the immobilized Cd(II) content in extracellular secreta. The addition of lactate produced by GlyI protein with methylglyoxal as substrate increased the Cd(II) content in extracellular secreta. Reporter gene assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and fluorescence quenching assay demonstrated that glyI expression was induced by Cr(VI) but not by Cd(II), and that YafY positively regulated glyI expression by binding Cr(VI). In the pot experiment, inoculation with the MP-37 strain reduced the Cd content of Oryza sativa L., and their secreted lactate reduced the Cr accumulation in Oryza sativa L. This study reveals that Cr(VI)-induced detoxification system drives methylglyoxal scavenging and Cd(II) extracellular detoxification in Cd(II) and Cr(VI) co-existence environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Limin Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Xueqi Huo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Naijiang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Gejiao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Kaixiang Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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Garai S, Bhowal B, Gupta M, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A, Kaur C. Role of methylglyoxal and redox homeostasis in microbe-mediated stress mitigation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111922. [PMID: 37952767 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the general consequences of stress in plants is the accumulation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and carbonyl species (like methylglyoxal) to levels that are detrimental for plant growth. These reactive species are inherently produced in all organisms and serve different physiological functions but their excessive accumulation results in cellular toxicity. It is, therefore, essential to restore equilibrium between their synthesis and breakdown to ensure normal cellular functioning. Detoxification mechanisms that scavenge these reactive species are considered important for stress mitigation as they maintain redox balance by restricting the levels of ROS, methylglyoxal and other reactive species in the cellular milieu. Stress tolerance imparted to plants by root-associated microbes involves a multitude of mechanisms, including maintenance of redox homeostasis. By improving the overall antioxidant response in plants, microbes can strengthen defense pathways and hence, the adaptive abilities of plants to sustain growth under stress. Hence, through this review we wish to highlight the contribution of root microbiota in modulating the levels of reactive species and thereby, maintaining redox homeostasis in plants as one of the important mechanisms of stress alleviation. Further, we also examine the microbial mechanisms of resistance to oxidative stress and their role in combating plant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Garai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bidisha Bhowal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Charanpreet Kaur
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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Galimberti S, Rocchetti G, Di Rico F, Rossetti C, Fontana A, Lucini L, Callegari ML. Untargeted metabolomics provide new insights into the implication of Lactobacillus helveticus strains isolated from natural whey starter in methylglyoxal-mediated browning. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113644. [PMID: 37986486 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Hard cheeses may occasionally show a brown discolouration during ripening due to multifactorial phenomena that involve bacteria and give rise to pyrazines arising from methylglyoxal. The present work aimed at developing a novel approach to investigate the role of natural starters in browning. To this object, 11 strains of L. helveticus were incubated in a medium containing 10 % rennet casein dissolved in whey, and then growth was monitored by measuring pH and number of genomes/mL. Browning was assessed through CIELab analysis, methylglyoxal production was determined by targeted mass spectrometry, and untargeted metabolomics was used to extrapolate marker compounds associated with browning discoloration. The medium allowed the growth of all the strains tested and differences in colour were observed, especially for strain A7 (ΔE* value 15.92 ± 0.27). Noteworthy, this strain was also the higher producer of methylglyoxal (2.44 µg/mL). Metabolomics highlighted pyrazines and β-carboline compounds as markers of browning at 42 °C and 16 °C, respectively. Moreover, multivariate statistics pointed out differences in free amino acids and oligopeptides linked to proteolysis, while 1,2-propanediol and S-Lactoylglutathione suggested specific detoxification route in methylglyoxal-producing strains. Our model allowed detecting differences in browning amid strains, paving the way towards the study of individual L. helveticus strains to identify the variables leading to discoloration or to study the interaction between different strains in natural whey starters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Galimberti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Bissolati 74, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rico
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Rossetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Bissolati 74, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fontana
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Bissolati 74, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Callegari
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Bissolati 74, 26100 Cremona, Italy.
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Kumar S, Sega S, Lynn-Barbe JK, Harris DL, Koehn JT, Crans DC, Crick DC. Proline Dehydrogenase and Pyrroline 5 Carboxylate Dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Evidence for Substrate Channeling. Pathogens 2023; 12:1171. [PMID: 37764979 PMCID: PMC10537722 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, proline dehydrogenase (PruB) and ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase (PruA) are monofunctional enzymes that catalyze proline oxidation to glutamate via the intermediates P5C and L-glutamate-γ-semialdehyde. Both enzymes are essential for the replication of pathogenic M. tuberculosis. Highly active enzymes were expressed and purified using a Mycobacterium smegmatis expression system. The purified enzymes were characterized using natural substrates and chemically synthesized analogs. The structural requirements of the quinone electron acceptor were examined. PruB displayed activity with all tested lipoquinone analogs (naphthoquinone or benzoquinone). In PruB assays utilizing analogs of the native naphthoquinone [MK-9 (II-H2)] specificity constants Kcat/Km were an order of magnitude greater for the menaquinone analogs than the benzoquinone analogs. In addition, mycobacterial PruA was enzymatically characterized for the first time using exogenous chemically synthesized P5C. A Km value of 120 ± 0.015 µM was determined for P5C, while the Km value for NAD+ was shown to be 33 ± 4.3 µM. Furthermore, proline competitively inhibited PruA activity and coupled enzyme assays, suggesting that the recombinant purified monofunctional PruB and PruA enzymes of M. tuberculosis channel substrate likely increase metabolic flux and protect the bacterium from methylglyoxal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Steven Sega
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Jamie K. Lynn-Barbe
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Dannika L. Harris
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Jordan T. Koehn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA;
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA;
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
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Cassier-Chauvat C, Marceau F, Farci S, Ouchane S, Chauvat F. The Glutathione System: A Journey from Cyanobacteria to Higher Eukaryotes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1199. [PMID: 37371929 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
From bacteria to plants and humans, the glutathione system plays a pleiotropic role in cell defense against metabolic, oxidative and metal stresses. Glutathione (GSH), the γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine nucleophile tri-peptide, is the central player of this system that acts in redox homeostasis, detoxification and iron metabolism in most living organisms. GSH directly scavenges diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and carbon radicals. It also serves as a cofactor for various enzymes, such as glutaredoxins (Grxs), glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), which play crucial roles in cell detoxication. This review summarizes what is known concerning the GSH-system (GSH, GSH-derived metabolites and GSH-dependent enzymes) in selected model organisms (Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana and human), emphasizing cyanobacteria for the following reasons. Cyanobacteria are environmentally crucial and biotechnologically important organisms that are regarded as having evolved photosynthesis and the GSH system to protect themselves against the ROS produced by their active photoautotrophic metabolism. Furthermore, cyanobacteria synthesize the GSH-derived metabolites, ergothioneine and phytochelatin, that play crucial roles in cell detoxication in humans and plants, respectively. Cyanobacteria also synthesize the thiol-less GSH homologs ophthalmate and norophthalmate that serve as biomarkers of various diseases in humans. Hence, cyanobacteria are well-suited to thoroughly analyze the role/specificity/redundancy of the players of the GSH-system using a genetic approach (deletion/overproduction) that is hardly feasible with other model organisms (E. coli and S. cerevisiae do not synthesize ergothioneine, while plants and humans acquire it from their soil and their diet, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fanny Marceau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sandrine Farci
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Soufian Ouchane
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Franck Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Ito G, Tatara Y, Itoh K, Yamada M, Yamashita T, Sakamoto K, Nozaki T, Ishida K, Wake Y, Kaneko T, Fukuda T, Sugano E, Tomita H, Ozaki T. Novel dicarbonyl metabolic pathway via mitochondrial ES1 possessing glyoxalase III activity. BBA ADVANCES 2023; 3:100092. [PMID: 37250100 PMCID: PMC10209487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycation, caused by reactive dicarbonyls, plays a role in various diseases by forming advanced glycation end products. In live cells, reactive dicarbonyls such as glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO) are produced during cell metabolism, and these should be removed consistently. However, the dicarbonyl metabolic system in the mitochondria remains unclear. It has been speculated that the mammalian mitochondrial protein ES1 is a homolog of bacterial elbB possessing glyoxalase III (GLO3) activity. Therefore, in this study, to investigate ES1 functions and GLO3 activity, we generated ES1-knockout (KO) mice and recombinant mouse ES1 protein and investigated the biochemical and histological analyses. In the mitochondrial fraction obtained from ES1-KO mouse brains, the GO metabolism and cytochrome c oxidase activity were significantly lower than those in the mitochondrial fraction obtained from wildtype (WT) mouse brains. However, the morphological features of the mitochondria did not change noticeably in the ES1-KO mouse brains compared with those in the WT mouse brains. The mitochondrial proteome analysis showed that the MGO degradation III pathway and oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins were increased. These should be the response to the reduced GO metabolism caused by ES1 deletion to compensate for the dicarbonyl metabolism and damaged cytochrome c oxidase by elevated GO. Recombinant mouse ES1 protein exhibited catalytic activity of converting GO to glycolic acid. These results indicate that ES1 possesses GLO3 activity and modulates the metabolism of GO in the mitochondria. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show a novel metabolic pathway for reactive dicarbonyls in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginga Ito
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Yota Tatara
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifuchou, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifuchou, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Miwa Yamada
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nozaki
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Kinji Ishida
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yui Wake
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Takehito Kaneko
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Taku Ozaki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
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10
