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Chen T, Dai Y, Hu C, Lin Z, Wang S, Yang J, Zeng L, Li S, Li W. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:60. [PMID: 39030617 PMCID: PMC11264766 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for neuronal equilibrium and optimal brain function. Disruptions to BBB performance are implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. MAIN BODY Early indicators of multiple neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animal models include impaired BBB stability, regional cerebral blood flow shortfalls, and vascular inflammation associated with BBB dysfunction. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of BBB dysfunction in brain disorders is crucial for elucidating the sustenance of neural computations under pathological conditions and for developing treatments for these diseases. This paper initially explores the cellular and molecular definition of the BBB, along with the signaling pathways regulating BBB stability, cerebral blood flow, and vascular inflammation. Subsequently, we review current insights into BBB dynamics in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. The paper concludes by proposing a unified mechanism whereby BBB dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative disorders, highlights potential BBB-focused therapeutic strategies and targets, and outlines lessons learned and future research directions. CONCLUSIONS BBB breakdown significantly impacts the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction is vital to elucidate how neural computations are sustained under pathological conditions and to devise therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongli Chen
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Dai
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Hu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Lin
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengzhe Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Weiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Schoofs H, Schmit J, Rink L. Zinc Toxicity: Understanding the Limits. Molecules 2024; 29:3130. [PMID: 38999082 PMCID: PMC11243279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc, a vital trace element, holds significant importance in numerous physiological processes within the body. It participates in over 300 enzymatic reactions, metabolic functions, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and immune modulation, thereby demonstrating its essential role in maintaining overall health and well-being. While zinc deficiency is associated with significant health risks, an excess of this trace element can also lead to harmful effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 6.7 to 15 mg per day are referred to be the dietary reference value. An excess of the recommended daily intake may result in symptoms such as anemia, neutropenia and zinc-induced copper deficiency. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) defines the tolerable upper intake level (UL) as 25 mg per day, whereas the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows 40 mg per day. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the calculation of UL and other health risks associated with zinc. For example, zinc intake is not limited to oral consumption; other routes, such as inhalation or topical application, may also pose risks of zinc intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schoofs
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joyce Schmit
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Zahoor SM, Ishaq S, Ahmed T. Neurotoxic effects of metals on blood brain barrier impairment and possible therapeutic approaches. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2024; 126:1-24. [PMID: 39029969 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to neurotoxic and heavy metals (Pb2+, As3+, Mn2+, Cd2+, etc) has increased over time and has shown to negatively affect brain health. Heavy metals can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in various ways including receptor or carrier-mediated transport, passive diffusion, or transport via gaps in the endothelial cells of the brain. In high concentrations, these metals have been shown to cause structural and functional impairment to the BBB, by inducing oxidative stress, ion dyshomeostasis, tight junction (TJ) loss, astrocyte/pericyte damage and interference of gap junctions. The structural and functional impairment of the BBB results in increased BBB permeability, which ultimately leads to accumulation of these heavy metals in the brain and their subsequent toxicity. As a result of these effects, heavy metals are correlated with various neurological disorders. The pathological effects of these heavy metals can be effectively mitigated via chelation. In addition, it is possible to treat the associated disorders by counteracting the molecular mechanisms associated with the brain and BBB impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Mehak Zahoor
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sara Ishaq
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Stojsavljević A, Jagodić J, Pavlović S, Dinčić E, Kuveljić J, Manojlović D, Živković M. Essential trace element levels in multiple sclerosis: Bridging demographic and clinical gaps, assessing the need for supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127421. [PMID: 38452433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disorder intricately linked to perturbations in trace element levels. While previous studies have explored circulating trace elements in a limited sample, understanding the impact of demographic and clinical variables on the elemental profile within a larger cohort remains elusive. METHODS This study aimed to evaluate essential trace elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, and Se) in the sera of 215 MS patients compared to a meticulously matched control group of 100 individuals with similar gender and age. Our main objective was to identify potential variations in elemental profiles based on demographic and clinical parameters among MS patients, elucidating the prospective relevance of supplementing specific essential trace elements. RESULTS Data indicated a significant decrease in serum levels of Mn, Co, Zn, and Se, and an increase in Cr in MS patients compared to controls. These trace elements not only discriminated between MS patients and controls but also exhibited distinctive capabilities among demographic subgroups. Gender, smoking habits, and age strata (20-40 years and 41-60 years) revealed discernible variations in elemental profiles between MS patients and their control counterparts. Se demonstrated the singular ability to stratify cases of extreme MS severity, mild relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and highly severe secondary progressive MS (SPMS). In contrast, Co significantly differentiated RRMS from primary progressive MS (PPMS), while Cu significantly differentiated SPMS from PPMS. Additionally, Cu showed a negative correlation with MSSS, while Mn and Zn showed a positive correlation with EDSS. CONCLUSION These findings underscore a substantive deficiency in Mn, Co, Zn, and Se in the MS cohort, supporting targeted supplementation with these trace elements. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between essential trace elements and MS, paving the way for further research into personalized nutritional interventions for this complex neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jovana Jagodić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slađan Pavlović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evica Dinčić
- Military Medical Academy, Clinic for Neurology, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Defense in Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Kuveljić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Maja Živković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Wang Y, Song Y, Zhang L, Huang X. The paradoxical role of zinc on microglia. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127380. [PMID: 38171037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element for humans, and its homeostasis is essential for the health of the central nervous system. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, play the roles of sustaining, nourishing, and immune surveillance. Microglia are sensitive to microenvironment changes and are easily activated to M1 phenotype to enhance disease progression or the M2 phenotype to improve peripheral nerves injury repair. Zinc is requisite for microglial activation, However, the cytotoxicity outcome of zinc against microglia, the activated microglia phenotype, and activated microglia function are ambiguous. Herein, we have reviewed the neurological function of zinc and microglia, particularly the ambiguous role of zinc on microglia. We also pay attention to the role of zinc homeostasis on microglial function within the central nervous system disease. Finally, we observe the relationship between zinc and microglia, attempting to design new therapeutic measures against major nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Wang
- Graduate Faculty, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an 710068, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Ethnic Medicine Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, PR China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, PR China.
