1
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Qiu C, Crittenden SL, Carrick BH, Dillard LB, Costa Dos Santos SJ, Dandey VP, Dutcher RC, Viverette EG, Wine RN, Woodworth J, Campbell ZT, Wickens M, Borgnia MJ, Kimble J, Tanaka Hall TM. A higher order PUF complex is central to regulation of C. elegans germline stem cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.14.599074. [PMID: 38915480 PMCID: PMC11195197 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.14.599074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PUF RNA-binding proteins are broadly conserved stem cell regulators. Nematode PUF proteins maintain germline stem cells (GSCs) and, with key partner proteins, repress differentiation mRNAs, including gld-1. Here we report that PUF protein FBF-2 and its partner LST-1 form a ternary complex that represses gld-1 via a pair of adjacent FBF-2 binding elements (FBEs) in its 3ÚTR. One LST-1 molecule links two FBF-2 molecules via motifs in the LST-1 intrinsically-disordered region; the gld-1 FBE pair includes a well-established 'canonical' FBE and a newly-identified noncanonical FBE. Remarkably, this FBE pair drives both full RNA repression in GSCs and full RNA activation upon differentiation. Discovery of the LST-1-FBF-2 ternary complex, the gld-1 adjacent FBEs, and their in vivo significance predicts an expanded regulatory repertoire of different assemblies of PUF-partner complexes in nematode germline stem cells. It also suggests analogous PUF controls may await discovery in other biological contexts and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiu
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Brian H. Carrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Current address: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lucas B. Dillard
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Current address: Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephany J. Costa Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Venkata P. Dandey
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Robert C. Dutcher
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Elizabeth G. Viverette
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript and are listed in alphabetical order
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert N. Wine
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Jennifer Woodworth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Zachary T. Campbell
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Marvin Wickens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mario J. Borgnia
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Judith Kimble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Traci M. Tanaka Hall
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Lead contact
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2
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Fan S, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Shen L. Plant RNA-binding proteins: Phase separation dynamics and functional mechanisms underlying plant development and stress responses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:531-551. [PMID: 38419328 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) accompany RNA from synthesis to decay, mediating every aspect of RNA metabolism and impacting diverse cellular and developmental processes in eukaryotes. Many RBPs undergo phase separation along with their bound RNA to form and function in dynamic membraneless biomolecular condensates for spatiotemporal coordination or regulation of RNA metabolism. Increasing evidence suggests that phase-separating RBPs with RNA-binding domains and intrinsically disordered regions play important roles in plant development and stress adaptation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about how dynamic partitioning of RBPs into condensates controls plant development and enables sensing of experimental changes to confer growth plasticity under stress conditions, with a focus on the dynamics and functional mechanisms of RBP-rich nuclear condensates and cytoplasmic granules in mediating RNA metabolism. We also discuss roles of multiple factors, such as environmental signals, protein modifications, and N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation, in modulating the phase separation behaviors of RBPs, and highlight the prospects and challenges for future research on phase-separating RBPs in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Yu Zhang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Shaobo Zhu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Lisha Shen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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3
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Harris SE, Alexis MS, Giri G, Cavazos FF, Murn J, Aleman MM, Burge CB, Dominguez D. Understanding species-specific and conserved RNA-protein interactions in vivo and in vitro. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577729. [PMID: 38352439 PMCID: PMC10862761 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
While evolution is often considered from a DNA- and protein-centric view, RNA-based regulation can also impact gene expression and protein sequences. Here we examined interspecies differences in RNA-protein interactions using the conserved neuronal RNA binding protein, Unkempt (UNK) as model. We find that roughly half of mRNAs bound in human are also bound in mouse. Unexpectedly, even when transcript-level binding was conserved across species differential motif usage was prevalent. To understand the biochemical basis of UNK-RNA interactions, we reconstituted the human and mouse UNK-RNA interactomes using a high-throughput biochemical assay. We uncover detailed features driving binding, show that in vivo patterns are captured in vitro, find that highly conserved sites are the strongest bound, and associate binding strength with downstream regulation. Furthermore, subtle sequence differences surrounding motifs are key determinants of species-specific binding. We highlight the complex features driving protein-RNA interactions and how these evolve to confer species-specific regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Maria S. Alexis
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Current address: Remix Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA
| | - Gilbert Giri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Jernej Murn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
- Center for RNA Biology and Medicine, Riverside, CA
| | - Maria M. Aleman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Daniel Dominguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- RNA Discovery Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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4
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Chaithanya KV, Sinha H. MKT1 alleles regulate stress responses through posttranscriptional modulation of Puf3 targets in budding yeast. Yeast 2023; 40:616-627. [PMID: 37990816 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
MKT1 is a pleiotropic stress response gene identified by several quantitative trait studies with MKT189G as a causal variant, contributing to growth advantage in multiple stress environments. MKT1 has been shown to regulate HO endonuclease posttranscriptionally via the Pbp1-Pab1 complex. RNA-binding protein Puf3 modulates a set of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transcripts whose expression was found to be affected by MKT1 alleles. This study attempts to relate the MKT1 allele-derived growth advantage with the stability of Puf3 targets during stress and elucidate the roles of Pbp1 and Puf3 in this mechanism. Our results showed that the growth advantage of the MKT189G allele in cycloheximide and H2 O2 was PBP1-dependent, whereas in 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, the growth advantage was dependent on both PUF3 and PBP1. We compared the messenger RNA decay kinetics of a set of Puf3 targets in multiple stress environments to understand the allele-specific regulation by MKT1. In oxidative stress, the MKT189G allele modulated the differential expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes in a PBP1- and PUF3-dependent manner. Additionally, MKT189G stabilised Puf3 targets, namely, COX17, MRS1 and RDL2, in an allele and stress-specific manner. Our results showed that COX17, MRS1 and RDL2 had a stress-specific response in stress environments, with the MKT189G allele contributing to better growth; this response was both PBP1- and PUF3-dependent. Our results indicate that the common allele, MKT189G , regulates stress responses by differentially stabilising Puf3-target mitochondrial genes, which allows for the strain's better growth in stress environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koppisetty Viswa Chaithanya
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems Medicine (IBSE), IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Himanshu Sinha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems Medicine (IBSE), IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Qiu C, Zhang Z, Wine RN, Campbell ZT, Zhang J, Hall TMT. Intra- and inter-molecular regulation by intrinsically-disordered regions governs PUF protein RNA binding. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7323. [PMID: 37953271 PMCID: PMC10641069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PUF proteins are characterized by globular RNA-binding domains. They also interact with partner proteins that modulate their RNA-binding activities. Caenorhabditis elegans PUF protein fem-3 binding factor-2 (FBF-2) partners with intrinsically disordered Lateral Signaling Target-1 (LST-1) to regulate target mRNAs in germline stem cells. Here, we report that an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) at the C-terminus of FBF-2 autoinhibits its RNA-binding affinity by increasing the off rate for RNA binding. Moreover, the FBF-2 C-terminal region interacts with its globular RNA-binding domain at the same site where LST-1 binds. This intramolecular interaction restrains an electronegative cluster of amino acid residues near the 5' end of the bound RNA to inhibit RNA binding. LST-1 binding in place of the FBF-2 C-terminus therefore releases autoinhibition and increases RNA-binding affinity. This regulatory mechanism, driven by IDRs, provides a biochemical and biophysical explanation for the interdependence of FBF-2 and LST-1 in germline stem cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiu
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert N Wine
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Zachary T Campbell
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Traci M Tanaka Hall
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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6
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Reed AL, Mitchell W, Alexandrescu AT, Alder NN. Interactions of amyloidogenic proteins with mitochondrial protein import machinery in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1263420. [PMID: 38028797 PMCID: PMC10652799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1263420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most mitochondrial proteins are targeted to the organelle by N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequences (MTSs, or "presequences") that are recognized by the import machinery and subsequently cleaved to yield the mature protein. MTSs do not have conserved amino acid compositions, but share common physicochemical properties, including the ability to form amphipathic α-helical structures enriched with basic and hydrophobic residues on alternating faces. The lack of strict sequence conservation implies that some polypeptides can be mistargeted to mitochondria, especially under cellular stress. The pathogenic accumulation of proteins within mitochondria is implicated in many aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Mechanistically, these diseases may originate in part from mitochondrial interactions with amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) or its cleavage product amyloid-β (Aβ), α-synuclein (α-syn), and mutant forms of huntingtin (mHtt), respectively, that are mediated in part through their associations with the mitochondrial protein import machinery. Emerging evidence suggests that these amyloidogenic proteins may present cryptic targeting signals that act as MTS mimetics and can be recognized by mitochondrial import receptors and transported into different mitochondrial compartments. Accumulation of these mistargeted proteins could overwhelm the import machinery and its associated quality control mechanisms, thereby contributing to neurological disease progression. Alternatively, the uptake of amyloidogenic proteins into mitochondria may be part of a protein quality control mechanism for clearance of cytotoxic proteins. Here we review the pathomechanisms of these diseases as they relate to mitochondrial protein import and effects on mitochondrial function, what features of APP/Aβ, α-syn and mHtt make them suitable substrates for the import machinery, and how this information can be leveraged for the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Reed