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Fulton RL, Downs DM. Modulators of a robust and efficient metabolism: Perspective and insights from the Rid superfamily of proteins. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 83:117-179. [PMID: 37507158 PMCID: PMC10642521 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is an integrated network of biochemical pathways that assemble to generate the robust, responsive physiologies of microorganisms. Despite decades of fundamental studies on metabolic processes and pathways, our understanding of the nuance and complexity of metabolism remains incomplete. The ability to predict and model metabolic network structure, and its influence on cellular fitness, is complicated by the persistence of genes of unknown function, even in the best-studied model organisms. This review describes the definition and continuing study of the Rid superfamily of proteins. These studies are presented with a perspective that illustrates how metabolic complexity can complicate the assignment of function to uncharacterized genes. The Rid superfamily of proteins has been divided into eight subfamilies, including the well-studied RidA subfamily. Aside from the RidA proteins, which are present in all domains of life and prevent metabolic stress, most members of the Rid superfamily have no demonstrated physiological role. Recent progress on functional assignment supports the hypothesis that, overall, proteins in the Rid superfamily modulate metabolic processes to ensure optimal organismal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie L Fulton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Diana M Downs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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11
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Rong P, Yanchu L, Nianchun G, Qi L, Xianyong L. Glyoxal-induced disruption of tumor cell progression in breast cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 18:26. [PMID: 36908974 PMCID: PMC9993443 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women and remains a major global challenge, with ~1.4 million cases per year, worldwide. Numerous studies have shown that changes in cell metabolism are associated with the regulation of tumor progression. In the present study, the anti-cancer properties of glyoxal (GO), which is the smallest dialdehyde formed in the oxidation-reduction reaction and involved in electron transfer and energy metabolism, in breast cancer was investigated. The biological functions and molecular mechanisms of GO were investigated in breast cancer cell lines using MTT and crystal violet assays, flow cytometry, western blot analysis, 3D laser scanning confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that GO strongly inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis and cell cycle G2/M arrest, induced the disappearance of cellular microvilli, and enlarged mitochondria. In addition, the protein expression level of AKT, mTOR and p70-S6K decreased in the AKT-mTOR pathway, accompanied by an increase in p-ERK and p-MEK in the MAPK pathway. The results from the present study indicate that GO suppressed breast cancer progression via the MAPK and AKT-mTOR pathways. Taken together, these results provide the basis for a potential therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Rong
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Fuxing Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610037, P.R. China.,Department of Research, Chengdu Fuxing Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610037, P.R. China
| | - Li Yanchu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Guo Nianchun
- Department of Research, Chengdu Fuxing Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610037, P.R. China
| | - Li Qi
- Department of Research, Chengdu Fuxing Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610037, P.R. China
| | - Li Xianyong
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Fuxing Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610037, P.R. China.,Department of Research, Chengdu Fuxing Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610037, P.R. China
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12
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Major benznidazole metabolites in patients treated for Chagas disease: Mass spectrometry-based identification, structural analysis and detoxification pathways. Toxicol Lett 2023; 377:71-82. [PMID: 36775077 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Benznidazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of Chagas disease, but its metabolism in humans is unclear. Here, we identified and characterized the major benznidazole metabolites and their biosynthetic mechanisms in humans by analyzing the ionic profiles of urine samples from patients and untreated donors through reversed-phase UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and UHPLC-ESI-QqLIT-MS. A strategy for simultaneous detection and fragmentation of characteristic positive and negative ions was employed using information-dependent acquisitions (IDA). Selected precursor ions, neutral losses, and MS3 experiments complemented the study. A total of six phase-I and ten phase-II metabolites were identified and structurally characterized in urine of benznidazole-treated patients. Based on creatinine-corrected ion intensities, nitroreduction to amino-benznidazole (M1) and its subsequent N-glucuronidation to M5 were the main metabolic pathways, followed by imidazole-ring cleavage, oxidations, and cysteine conjugations. This extensive exploration of benznidazole metabolites revealed potentially toxic structures in the form of glucuronides and glutathione derivatives, which may be associated with recurrent treatment adverse events; this possibility warrants further exploration in future clinical trials. Incorporation of this knowledge of the benznidazole metabolic profile into clinical pharmacology trials could lead to improved treatments, facilitate the study of possible drug-drug interactions, and even mitigation of adverse drug reactions.
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13
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Schoppel K, Trachtmann N, Korzin EJ, Tzanavari A, Sprenger GA, Weuster-Botz D. Metabolic control analysis enables rational improvement of E. coli L-tryptophan producers but methylglyoxal formation limits glycerol-based production. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:201. [PMID: 36195869 PMCID: PMC9531422 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although efficient l-tryptophan production using engineered Escherichia coli is established from glucose, the use of alternative carbon sources is still very limited. Through the application of glycerol as an alternate, a more sustainable substrate (by-product of biodiesel preparation), the well-studied intracellular glycolytic pathways are rerouted, resulting in the activity of different intracellular control sites and regulations, which are not fully understood in detail. Metabolic analysis was applied to well-known engineered E. coli cells with 10 genetic modifications. Cells were withdrawn from a fed-batch production process with glycerol as a carbon source, followed by metabolic control analysis (MCA). This resulted in the identification of several additional enzymes controlling the carbon flux to l-tryptophan. Results These controlling enzyme activities were addressed stepwise by the targeted overexpression of 4 additional enzymes (trpC, trpB, serB, aroB). Their efficacy regarding l-tryptophan productivity was evaluated under consistent fed-batch cultivation conditions. Although process comparability was impeded by process variances related to a temporal, unpredictable break-off in l-tryptophan production, process improvements of up to 28% with respect to the l-tryptophan produced were observed using the new producer strains. The intracellular effects of these targeted genetic modifications were revealed by metabolic analysis in combination with MCA and expression analysis. Furthermore, it was discovered that the E. coli cells produced the highly toxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MGO) during the fed-batch process. A closer look at the MGO production and detoxification on the metabolome, fluxome, and transcriptome level of the engineered E. coli indicated that the highly toxic metabolite plays a critical role in the production of aromatic amino acids with glycerol as a carbon source. Conclusions A detailed process analysis of a new l-tryptophan producer strain revealed that several of the 4 targeted genetic modifications of the E. colil-tryptophan producer strain proved to be effective, and, for others, new engineering approaches could be derived from the results. As a starting point for further strain and process optimization, the up-regulation of MGO detoxifying enzymes and a lowering of the feeding rate during the last third of the cultivation seems reasonable. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01930-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schoppel
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Natalia Trachtmann
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Emil J Korzin
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Angelina Tzanavari
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Georg A Sprenger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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14
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Wong F, Stokes JM, Bening SC, Vidoudez C, Trauger SA, Collins JJ. Reactive metabolic byproducts contribute to antibiotic lethality under anaerobic conditions. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3499-3512.e10. [PMID: 35973427 PMCID: PMC10149100 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria remains an open question. Previous work has proposed that primary drug-target corruption leads to increased energetic demands, resulting in the generation of reactive metabolic byproducts (RMBs), particularly reactive oxygen species, that contribute to antibiotic-induced cell death. Studies have challenged this hypothesis by pointing to antibiotic lethality under anaerobic conditions. Here, we show that treatment of Escherichia coli with bactericidal antibiotics under anaerobic conditions leads to changes in the intracellular concentrations of central carbon metabolites, as well as the production of RMBs, particularly reactive electrophilic species (RES). We show that antibiotic treatment results in DNA double-strand breaks and membrane damage and demonstrate that antibiotic lethality under anaerobic conditions can be decreased by RMB scavengers, which reduce RES accumulation and mitigate associated macromolecular damage. This work indicates that RMBs, generated in response to antibiotic-induced energetic demands, contribute in part to antibiotic lethality under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wong
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan M Stokes
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sarah C Bening
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Charles Vidoudez
- Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sunia A Trauger
- Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James J Collins
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Kubisch C, Kövilein A, Aliyu H, Ochsenreither K. RNA-Seq Based Transcriptome Analysis of Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863 Grown on Glucose, Acetate and an Aqueous Condensate from the Fast Pyrolysis of Wheat Straw. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080765. [PMID: 35893132 PMCID: PMC9394295 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its acetate content, the pyrolytic aqueous condensate (PAC) formed during the fast pyrolysis of wheat straw could provide an inexpensive substrate for microbial fermentation. However, PAC also contains several inhibitors that make its detoxification inevitable. In our study, we examined the transcriptional response of Aspergillus oryzae to cultivation on 20% detoxified PAC, pure acetate and glucose using RNA-seq analysis. Functional enrichment analysis of 3463 significantly differentially expressed (log2FC >2 & FDR < 0.05) genes revealed similar metabolic tendencies for both acetate and PAC, as upregulated genes in these cultures were mainly associated with ribosomes and RNA processing, whereas transmembrane transport was downregulated. Unsurprisingly, metabolic pathway analysis revealed that glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and starch and sucrose metabolism were upregulated for glucose, whereas glyoxylate and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were important carbon utilization pathways for acetate and PAC, respectively. Moreover, genes involved in the biosynthesis of various amino acids such as arginine, serine, cysteine and tryptophan showed higher expression in the acetate-containing cultures. Direct comparison of the transcriptome profiles of acetate and PAC revealed that pyruvate metabolism was the only significantly different metabolic pathway and was overexpressed in the PAC cultures. Upregulated genes included those for methylglyoxal degradation and alcohol dehydrogenases, which thus represent potential targets for the further improvement of fungal PAC tolerance.