| | - Lingdang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, PR China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Ethnic Medicine Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, PR China.
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6
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Benarroch E. What Are the Functions of Zinc in the Nervous System? Neurology 2023; 101:714-720. [PMID: 37845046 PMCID: PMC10585682 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
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de Oliveira M, Santinelli FB, Lisboa-Filho PN, Barbieri FA. The Blood Concentration of Metallic Nanoparticles Is Related to Cognitive Performance in People with Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1819. [PMID: 37509462 PMCID: PMC10376844 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The imbalance in the concentration of metallic nanoparticles has been demonstrated to play an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS), which may impact cognition. Biomarkers are needed to provide insights into the pathogenesis and diagnosis of MS. They can be used to gain a better understanding of cognitive decline in people with MS (pwMS). In this study, we investigated the relationship between the blood concentration of metallic nanoparticles (blood nanoparticles) and cognitive performance in pwMS. First, four mL blood samples, clinical characteristics, and cognitive performance were obtained from 21 pwMS. All participants had relapse-remitting MS, with a score of ≤4.5 points in the expanded disability status scale. They were relapse-free in the three previous months from the day of collection and had no orthopedic, muscular, cardiac, and cerebellar diseases. We quantified the following metallic nanoparticles: aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, zinc, and total concentration. Cognitive performance was measured by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT). Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients and stepwise linear regression were calculated to assess the relationship between cognitive performance and blood nanoparticles. We found that better performance in SDMT and MMSE was related to higher total blood nanoparticles (r = 0.40; p < 0.05). Also, better performance in cognitive processing speed and attention (SDMT) and mental state (MMSE) were related to higher blood iron (r = 0.44; p < 0.03) and zinc concentrations (r = 0.41; p < 0.05), respectively. The other metallic nanoparticles (aluminum, chromium, copper, magnesium, and nickel) did not show a significant relationship with the cognitive parameters (p > 0.05). Linear regression estimated a significant association between blood iron concentration and SDMT performance. In conclusion, blood nanoparticles are related to cognitive performance in pwMS. Our findings suggest that the blood concentration of metallic nanoparticles, particularly the iron concentration, is a promising biomarker for monitoring cognitive impairment in pwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Oliveira
- Medicine and Nanotechnology Applied Physics Group (GFAMN), Department of Physics and Meteorology, School of Sciences, São Paulo University (Unesp), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Balistieri Santinelli
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho
- Medicine and Nanotechnology Applied Physics Group (GFAMN), Department of Physics and Meteorology, School of Sciences, São Paulo University (Unesp), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto Barbieri
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
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8
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Wang B, Fang T, Chen H. Zinc and Central Nervous System Disorders. Nutrients 2023; 15:2140. [PMID: 37432243 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is the second most abundant necessary trace element in the human body, exerting a critical role in many physiological processes such as cellular proliferation, transcription, apoptosis, growth, immunity, and wound healing. It is an essential catalyst ion for many enzymes and transcription factors. The maintenance of Zn2+ homeostasis is essential for the central nervous system, in which Zn2+ is abundantly distributed and accumulates in presynaptic vesicles. Synaptic Zn2+ is necessary for neural transmission, playing a pivotal role in neurogenesis, cognition, memory, and learning. Emerging data suggest that disruption of Zn2+ homeostasis is associated with several central nervous system disorders including Alzheimer's disease, depression, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. Here, we reviewed the correlation between Zn2+ and these central nervous system disorders. The potential mechanisms were also included. We hope that this review can provide new clues for the prevention and treatment of nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangqi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Tianshu Fang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Anderhalten L, Silva RV, Morr A, Wang S, Smorodchenko A, Saatz J, Traub H, Mueller S, Boehm-Sturm P, Rodriguez-Sillke Y, Kunkel D, Hahndorf J, Paul F, Taupitz M, Sack I, Infante-Duarte C. Different Impact of Gadopentetate and Gadobutrol on Inflammation-Promoted Retention and Toxicity of Gadolinium Within the Mouse Brain. Invest Radiol 2022; 57:677-688. [PMID: 35467573 PMCID: PMC9444290 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using a murine model of multiple sclerosis, we previously showed that repeated administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine led to retention of gadolinium (Gd) within cerebellar structures and that this process was enhanced with inflammation. This study aimed to compare the kinetics and retention profiles of Gd in inflamed and healthy brains after application of the macrocyclic Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) gadobutrol or the linear GBCA gadopentetate. Moreover, potential Gd-induced neurotoxicity was investigated in living hippocampal slices ex vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice at peak of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; n = 29) and healthy control mice (HC; n = 24) were exposed to a cumulative dose of 20 mmol/kg bodyweight of either gadopentetate dimeglumine or gadobutrol (8 injections