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Wayne Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrei T. Alexandrescu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Nathan N. Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Xu J, Jiang Y, Sherrard R, Ikegami K, Conradt B. PUF-8, a C. elegans ortholog of the RNA-binding proteins PUM1 and PUM2, is required for robustness of the cell death fate. Development 2023; 150:dev201167. [PMID: 37747106 PMCID: PMC10565243 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
During C. elegans development, 1090 somatic cells are generated, of which 959 survive and 131 die, many through apoptosis. We present evidence that PUF-8, a C. elegans ortholog of the mammalian RNA-binding proteins PUM1 and PUM2, is required for the robustness of this 'survival and death' pattern. We found that PUF-8 prevents the inappropriate death of cells that normally survive, and we present evidence that this anti-apoptotic activity of PUF-8 is dependent on the ability of PUF-8 to interact with ced-3 (a C. elegans ortholog of caspase) mRNA, thereby repressing the activity of the pro-apoptotic ced-3 gene. PUF-8 also promotes the death of cells that are programmed to die, and we propose that this pro-apoptotic activity of PUF-8 may depend on the ability of PUF-8 to repress the expression of the anti-apoptotic ced-9 gene (a C. elegans ortholog of Bcl2). Our results suggest that stochastic differences in the expression of genes within the apoptosis pathway can disrupt the highly reproducible and robust survival and death pattern during C. elegans development, and that PUF-8 acts at the post-transcriptional level to level out these differences, thereby ensuring proper cell number homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimei Xu
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Integrative Protein Sciences Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ryan Sherrard
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Integrative Protein Sciences Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kyoko Ikegami
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Integrative Protein Sciences Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Barbara Conradt
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Integrative Protein Sciences Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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8
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Feng W, Zhang H, Cao Y, Yang C, Khalid MHB, Yang Q, Li W, Wang Y, Fu F, Yu H. Comprehensive Identification of the Pum Gene Family and Its Involvement in Kernel Development in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14036. [PMID: 37762337 PMCID: PMC10530998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pumilio (Pum) RNA-binding protein family regulates post-transcription and plays crucial roles in stress response and growth. However, little is known about Pum in plants. In this study, a total of 19 ZmPum genes were identified and classified into two groups in maize. Although each ZmPum contains the conserved Pum domain, the ZmPum members show diversity in the gene and protein architectures, physicochemical properties, chromosomal location, collinearity, cis-elements, and expression patterns. The typical ZmPum proteins have eight α-helices repeats, except for ZmPum2, 3, 5, 7, and 14, which have fewer α-helices. Moreover, we examined the expression profiles of ZmPum genes and found their involvement in kernel development. Except for ZmPum2, ZmPum genes are expressed in maize embryos, endosperms, or whole seeds. Notably, ZmPum4, 7, and 13 exhibited dramatically high expression levels during seed development. The study not only contributes valuable information for further validating the functions of ZmPum genes but also provides insights for improvement and enhancing maize yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongwanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Muhammad Hayder Bin Khalid
- National Research Centre of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wanchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yingge Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fengling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haoqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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9
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Li Q, Kang C. Targeting RNA-binding proteins with small molecules: Perspectives, pitfalls and bifunctional molecules. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2031-2047. [PMID: 37519019 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play vital roles in organisms through binding with RNAs to regulate their functions. Small molecules affecting the function of RBPs have been developed, providing new avenues for drug discovery. Herein, we describe the perspectives on developing small molecule regulators of RBPs. The following types of small molecule modulators are of great interest in drug discovery: small molecules binding to RBPs to affect interactions with RNA molecules, bifunctional molecules binding to RNA or RBP to influence their interactions, and other types of molecules that affect the stability of RNA or RBPs. Moreover, we emphasize that the bifunctional molecules may play important roles in small molecule development to overcome the challenges encountered in the process of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High Value Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congbao Kang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Xiong X, Li J, Su P, Duan H, Sun L, Xu S, Sun Y, Zhao H, Chen X, Ding D, Zhang X, Tang J. Genetic dissection of maize (Zea mays L.) chlorophyll content using multi-locus genome-wide association studies. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:384. [PMID: 37430212 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chlorophyll content (CC) is a key factor affecting maize photosynthetic efficiency and the final yield. However, its genetic basis remains unclear. The development of statistical methods has enabled researchers to design and apply various GWAS models, including MLM, MLMM, SUPER, FarmCPU, BLINK and 3VmrMLM. Comparative analysis of their results can lead to more effective mining of key genes. RESULTS The heritability of CC was 0.86. Six statistical models (MLM, BLINK, MLMM, FarmCPU, SUPER, and 3VmrMLM) and 1.25 million SNPs were used for the GWAS. A total of 140 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) were detected, with 3VmrMLM and MLM detecting the most (118) and fewest (3) QTNs, respectively. The QTNs were associated with 481 genes and explained 0.29-10.28% of the phenotypic variation. Additionally, 10 co-located QTNs were detected by at least two different models or methods, three co-located QTNs were identified in at least two different environments, and six co-located QTNs were detected by different models or methods in different environments. Moreover, 69 candidate genes within or near these stable QTNs were screened based on the B73 (RefGen_v2) genome. GRMZM2G110408 (ZmCCS3) was identified by multiple models and in multiple environments. The functional characterization of this gene indicated the encoded protein likely contributes to chlorophyll biosynthesis. In addition, the CC differed significantly between the haplotypes of the significant QTN in this gene, and CC was higher for haplotype 1. CONCLUSION This study's results broaden our understanding of the genetic basis of CC, mining key genes related to CC and may be relevant for the ideotype-based breeding of new maize varieties with high photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pingping Su
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haidong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
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11
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Hassett K, Muria-Gonzalez MJ, Turner A, McLean MS, Wallwork H, Martin A, Ellwood SR. Widespread genetic heterogeneity and genotypic grouping associated with fungicide resistance among barley spot form net blotch isolates in Australia. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad076. [PMID: 37002913 PMCID: PMC10151411 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Spot form net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres f. maculata, is a major foliar disease of barley worldwide. Knowledge of the pathogen's genetic diversity and population structure is critical for a better understanding of inherent evolutionary capacity and for the development of sustainable disease management strategies. Genome-wide, single nucleotide polymorphism data of 254 Australian isolates revealed genotypic diversity and an absence of population structure, either between states, or between fields and cultivars in different agro-ecological zones. This indicates there is little geographical isolation or cultivar directional selection and that the pathogen is highly mobile across the continent. However, two cryptic genotypic groups were found only in Western Australia, predominantly associated with genes involved in fungicide resistance. The findings in this study are discussed in the context of current cultivar resistance and the pathogen's adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealan Hassett
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | | | - Aleesha Turner
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Mark S McLean
- Field Crops Pathology, Agriculture Victoria, Horsham, Victoria 3401, Australia
| | - Hugh Wallwork
- Cereal Pathology Laboratory, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Anke Martin
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
| | - Simon R Ellwood
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Pumilio 1 Regulates Virulence on Watermelon through Interacting with the ARP2/3 Complex and Binding to an A-Rich Motif in the 3' UTR of Diverse Transcripts. mBio 2023; 14:e0015723. [PMID: 36856417 PMCID: PMC10128047 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00157-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), a soilborne phytopathogenic fungus, causes watermelon Fusarium wilt, resulting in serious yield losses worldwide. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of Fon virulence is largely unknown. The present study investigated the biological functions of six FonPUFs, encoding RNA binding Pumilio proteins, and especially explored the molecular mechanism of FonPUF1 in Fon virulence. A series of phenotypic analyses indicated that FonPUFs have distinct but diverse functions in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, macroconidia morphology, spore germination, cell wall, or abiotic stress response of Fon. Notably, the deletion of FonPUF1 attenuates Fon virulence by impairing the invasive growth and colonization ability inside the watermelon plants. FonPUF1 possesses RNA binding activity, and its biochemical activity and virulence function depend on the RNA recognition motif or Pumilio domains. FonPUF1 associates with the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex by interacting with FonARC18, which is also required for Fon virulence and plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial functions, such as ATP generation and reactive oxygen species production. Transcriptomic profiling of ΔFonPUF1 identified a set of putative FonPUF1-dependent virulence-related genes in Fon, possessing a novel A-rich binding motif in the 3' untranslated region (UTR), indicating that FonPUF1 participates in additional mechanisms critical for Fon virulence. These findings highlight the functions and molecular mechanism of FonPUFs in Fon virulence. IMPORTANCE Fusarium oxysporum is a devastating plant-pathogenic fungus that causes vascular wilt disease in many economically important crops, including watermelon, worldwide. F. oxysporum f. sp. nievum (Fon) causes serious yield loss in watermelon production. However, the molecular mechanism of Fusarium wilt development by Fon remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that six putative Pumilio proteins-encoding genes (FonPUFs) differentially operate diverse basic biological processes, including stress response, and that FonPUF1 is required for Fon virulence. Notably, FonPUF1 possesses RNA binding activity and associates with the actin-related protein 2/3 complex to control mitochondrial functions. Furthermore, FonPUF1 coordinates the expression of a set of putative virulence-related genes in Fon by binding to a novel A-rich motif present in the 3' UTR of a diverse set of target mRNAs. Our study disentangles the previously unexplored molecular mechanism involved in regulating Fon virulence, providing a possibility for the development of novel strategies for disease management.