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16
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Mechanisms of Acetoin Toxicity and Adaptive Responses in an Acetoin-Producing Species, Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0107921. [PMID: 34613757 PMCID: PMC8612267 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01079-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetoin, 3-hydroxyl,2-butanone, is extensively used as a flavor additive in food products. This volatile compound is produced by the dairy bacterium Lactococcus lactis when aerobic respiration is activated by haem addition, and comprises ∼70% of carbohydrate degradation products. Here we investigate the targets of acetoin toxicity, and determine how acetoin impacts L. lactis physiology and survival. Acetoin caused damage to DNA and proteins, which related to reactivity of its keto group. Acetoin stress was reflected in proteome profiles, which revealed changes in lipid metabolic proteins. Acetoin provoked marked changes in fatty acid composition, with massive accumulation of cycC19:0 cyclopropane fatty acid at the expense of its unsaturated C18:1 fatty acid precursor. Deletion of the cfa gene, encoding the cycC19:0 synthase, sensitized cells to acetoin stress. Acetoin-resistant transposon mutagenesis revealed a hot spot in the high affinity phosphate transporter operon pstABCDEF, which is known to increase resistance to multiple stresses. This work reveals the causes and consequences of acetoin stress on L. lactis, and may facilitate control of lactic acid bacteria production in technological processes. IMPORTANCE Acetoin, 3-hydroxyl,2-butanone, has diverse uses in chemical industry, agriculture, and dairy industries as a volatile compound that generates aromas. In bacteria, it can be produced in high amount by Lactococcus lactis when it grows under aerobic respiration. However, acetoin production can be toxic and detrimental for growth and/or survival. Our results showed that it damages DNA and proteins via its keto group. We also showed that acetoin modifies membrane fatty acid composition with the production of cyclopropane C19:0 fatty acid at the expense of an unsaturated C18:1. We isolated mutants more resistant to acetoin than the wild-type strain. All of them mapped to a single locus pstABCDEF operon, suggesting a simple means to limit acetoin toxicity in dairy bacteria and to improve its production.
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17
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Lin W, Conway LP, Vujasinovic M, Löhr J, Globisch D. Chemoselective and Highly Sensitive Quantification of Gut Microbiome and Human Metabolites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University, Box 599 75124 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Louis P. Conway
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University, Box 599 75124 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Miroslav Vujasinovic
- Department for Digestive Diseases Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - J.‐Matthias Löhr
- Department for Digestive Diseases Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University, Box 599 75124 Uppsala Sweden
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18
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Ecology and Function of the Transmissible Locus of Stress Tolerance in Escherichia coli and Plant-Associated Enterobacteriaceae. mSystems 2021; 6:e0037821. [PMID: 34402641 PMCID: PMC8407380 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00378-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) is a genomic island which confers resistance to heat and chlorine. In this study, we determined that the tLST is frequent in genomes of those Enterobacteriaceae that occur in association with plants as well as the intestines of humans and animals and are relevant as nosocomial pathogens, e.g., Klebsiella and Cronobacter species. The tLST is more frequent in environmental and clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae than in animal isolates, and heat and chlorine resistance of tLST-positive strains of K. pneumoniae matched the resistance of tLST-positive strains of Escherichia coli. The function of 13 tLST genes was determined by assessing the heat and chlorine resistance of E. coli MG1655 mutants. The deletion of sHsp20, clpKGI, sHspGI, pscA, pscB, and hdeDGI reduced both heat and chlorine resistance; deletion of kefB reduced only chlorine resistance. Genes coding for heat shock proteins sHsp20, clpKGI, and sHspGI decreased the oxidation of cytoplasmic proteins, while kefB decreased the oxidation of membrane lipids. The fitness cost of the tLST for E. coli MG1655 was assessed by pairwise competition experiments with isogenic tLST-positive or tLST-negative strains. The tLST imposes a fitness cost that is compensated for by frequent and lethal challenges with chlorine. All core genes need to be present to maintain the ecological advantage relative to the fitness cost. Taken together, core tLST genes are necessary to provide protection for E. coli against heat and chlorine stress, and the selective pressure for the tLST maintains core genes. IMPORTANCE The transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) is a genomic island comprising 10 core genes that occurs in diverse Enterobacteriaceae and confers resistance to heat and chlorine. Experimentation described in the manuscript describes the physiological function of the core genes by characterization of the resistance of 13 single-knockout (KO) mutants and by characterization of protein and membrane oxidation in these strains after chlorine challenge. Results identify tLST resistance as a genomic island that is specific for those Enterobacteriaceae that occur in plant-associated habitats as well in the intestines of vertebrates. In addition, the ecological function of the genomic island was characterized by large-scale genomic analysis and competition experiments of wild-type and mutant strains. Results suggest that tLST-mediated resistance to chlorine may contribute to the persistence of nosocomial pathogens in hospitals.