of 2.5 mmol/kg over 10 days). Magnetic resonance imaging (7 T) was performed at baseline as well as at day 1, 10, and 40 post final injection (pfi) of GBCAs. Mice were sacrificed after magnetic resonance imaging and brain and blood Gd content was assessed by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-mass spectrometry (MS) and ICP-MS, respectively. In addition, using chronic organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, Gd-induced neurotoxicity was addressed in living brain tissue ex vivo, both under control or inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α] at 50 ng/μL) conditions. RESULTS Neuroinflammation promoted a significant decrease in T1 relaxation times after multiple injections of both GBCAs as shown by quantitative T1 mapping of EAE brains compared with HC. This corresponded to higher Gd retention within the EAE brains at 1, 10, and 40 days pfi as determined by laser ablation-ICP-MS. In inflamed cerebellum, in particular in the deep cerebellar nuclei (CN), elevated Gd retention was observed until day 40 after last gadopentetate application (CN: EAE vs HC, 55.06 ± 0.16 μM vs 30.44 ± 4.43 μM). In contrast, gadobutrol application led to a rather diffuse Gd content in the inflamed brains, which strongly diminished until day 40 (CN: EAE vs HC, 0.38 ± 0.08 μM vs 0.17 ± 0.03 μM). The analysis of cytotoxic effects of both GBCAs using living brain tissue revealed an elevated cell death rate after incubation with gadopentetate but not gadobutrol at 50 mM. The cytotoxic effect due to gadopentetate increased in the presence of the inflammatory mediator TNF-α (with vs without TNF-α, 3.15% ± 1.18% vs 2.17% ± 1.14%; P = 0.0345). CONCLUSIONS In the EAE model, neuroinflammation promoted increased Gd retention in the brain for both GBCAs. Whereas in the inflamed brains, efficient clearance of macrocyclic gadobutrol during the investigated time period was observed, the Gd retention after application of linear gadopentetate persisted over the entire observational period. Gadopentetate but not gadubutrol appeared to be neurotoxic in an ex vivo paradigm of neuronal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Anderhalten
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
| | - Rafaela V. Silva
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences
| | - Anna Morr
- Department of Radiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Berlin
| | - Shuangqing Wang
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
| | - Alina Smorodchenko
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Jessica Saatz
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin
| | - Heike Traub
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - Yasmina Rodriguez-Sillke
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Hahndorf
- Department of Radiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Berlin
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Department of Radiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Berlin
| | - Ingolf Sack
- Department of Radiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Berlin
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
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10
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Castro ÁDS, Albuquerque LDS, Melo MLPD, D'Almeida JAC, Braga RAM, Assis RCD, Marreiro DDN, Matos WO, Maia CSC. Relationship between zinc-related nutritional status and the progression of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 66:104063. [PMID: 35872505 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. OBJECTIVE To investigate plasma and erythrocyte zinc status and its relationship to MS. METHODS Cross-sectional study, including 98 participants, distributed in groups: case (MS, n = 49), diagnosed with MS and control (n = 49), matched by age and sex with the case group. Zinc was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Mean plasma zinc was 94.6 (22.1) μg/dL for MS patients and 81.5 (31.3) μg/dL for control group, with statistical difference (p = 0.023). The mean erythrocyte zinc was 83.6 (41.6) µg/gHb for case group and 72.6 (31.5) µg/gHb for control. Erythrocyte SOD activity was above reference values, significantly different for MS patients (p = 0.003). There was a significant direct correlation between erythrocyte zinc and SOD (r = 0.835; p < 0.001). SOD showed inverse correlation with MS outbreaks (r = -0.317; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION Patients with MS have normal plasma and elevated erythrocyte zinc. Erythrocyte zinc showed positive correlation with SOD, which correlated inversely to outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádila da Silva Castro
- State University of Ceara, Av. Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi Campus. Zip code 60741-000, Fortaleza- Ceara, Brazil; University of Fortaleza. Av. Washington Soares, Zip code 1321, Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza, State of Ceara 60811-905, Brazil
| | - Larissa da Silva Albuquerque
- State University of Ceara, Av. Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi Campus. Zip code 60741-000, Fortaleza- Ceara, Brazil; University of Fortaleza. Av. Washington Soares, Zip code 1321, Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza, State of Ceara 60811-905, Brazil
| | - Maria Luísa Pereira de Melo
- State University of Ceara, Av. Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi Campus. Zip code 60741-000, Fortaleza- Ceara, Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Center - Fortaleza General Hospital. Zip code 900, Ávila Goulart Street, Papicu, Fortaleza, State of Ceara 60150-160, Brazil
| | - José Artur Costa D'Almeida
- Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Center - Fortaleza General Hospital. Zip code 900, Ávila Goulart Street, Papicu, Fortaleza, State of Ceara 60150-160, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Carmo de Assis
- State University of Ceara, Av. Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi Campus. Zip code 60741-000, Fortaleza- Ceara, Brazil
| | | | - Wladiana Oliveira Matos
- Federal University of Ceara. Av Mister Hull, s/n, Pici Campus, Fortaleza, State of Ceara 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Carla Soraya Costa Maia
- State University of Ceara, Av. Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi Campus. Zip code 60741-000, Fortaleza- Ceara, Brazil.