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13
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McDowell R, Small I, Bond CS. Synthetic PPR proteins as tools for sequence-specific targeting of RNA. Methods 2022; 208:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Shaath H, Vishnubalaji R, Elango R, Kardousha A, Islam Z, Qureshi R, Alam T, Kolatkar PR, Alajez NM. Long non-coding RNA and RNA-binding protein interactions in cancer: Experimental and machine learning approaches. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:325-345. [PMID: 35643221 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex and specific roles played by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which comprise the bulk of the genome, is important for understanding virtually every hallmark of cancer. This large group of molecules plays pivotal roles in key regulatory mechanisms in various cellular processes. Regulatory mechanisms, mediated by long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and RNA-binding protein (RBP) interactions, are well documented in several types of cancer. Their effects are enabled through networks affecting lncRNA and RBP stability, RNA metabolism including N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and alternative splicing, subcellular localization, and numerous other mechanisms involved in cancer. In this review, we discuss the reciprocal interplay between lncRNAs and RBPs and their involvement in epigenetic regulation via histone modifications, as well as their key role in resistance to cancer therapy. Other aspects of RBPs including their structural domains, provide a deeper knowledge on how lncRNAs and RBPs interact and exert their biological functions. In addition, current state-of-the-art knowledge, facilitated by machine and deep learning approaches, unravels such interactions in better details to further enhance our understanding of the field, and the potential to harness RNA-based therapeutics as an alternative treatment modality for cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibah Shaath
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center (TCIC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Radhakrishnan Vishnubalaji
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center (TCIC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ramesh Elango
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center (TCIC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Kardousha
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zeyaul Islam
- Diabetes Research Center (DRC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rizwan Qureshi
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tanvir Alam
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Prasanna R Kolatkar
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar; Diabetes Research Center (DRC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nehad M Alajez
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center (TCIC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar; College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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15
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TOR complex 2 is a master regulator of plasma membrane homeostasis. Biochem J 2022; 479:1917-1940. [PMID: 36149412 PMCID: PMC9555796 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As first demonstrated in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), all eukaryotic cells contain two, distinct multi-component protein kinase complexes that each harbor the TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) polypeptide as the catalytic subunit. These ensembles, dubbed TORC1 and TORC2, function as universal, centrally important sensors, integrators, and controllers of eukaryotic cell growth and homeostasis. TORC1, activated on the cytosolic surface of the lysosome (or, in yeast, on the cytosolic surface of the vacuole), has emerged as a primary nutrient sensor that promotes cellular biosynthesis and suppresses autophagy. TORC2, located primarily at the plasma membrane, plays a major role in maintaining the proper levels and bilayer distribution of all plasma membrane components (sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterols, and integral membrane proteins). This article surveys what we have learned about signaling via the TORC2 complex, largely through studies conducted in S. cerevisiae. In this yeast, conditions that challenge plasma membrane integrity can, depending on the nature of the stress, stimulate or inhibit TORC2, resulting in, respectively, up-regulation or down-regulation of the phosphorylation and thus the activity of its essential downstream effector the AGC family protein kinase Ypk1. Through the ensuing effect on the efficiency with which Ypk1 phosphorylates multiple substrates that control diverse processes, membrane homeostasis is maintained. Thus, the major focus here is on TORC2, Ypk1, and the multifarious targets of Ypk1 and how the functions of these substrates are regulated by their Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation, with emphasis on recent advances in our understanding of these processes.
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Snoderly-Foster LJ, Olivas WM. Regulation of Parkinson's disease-associated genes by Pumilio proteins and microRNAs in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275235. [PMID: 36174040 PMCID: PMC9522289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common age-related, neurodegenerative disease. A small collection of genes has been linked to Parkinson's disease including LRRK2, SAT1, and SNCA, the latter of which encodes the protein alpha-synuclein that aggregates in Lewy bodies as a hallmark of the disease. Overexpression of even wild-type versions of these genes can lead to pathogenesis, yet the regulatory mechanisms that control protein production of the genes are not fully understood. Pumilio proteins belong to the highly conserved PUF family of eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through binding conserved motifs in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA targets known as PUF Recognition Elements (PREs). The 3'UTRs of LRRK2, SNCA and SAT1 each contain multiple putative PREs. Knockdown (KD) of the two human Pumilio homologs (Pumilio 1 and Pumilio 2) in a neurodegenerative model cell line, SH-SY5Y, resulted in increased SNCA and LRRK2 mRNA, as well as alpha-synuclein levels, suggesting these genes are normally repressed by the Pumilio proteins. Some studies have indicated a relationship between Pumilio and microRNA activities on the same target, especially when their binding sites are close together. LRRK2, SNCA, and SAT1 each contain several putative microRNA-binding sites within the 3'UTR, some of which reside near PREs. Small RNA-seq and microRNA qPCR assays were performed in both wild type and Pumilio KD SH-SY5Y cells to analyze global and differential microRNA expression. One thousand four hundred and four microRNAs were detected across wild type and Pumilio KD cells. Twenty-one microRNAs were differentially expressed between treatments, six of which were previously established to be altered in Parkinson's disease patient samples or research models. Expression of ten miRs predicted to target LRRK2 and SNCA was verified by RT-qPCR. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Pumilios and microRNAs play a multi-faceted role in regulating Parkinson's disease-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Snoderly-Foster
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Olivas
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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17
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The Role of RNA-Binding Proteins in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179552. [PMID: 36076951 PMCID: PMC9455611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies comprise a plethora of different neoplasms, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, plus a myriad of dysplasia, such as myelodysplastic syndromes or anemias. Despite all the advances in patient care and the development of new therapies, some of these malignancies remain incurable, mainly due to resistance and refractoriness to treatment. Therefore, there is an unmet clinical need to identify new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets that play a role in treatment resistance and contribute to the poor outcomes of these tumors. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are a diverse class of proteins that interact with transcripts and noncoding RNAs and are involved in every step of the post-transcriptional processing of transcripts. Dysregulation of RBPs has been associated with the development of hematological malignancies, making them potential valuable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Although a number of dysregulated RBPs have been identified in hematological malignancies, there is a critical need to understand the biology underlying their contribution to pathology, such as the spatiotemporal context and molecular mechanisms involved. In this review, we emphasize the importance of deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of RBPs to pinpoint novel therapeutic targets that could drive or contribute to hematological malignancy biology.
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Bonczek O, Wang L, Gnanasundram SV, Chen S, Haronikova L, Zavadil-Kokas F, Vojtesek B. DNA and RNA Binding Proteins: From Motifs to Roles in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169329. [PMID: 36012592 PMCID: PMC9408909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA and RNA binding proteins (DRBPs) are a broad class of molecules that regulate numerous cellular processes across all living organisms, creating intricate dynamic multilevel networks to control nucleotide metabolism and gene expression. These interactions are highly regulated, and dysregulation contributes to the development of a variety of diseases, including cancer. An increasing number of proteins with DNA and/or RNA binding activities have been identified in recent years, and it is important to understand how their activities are related to the molecular mechanisms of cancer. In addition, many of these proteins have overlapping functions, and it is therefore essential to analyze not only the loss of function of individual factors, but also to group abnormalities into specific types of activities in regard to particular cancer types. In this review, we summarize the classes of DNA-binding, RNA-binding, and DRBPs, drawing particular attention to the similarities and differences between these protein classes. We also perform a cross-search analysis of relevant protein databases, together with our own pipeline, to identify DRBPs involved in cancer. We discuss the most common DRBPs and how they are related to specific cancers, reviewing their biochemical, molecular biological, and cellular properties to highlight their functions and potential as targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Bonczek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
- Correspondence: (O.B.); (B.V.)
| | - Lixiao Wang
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
| | | | - Sa Chen
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Lucia Haronikova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Zavadil-Kokas
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (O.B.); (B.V.)