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19
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Lin W, Conway LP, Vujasinovic M, Löhr JM, Globisch D. Chemoselective and highly sensitive quantification of gut microbiome and human metabolites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23232-23240. [PMID: 34339587 PMCID: PMC8597006 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome has a fundamental impact on the human host's physiology through the production of highly reactive compounds that can lead to disease development. One class of such compounds are carbonyl‐containing metabolites, which are involved in diverse biochemical processes. Mass spectrometry is the method of choice for analysis of metabolites but carbonyls are analytically challenging. Herein, we have developed a new chemical biology tool using chemoselective modification to overcome analytical limitations. Two isotopic probes allow for the simultaneous and semi‐quantitative analysis at the femtomole level as well as qualitative analysis at attomole quantities that allows for detection of more than 200 metabolites in human fecal, urine and plasma samples. This comprehensive mass spectrometric analysis enhances the scope of metabolomics‐driven biomarker discovery. We anticipate that our chemical biology tool will be of general use in metabolomics analysis to obtain a better understanding of microbial interactions with the human host and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Lin
- Uppsala University: Uppsala Universitet, Dept. Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala, SWEDEN
| | - Louis P Conway
- Uppsala University: Uppsala Universitet, Dept. Chem. - BMC, 75421, Uppsala, SWEDEN
| | - Miroslav Vujasinovic
- Karolinska University Hospital: Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Dept. for Digestive Diseases, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - J-Matthias Löhr
- Karolinska Institute: Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Husaragatan 3, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 75123, Uppsala, SWEDEN
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20
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Anaya-Sanchez A, Feng Y, Berude JC, Portnoy DA. Detoxification of methylglyoxal by the glyoxalase system is required for glutathione availability and virulence activation in Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009819. [PMID: 34407151 PMCID: PMC8372916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, food-borne pathogen that lives a biphasic lifestyle, cycling between the environment and as a facultative intracellular pathogen of mammals. Upon entry into host cells, L. monocytogenes upregulates expression of glutathione synthase (GshF) and its product, glutathione (GSH), which is an allosteric activator of the master virulence regulator PrfA. Although gshF mutants are highly attenuated for virulence in mice and form very small plaques in host cell monolayers, these virulence defects can be fully rescued by mutations that lock PrfA in its active conformation, referred to as PrfA*. While PrfA activation can be recapitulated in vitro by the addition of reducing agents, the precise biological cue(s) experienced by L. monocytogenes that lead to PrfA activation are not known. Here we performed a genetic screen to identify additional small-plaque mutants that were rescued by PrfA* and identified gloA, which encodes glyoxalase A, a component of a GSH-dependent methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification system. MG is a toxic byproduct of metabolism produced by both the host and pathogen, which if accumulated, causes DNA damage and protein glycation. As a facultative intracellular pathogen, L. monocytogenes must protect itself from MG produced by its own metabolic processes and that of its host. We report that gloA mutants grow normally in broth, are sensitive to exogenous MG and severely attenuated upon IV infection in mice, but are fully rescued for virulence in a PrfA* background. We demonstrate that transcriptional activation of gshF increased upon MG challenge in vitro, and while this resulted in higher levels of GSH for wild-type L. monocytogenes, the glyoxalase mutants had decreased levels of GSH, presumably due to the accumulation of the GSH-MG hemithioacetal adduct. These data suggest that MG acts as a host cue that leads to GSH production and activation of PrfA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Anaya-Sanchez
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - John C. Berude
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Duang-Nkern J, Nontaleerak B, Udomkanarat T, Saninjuk K, Sukchawalit R, Mongkolsuk S. NieR is the repressor of a NaOCl-inducible efflux system in Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Microbiol Res 2021; 251:126816. [PMID: 34273784 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Agrobacterium tumefaciens atu4217 gene, which encodes a TetR family transcription regulator, is a repressor of the atu4218-atu4219-atu4220 operon. The Atu4218 and Atu4219 proteins belong to the HlyD family (membrane fusion protein) and the AcrB/AcrD/AcrF family (inner membrane transporter), respectively, and may form an efflux pump. The atu4220 gene encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed induction of atu4217 and atu4218 by NaOCl but not by N-ethylmaleimide or reactive oxygen species (ROS) including H2O2, menadione and cumene hydroperoxide; therefore, the atu4218 and atu4219 were named NaOCl-inducible efflux genes nieA and nieB, respectively. The atu4217 gene, which was named nieR, serves as a repressor of nieA and nieB. DNase I footprinting assays identified 20-bp imperfect inverted repeat (IR, underlined) motifs 5'-TAGATTTAGGATGCAATCTA-3' (box A) and 5'-TAGATTTCACTTGACATCTA-3' (box R) in the intergenic region of the divergent nieA and nieR genes; these motifs were recognized by the NieR protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that NieR specifically binds to the 20-bp IR motifs and that NaOCl prevents this NieR-DNA interaction. Promoter-lacZ fusions and mutagenesis of the NieR boxes (A and R) showed a more dominant role for box A than for box R in the repression of the nieA and nieR promoters. However, full repression of either promoter required both operators. The nieR mutant strain exhibited a small colony phenotype and was more sensitive than the wild-type to NaOCl and antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, novobiocin, and tetracycline. By contrast, the nieAB mutant strain showed no phenotype changes under the tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintana Duang-Nkern
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Benya Nontaleerak
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Tham Udomkanarat
- Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Kritsakorn Saninjuk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Rojana Sukchawalit
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
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Shimada T, Ogasawara H, Kobayashi I, Kobayashi N, Ishihama A. Single-Target Regulators Constitute the Minority Group of Transcription Factors in Escherichia coli K-12. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:697803. [PMID: 34220787 PMCID: PMC8249747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.697803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of regulatory targets of all transcription factors (TFs) is critical for understanding the entire network of genome regulation. A total of approximately 300 TFs exist in the model prokaryote Escherichia coli K-12, but the identification of whole sets of their direct targets is impossible with use of in vivo approaches. For this end, the most direct and quick approach is to identify the TF-binding sites in vitro on the genome. We then developed and utilized the gSELEX screening system in vitro for identification of more than 150 E. coli TF-binding sites along the E. coli genome. Based on the number of predicted regulatory targets, we classified E. coli K-12 TFs into four groups, altogether forming a hierarchy ranging from a single-target TF (ST-TF) to local TFs, global TFs, and nucleoid-associated TFs controlling as many as 1,000 targets. Using the collection of purified TFs and a library of genome DNA segments from a single and the same E. coli K-12, we identified here a total of 11 novel ST-TFs, CsqR, CusR, HprR, NorR, PepA, PutA, QseA, RspR, UvrY, ZraR, and YqhC. The regulation of single-target promoters was analyzed in details for the hitherto uncharacterized QseA and RspR. In most cases, the ST-TF gene and its regulatory target genes are adjacently located on the E. coli K-12 genome, implying their simultaneous transfer in the course of genome evolution. The newly identified 11 ST-TFs and the total of 13 hitherto identified altogether constitute the minority group of TFs in E. coli K-12.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Ogasawara
- Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.,Research Center for Fungal and Microbial Dynamism, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ikki Kobayashi
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Frontier Science, Hosei University, Koganei, Japan
| | - Akira Ishihama
- Department of Frontier Science, Hosei University, Koganei, Japan.,Micro-Nano Technology Research Center, Hosei University, Koganei, Japan
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23
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Jana GA, Krishnamurthy P, Kumar PP, Yaish MW. Functional characterization and expression profiling of glyoxalase III genes in date palm grown under abiotic stresses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:780-794. [PMID: 33034392 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG), a by-product of various metabolic processes, including glycolysis, is a highly reactive cytotoxic metabolite. The level of MG in the cell is maintained at a non-toxic level via MG detoxification pathways such as the universal glyoxalase system, including glyoxalase I/II/III enzymes. Glyoxalase III (DJ-1) can breakdown MG to d-lactate in a single step without reducing glutathione (GSH). Elucidating the function of the DJ-1 gene family may provide further knowledge about its role in plants under abiotic stresses. Here, we characterize four glyoxalase III genes (PdDJ-1B1, PdDJ-1B2, PdDJ-1C, and PdDJ-1D) encoding the conserved DJ-1 domain in the genome of the date palm, a crop with high drought and salinity tolerance. The expression level of the PdDJ-1 genes increased in date palm leaves upon salinity treatment. In addition, overexpression of PdDJ-1 genes in Escherichia coli and the complementation in yeast hsp31Δ knockout mutant cells enhanced their growth rate and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under MG and oxidative stress conditions as shown by the flow cytometry assay. Subcellular localization using confocal microscopy revealed the accumulation of PdDJ-1B1, PdDJ-1C, and PdDJ-1D in the chloroplast, whereas PdDJ-1B2 was localized to the cytosol. Remarkably, constitutive expression of the PdDJ-1C gene in Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Col-0) resulted in the generation of non-viable albino plants implying that PdDJ-1C plays a critical function in chloroplast development. These findings suggest that PdDJ-1 protein has an important function in MG-detoxification and maintaining the redox balance in date palm plants under abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry A Jana
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Pannaga Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prakash P Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahmoud W Yaish
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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24
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Rehman S, Faisal M, Alatar AA, Ahmad S. Physico-chemical Changes Induced in the Serum Proteins Immunoglobulin G and Fibrinogen Mediated by Methylglyoxal. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:916-923. [PMID: 31244422 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190618095719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of secondary diabetic complications via the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and increased oxidative stress. Methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive dicarbonyl of class α-oxoaldehyde that generates during glucose oxidation and lipid peroxidation, contributes to glycation. OBJECTIVE This comparative study focuses on methylglyoxal induced glycoxidative damage suffered by immunoglobulin G (IgG) and fibrinogen, and to unveil implication of structural modification of serum proteins in diabetes-associated secondary complications. METHODS The methylglyoxal induced structural alterations in IgG and fibrinogen were analyzed by UVvis, fluorescence, circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Ketoamine moieties, carbonyl contents, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and malondyaldehyde were also quantified. Free lysine and arginine estimation, detection of non-fluorogenic carboxymethyllysine (CML) and fibril formation were confirmed by thioflavin T (ThT) assay. RESULTS Structural alterations, increased carbonyl contents and ketoamines were reported in MG glycated IgG and fibrinogen against their native analogues. CONCLUSION The experiment results validate structural modifications, increased oxidative stress and AGEs formation. Thus, we can conclude that IgG-AGEs and Fib-AGEs formed during MG induced glycation of IgG and fibrinogen could impede normal physiology and might initiates secondary complications in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Rehman
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226026, India
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226026, India
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25
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Arginine glycosylation enhances methylglyoxal detoxification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3834. [PMID: 33589708 PMCID: PMC7884692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion system effector proteins have primarily been characterized for their interactions with host cell proteins and their ability to disrupt host signaling pathways. We are testing the hypothesis that some effectors are active within the bacterium, where they modulate bacterial signal transduction and physiology. We previously determined that the Citrobacter rodentium effector NleB possesses an intra-bacterial glycosyltransferase activity that increases glutathione synthetase activity to protect the bacterium from oxidative stress. Here we investigated the potential intra-bacterial activities of NleB orthologs in Salmonella enterica and found that SseK1 and SseK3 mediate resistance to methylglyoxal. SseK1 glycosylates specific arginine residues on four proteins involved in methylglyoxal detoxification, namely GloA (R9), GloB (R190), GloC (R160), and YajL (R149). SseK1-mediated Arg-glycosylation of these four proteins significantly enhances their catalytic activity, thus providing another important example of the intra-bacterial activities of type three secretion system effector proteins. These data are also the first demonstration that a Salmonella T3SS effector is active within the bacterium.