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Wessels I, Rolles B, Slusarenko AJ, Rink L. Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19. Br J Nutr 2022; 127:214-232. [PMID: 33641685 PMCID: PMC8047403 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of Zn for human health becomes obvious during Zn deficiency. Even mild insufficiencies of Zn cause alterations in haematopoiesis and immune functions, resulting in a proinflammatory phenotype and a disturbed redox metabolism. Although immune system malfunction has the most obvious effect, the functions of several tissue cell types are disturbed if Zn supply is limiting. Adhesion molecules and tight junction proteins decrease, while cell death increases, generating barrier dysfunction and possibly organ failure. Taken together, Zn deficiency both weakens the resistance of the human body towards pathogens and at the same time increases the danger of an overactive immune response that may cause tissue damage. The case numbers of Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) are still increasing, which is causing enormous problems for health systems and economies. There is an urgent need to reduce both the number of severe cases and the resulting deaths. While therapeutic options are still under investigation, and first vaccines have been approved, cost-effective ways to reduce the likelihood of or even prevent infection, and the transition from mild symptoms to more serious detrimental disease, are highly desirable. Nutritional supplementation might be an effective option to achieve these aims. In this review, we discuss known Zn deficiency effects in the context of an infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 and its currently known pathogenic mechanisms and elaborate on how severe pre-existing Zn deficiency may pre-dispose patients to a severe progression of COVID-19. First published clinical data on the association of Zn homoeostasis with COVID-19 and registered studies in progress are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rolles
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Alan J. Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074Aachen, Germany
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12
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Nirooei E, Kashani SMA, Owrangi S, Malekpour F, Niknam M, Moazzen F, Nowrouzi-Sohrabi P, Farzinmehr S, Akbari H. Blood Trace Element Status in Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:13-26. [PMID: 33611740 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate whether the blood concentrations of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with those of the healthy control group in terms of trace elements including zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), and copper (Cu). A comprehensive search was performed in online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science for studies, which have addressed trace elements in MS up to July 23, 2020. The chi-square test and I2 statistic were utilized to evaluate inter-study heterogeneity across the included studies. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and corresponding 95% CI were considered as a pooled effect size (ES). Twenty-seven articles (or 32 studies) with a total sample comprised of 2895 participants (MS patients (n = 1567) and controls (n = 1328)) were included. Pooled results using random-effects model indicated that the levels of Zn (WMD = - 7.83 mcg/dl, 95% CI = - 12.78 to - 2.87, Z = 3.09, P = 0.002), and Fe (WMD = - 13.66 mcg/dl, 95% CI = - 23.13 to - 4.19, Z = 2.83, P = 0.005) were significantly lower in MS patients than in controls. However, it was found that levels of Mn (WMD = 0.03 mcg/dl, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.04, Z = 2.89, P = 0.004) were significantly higher in MS patients. Yet, no significant differences were observed in the levels of Mg, Se, and Cu between both groups. This meta-analysis revealed that the circulating levels of Zn and Fe were significantly lower in MS patients and that Mn level was significantly higher than those in the control group. However, it was found that there was no significant difference between MS patients and controls with regard to levels of Mg, Se, and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Nirooei
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Soroor Owrangi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Malekpour
- Family Medicine Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Niknam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moazzen
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Peyman Nowrouzi-Sohrabi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somaye Farzinmehr