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19
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Sadée C, Hagler LD, Becker WR, Jarmoskaite I, Vaidyanathan PP, Denny SK, Greenleaf WJ, Herschlag D. A comprehensive thermodynamic model for RNA binding by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pumilio protein PUF4. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4522. [PMID: 35927243 PMCID: PMC9352680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic methods have been valuable for identifying RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and the genes, pathways, and processes they regulate. Nevertheless, standard motif descriptions cannot be used to predict all RNA targets or test quantitative models for cellular interactions and regulation. We present a complete thermodynamic model for RNA binding to the S. cerevisiae Pumilio protein PUF4 derived from direct binding data for 6180 RNAs measured using the RNA on a massively parallel array (RNA-MaP) platform. The PUF4 model is highly similar to that of the related RBPs, human PUM2 and PUM1, with one marked exception: a single favorable site of base flipping for PUF4, such that PUF4 preferentially binds to a non-contiguous series of residues. These results are foundational for developing and testing cellular models of RNA-RBP interactions and function, for engineering RBPs, for understanding the biophysical nature of RBP binding and the evolutionary landscape of RNAs and RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sadée
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lauren D Hagler
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Winston R Becker
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Inga Jarmoskaite
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pavanapuresan P Vaidyanathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Protillion Biosciences, Burlingame, CA, USA
| | - Sarah K Denny
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Scribe Therapeutics, Alameda, CA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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20
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Sato M, Irie K, Suda Y, Mizuno T, Irie K. The RNA-binding protein Puf5 and the HMGB protein Ixr1 contribute to cell cycle progression through the regulation of cell cycle-specific expression of CLB1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010340. [PMID: 35905103 PMCID: PMC9365169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Puf5, a Puf-family RNA-binding protein, binds to 3´ untranslated region of target mRNAs and negatively regulates their expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The puf5Δ mutant shows pleiotropic phenotypes including a weakened cell wall, a temperature-sensitive growth, and a shorter lifespan. To further analyze a role of Puf5 in cell growth, we searched for a multicopy suppressor of the temperature-sensitive growth of the puf5Δ mutant in this study. We found that overexpression of CLB2 encoding B-type cyclin suppressed the temperature-sensitive growth of the puf5Δ mutant. The puf5Δ clb2Δ double mutant displayed a severe growth defect, suggesting that Puf5 positively regulates the expression of a redundant factor with Clb2 in cell cycle progression. We found that expression of CLB1 encoding a redundant B-type cyclin was decreased in the puf5Δ mutant, and that this decrease of the CLB1 expression contributed to the growth defect of the puf5Δ clb2Δ double mutant. Since Puf5 is a negative regulator of the gene expression, we hypothesized that Puf5 negatively regulates the expression of a factor that represses CLB1 expression. We found such a repressor, Ixr1, which is an HMGB (High Mobility Group box B) protein. Deletion of IXR1 restored the decreased expression of CLB1 caused by the puf5Δ mutation and suppressed the growth defect of the puf5Δ clb2Δ double mutant. The expression of IXR1 was negatively regulated by Puf5 in an IXR1 3´ UTR-dependent manner. Our results suggest that IXR1 mRNA is a physiologically important target of Puf5, and that Puf5 and Ixr1 contribute to the cell cycle progression through the regulation of the cell cycle-specific expression of CLB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Sato
- Colledge of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Irie
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Live Cell Super-resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Irie
- Colledge of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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21
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Li Y, Zhao Q, Song X, Song J. [Construction of an adenovirus vector expressing engineered splicing factor for regulating alternative splicing of YAP1 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:1013-1018. [PMID: 35869763 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.07.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct an adenovirus vector expressing artificial splicing factor capable of regulating alternative splicing of Yap1 in cardiomyocytes. METHODS The splicing factors with different sequences were constructed against Exon6 of YAP1 based on the sequence specificity of Pumilio1. The PCR fragment of the artificially synthesized PUF-SR or wild-type PUFSR was cloned into pAd-Track plasmid, and the recombinant plasmids were transformed into E. coli DH5α for plasmid amplification. The amplified plasmids were digested with Pac I and transfected into 293A cells for packaging to obtain the adenovirus vectors. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were transfected with the adenoviral vectors, and alternative splicing of YAP1 was detected using quantitative and semi-quantitative PCR; Western blotting was performed to detect the signal of the fusion protein Flag. RESULTS The transfection efficiency of the adenovirus vectors was close to 100% in rat cardiomyocytes, and no fluorescent protein was detected in the cells with plasmid transfection. The results of Western blotting showed that both the negative control and Flag-SR-NLS-PUF targeting the YAPExon6XULIE sequence were capable of detecting the expression of the protein fused to Flag. The results of reverse transcription-PCR and PCR demonstrated that the artificial splicing factor constructed based on the 4th target sequence of YAP1 effectively regulated the splicing of YAP1 Exon6 in the cardiomyocytes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We successfully constructed adenovirus vectors capable of regulating YAP1 alternative splicing rat cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200082, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Q Zhao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - X Song
- Department of Heart Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - J Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200082, China
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22
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Becker S, Mücke S, Grau J, Boch J. OUP accepted manuscript. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:2387-2400. [PMID: 35150566 PMCID: PMC8887545 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are bacterial proteins with a programmable DNA-binding domain, which turned them into exceptional tools for biotechnology. TALEs contain a central array of consecutive 34 amino acid long repeats to bind DNA in a simple one-repeat-to-one-nucleotide manner. However, a few naturally occurring aberrant repeat variants break this strict binding mechanism, allowing for the recognition of an additional sequence with a −1 nucleotide frameshift. The limits and implications of this extended TALE binding mode are largely unexplored. Here, we analyse the complete diversity of natural and artificially engineered aberrant repeats for their impact on the DNA binding of TALEs. Surprisingly, TALEs with several aberrant repeats can loop out multiple repeats simultaneously without losing DNA-binding capacity. We also characterized members of the only natural TALE class harbouring two aberrant repeats and confirmed that their target is the major virulence factor OsSWEET13 from rice. In an aberrant TALE repeat, the position and nature of the amino acid sequence strongly influence its function. We explored the tolerance of TALE repeats towards alterations further and demonstrate that inserts as large as GFP can be tolerated without disrupting DNA binding. This illustrates the extraordinary DNA-binding capacity of TALEs and opens new uses in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Becker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mücke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Grau
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jens Boch
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 511 762 4082; Fax: +49 511 762 4088;
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Raguraman R, Shanmugarama S, Mehta M, Elle Peterson J, Zhao YD, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Drug delivery approaches for HuR-targeted therapy for lung cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114068. [PMID: 34822926 PMCID: PMC8724414 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and conventional treatments for disease management have limitations associated with them. Novel therapeutic targets are thus avidly sought for the effective management of LC. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) have been convincingly established as key players in tumorigenesis, and their dysregulation is linked to multiple cancers, including LC. In this context, we review the role of Human antigen R (HuR), an RBP that is overexpressed in LC, and further associated with various aspects of LC tumor growth and response to therapy. Herein, we describe the role of HuR in LC progression and outline the evidences supporting various pharmacologic and biologic approaches for inhibiting HuR expression and function. These approaches, including use of small molecule inhibitors, siRNAs and shRNAs, have demonstrated favorable results in reducing tumor cell growth, invasion and migration, angiogenesis and metastasis. Hence, HuR has significant potential as a key therapeutic target in LC. Use of siRNA-based approaches, however, have certain limitations that prevent their maximal exploitation as cancer therapies. To address this, in the conclusion of this review, we provide a list of nanomedicine-based HuR targeting approaches currently being employed for siRNA and shRNA delivery, and provide a rationale for the immense potential therapeutic benefits offered by nanocarrier-based HuR targeting and its promise for treating patients with LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Raguraman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Santny Shanmugarama
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Meghna Mehta
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jo Elle Peterson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yan D Zhao
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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24
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Savinov A, Brandsen BM, Angell BE, Cuperus JT, Fields S. Effects of sequence motifs in the yeast 3' untranslated region determined from massively parallel assays of random sequences. Genome Biol 2021; 22:293. [PMID: 34663436 PMCID: PMC8522215 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 3' untranslated region (UTR) plays critical roles in determining the level of gene expression through effects on activities such as mRNA stability and translation. Functional elements within this region have largely been identified through analyses of native genes, which contain multiple co-evolved sequence features. RESULTS To explore the effects of 3' UTR sequence elements outside of native sequence contexts, we analyze hundreds of thousands of random 50-mers inserted into the 3' UTR of a reporter gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We determine relative protein expression levels from the fitness of transformants in a growth selection. We find that the consensus 3' UTR efficiency element significantly boosts expression, independent of sequence context; on the other hand, the consensus positioning element has only a small effect on expression. Some sequence motifs that are binding sites for Puf proteins substantially increase expression in the library, despite these proteins generally being associated with post-transcriptional downregulation of native mRNAs. Our measurements also allow a systematic examination of the effects of point mutations within efficiency element motifs across diverse sequence backgrounds. These mutational scans reveal the relative in vivo importance of individual bases in the efficiency element, which likely reflects their roles in binding the Hrp1 protein involved in cleavage and polyadenylation. CONCLUSIONS The regulatory effects of some 3' UTR sequence features, like the efficiency element, are consistent regardless of sequence context. In contrast, the consequences of other 3' UTR features appear to be strongly dependent on their evolved context within native genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Savinov