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26
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Tran HT, Bonilla CY. SigB-regulated antioxidant functions in gram‐positive bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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A High-Throughput Method for Identifying Novel Genes That Influence Metabolic Pathways Reveals New Iron and Heme Regulation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mSystems 2021; 6:6/1/e00933-20. [PMID: 33531406 PMCID: PMC7857532 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00933-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to simultaneously and more directly correlate genes with metabolite levels on a global level would provide novel information for many biological platforms yet has thus far been challenging. Here, we describe a method to help address this problem, which we dub “Met-Seq” (metabolite-coupled Tn sequencing). Heme is an essential metabolite for most life on earth. Bacterial pathogens almost universally require iron to infect a host, often acquiring this nutrient in the form of heme. The Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is no exception, where heme acquisition and metabolism are known to be crucial for both chronic and acute infections. To unveil unknown genes and pathways that could play a role with heme metabolic flux in this pathogen, we devised an omic-based approach we dubbed “Met-Seq,” for metabolite-coupled transposon sequencing. Met-Seq couples a biosensor with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and massively parallel sequencing, allowing for direct identification of genes associated with metabolic changes. In this work, we first construct and validate a heme biosensor for use with P. aeruginosa and exploit Met-Seq to identify 188 genes that potentially influence intracellular heme levels. Identified genes largely consisted of metabolic pathways not previously associated with heme, including many secreted virulence effectors, as well as 11 predicted small RNAs (sRNAs) and riboswitches whose functions are not currently understood. We verify that five Met-Seq hits affect intracellular heme levels; a predicted extracytoplasmic function (ECF) factor, a phospholipid acquisition system, heme biosynthesis regulator Dnr, and two predicted antibiotic monooxygenase (ABM) domains of unknown function (PA0709 and PA3390). Finally, we demonstrate that PA0709 and PA3390 are novel heme-binding proteins. Our data suggest that Met-Seq could be extrapolated to other biological systems and metabolites for which there is an available biosensor, and provides a new template for further exploration of iron/heme regulation and metabolism in P. aeruginosa and other pathogens. IMPORTANCE The ability to simultaneously and more directly correlate genes with metabolite levels on a global level would provide novel information for many biological platforms yet has thus far been challenging. Here, we describe a method to help address this problem, which we dub “Met-Seq” (metabolite-coupled Tn sequencing). Met-Seq uses the powerful combination of fluorescent biosensors, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to rapidly identify genes that influence the levels of specific intracellular metabolites. For proof of concept, we create and test a heme biosensor and then exploit Met-Seq to identify novel genes involved in the regulation of heme in the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Met-Seq-generated data were largely comprised of genes which have not previously been reported to influence heme levels in this pathogen, two of which we verify as novel heme-binding proteins. As heme is a required metabolite for host infection in P. aeruginosa and most other pathogens, our studies provide a new list of targets for potential antimicrobial therapies and shed additional light on the balance between infection, heme uptake, and heme biosynthesis.
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Feng J, Li R, Zhang S, Bu Y, Chen Y, Cui Y, Lin B, Chen Y, Tao Y, Wu B. Bioretrosynthesis of Functionalized N-Heterocycles from Glucose via One-Pot Tandem Collaborations of Designed Microbes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001188. [PMID: 32995125 PMCID: PMC7507072 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The design of multistrain systems has markedly expanded the prospects of using long biosynthetic pathways to produce natural compounds. However, the cooperative use of artificially engineered microbes to synthesize xenobiotic chemicals from renewable carbohydrates is still in its infancy. Here, a microbial system is developed for the production of high-added-value N-heterocycles directly from glucose. Based on a retrosynthetic analysis, eleven genes are selected, systematically modulated, and overexpressed in three Escherichia coli strains to construct an artificial pathway to produce 5-methyl-2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid, a key intermediate in the production of the important pharmaceuticals Glipizide and Acipimox. Via one-pot tandem collaborations, the designed microbes remarkably realize high-level production of 5-methyl-2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid (6.2 ± 0.1 g L-1) and its precursor 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (7.9 ± 0.7 g L-1). This study is the first application of cooperative microbes for the total biosynthesis of functionalized N-heterocycles and provides new insight into integrating bioretrosynthetic principles with synthetic biology to perform complex syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruifeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shasha Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yifan Bu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanchun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yinglu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Baixue Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Yihua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Bian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
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Sulforaphane Inhibits MGO-AGE-Mediated Neuroinflammation by Suppressing NF-κB, MAPK, and AGE-RAGE Signaling Pathways in Microglial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090792. [PMID: 32859007 PMCID: PMC7554773 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are produced through the binding of glycated protein or lipid with sugar, and they are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of both age-dependent and independent neurological complications. Among dicarbonyl compounds, methylglyoxal (MGO), which is produced from glucose breakdown, is a key precursor of AGE formation and neurotoxicity. Several studies have shown the toxic effects of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-AGE (prepared with glucose, sucrose or fructose) both in in vitro and in vivo. In fact, MGO-derived AGEs (MGO-AGEs) are highly toxic to neurons and other cells of the central nervous system. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of MGO-AGEs in microglial activation, a key inflammatory event, or secondary brain damage in neuroinflammatory diseases. Interestingly, we found that sulforaphane (SFN) as a potential candidate to downregulate neuroinflammation induced by MGO-AGEs in BV2 microglial cells. SFN not only inhibited the formation of MGO-AGEs, but it did not show breaking activity on the MGO-mediated AGEs cross-links with protein, indicating that SFN could potentially trap MGO or inhibit toxic AGE damage. In addition, SFN significantly attenuated the production of neuroinflammatory mediators induced by MGO-AGEs in BV2 microglial cells. SFN also lowered the expression levels of AGE receptor (RAGE) in microglial cells, suggesting that SFN could downregulate MGO-AGE-mediated neurotoxicity at the receptor activation level. Altogether, our current study revealed that SFN might show neuropharmacological potential for downregulating MGO-AGEs-mediated neuronal complications thorough attenuating AGE formation and neuroinflammatory responses induced by MGO-AGEs in vitro.
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Methylglyoxal Detoxification Revisited: Role of Glutathione Transferase in Model Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00882-20. [PMID: 32753490 PMCID: PMC7407080 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00882-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In most organisms, methylglyoxal (MG), a toxic metabolite by-product that causes diabetes in humans, is predominantly detoxified by the glyoxalase enzymes. This process begins with the so-called “spontaneous” conjugation of MG with the cytoprotectant metabolite glutathione (GSH). In this study, we unravel a logical, but as yet unsuspected, link between MG detoxification and a (prokaryotic) representative of the ubiquitous glutathione transferase (GST) enzymes. We show that a GST of a model cyanobacterium plays a prominent role in the detoxification of MG in catalyzing its conjugation with GSH. This finding is important because this reaction, always regarded as nonenzymatic, could exist in plants and/or human and thus have an impact on agriculture and/or human health. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a detrimental metabolic by-product that threatens most organisms (in humans MG causes diabetes). MG is predominantly detoxified by the glyoxalase pathway. This process begins with the conjugation of MG with glutathione (GSH), yielding a hemithioacetal product that is subsequently transformed by the glyoxalase enzymes into d-lactate and GSH. MG has been overlooked in photosynthetic organisms, although they inevitably produce it not only by the catabolism of sugars, lipids, and amino acids, as do heterotrophic organisms, but also by their active photoautotrophic metabolism. This is especially true for cyanobacteria that are regarded as having developed photosynthesis and GSH-dependent enzymes to detoxify the reactive oxygen species produced by their photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation) and respiration (glucose catabolism), which they perform in the same cell compartment. In this study, we used a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches to characterize a logical, but as yet never described, link between MG detoxification and a (prokaryotic) representative of the evolutionarily conserved glutathione transferase (GST) detoxification enzymes. We show that the Sll0067 GST of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 plays a prominent role in MG tolerance and detoxification, unlike the other five GSTs of this organism. Sll0067 catalyzes the conjugation of MG with GSH to initiate its elimination driven by glyoxalases. These results are novel because the conjugation of MG with GSH is always described as nonenzymatic. They will certainly stimulate the analysis of Sll0067 orthologs from other organisms with possible impacts on human health (development of biomarkers or drugs) and/or agriculture.