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Briggs FBS, Sept C. Mining Complex Genetic Patterns Conferring Multiple Sclerosis Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052518. [PMID: 33802599 PMCID: PMC7967327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Complex genetic relationships, including gene-gene (G × G; epistasis), gene(n), and gene-environment (G × E) interactions, explain a substantial portion of the heritability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Machine learning and data mining methods are promising approaches for uncovering higher order genetic relationships, but their use in MS have been limited. (2) Methods: Association rule mining (ARM), a combinatorial rule-based machine learning algorithm, was applied to genetic data for non-Latinx MS cases (n = 207) and controls (n = 179). The objective was to identify patterns (rules) amongst the known MS risk variants, including HLA-DRB1*15:01 presence, HLA-A*02:01 absence, and 194 of the 200 common autosomal variants. Probabilistic measures (confidence and support) were used to mine rules. (3) Results: 114 rules met minimum requirements of 80% confidence and 5% support. The top ranking rule by confidence consisted of HLA-DRB1*15:01, SLC30A7-rs56678847 and AC093277.1-rs6880809; carriers of these variants had a significantly greater risk for MS (odds ratio = 20.2, 95% CI: 8.5, 37.5; p = 4 × 10−9). Several variants were shared across rules, the most common was INTS8-rs78727559, which was in 32.5% of rules. (4) Conclusions: In summary, we demonstrate evidence that specific combinations of MS risk variants disproportionately confer elevated risk by applying a robust analytical framework to a modestly sized study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farren B. S. Briggs
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-368-5636
| | - Corriene Sept
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Khalighinejad P, Parrott D, Sherry AD. Imaging Tissue Physiology In Vivo by Use of Metal Ion-Responsive MRI Contrast Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E268. [PMID: 32987721 PMCID: PMC7598704 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramagnetic metal ion complexes, mostly based on gadolinium (Gd3+), have been used for over 30 years as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Gd3+-based contrast agents have a strong influence on T1 relaxation times and are consequently the most commonly used agents in both the clinical and research environments. Zinc is an essential element involved with over 3000 different cellular proteins, and disturbances in tissue levels of zinc have been linked to a wide range of pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, prostate cancer, and diabetes mellitus. MR contrast agents that respond to the presence of Zn2+ in vivo offer the possibility of imaging changes in Zn2+ levels in real-time with the superior spatial resolution offered by MRI. Such responsive agents, often referred to as smart agents, are typically composed of a paramagnetic metal ion with a ligand encapsulating it and one or more chelating units that selectively bind with the analyte of interest. Translation of these agents into clinical radiology is the next goal. In this review, we discuss Gd3+-based MR contrast agents that respond to a change in local Zn2+ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Khalighinejad
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Daniel Parrott
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - A. Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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15
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Eating Pattern and Nutritional Risks among People with Multiple Sclerosis Following a Modified Paleolithic Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061844. [PMID: 32575774 PMCID: PMC7353368 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary studies suggest that a modified Paleolithic diet may benefit symptoms of fatigue in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). However, this diet restricts the consumption of eggs, dairy, and gluten-containing grains, which may increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies. Therefore, we evaluated the nutritional safety of this diet among people with progressive MS. Three nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls were collected from (n = 19) progressive MS participants in the final months of a diet intervention study and analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) software. Food group intake was calculated, and intake of micronutrients was evaluated and compared to individual recommendations using Nutrient Adequacy Ratios (NARs). Blood was drawn at baseline and the end of the study to evaluate biomarker changes. Mean intake of fruits and vegetables exceeded nine servings/day and most participants excluded food groups. The intake of all micronutrients from food were above 100% NAR except for vitamin D (29.6 ± 34.6%), choline (73.2 ± 27.2%), and calcium (60.3 ± 22.8%), and one participant (1/19) exceeded the Tolerable Upper Limit (UL) for zinc, one (1/19) for vitamin A, and 37% (7/19) exceeded the chronic disease risk reduction (CDRR) for sodium. When intake from supplements was included in the analysis, several individuals exceeded ULs for magnesium (5/19), zinc (2/19), sodium (7/19), and vitamins A (2/19), D (9/19), C (1/19), B6 (3/19), and niacin (10/19). Serum values of vitamins D, B12, K1, K2, and folate significantly increased compared to respective baseline values, while homocysteine and magnesium values were significantly lower at 12 months. Calcium and vitamin A serum levels did not change. This modified Paleolithic diet is associated with minimal nutritional risks. However, excessive intake from supplements may be of concern.