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin M Brandsen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Brooke E Angell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Present address: Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Josh T Cuperus
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Stanley Fields
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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25
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Chotewutmontri P, Barkan A. Ribosome profiling elucidates differential gene expression in bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:59-72. [PMID: 34618144 PMCID: PMC8418429 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The efficiencies offered by C4 photosynthesis have motivated efforts to understand its biochemical, genetic, and developmental basis. Reactions underlying C4 traits in most C4 plants are partitioned between two cell types, bundle sheath (BS), and mesophyll (M) cells. RNA-seq has been used to catalog differential gene expression in BS and M cells in maize (Zea mays) and several other C4 species. However, the contribution of translational control to maintaining the distinct proteomes of BS and M cells has not been addressed. In this study, we used ribosome profiling and RNA-seq to describe translatomes, translational efficiencies, and microRNA abundance in BS- and M-enriched fractions of maize seedling leaves. A conservative interpretation of our data revealed 182 genes exhibiting cell type-dependent differences in translational efficiency, 31 of which encode proteins with core roles in C4 photosynthesis. Our results suggest that non-AUG start codons are used preferentially in upstream open reading frames of BS cells, revealed mRNA sequence motifs that correlate with cell type-dependent translation, and identified potential translational regulators that are differentially expressed. In addition, our data expand the set of genes known to be differentially expressed in BS and M cells, including genes encoding transcription factors and microRNAs. These data add to the resources for understanding the evolutionary and developmental basis of C4 photosynthesis and for its engineering into C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakitchai Chotewutmontri
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403 USA
- Author for communication:
| | - Alice Barkan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403 USA
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26
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Zhou W, Melamed D, Banyai G, Meyer C, Tuschl T, Wickens M, Cao J, Fields S. Expanding the binding specificity for RNA recognition by a PUF domain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5107. [PMID: 34429425 PMCID: PMC8384837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to design a protein to bind specifically to a target RNA enables numerous applications, with the modular architecture of the PUF domain lending itself to new RNA-binding specificities. For each repeat of the Pumilio-1 PUF domain, we generate a library that contains the 8,000 possible combinations of amino acid substitutions at residues critical for RNA contact. We carry out yeast three-hybrid selections with each library against the RNA recognition sequence for Pumilio-1, with any possible base present at the position recognized by the randomized repeat. We use sequencing to score the binding of each variant, identifying many variants with highly repeat-specific interactions. From these data, we generate an RNA binding code specific to each repeat and base. We use this code to design PUF domains against 16 RNAs, and find that some of these domains recognize RNAs with two, three or four changes from the wild type sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA ,grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Daniel Melamed
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA ,grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel ,grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gabor Banyai
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Cindy Meyer
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Thomas Tuschl
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Marvin Wickens
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Junyue Cao
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Stanley Fields
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Puf6 primes 60S pre-ribosome nuclear export at low temperature. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4696. [PMID: 34349113 PMCID: PMC8338941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Productive ribosomal RNA (rRNA) compaction during ribosome assembly necessitates establishing correct tertiary contacts between distant secondary structure elements. Here, we quantify the response of the yeast proteome to low temperature (LT), a condition where aberrant mis-paired RNA folding intermediates accumulate. We show that, at LT, yeast cells globally boost production of their ribosome assembly machinery. We find that the LT-induced assembly factor, Puf6, binds to the nascent catalytic RNA-rich subunit interface within the 60S pre-ribosome, at a site that eventually loads the nuclear export apparatus. Ensemble Förster resonance energy transfer studies show that Puf6 mimics the role of Mg2+ to usher a unique long-range tertiary contact to compact rRNA. At LT, puf6 mutants accumulate 60S pre-ribosomes in the nucleus, thus unveiling Puf6-mediated rRNA compaction as a critical temperature-regulated rescue mechanism that counters rRNA misfolding to prime export competence.
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28
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Multimodal regulation of encystation in Giardia duodenalis revealed by deep proteomics. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:809-824. [PMID: 34331939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyst formation in the parasitic protist Giardia duodenalis is critical to its transmission. Existing proteomic data quantifies only 17% of coding genes transcribed during encystation and does not cover the complete process from trophozoite to mature cyst. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we have quantified proteomic changes across encystation and compared this with published transcriptomic data. We reproducibly identified 3863 (64.5% of Giardia proteins) and quantified 3382 proteins (56.5% of Giardia proteins) over standard trophozoite growth (TY), during low-bile encystation priming (LB), 16 h into encystation (EC), and at cyst maturation (C). This work provides the first known expanded observation of encystation at the proteomic level and triples the coverage of previous encystation proteomes. One-third (1169 proteins) of the quantified proteome is differentially expressed in the mature cyst relative to the trophozoite, including proteasomal machinery, metabolic pathways, and secretory proteins. Changes in lipid metabolism indicated a shift in lipid species dependency during encystation. Consistent with this, we identified the first, putative lipid transporters in this species, representing the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (StARkin), oxysterol binding protein related protein (ORP/Osh) and glycosphingolipid transfer protein (GLTP) families, and follow their differential expression over cyst formation. Lastly, we undertook correlation analyses of the transcriptome and proteome of trophozoites and cysts, and found evidence of post-transcriptional regulation of key protein classes (RNA binding proteins) and stage-specific genes (encystation markers) implicating translation-repression in encystation. We provide the most extensive proteomic analysis of encystation in Giardia to date and the first known exploration across its complete duration. This work identifies encystation as highly coordinated, involving major changes in proteostasis, metabolism and membrane dynamics, and indicates a potential role for post-transcriptional regulation, mediated through RNA-binding proteins. Together our work provides a valuable resource for Giardia research and the development of transmission-blocking anti-giardials.
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29
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Phosphorylation of mRNA-Binding Proteins Puf1 and Puf2 by TORC2-Activated Protein Kinase Ypk1 Alleviates Their Repressive Effects. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070500. [PMID: 34209236 PMCID: PMC8304900 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Puf family of RNA-binding proteins typically associate via their Pumilio homology domain with specific short motifs in the 3’-UTR of an mRNA and thereby influence the stability, localization and/or efficiency of translation of the bound transcript. In our prior unbiased proteome-wide screen for targets of the TORC2-stimulated protein kinase Ypk1, we identified the paralogs Puf1/Jsn1 and Puf2 as high-confidence substrates. Earlier work by others had demonstrated that Puf1 and Puf2 exhibit a marked preference for interaction with mRNAs encoding plasma membrane-associated proteins, consistent with our previous studies documenting that a primary physiological role of TORC2-Ypk1 signaling is maintenance of plasma membrane homeostasis. Here, we show, first, that both Puf1 and Puf2 are authentic Ypk1 substrates both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescently tagged Puf1 localizes constitutively in cortical puncta closely apposed to the plasma membrane, whereas Puf2 does so in the absence of its Ypk1 phosphorylation, but is dispersed in the cytosol when phosphorylated. We further demonstrate that Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation of Puf1 and Puf2 upregulates production of the protein products of the transcripts to which they bind, with a concomitant increase in the level of the cognate mRNAs. Thus, Ypk1 phosphorylation relieves Puf1- and Puf2-mediated post-transcriptional repression mainly by counteracting their negative effect on transcript stability. Using a heterologous protein-RNA tethering and fluorescent protein reporter assay, the consequence of Ypk1 phosphorylation in vivo was recapitulated for full-length Puf1 and even for N-terminal fragments (residues 1-340 and 143-295) corresponding to the region upstream of its dimerization domain (an RNA-recognition motif fold) encompassing its two Ypk1 phosphorylation sites (both also conserved in Puf2). This latter result suggests that alleviation of Puf1-imposed transcript destabilization does not obligatorily require dissociation of Ypk1-phosphorylated Puf1 from a transcript. Our findings add new insight about how the TORC2-Ypk1 signaling axis regulates the content of plasma membrane-associated proteins to promote maintenance of the integrity of the cell envelope.
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30
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Plant RNA Binding Proteins as Critical Modulators in Drought, High Salinity, Heat, and Cold Stress Responses: An Updated Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136731. [PMID: 34201749 PMCID: PMC8269355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant abiotic stress responses are tightly regulated by different players at multiple levels. At transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels, several RNA binding proteins (RBPs) regulate stress response genes through RNA metabolism. They are increasingly recognized as critical modulators of a myriad of biological processes, including stress responses. Plant RBPs are heterogeneous with one or more conservative RNA motifs that constitute canonical/novel RNA binding domains (RBDs), which can bind to target RNAs to determine their regulation as per the plant requirements at given environmental conditions. Given its biological significance and possible consideration as a potential tool in genetic manipulation programs to improve key agronomic traits amidst frequent episodes of climate anomalies, studies concerning the identification and functional characterization of RBP candidate genes are steadily mounting. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of canonical and novel RBPs and their functions in major abiotic stresses including drought, heat, salt, and cold stress conditions. To some extent, we also briefly describe the basic motif structure of RBPs that would be useful in forthcoming studies. Additionally, we also collected RBP genes that were modulated by stress, but that lacked functional characterization, providing an impetus to conduct further research.