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31
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MR1-Restricted T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082145. [PMID: 32756356 PMCID: PMC7464881 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I-related (MR1) was first identified as a cell membrane protein involved in the development and expansion of a unique set of T cells expressing an invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) α-chain. These cells were initially discovered in mucosal tissues, such as the intestinal mucosa, so they are called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MR1 senses the presence of intermediate metabolites of riboflavin and folic acid synthesis that have been chemically modified by the side-products of glycolysis, glyoxal or methylglyoxal. These modified metabolites form complexes with MR1 and translocate from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane where MAIT cells’ TCRs recognize them. Recent publications report that atypical MR1-restricted cytotoxic T cells, differing from MAIT cells in TCR usage, antigen, and transcription factor profile, recognize an as yet unknown cancer-specific metabolite presented by MR1 in cancer cells. This metabolite may represent another class of neoantigens, beyond the neo-peptides arising from altered tumor proteins. In an MR1-dependent manner, these MR1-restricted T cells, while sparing noncancerous cells, kill many cancer cell lines and attenuate cell-line-derived and patient-derived xenograft tumors. As MR1 is monomorphic and expressed in a wide range of cancer tissues, these findings raise the possibility of universal pan-cancer immunotherapies that are dependent on cancer metabolites.
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Characterizing the Mechanism of Action of an Ancient Antimicrobial, Manuka Honey, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using Modern Transcriptomics. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00106-20. [PMID: 32606022 PMCID: PMC7329319 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00106-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Manuka honey has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and unlike traditional antibiotics, resistance to its killing effects has not been reported. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanism of action of manuka honey and its key antibacterial components using a transcriptomic approach in a model organism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa We show that no single component of honey can account for its total antimicrobial action, and that honey affects the expression of genes in the SOS response, oxidative damage, and quorum sensing. Manuka honey uniquely affects genes involved in the explosive cell lysis process and in maintaining the electron transport chain, causing protons to leak across membranes and collapsing the proton motive force, and it induces membrane depolarization and permeabilization in P. aeruginosa These data indicate that the activity of manuka honey comes from multiple mechanisms of action that do not engender bacterial resistance.IMPORTANCE The threat of antimicrobial resistance to human health has prompted interest in complex, natural products with antimicrobial activity. Honey has been an effective topical wound treatment throughout history, predominantly due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Unlike traditional antibiotics, honey-resistant bacteria have not been reported; however, honey remains underutilized in the clinic in part due to a lack of understanding of its mechanism of action. Here, we demonstrate that honey affects multiple processes in bacteria, and this is not explained by its major antibacterial components. Honey also uniquely affects bacterial membranes, and this can be exploited for combination therapy with antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective on their own. We argue that honey should be included as part of the current array of wound treatments due to its effective antibacterial activity that does not promote resistance in bacteria.
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Chamchoy K, Pumirat P, Reamtong O, Pakotiprapha D, Leartsakulpanich U, Boonyuen U. Functional analysis of BPSS2242 reveals its detoxification role in Burkholderia pseudomallei under salt stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10453. [PMID: 32591552 PMCID: PMC7320009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A bpss2242 gene, encoding a putative short-chain dehydrogenase/oxidoreductase (SDR) in Burkholderia pseudomallei, was identified and its expression was up-regulated by ten-fold when B. pseudomallei was cultured under high salt concentration. Previous study suggested that BPSS2242 plays important roles in adaptation to salt stress and pathogenesis; however, its biological functions are still unknown. Herein, we report the biochemical properties and functional characterization of BPSS2242 from B. pseudomallei. BPSS2242 exhibited NADPH-dependent reductase activity toward diacetyl and methylglyoxal, toxic electrophilic dicarbonyls. The conserved catalytic triad was identified and found to play critical roles in catalysis and cofactor binding. Tyr162 and Lys166 are involved in NADPH binding and mutation of Lys166 causes a conformational change, altering protein structure. Overexpression of BPSS2242 in Escherichia coli increased bacterial survival upon exposure to diacetyl and methylglyoxal. Importantly, the viability of B. pseudomallei encountered dicarbonyl toxicity was enhanced when cultured under high salt concentration as a result of BPSS2242 overexpression. This is the first study demonstrating that BPSS2242 is responsible for detoxification of toxic metabolites, constituting a protective system against reactive carbonyl compounds in B. pseudomallei..
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwan Chamchoy
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Danaya Pakotiprapha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Ubolsree Leartsakulpanich
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Huang JQ, Lin JL, Guo XX, Tian X, Tian Y, Shangguan XX, Wang LJ, Fang X, Chen XY. RES transformation for biosynthesis and detoxification. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1297-1302. [PMID: 32519031 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The reactive electrophilic species (RES), typically the molecules bearing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group, are widespread in living organisms and notoriously known for their damaging effects. Many of the mycotoxins released from phytopathogenic fungi are RES and their contamination to cereals threatens food safety worldwide. However, due to their high reactivity, RES are also used by host organisms to synthesize specific metabolites. The evolutionary conserved glyoxalase (GLX) system scavenges the cytotoxic α-oxoaldehydes that bear RES groups, which cause host disorders and diseases. In cotton, a specialized enzyme derived from glyoxalase I (GLXI) through gene duplications and named as specialized GLXI (SPG), acts as a distinct type of aromatase in the gossypol pathway to transform the RES intermediates into the phenolic products. In this review, we briefly introduce the research progress in understanding the RES, especially the RES-type mycotoxins, the GLX system and SPG, and discuss their application potential in detoxification and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Quan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ye Tian
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.
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35
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Millan-Oropeza A, Henry C, Lejeune C, David M, Virolle MJ. Expression of genes of the Pho regulon is altered in Streptomyces coelicolor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8492. [PMID: 32444655 PMCID: PMC7244524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most currently used antibiotics originate from Streptomycetes and phosphate limitation is an important trigger of their biosynthesis. Understanding the molecular processes underpinning such regulation is of crucial importance to exploit the great metabolic diversity of these bacteria and get a better understanding of the role of these molecules in the physiology of the producing bacteria. To contribute to this field, a comparative proteomic analysis of two closely related model strains, Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor was carried out. These strains possess identical biosynthetic pathways directing the synthesis of three well-characterized antibiotics (CDA, RED and ACT) but only S. coelicolor expresses them at a high level. Previous studies established that the antibiotic producer, S. coelicolor, is characterized by an oxidative metabolism and a reduced triacylglycerol content compared to the none producer, S. lividans, characterized by a glycolytic metabolism. Our proteomic data support these findings and reveal that these drastically different metabolic features could, at least in part, due to the weaker abundance of proteins of the two component system PhoR/PhoP in S. coelicolor compared to S. lividans. In condition of phosphate limitation, PhoR/PhoP is known to control positively and negatively, respectively, phosphate and nitrogen assimilation and our study revealed that it might also control the expression of some genes of central carbon metabolism. The tuning down of the regulatory role of PhoR/PhoP in S. coelicolor is thus expected to be correlated with low and high phosphate and nitrogen availability, respectively and with changes in central carbon metabolic features. These changes are likely to be responsible for the observed differences between S. coelicolor and S. lividans concerning energetic metabolism, triacylglycerol biosynthesis and antibiotic production. Furthermore, a novel view of the contribution of the bio-active molecules produced in this context, to the regulation of the energetic metabolism of the producing bacteria, is proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Millan-Oropeza
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clara Lejeune
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michelle David
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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36