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16
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Kang BS, Choi BY, Kho AR, Lee SH, Hong DK, Jeong JH, Kang DH, Park MK, Suh SW. An Inhibitor of the Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger-1 (NHE-1), Amiloride, Reduced Zinc Accumulation and Hippocampal Neuronal Death after Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124232. [PMID: 32545865 PMCID: PMC7352629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidosis in the brain plays an important role in neuronal injury and is a common feature of several neurological diseases. It has been reported that the sodium–hydrogen exchanger-1 (NHE-1) is a key mediator of acidosis-induced neuronal injury. It modulates the concentration of intra- and extra-cellular sodium and hydrogen ions. During the ischemic state, excessive sodium ions enter neurons and inappropriately activate the sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX). Zinc can also enter neurons through voltage-gated calcium channels and NCX. Here, we tested the hypothesis that zinc enters the intracellular space through NCX and the subsequent zinc accumulation induces neuronal cell death after global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Thus, we conducted the present study to confirm whether inhibition of NHE-1 by amiloride attenuates zinc accumulation and subsequent hippocampus neuronal death following GCI. Mice were subjected to GCI by bilateral common carotid artery (BCCA) occlusion for 30 min, followed by restoration of blood flow and resuscitation. Amiloride (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) was immediately injected, which reduced zinc accumulation and neuronal death after GCI. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that amiloride attenuates GCI-induced neuronal injury, likely via the prevention of intracellular zinc accumulation. Consequently, we suggest that amiloride may have a high therapeutic potential for the prevention of GCI-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Jeong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dong Hyeon Kang
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (B.S.K.); (B.Y.C.); (A.R.K.); (S.H.L.); (D.K.H.); (J.H.J.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364
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17
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Raasakka A, Kursula P. Flexible Players within the Sheaths: The Intrinsically Disordered Proteins of Myelin in Health and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020470. [PMID: 32085570 PMCID: PMC7072810 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin ensheathes selected axonal segments within the nervous system, resulting primarily in nerve impulse acceleration, as well as mechanical and trophic support for neurons. In the central and peripheral nervous systems, various proteins that contribute to the formation and stability of myelin are present, which also harbor pathophysiological roles in myelin disease. Many myelin proteins have common attributes, including small size, hydrophobic segments, multifunctionality, longevity, and regions of intrinsic disorder. With recent advances in protein biophysical characterization and bioinformatics, it has become evident that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are abundant in myelin, and their flexible nature enables multifunctionality. Here, we review known myelin IDPs, their conservation, molecular characteristics and functions, and their disease relevance, along with open questions and speculations. We place emphasis on classifying the molecular details of IDPs in myelin, and we correlate these with their various functions, including susceptibility to post-translational modifications, function in protein–protein and protein–membrane interactions, as well as their role as extended entropic chains. We discuss how myelin pathology can relate to IDPs and which molecular factors are potentially involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Raasakka
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, NO-5009 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, NO-5009 Bergen, Norway;
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence:
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18
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Wiesmann N, Tremel W, Brieger J. Zinc oxide nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes in cancer medicine. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4973-4989. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00739k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles are characterized by a good biocompatibility while providing a versatile potential as innovative therapeutic agents in cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Wiesmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
- University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University
- Laboratory for Molecular Tumor Biology
- 55131 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Juergen Brieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
- University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University
- Laboratory for Molecular Tumor Biology
- 55131 Mainz
- Germany
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19
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Shang P, Zhang Y, Ma D, Hao Y, Wang X, Xin M, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Feng J. Inflammation resolution and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in CNS diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:967-986. [PMID: 31711309 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1691525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Inflammation resolution induced by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) is a new concept. The application of SPMs is a promising therapeutic strategy that can potentially supersede anti-inflammatory drugs. Most CNS diseases are associated with hyperreactive inflammatory damage. CNS inflammation causes irreversible neuronal loss and permanent functional impairments. Given the high mortality and morbidity rates, the investigation of therapeutic strategies to ameliorate inflammatory damage is necessary.Areas covered: In this review, we explore inflammation resolution in CNS disorders. We discuss the underlying mechanisms and dynamic changes of SPMs and their precursors in neurological diseases and examine how this can potentially be incorporated into the clinic. References were selected from PubMed; most were published between 2010 and 2019.Expert opinion: Inflammation resolution is a natural process that emerges after acute or chronic inflammation. The evidence that SPMs can effectively ameliorate hyperreactive inflammation, shorten resolution time and accelerate tissue regeneration in CNS disorders. Adjuvants and nanotechnology offer opportunities for SPM drug design; however, more preclinical studies are necessary to investigate basic, critical issues such as safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meiying Xin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingqin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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20