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31
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Systematic Analysis of Targets of Pumilio-Mediated mRNA Decay Reveals that PUM1 Repression by DNA Damage Activates Translesion Synthesis. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107542. [PMID: 32375027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a pivotal role in gene expression by modulating the stability of transcripts. However, the identification of degradation target mRNAs of RBPs remains difficult. By the combined analysis of transcriptome-wide mRNA stabilities and the binding of mRNAs to human Pumilio 1 (PUM1), we identify 48 mRNAs that both bind to PUM1 and exhibit PUM1-dependent degradation. Analysis of changes in the abundance of PUM1 and its degradation target mRNAs in RNA-seq data indicate that DNA-damaging agents negatively regulate PUM1-mediated mRNA decay. Cells exposed to cisplatin have reduced PUM1 abundance and increased PCNA and UBE2A mRNAs encoding proteins involved in DNA damage tolerance by translesion synthesis (TLS). Cells overexpressing PUM1 exhibit impaired DNA synthesis and TLS and increased sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin. Thus, our method identifies target mRNAs of PUM1-mediated decay and reveals that cells respond to DNA damage by inhibiting PUM1-mediated mRNA decay to activate TLS.
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32
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Son SH, Jang SY, Park HS. Functions of PUF Family RNA-Binding Proteins in Aspergillus nidulans. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:676-685. [PMID: 33746193 PMCID: PMC9706018 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2101.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins are involved in RNA metabolism and posttranscriptional regulation of various fundamental biological processes. The PUF family of RNA-binding proteins is highly conserved in eukaryotes, and its members regulate gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and RNA processing. However, their biological functions in Aspergillus species remain mostly unknown in filamentous fungi. Here we have characterized the puf genes in the model organism Aspergillus nidulans. We generated deletion mutant strains for the five putative puf genes present in the A. nidulans genome and investigated their developmental phenotypes. Deletion of pufA or pufE affected fungal growth and asexual development. pufA mutants exhibited decreased production of asexual spores and reduced mRNA expression of genes regulating asexual development. The pufE deletion reduced colony growth, increased formation of asexual spores, and delayed production of sexual fruiting bodies. In addition, the absence of pufE reduced both sterigmatocystin production and the mRNA levels of genes in the sterigmatocystin cluster. Finally, pufE deletion mutants showed reduced trehalose production and lower resistance to thermal stress. Overall, these results demonstrate that PufA and PufE play roles in the development and sterigmatocystin metabolism in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hun Son
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeong Jang
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University; Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea,Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University; Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-53-950-5751 Fax: +82-53-950-6750 E-mail:
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Xue X, Jiao F, Xu H, Jiao Q, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Du S, Xi M, Wang A, Chen J, Wang M. The role of RNA-binding protein, microRNA and alternative splicing in seed germination: a field need to be discovered. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:194. [PMID: 33882821 PMCID: PMC8061022 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is the process through which a quiescent organ reactivates its metabolism culminating with the resumption cell divisions. It is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed and results in the formation of a seedling. Post-transcriptional regulation plays an important role in gene expression. In cells, post-transcriptional regulation is mediated by many factors, such as RNA-binding proteins, microRNAs, and the spliceosome. This review provides an overview of the relationship between seed germination and post-transcriptional regulation. It addresses the relationship between seed germination and RNA-binding proteins, microRNAs and alternative splicing. This presentation of the current state of the knowledge will promote new investigations into the relevance of the interactions between seed germination and post-transcriptional regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xue
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fuchao Jiao
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Dryland-Technology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Haicheng Xu
- Administrative Committee of Yellow River Delta Agri-High-Tech Industry Demonstration Zone, Dongying, 257347, China
| | - Qiqing Jiao
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Co-operatives, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Shangyi Du
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Menghan Xi
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jingtang Chen
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Dryland-Technology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ming Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Dryland-Technology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Puf4 Mediates Post-transcriptional Regulation of Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Caspofungin Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03225-20. [PMID: 33436441 PMCID: PMC7844544 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03225-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is intrinsically resistant to the echinocandin antifungal drug caspofungin, which targets the β-1,3-glucan synthase encoded by FKS1 Echinocandins have been on the market for 20 years, yet they are the newest class of antifungal drugs. Analysis of a C. neoformans puf4Δ mutant, lacking the pumilio/FBF RNA binding protein family member Puf4, revealed exacerbated caspofungin resistance. In contrast, overexpression of PUF4 resulted in caspofungin sensitivity. The FKS1 mRNA contains three Puf4-binding elements (PBEs) in its 5' untranslated region. Puf4 binds with specificity to this region of FKS1 The FKS1 mRNA was destabilized in the puf4Δ mutant, and the abundance of the FKS1 mRNA was reduced compared to wild type, suggesting that Puf4 is a positive regulator of FKS1 mRNA stability. In addition to FKS1, the abundance of additional cell wall biosynthesis genes, including chitin synthases (CHS3, CHS4, and CHS6) and deacetylases (CDA1, CDA2, and CDA3) as well as a β-1,6-glucan synthase gene (SKN1), was regulated by Puf4. The use of fluorescent dyes to quantify cell wall components revealed that the puf4Δ mutant had increased chitin content, suggesting a cell wall composition that is less reliant on β-1,3-glucan. Overall, our findings suggest a mechanism by which caspofungin resistance, and more broadly, cell wall biogenesis, is regulated post-transcriptionally by Puf4.IMPORTANCE Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus that causes pulmonary and central nervous system infections. It is also responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths. A significant contributor to the high morbidity and mortality statistics is the lack of safe and effective antifungal therapies, especially in resource-poor settings. Yet, antifungal drug development has stalled in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanism by which C. neoformans is resistant to caspofungin to design adjunctive therapies to potentiate the drug's activity toward this important pathogen.
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Taniue K, Akimitsu N. The Functions and Unique Features of LncRNAs in Cancer Development and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E632. [PMID: 33435206 PMCID: PMC7826647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, research on cancer biology has focused on the involvement of protein-coding genes in cancer development. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that lack protein-coding potential, are an important class of RNA molecules that are involved in a variety of biological functions. Although the functions of a majority of lncRNAs have yet to be clarified, some lncRNAs have been shown to be associated with human diseases such as cancer. LncRNAs have been shown to contribute to many important cancer phenotypes through their interactions with other cellular macromolecules including DNA, protein and RNA. Here we describe the literature regarding the biogenesis and features of lncRNAs. We also present an overview of the current knowledge regarding the roles of lncRNAs in cancer from the view of various aspects of cellular homeostasis, including proliferation, survival, migration and genomic stability. Furthermore, we discuss the methodologies used to identify the function of lncRNAs in cancer development and tumorigenesis. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involving lncRNA functions in cancer is critical for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzui Taniue
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Cancer Genomics and Precision Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Akimitsu
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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Nocua PA, Requena JM, Puerta CJ. Identification of the interactomes associated with SCD6 and RBP42 proteins in Leishmania braziliensis. J Proteomics 2020; 233:104066. [PMID: 33296709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania are protozoan parasites responsible for leishmaniasis. These parasites present a precise gene regulation that allows them to survive different environmental conditions during their digenetic life cycle. This adaptation depends on the regulation of the expression of a wide variety of genes, which occurs, mainly at the post-transcriptional level. This differential gene expression is achieved by mechanisms based mainly in RNA binding proteins that regulate the translation and/or stability of mRNA targets by interaction with cis elements principally located in the untranslated regions (UTR). In recent studies, our group identified and characterized two proteins, SCD6 and RBP42, as RNA binding proteins in Leishmania braziliensis. To find clues about the cellular processes in which these proteins are involved, this work was aimed to determine the SCD6- and RBP42-interacting proteins (interactome) in L. braziliensis promastigotes. For this purpose, after an in vivo UV cross-linking, cellular extracts were used to immunoprecipitated, by specific antibodies, protein complexes in which SCD6 or RBP42 were present. Protein mass spectrometry analysis of the immunoprecipitated proteins identified 96 proteins presumably associated with SCD6 and 173 proteins associated with RBP42. Notably, a significant proportion of the identified proteins were shared in both interactomes, indicating a possible functional relationship between SCD6 and RBP42. Remarkably, many of the proteins identified in the SCD6 and RBP42 interactomes are related to RNA metabolism and translation processes, and many of them have been described as components of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules in Leishmania and related trypanosomatids. Thus, these results support a role of SCD6 and RBP42 in the assembly and/or function of mRNA-protein complexes, participating in the fate (decay/accumulation/translation) of L. braziliensis transcripts. SIGNIFICANCE: Parasites of the Leishmania genus present a particular regulation of gene expression, operating mainly at the post-transcriptional level, surely aimed to modulate quickly both mRNA and protein levels to survive the sudden environmental changes that occur during a parasite's life cycle as it moves from one host to another. This regulation of gene expression processes would be governed by the interaction of mRNA with RNA binding proteins. Nevertheless, the entirety of protein networks involved in these regulatory processes is far from being understood. In this regard, our work is contributing to stablish protein networks in which the L. braziliensis SCD6 and RBP42 proteins are involved; these proteins, in previous works, have been described as RNA binding proteins and found to participate in gene regulation in different cells and organisms. Additionally, our data point out a possible functional relationship between SCD6 and RBP42 proteins as constituents of mRNA granules, like processing bodies or stress granules, which are essential structures in the regulation of gene expression. This knowledge could provide a new approach for the development of therapeutic targets to control Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Nocua
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Requena
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Concepción J Puerta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Isayenkov S, Hilo A, Rizzo P, Tandron Moya YA, Rolletschek H, Borisjuk L, Radchuk V. Adaptation Strategies of Halophytic Barley Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum to High Salinity and Osmotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239019. [PMID: 33260985 PMCID: PMC7730945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptation strategies of halophytic seaside barley Hordeum marinum to high salinity and osmotic stress were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, as well as ionomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic approaches. When compared with cultivated barley, seaside barley exhibited a better plant growth rate, higher relative plant water content, lower osmotic pressure, and sustained photosynthetic activity under high salinity, but not under osmotic stress. As seaside barley is capable of controlling Na+ and Cl− concentrations in leaves at high salinity, the roots appear to play the central role in salinity adaptation, ensured by the development of thinner and likely lignified roots, as well as fine-tuning of membrane transport for effective management of restriction of ion entry and sequestration, accumulation of osmolytes, and minimization of energy costs. By contrast, more resources and energy are required to overcome the consequences of osmotic stress, particularly the severity of reactive oxygen species production and nutritional disbalance which affect plant growth. Our results have identified specific mechanisms for adaptation to salinity in seaside barley which differ from those activated in response to osmotic stress. Increased knowledge around salt tolerance in halophytic wild relatives will provide a basis for improved breeding of salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Isayenkov
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics NAS of Ukraine, Osipovskogo Street, 2a, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (V.R.)