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Swarbrick CMD, Nanson JD, Patterson EI, Forwood JK. Structure, function, and regulation of thioesterases. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101036. [PMID: 32416211 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thioesterases are present in all living cells and perform a wide range of important biological functions by catalysing the cleavage of thioester bonds present in a diverse array of cellular substrates. Thioesterases are organised into 25 families based on their sequence conservation, tertiary and quaternary structure, active site configuration, and substrate specificity. Recent structural and functional characterisation of thioesterases has led to significant changes in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that govern enzyme activity and their respective cellular roles. The resulting dogma changes in thioesterase regulation include mechanistic insights into ATP and GDP-mediated regulation by oligomerisation, the role of new key regulatory regions, and new insights into a conserved quaternary structure within TE4 family members. Here we provide a current and comparative snapshot of our understanding of thioesterase structure, function, and regulation across the different thioesterase families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
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37
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Li Y, Burns AE, Burke GJP, Poindexter ME, Madl AK, Pinkerton KE, Nguyen TB. Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and a Theoretical Model to the Quantification of Multifunctional Carbonyls and Organic Acids in e-Cigarette Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5640-5650. [PMID: 32271013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electronic (e-) cigarette aerosol (particle and gas) is a complex mixture of chemicals, of which the profile is highly dependent on device operating parameters and e-liquid flavor formulation. The thermal degradation of the e-liquid solvents propylene glycol and glycerol often generates multifunctional carbonyls that are challenging to quantify because of unavailability of standards. We developed a theoretical method to calculate the relative electrospray ionization sensitivities of hydrazones of organic acids and carbonyls with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine based on their gas-phase basicities (ΔGdeprotonation). This method enabled quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry HPLC-HRMS in the absence of chemical standards. Accurate mass and tandem multistage MS (MSn) were used for structure identification of vaping products. We quantified five simple carbonyls, six hydroxycarbonyls, four dicarbonyls, three acids, and one phenolic carbonyl in the e-cigarette aerosol with Classic Tobacco flavor. Our results suggest that hydroxycarbonyls, such as hydroxyacetone, lactaldehyde, and dihydroxyacetone can be significant components in e-cigarette aerosols but have received less attention in the literature and have poorly understood health effects. The data support the radical-mediated e-liquid thermal degradation scheme that has been previously proposed and emphasize the need for more research on the chemistry and toxicology of the complex product formation in e-cigarette aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amanda E Burns
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Guy J P Burke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Morgan E Poindexter
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amy K Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tran B Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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38
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Bañares AB, Valdehuesa KNG, Ramos KRM, Nisola GM, Lee WK, Chung WJ. A pH-responsive genetic sensor for the dynamic regulation of D-xylonic acid accumulation in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2097-2108. [PMID: 31900554 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The xylose oxidative pathway (XOP) is continuously gaining prominence as an alternative for the traditional pentose assimilative pathways in prokaryotes. It begins with the oxidation of D-xylose to D-xylonic acid, which is further converted to α-ketoglutarate or pyruvate + glycolaldehyde through a series of enzyme reactions. The persistent drawback of XOP is the accumulation of D-xylonic acid intermediate that causes culture media acidification. This study addresses this issue through the development of a novel pH-responsive synthetic genetic controller that uses a modified transmembrane transcription factor called CadCΔ. This genetic circuit was tested for its ability to detect extracellular pH and to control the buildup of D-xylonic acid in the culture media. Results showed that the pH-responsive genetic sensor confers dynamic regulation of D-xylonic acid accumulation, which adjusts with the perturbation of culture media pH. This is the first report demonstrating the use of a pH-responsive transmembrane transcription factor as a transducer in a synthetic genetic circuit that was designed for XOP. This may serve as a benchmark for the development of other genetic controllers for similar pathways that involve acidic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo B Bañares
- Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kris Niño G Valdehuesa
- Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristine Rose M Ramos
- Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Grace M Nisola
- Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Keun Lee
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Energy and Environment Fusion Technology Center (E2FTC), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Zhang T, Shi XC, Xia Y, Mai L, Tremblay PL. Escherichia coli adaptation and response to exposure to heavy atmospheric pollution. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10879. [PMID: 31350435 PMCID: PMC6659633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
90% of the world population is exposed to heavy atmospheric pollution. This is a major public health issue causing 7 million death each year. Air pollution comprises an array of pollutants such as particulate matters, ozone and carbon monoxide imposing a multifactorial stress on living cells. Here, Escherichia coli was used as model cell and adapted for 390 generations to atmospheric pollution to assess its long-term effects at the genetic, transcriptomic and physiological levels. Over this period, E. coli evolved to grow faster and acquired an adaptive mutation in rpoB, which encodes the RNA polymerase β subunit. Transcriptomic and biochemical characterization showed alteration of the cell membrane composition resulting in lesser permeability after the adaptation process. A second significant change in the cell wall structure of the adapted strain was the greater accumulation of the exopolysaccharides colanic acid and cellulose in the extracellular fraction. Results also indicated that amino acids homeostasis was involved in E. coli response to atmospheric pollutants. This study demonstrates that adaptive mutation with transformative physiological impact can be fixed in genome after exposure to atmospheric pollution and also provides a comprehensive portrait of the cellular response mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Pier-Luc Tremblay
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China. .,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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40
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Horizontal Gene Transfer as an Indispensable Driver for Evolution of Neocallimastigomycota into a Distinct Gut-Dwelling Fungal Lineage. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00988-19. [PMID: 31126947 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00988-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival and growth of the anaerobic gut fungi (AGF; Neocallimastigomycota) in the herbivorous gut necessitate the possession of multiple abilities absent in other fungal lineages. We hypothesized that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) was instrumental in forging the evolution of AGF into a phylogenetically distinct gut-dwelling fungal lineage. The patterns of HGT were evaluated in the transcriptomes of 27 AGF strains, 22 of which were isolated and sequenced in this study, and 4 AGF genomes broadly covering the breadth of AGF diversity. We identified 277 distinct incidents of HGT in AGF transcriptomes, with subsequent gene duplication resulting in an HGT frequency of 2 to 3.5% in AGF genomes. The majority of HGT events were AGF specific (91.7%) and wide (70.8%), indicating their occurrence at early stages of AGF evolution. The acquired genes allowed AGF to expand their substrate utilization range, provided new venues for electron disposal, augmented their biosynthetic capabilities, and facilitated their adaptation to anaerobiosis. The majority of donors were anaerobic fermentative bacteria prevalent in the herbivorous gut. This study strongly indicates that HGT indispensably forged the evolution of AGF as a distinct fungal phylum and provides a unique example of the role of HGT in shaping the evolution of a high-rank taxonomic eukaryotic lineage.IMPORTANCE The anaerobic gut fungi (AGF) represent a distinct basal phylum lineage (Neocallimastigomycota) commonly encountered in the rumen and alimentary tracts of herbivores. Survival and growth of anaerobic gut fungi in these anaerobic, eutrophic, and prokaryote-dominated habitats necessitates the acquisition of several traits absent in other fungal lineages. We assess here the role of horizontal gene transfer as a relatively fast mechanism for trait acquisition by the Neocallimastigomycota postsequestration in the herbivorous gut. Analysis of 27 transcriptomes that represent the broad diversity of Neocallimastigomycota identified 277 distinct HGT events, with subsequent gene duplication resulting in an HGT frequency of 2 to 3.5% in AGF genomes. These HGT events have allowed AGF to survive in the herbivorous gut by expanding their substrate utilization range, augmenting their biosynthetic pathway, providing new routes for electron disposal by expanding fermentative capacities, and facilitating their adaptation to anaerobiosis. HGT in the AGF is also shown to be mainly a cross-kingdom affair, with the majority of donors belonging to the bacteria. This study represents a unique example of the role of HGT in shaping the evolution of a high-rank taxonomic eukaryotic lineage.