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Wessels I, Rink L. Micronutrients in autoimmune diseases: possible therapeutic benefits of zinc and vitamin D. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 77:108240. [PMID: 31841960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A functional immune system is essential for healthy life. This is achieved by the coordinate activation and interaction of different immune cells. One should be aware that activation of the immune response is as important as its deactivation when the pathogens are cleared, as otherwise host tissue can be damaged up to life-threatening levels. Autoimmune diseases (AID) represent a phenomenon of immune cells attacking host cells and tissue. Five to eight percent of the world's population are currently affected by 80-100 AID. In recent years, the incidence has been constantly increasing, reaching alarmingly high numbers particularly for type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome and multiple sclerosis. This indicates a higher societal burden of AID for the future. This article provides an overview of general concepts of triggers and underlying mechanisms leading to self-destruction. Lately, several original concepts of disease etiology were revised, and there is a variety of hypotheses on triggers, underlying mechanisms and preventive actions. This article concentrates on the importance of nutrition, especially zinc and vitamin D, for balancing the immune function. Homespun nutritional remedies seem to reenter today's therapeutic strategies. Current treatment approaches are largely symptomatic or suppress the immune system. However, recent studies reveal significant benefits of nutrition-related therapeutic approaches including prevention and treatment of established disease, which offer a cost-efficient and trigger-unspecific alternative addressing balancing rather than suppression of the immune system. Zinc and vitamin D are currently the best studied and most promising candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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21
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Inhibitory Effects of the Two Novel TSPO Ligands 2-Cl-MGV-1 and MGV-1 on LPS-induced Microglial Activation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050486. [PMID: 31121852 PMCID: PMC6562711 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands 2-Cl-MGV-1 and MGV-1 can attenuate cell death of astrocyte-like cells (U118MG) and induce differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells (PC-12). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial membrane endotoxin that activates cellular inflammatory pathways by releasing pro-inflammatory molecules, including cytokines and chemokines. The aim of the present study was to assess the immuno-modulatory effect of TSPO ligands in activated microglial cells. We demonstrated that the TSPO ligands 2-Cl-MGV-1 and MGV-1 can prevent LPS-induced activation of microglia (BV-2 cell line). Co-treatment of LPS (100 ng/mL) with these TSPO ligands (final concentration- 25 µM) reduces significantly the LPS-induced release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) from 16.9-fold to 2.5-fold, IL-β from 8.3-fold to 1.6-fold, interferon-γ from 16.0-fold to 2.2-fold, and tumor necrosis factor-α from 16.4-fold to 1.8-fold. This anti-inflammatory activity seems to be achieved by inhibition of NF-κB p65 activation. Assessment of initiation of ROS generation and cell metabolism shows significant protective effects of these two novel TSPO ligands. The IL-10 and IL-13 levels were not affected by any of the TSPO ligands. Thus, it appears that the ligands suppress the LPS-induced activation of some inflammatory responses of microglia. Such immunomodulatory effects may be relevant to the pharmacotherapy of neuro-inflammatory diseases.
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22
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Elitt CM, Fahrni CJ, Rosenberg PA. Zinc homeostasis and zinc signaling in white matter development and injury. Neurosci Lett 2019; 707:134247. [PMID: 31059767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential dietary micronutrient that is abundant in the brain with diverse roles in development, injury, and neurological diseases. With new imaging tools and chelators selectively targeting zinc, the field of zinc biology is rapidly expanding. The importance of zinc homeostasis is now well recognized in neurodegeneration, but there is emerging data that zinc may be equally important in white matter disorders. This review provides an overview of zinc biology, including a discussion of clinical disorders of zinc deficiency, different zinc pools, zinc biomarkers, and methods for measuring zinc. It emphasizes our limited understanding of how zinc is regulated in oligodendrocytes and white matter. Gaps in knowledge about zinc transporters and zinc signaling are discussed. Zinc-induced oligodendrocyte injury pathways relevant to white matter stroke, multiple sclerosis, and white matter injury of prematurity are reviewed and examples of zinc-dependent proteins relevant to myelination highlighted. Finally, a novel ratiometric zinc sensor is reviewed, revealing new information about mobile zinc during oligodendrocyte differentiation. With a better understanding of zinc biology in oligodendrocytes, new therapeutic targets for white matter disorders may be possible and the necessary tools to appropriately study zinc are finally available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Elitt
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Christoph J Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Cortese M, Chitnis T, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Total intake of different minerals and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2019; 92:e2127-e2135. [PMID: 30944237 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between mineral intake (potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese, copper) and multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, we assessed dietary and supplemental mineral intake by a validated food frequency questionnaire administered every 4 years to 80,920 nurses in the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2002) and 94,511 in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2007). There were 479 new MS cases during follow-up. We estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of energy-adjusted mineral intake with MS risk using Cox regression, adjusting for age, residence latitude at age 15, ancestry, body mass index at age 18, supplemental vitamin D, smoking, and total energy intake. RESULTS We did not find any association between the minerals and MS risk, either for baseline or cumulative intake during follow-up. The associations were null comparing women with highest to those with lowest intakes in quintiles or deciles and there was no significant trend for higher intakes (p trend across baseline quintiles: potassium 0.35, magnesium 0.13, calcium 0.22, phosphorus 0.97, iron 0.85, zinc 0.67, manganese 0.48, copper 0.59). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that mineral intake is not an important determinant of MS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Cortese
- From the Departments of Nutrition (M.C., A.A., K.L.M.) and Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Norway; and Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.C.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- From the Departments of Nutrition (M.C., A.A., K.L.M.) and Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Norway; and Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.C.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- From the Departments of Nutrition (M.C., A.A., K.L.M.) and Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Norway; and Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.C.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kassandra L Munger