| | - Alexander Hilo
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Paride Rizzo
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Yudelsy Antonia Tandron Moya
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (V.R.)
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Dominguez-Meijide A, Vasili E, Outeiro TF. Pharmacological Modulators of Tau Aggregation and Spreading. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E858. [PMID: 33203009 PMCID: PMC7696562 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the deposition of aggregates composed of abnormal tau protein in the brain. Additionally, misfolded forms of tau can propagate from cell to cell and throughout the brain. This process is thought to lead to the templated misfolding of the native forms of tau, and thereby, to the formation of newer toxic aggregates, thereby propagating the disease. Therefore, modulation of the processes that lead to tau aggregation and spreading is of utmost importance in the fight against tauopathies. In recent years, several molecules have been developed for the modulation of tau aggregation and spreading. In this review, we discuss the processes of tau aggregation and spreading and highlight selected chemicals developed for the modulation of these processes, their usefulness, and putative mechanisms of action. Ultimately, a stronger understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved, and the properties of the substances developed to modulate them, will lead to the development of safer and better strategies for the treatment of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.D.-M.); (E.V.)
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eftychia Vasili
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.D.-M.); (E.V.)
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.D.-M.); (E.V.)
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Lou L, Ding L, Wang T, Xiang Y. Emerging Roles of RNA-Binding Proteins in Seed Development and Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186822. [PMID: 32957608 PMCID: PMC7555721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed development, dormancy, and germination are key physiological events that are not only important for seed generation, survival, and dispersal, but also contribute to agricultural production. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) directly interact with target mRNAs and fine-tune mRNA metabolism by governing post-transcriptional regulation, including RNA processing, intron splicing, nuclear export, trafficking, stability/decay, and translational control. Recent studies have functionally characterized increasing numbers of diverse RBPs and shown that they participate in seed development and performance, providing significant insight into the role of RBP-mRNA interactions in seed processes. In this review, we discuss recent research progress on newly defined RBPs that have crucial roles in RNA metabolism and affect seed development, dormancy, and germination.
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Kulkarni A, Lopez DH, Extavour CG. Shared Cell Biological Functions May Underlie Pleiotropy of Molecular Interactions in the Germ Lines and Nervous Systems of Animals. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Wang W, Ryu KH, Bruex A, Barron C, Schiefelbein J. Molecular Basis for a Cell Fate Switch in Response to Impaired Ribosome Biogenesis in the Arabidopsis Root Epidermis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2402-2423. [PMID: 32371546 PMCID: PMC7346552 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root epidermis consists of a position-dependent pattern of root hair cells and non-hair cells. Underlying this cell type patterning is a network of transcription factors including a central MYB-basic helix-loop-helix-WD40 complex containing WEREWOLF (WER), GLABRA3 (GL3)/ENHANCER OF GLABRA3, and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1. In this study, we used a genetic enhancer screen to identify apum23-4, a mutant allele of the ribosome biogenesis factor (RBF) gene ARABIDOPSIS PUMILIO23 (APUM23), which caused prospective root hair cells to instead adopt the non-hair cell fate. We discovered that this cell fate switch relied on MYB23, a MYB protein encoded by a WER target gene and acting redundantly with WER. In the apum23-4 mutant, MYB23 exhibited ectopic expression that was WER independent and instead required ANAC082, a recently identified ribosomal stress response mediator. We examined additional RBF mutants that produced ectopic non-hair cells and determined that this cell fate switch is generally linked to defects in ribosome biogenesis. Furthermore, the flagellin peptide flg22 triggers the ANAC082-MYB23-GL2 pathway. Taken together, our study provides a molecular explanation for root epidermal cell fate switch in response to ribosomal defects and, more generally, it demonstrates a novel regulatory connection between stress conditions and cell fate control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kook Hui Ryu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Angela Bruex
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Christa Barron
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Roles of the Pumilio domain protein PUF3 in Trypanosoma brucei growth and differentiation. Parasitology 2020; 147:1171-1183. [PMID: 32513341 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000092x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes strongly rely on post-transcriptional mechanisms to control gene expression. Several Opisthokont Pumilio domain proteins are known to suppress expression when bound to mRNAs. The Trypanosoma brucei Pumilio domain protein PUF3 is a cytosolic mRNA-binding protein that suppresses expression when tethered to a reporter mRNA. RNA-binding studies showed that PUF3 preferentially binds to mRNAs with a classical Pumilio-domain recognition motif, UGUA[U/C]AUU. RNA-interference-mediated reduction of PUF3 in bloodstream forms caused a minor growth defect, but the transcriptome was not affected. Depletion of PUF3 also slightly delayed differentiation to the procyclic form. However, both PUF3 genes could be deleted in cultured bloodstream- and procyclic-form trypanosomes. Procyclic forms without PUF3 also grew somewhat slower than wild-type, but ectopic expression of C-terminally tagged PUF3 impaired their viability. PUF3 was not required for RBP10-induced differentiation of procyclic forms to bloodstream forms. Mass spectrometry revealed no PUF3 binding partners that might explain its suppressive activity. We conclude that PUF3 may have a role in fine-tuning gene expression. Since PUF3 is conserved in all Kinetoplastids, including those that do not infect vertebrates, we suggest that it might confer advantages within the invertebrate host.