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41
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Manna S, Waring A, Papanicolaou A, Hall NE, Bozinovski S, Dunne EM, Satzke C. The transcriptomic response of Streptococcus pneumoniae following exposure to cigarette smoke extract. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15716. [PMID: 30356075 PMCID: PMC6200755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke is a risk factor for respiratory diseases. Although most research has focused on its effects on the host, cigarette smoke can also directly affect respiratory pathogens, in some cases enhancing virulence. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide, however data on the effects of cigarette smoke on the pneumococcus are sparse. Using RNA-seq, we show that pneumococci exposed to cigarette smoke extract in a concentrated acute exposure in vitro model initiate a 'survival' transcriptional response including the upregulation of detoxification enzymes, efflux pumps and osmoregulator transporters, as well as the downregulation of fatty acid and D-alanyl lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis genes. Except for the downregulation of the pneumolysin gene, there were no changes in the expression of major virulence factors following exposure to cigarette smoke. Compared to unexposed pneumococci, smoke-exposed pneumococci did not exhibit any changes in viability, adherence, hydrophobicity or cell lysis susceptibility. In this study, we demonstrate that pneumococci adapt to acute noxious cigarette smoke exposure by inducing a gene expression signature that allows the bacteria to resist its harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Manna
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Infection and Immunity, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Alicia Waring
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Infection and Immunity, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Angelica Papanicolaou
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Programme, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
| | - Nathan E Hall
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Programme, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
| | - Eileen M Dunne
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Infection and Immunity, Parkville, 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Infection and Immunity, Parkville, 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, 3010, Australia
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42
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Wongsaroj L, Saninjuk K, Romsang A, Duang-nkern J, Trinachartvanit W, Vattanaviboon P, Mongkolsuk S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa glutathione biosynthesis genes play multiple roles in stress protection, bacterial virulence and biofilm formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205815. [PMID: 30325949 PMCID: PMC6191110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 contains gshA and gshB genes, which encode enzymes involved in glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. Challenging P. aeruginosa with hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, and t-butyl hydroperoxide increased the expression of gshA and gshB. The physiological roles of these genes in P. aeruginosa oxidative stress, bacterial virulence, and biofilm formation were examined using P. aeruginosa ΔgshA, ΔgshB, and double ΔgshAΔgshB mutant strains. These mutants exhibited significantly increased susceptibility to methyl viologen, thiol-depleting agent, and methylglyoxal compared to PAO1. Expression of functional gshA, gshB or exogenous supplementation with GSH complemented these phenotypes, which indicates that the observed mutant phenotypes arose from their inability to produce GSH. Virulence assays using a Drosophila melanogaster model revealed that the ΔgshA, ΔgshB and double ΔgshAΔgshB mutants exhibited attenuated virulence phenotypes. An analysis of virulence factors, including pyocyanin, pyoverdine, and cell motility (swimming and twitching), showed that these levels were reduced in these gsh mutants compared to PAO1. In contrast, biofilm formation increased in mutants. These data indicate that the GSH product and the genes responsible for GSH synthesis play multiple crucial roles in oxidative stress protection, bacterial virulence and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampet Wongsaroj
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kritsakorn Saninjuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adisak Romsang
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Emerging Bacterial Infections, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jintana Duang-nkern
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Paiboon Vattanaviboon
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Program in Applied Biological Sciences: Environmental Health, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Emerging Bacterial Infections, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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43
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Li C, Dai S, Lu J, Zhao B, Wang J, Li P, Wu Z, Mu Y, Feng C, Dong Q. Methylglyoxal: A newly detected and potentially harmful metabolite in the blood of ketotic dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8513-8523. [PMID: 29960773 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ketosis causes serious economic losses for the modern dairy industry because it is a highly prevalent metabolic disease among cows in high-producing herds during the transition period. Due to some striking similarities between diabetes in humans and ketosis in dairy cows, there is potential for the use of methylglyoxal (MGO)-commonly used in human diabetics-as a biomarker in dairy cattle. However, currently no data are available about the presence of MGO in the serum of dairy cattle or about the characteristics of its production or its potential contribution in the pathogenesis of ketosis. To determine the potential origin and pathway of formation of MGO, cows in different metabolic conditions [i.e., non-subclinically ketotic dairy cows in early lactation (n = 7), subclinically ketotic dairy cows in early lactation (n = 8), overconditioned dry cows (BCS >4.25, n = 6), and nonlactating heifers (n = 6)] were selected. Serum MGO concentrations were determined and correlated with indicators of the glucose and lipid metabolism and with haptoglobin (Hp) as an inflammatory marker. The serum MGO concentrations in subclinically ketotic cows (712.60 ± 278.77 nmol/L) were significantly greater than in nonlactating heifers (113.35 ± 38.90 nmol/L), overconditioned dry cows (259.71 ± 117.97 nmol/L), and non-subclinically ketotic cows (347.83 ± 63.56 nmol/L). In serum of lactating cows, concentrations of glucose and fructosamine were lower than in heifers and were negatively correlated with MGO concentrations. Even so, concentrations of metabolic and inflammatory markers such as dihydroxyacetone phosphate, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetone, and Hp were remarkably higher in subclinically ketotic cows compared with nonlactating heifers; these metabolites were also positively correlated with MGO. In human diabetics elevated MGO concentrations are stated to originate from both hyperglycemia and the enhanced lipid metabolism, whereas higher MGO concentrations in subclinically ketotic cows were not associated with hyperglycemia. Therefore, our data suggest MGO in dairy cows to be a metabolite produced from the metabolization of acetone within the lipid metabolization pathway and from the metabolization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Furthermore, the highly positive correlation between MGO and Hp suggests that this reactive compound might be involved in the proinflammatory state of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. However, more research is needed to determine the potential use of MGO as a biomarker for metabolic failure in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Juela Township Government of Cuona County, Cuona 856700, China
| | - Shaohua Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiangyi Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiangang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Panpan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhaozhen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yingying Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Cuixia Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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44
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Oh J, Patel J, Park HB, Crawford JM. β-Lactam Biotransformations Activate Innate Immunity. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7173-7179. [PMID: 29616809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely prescribed to treat bacterial infections, but many of these drugs also affect patient immune responses. While the molecular mechanisms regulating these diverse immunomodulatory interactions are largely unknown, recent studies support two primary models: (1) antibiotics can alter immune function by directly interacting with human targets; and/or (2) antibiotics can indirectly affect immune responses via alteration of the human microbiota composition. Here, we describe results that could support a third model in which a nonimmunostimulatory antibiotic can be biotransformed by human microbiota members into an immunostimulatory product that lacks antibacterial activity. Specifically, we identified, characterized, and semisynthesized new biotransformation products derived from the β-lactams amoxicillin and ampicillin, antibiotics regularly prescribed in the clinic. The drug metabolism products were identified in bacterial cultures harboring β-lactamase, a common resistance determinant. One of the amoxicillin biotransformation products activated innate immunity, as assessed by NF-κB signaling in human leukemic monocytes, whereas amoxicillin itself exhibited no effect. Amoxicillin has previously been shown to have minimal long-term impact on human microbiota composition in clinical trial studies. Taken together, our results could support a broader immunomodulatory mechanism whereby antibiotics could indirectly regulate immune function in a stable, microbiome-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonseok Oh
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.,Chemical Biology Institute , Yale University , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Jaymin Patel
- Chemical Biology Institute , Yale University , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Hyun Bong Park
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.,Chemical Biology Institute , Yale University , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Jason M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.,Chemical Biology Institute , Yale University , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06536 , United States
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Raymond-Bouchard I, Chourey K, Altshuler I, Iyer R, Hettich RL, Whyte LG. Mechanisms of subzero growth in the cryophile Planococcus halocryophilus determined through proteomic analysis. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4460-4479. [PMID: 28834033 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The eurypsychrophilic bacterium Planococcus halocryophilus is capable of growth down to -15°C, making it ideal for studying adaptations to subzero growth. To increase our understanding of the mechanisms and pathways important for subzero growth, we performed proteomics on P. halocryophilus grown at 23°C, 23°C with 12% w/v NaCl and -10°C with 12% w/v NaCl. Many proteins with increased abundances at -10°C versus 23°C also increased at 23C-salt versus 23°C, indicating a closely tied relationship between salt and cold stress adaptation. Processes which displayed the largest changes in protein abundance were peptidoglycan and fatty acid (FA) synthesis, translation processes, methylglyoxal metabolism, DNA repair and recombination, and protein and nucleotide turnover. We identified intriguing targets for further research at -10°C, including PlsX and KASII (FA metabolism), DD-transpeptidase and MurB (peptidoglycan synthesis), glyoxalase family proteins (reactive electrophile response) and ribosome modifying enzymes (translation turnover). PemK/MazF may have a crucial role in translational reprogramming under cold conditions. At -10°C P. halocryophilus induces stress responses, uses resources efficiently, and carefully controls its growth and metabolism to maximize subzero survival. The present study identifies several mechanisms involved in subzero growth and enhances our understanding of cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Raymond-Bouchard
- Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Karuna Chourey
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Ianina Altshuler
- Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Ramsunder Iyer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Lyle G Whyte
- Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
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Toxic Electrophiles Induce Expression of the Multidrug Efflux Pump MexEF-OprN in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through a Novel Transcriptional Regulator, CmrA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00585-17. [PMID: 28507116 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00585-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug efflux system MexEF-OprN is produced at low levels in wild-type strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa However, in so-called nfxC mutants, mutational alteration of the gene mexS results in constitutive overexpression of the pump, along with increased resistance of the bacterium to chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim. In this study, analysis of in vitro-selected chloramphenicol-resistant clones of strain PA14 led to the identification of a new class of MexEF-OprN-overproducing mutants (called nfxC2) exhibiting alterations in an as-yet-uncharacterized gene, PA14_38040 (homolog of PA2047 in strain PAO1). This gene is predicted to encode an AraC-like transcriptional regulator and was called cmrA (for chloramphenicol resistance activator). In nfxC2 mutants, the mutated CmrA increases its proper gene expression and upregulates the operon mexEF-oprN through MexS and MexT, resulting in a multidrug resistance phenotype without significant loss in bacterial virulence. Transcriptomic experiments demonstrated that CmrA positively regulates a small set of 11 genes, including PA14_38020 (homolog of PA2048), which is required for the MexS/T-dependent activation of mexEF-oprN PA2048 codes for a protein sharing conserved domains with the quinol monooxygenase YgiN from Escherichia coli Interestingly, exposure of strain PA14 to toxic electrophilic molecules (glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and cinnamaldehyde) strongly activates the CmrA pathway and upregulates MexEF-OprN and, thus, increases the resistance of P. aeruginosa to the pump substrates. A picture emerges in which MexEF-OprN is central in the response of the pathogen to stresses affecting intracellular redox homeostasis.
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