- From the Departments of Nutrition (M.C., A.A., K.L.M.) and Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Norway; and Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.C.) and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Liu Y, Liu T, Jin H, Yin L, Yu H, Bi J. MiR-411 suppresses the development of bladder cancer by regulating ZnT1. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8695-8704. [PMID: 30584327 PMCID: PMC6287661 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s173750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At present, the molecular genetics of the development and progression of bladder cancer are still unclear. In recent years, the pathological relevance and significance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in bladder cancer have attracted increasing attention. Methods The expressions of miR-411 and zinc transporter 1 (ZnT1) in bladder cancer were determined by western blot and real-time PCR. Biological software, luciferase reporter gene, Western blot and real-time PCR were used to determine the regulatory effect of miR-411 on ZnT1. MTT and transwell were used to confirm the regulatory effect of miR-411 on bladder cancer cells. MTT and transwell were used to find how miR-411 modulated the biological activity of bladder cancer cells by regulating ZnT1. Results The expression of miR-411 was low in bladder cancer and was negatively correlated with ZnT1. MiR-411 can inhibit the activity and the expression of ZnT1. MiR-411 can inhibit the growth and metastasis of bladder cancer cells. MiR-411 inhibited the growth and metastasis of bladder cancer cells by targeting ZnT1. Conclusion The miR-411 target ZnT1 may provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Urology Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Tao Liu
- Urology Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Hongwei Jin
- Urology Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Lei Yin
- Urology Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Hongyuan Yu
- Urology Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Jianbin Bi
- Urology Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
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25
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Tang Y, Luo M, Pan K, Ahmad T, Zhou T, Miao Z, Zhou H, Sun H, Xu X, Namaka M, Wang Y. DNA hydroxymethylation changes in response to spinal cord damage in a multiple sclerosis mouse model. Epigenomics 2018; 11:323-335. [PMID: 30426768 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Roles of DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in myelin repair were investigated in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model via its regulation on BDNF. METHODS DNA 5hmC level and its limiting enzymes were detected in EAE mice. RESULTS Global 5hmC modification, Tet1 and Tet2 significantly decreased in the spinal cord tissues of EAE mice. BDNF protein and mRNA decreased and were highly associated with BDNF 5hmC. Vitamin C, a Tet co-factor, increased global DNA 5hmC and reduced the neurological deficits at least by increasing BDNF 5hmC modification and protein levels. CONCLUSION Tet protein-mediated 5hmC modifications represent a critical target involved in EAE-induced myelin damage. Targeting epigenetic modification may be a therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Kailing Pan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Tina Ahmad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, PR China
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, PR China
| | - Michael Namaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, PR China.,Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou City, PR China
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26
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Sirabella R, Valsecchi V, Anzilotti S, Cuomo O, Vinciguerra A, Cepparulo P, Brancaccio P, Guida N, Blondeau N, Canzoniero LMT, Franco C, Amoroso S, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Ionic Homeostasis Maintenance in ALS: Focus on New Therapeutic Targets. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:510. [PMID: 30131665 PMCID: PMC6090999 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most threatening neurodegenerative disease since it causes muscular paralysis for the loss of Motor Neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex. Up until now, no effective pharmacological treatment is available. Two forms of ALS have been described so far: 90% of the cases presents the sporadic form (sALS) whereas the remaining 10% of the cases displays the familiar form (fALS). Approximately 20% of fALS is associated with inherited mutations in the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. In the last decade, ionic homeostasis dysregulation has been proposed as the main trigger of the pathological cascade that brings to motor-neurons loss. In the light of these premises, the present review will analyze the involvement in ALS pathophysiology of the most well studied metal ions, i.e., calcium, sodium, iron, copper and zinc, with particular focus to the role of ionic channels and transporters able to contribute in the regulation of ionic homeostasis, in order to propose new putative molecular targets for future therapeutic strategies to ameliorate the progression of this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cepparulo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Lorella M T Canzoniero
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Cristina Franco
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Effects of Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Hippocampal Neuronal Death. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051420. [PMID: 29747437 PMCID: PMC5983751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia (GCI) is one of the main causes of hippocampal neuronal death. Ischemic damage can be rescued by early blood reperfusion. However, under some circumstances reperfusion itself can trigger a cell death process that is initiated by the reintroduction of blood, followed by the production of superoxide, a blood⁻brain barrier (BBB) disruption and microglial activation. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a major metabolite of the antioxidant polyphenols, which have been discovered in green tea. PCA has been shown to have antioxidant effects on healthy cells and anti-proliferative effects on tumor cells. To test whether PCA can prevent ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal death, rats were injected with PCA (30 mg/kg/day) per oral (p.o) for one week after global ischemia. To evaluate degenerating neurons, oxidative stress, microglial activation and BBB disruption, we performed Fluoro-Jade B (FJB), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), CD11b, GFAP and IgG staining. In the present study, we found that PCA significantly decreased degenerating neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, microglial activation, astrocyte activation and BBB disruption compared with the vehicle-treated group after ischemia. In addition, an ischemia-induced reduction in glutathione (GSH) concentration in hippocampal neurons was recovered by PCA administration. Therefore, the administration of PCA may be further investigated as a promising tool for decreasing hippocampal neuronal death after global cerebral ischemia.
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28
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Advances in Multiple Sclerosis 2017. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030901. [PMID: 29562661 PMCID: PMC5877762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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