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Kunii A, Yamamoto T, Sakuma T. Various strategies of effector accumulation to improve the efficiency of genome editing and derivative methodologies. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:359-366. [PMID: 32514717 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 is a sophisticated tool in which Cas9/sgRNA complexes bind to the programmed target sequences and induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) enabling highly efficient genome editing. Moreover, when nuclease-inactive Cas9 (dCas9) is employed, its specific DNA-binding activity provides a variety of derivative technologies such as transcriptional activation/repression, epigenome editing, and chromosome visualization. In these derivative technologies, particular effector molecules are fused with dCas9 or recruited to the target site. However, there had been room for improvement, because both genome editing and derivative technologies require not only the DNA-binding tools but also the additional components for their efficient and flexible outcomes. For genome editing, DSB repair molecules and knock-in donor templates need to act at the DSB sites. Derivative technologies also require their various effector domains to be gathered onto the target sites. Recently, many groups have developed and utilized inventive platforms to accumulate these additional components to the target sequence by modifying Cas9 protein and/or sgRNA. Here, we summarize the strategies of CRISPR-based effector accumulation and the improved methodologies using these creative platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kunii
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
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Bhondeley M, Liu Z. Mitochondrial Biogenesis Is Positively Regulated by Casein Kinase I Hrr25 Through Phosphorylation of Puf3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2020; 215:463-482. [PMID: 32317286 PMCID: PMC7268985 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis requires coordinated expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, which in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is achieved in part via post-transcriptional control by the Pumilio RNA-binding domain protein Puf3 Puf3 binds to the 3'-UTR of many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode mitochondrial proteins, regulating their turnover, translation, and/or mitochondrial targeting. Puf3 hyperphosphorylation correlates with increased mitochondrial biogenesis; however, the kinase responsible for Puf3 phosphorylation is unclear. Here, we show that the casein kinase I protein Hrr25 negatively regulates Puf3 by mediating its phosphorylation. An hrr25 mutation results in reduced phosphorylation of Puf3 in vivo and a puf3 deletion mutation reverses growth defects of hrr25 mutant cells grown on medium with a nonfermentable carbon source. We show that Hrr25 directly phosphorylates Puf3, and that the interaction between Puf3 and Hrr25 is mediated through the N-terminal domain of Puf3 and the kinase domain of Hrr25 We further found that an hrr25 mutation reduces GFP expression from GFP reporter constructs carrying the 3'-UTR of Puf3 targets. Downregulation of GFP expression due to an hrr25 mutation can be reversed either by puf3Δ or by mutations to the Puf3-binding sites in the 3'-UTR of the GFP reporter constructs. Together, our data indicate that Hrr25 is a positive regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis by phosphorylating Puf3 and inhibiting its function in downregulating target mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Bhondeley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
| | - Zhengchang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
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Avendaño-Monsalve MC, Ponce-Rojas JC, Funes S. From cytosol to mitochondria: the beginning of a protein journey. Biol Chem 2020; 401:645-661. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMitochondrial protein import is one of the key processes during mitochondrial biogenesis that involves a series of events necessary for recognition and delivery of nucleus-encoded/cytosol-synthesized mitochondrial proteins into the organelle. The past research efforts have mainly unraveled how membrane translocases ensure the correct protein sorting within the different mitochondrial subcompartments. However, early steps of recognition and delivery remain relatively uncharacterized. In this review, we discuss our current understanding about the signals on mitochondrial proteins, as well as in the mRNAs encoding them, which with the help of cytosolic chaperones and membrane receptors support protein targeting to the organelle in order to avoid improper localization. In addition, we discuss recent findings that illustrate how mistargeting of mitochondrial proteins triggers stress responses, aiming to restore cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Avendaño-Monsalve
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, México, Cd.Mx. 04510, Mexico
| | - José Carlos Ponce-Rojas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Soledad Funes
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, México, Cd.Mx. 04510, Mexico
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Tsai YL, Coady TH, Lu L, Zheng D, Alland I, Tian B, Shneider NA, Manley JL. ALS/FTD-associated protein FUS induces mitochondrial dysfunction by preferentially sequestering respiratory chain complex mRNAs. Genes Dev 2020; 34:785-805. [PMID: 32381627 PMCID: PMC7263147 DOI: 10.1101/gad.335836.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the DNA/RNA-binding protein FUS causes certain subtypes of ALS/FTD by largely unknown mechanisms. Recent evidence has shown that FUS toxic gain of function due either to mutations or to increased expression can disrupt critical cellular processes, including mitochondrial functions. Here, we demonstrate that in human cells overexpressing wild-type FUS or expressing mutant derivatives, the protein associates with multiple mRNAs, and these are enriched in mRNAs encoding mitochondrial respiratory chain components. Notably, this sequestration leads to reduced levels of the encoded proteins, which is sufficient to bring about disorganized mitochondrial networks, reduced aerobic respiration and increased reactive oxygen species. We further show that mutant FUS associates with mitochondria and with mRNAs encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Importantly, similar results were also observed in fibroblasts derived from ALS patients with FUS mutations. Finally, we demonstrate that FUS loss of function does not underlie the observed mitochondrial dysfunction, and also provides a mechanism for the preferential sequestration of the respiratory chain complex mRNAs by FUS that does not involve sequence-specific binding. Together, our data reveal that respiratory chain complex mRNA sequestration underlies the mitochondrial defects characteristic of ALS/FTD and contributes to the FUS toxic gain of function linked to this disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Lin Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Tristan H Coady
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Lei Lu
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Dinghai Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Isabel Alland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Neil A Shneider
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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De Jesús-Olmo LA, Rodríguez N, Francia M, Alemán-Rios J, Pacheco-Agosto CJ, Ortega-Torres J, Nieves R, Fuenzalida-Uribe N, Ghezzi A, Agosto JL. Pumilio Regulates Sleep Homeostasis in Response to Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:319. [PMID: 32362810 PMCID: PMC7182066 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified the Drosophila brain circuits involved in the sleep/wake switch and have pointed to the modulation of neuronal excitability as one of the underlying mechanisms triggering sleep need. In this study we aimed to explore the link between the homeostatic regulation of neuronal excitability and sleep behavior in the circadian circuit. For this purpose, we selected Pumilio (Pum), whose main function is to repress protein translation and has been linked to modulation of neuronal excitability during chronic patterns of altered neuronal activity. Here we explore the effects of Pum on sleep homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster, which shares most of the major features of mammalian sleep homeostasis. Our evidence indicates that Pum is necessary for sleep rebound and that its effect is more pronounced during chronic sleep deprivation (84 h) than acute deprivation (12 h). Knockdown of pum, results in a reduction of sleep rebound during acute sleep deprivation and the complete abolishment of sleep rebound during chronic sleep deprivation. Based on these findings, we propose that Pum is a critical regulator of sleep homeostasis through neural adaptations triggered during sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norma Rodríguez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Marcelo Francia
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | - Richard Nieves
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Alfredo Ghezzi
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - José L Agosto
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
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Corley M, Burns MC, Yeo GW. How RNA-Binding Proteins Interact with RNA: Molecules and Mechanisms. Mol Cell 2020; 78:9-29. [PMID: 32243832 PMCID: PMC7202378 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) comprise a large class of over 2,000 proteins that interact with transcripts in all manner of RNA-driven processes. The structures and mechanisms that RBPs use to bind and regulate RNA are incredibly diverse. In this review, we take a look at the components of protein-RNA interaction, from the molecular level to multi-component interaction. We first summarize what is known about protein-RNA molecular interactions based on analyses of solved structures. We additionally describe software currently available for predicting protein-RNA interaction and other resources useful for the study of RBPs. We then review the structure and function of seventeen known RNA-binding domains and analyze the hydrogen bonds adopted by protein-RNA structures on a domain-by-domain basis. We conclude with a summary of the higher-level mechanisms that regulate protein-RNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Corley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C Burns
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Chaudhuri A, Das S, Das B. Localization elements and zip codes in the intracellular transport and localization of messenger RNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 11:e1591. [PMID: 32101377 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking and localization of mRNAs provide a mechanism of regulation of expression of genes with excellent spatial control. mRNA localization followed by localized translation appears to be a mechanism of targeted protein sorting to a specific cell-compartment, which is linked to the establishment of cell polarity, cell asymmetry, embryonic axis determination, and neuronal plasticity in metazoans. However, the complexity of the mechanism and the components of mRNA localization in higher organisms prompted the use of the unicellular organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a simplified model organism to study this vital process. Current knowledge indicates that a variety of mRNAs are asymmetrically and selectively localized to the tip of the bud of the daughter cells, to the vicinity of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nucleus in this organism, which are connected to diverse cellular processes. Interestingly, specific cis-acting RNA localization elements (LEs) or RNA zip codes play a crucial role in the localization and trafficking of these localized mRNAs by providing critical binding sites for the specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). In this review, we present a comprehensive account of mRNA localization in S. cerevisiae, various types of localization elements influencing the mRNA localization, and the RBPs, which bind to these LEs to implement a number of vital physiological processes. Finally, we emphasize the significance of this process by highlighting their connection to several neuropathological disorders and cancers. This article is categorized under: RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Chaudhuri
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhadeep Das
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswadip Das
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Wang X, Voronina E. Diverse Roles of PUF Proteins in Germline Stem and Progenitor Cell Development in C. elegans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:29. [PMID: 32117964 PMCID: PMC7015873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell development depends on post-transcriptional regulation mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) (Zhang et al., 1997; Forbes and Lehmann, 1998; Okano et al., 2005; Ratti et al., 2006; Kwon et al., 2013). Pumilio and FBF (PUF) family RBPs are highly conserved post-transcriptional regulators that are critical for stem cell maintenance (Wickens et al., 2002; Quenault et al., 2011). The RNA-binding domains of PUF proteins recognize a family of related sequence motifs in the target mRNAs, yet individual PUF proteins have clearly distinct biological functions (Lu et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2018). The C. elegans germline is a simple and powerful model system for analyzing regulation of stem cell development. Studies in C. elegans uncovered specific physiological roles for PUFs expressed in the germline stem cells ranging from control of proliferation and differentiation to regulation of the sperm/oocyte decision. Importantly, recent studies started to illuminate the mechanisms behind PUF functional divergence. This review summarizes the many roles of PUF-8, FBF-1, and FBF-2 in germline stem and progenitor cells (SPCs) and discusses the factors accounting for their distinct biological functions. PUF proteins are conserved in evolution, and insights into PUF-mediated regulation provided by the C. elegans model system are likely relevant for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Ekaterina Voronina
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
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