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Kerdiles O, Oye Mintsa Mi-Mba MF, Coulombe K, Tremblay C, Émond V, Saint-Pierre M, Rouxel C, Berthiaume L, Julien P, Cicchetti F, Calon F. Additive neurorestorative effects of exercise and docosahexaenoic acid intake in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:574-586. [PMID: 38819068 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202502000-00033/figure1/v/2024-05-28T214302Z/r/image-tiff There is a need to develop interventions to slow or reverse the degeneration of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease after diagnosis. Given that preclinical and clinical studies suggest benefits of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, and exercise in Parkinson's disease, we investigated whether both could synergistically interact to induce recovery of the dopaminergic pathway. First, mice received a unilateral stereotactic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the striatum to establish an animal model of nigrostriatal denervation. Four weeks after lesion, animals were fed a docosahexaenoic acid-enriched or a control diet for the next 8 weeks. During this period, the animals had access to a running wheel, which they could use or not. Docosahexaenoic acid treatment, voluntary exercise, or the combination of both had no effect on (i) distance traveled in the open field test, (ii) the percentage of contraversive rotations in the apomorphine-induction test or (iii) the number of tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta. However, the docosahexaenoic acid diet increased the number of tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive terminals and induced a rise in dopamine concentrations in the lesioned striatum. Compared to docosahexaenoic acid treatment or exercise alone, the combination of docosahexaenoic acid and exercise (i) improved forelimb balance in the stepping test, (ii) decreased the striatal DOPAC/dopamine ratio and (iii) led to increased dopamine transporter levels in the lesioned striatum. The present results suggest that the combination of exercise and docosahexaenoic acid may act synergistically in the striatum of mice with a unilateral lesion of the dopaminergic system and provide support for clinical trials combining nutrition and physical exercise in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Kerdiles
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Méryl-Farelle Oye Mintsa Mi-Mba
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Coulombe
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Émond
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Martine Saint-Pierre
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Clémence Rouxel
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Line Berthiaume
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
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Wang Y, Wei L, Tan M, Yang Z, Gao B, Li J, Liu Y, Zikereya T, Shi K, Chen W. Aerobic exercise improves motor dysfunction in Parkinson's model mice via differential regulation of striatal medium spiny neuron. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12132. [PMID: 38802497 PMCID: PMC11130133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The striatum plays a crucial role in providing input to the basal ganglia circuit and is implicated in the pathological process of Parkinson's disease (PD). Disruption of the dynamic equilibrium in the basal ganglia loop can be attributed to the abnormal functioning of the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) within the striatum, potentially acting as a trigger for PD. Exercise has been shown to mitigate striatal neuronal dysfunction through neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects and to improve behavioral deficits in PD model mice. In addition, this effect is offset by the activation of MSNs expressing dopamine D2 receptors (D2-MSNs). In the current study, we investigated the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this effect. Our findings indicated that exercise reduces the power spectral density of the beta-band in the striatum and decreases the overall firing frequency of MSNs, particularly in the case of striatal D2-MSNs. These observations were consistent with the results of molecular biology experiments, which revealed that aerobic training specifically enhanced the expression of striatal dopamine D2 receptors (D2R). Taken together, our results suggest that aerobic training aimed at upregulating striatal D2R expression to inhibit the functional activity of D2-MSNs represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the amelioration of motor dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhao Wang
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Longwei Wei
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mingli Tan
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zizheng Yang
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Talifu Zikereya
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Geoscience, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixuan Shi
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Geoscience, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.
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3
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Herlihy RA, Alicandri F, Berger H, Rehman H, Kao Y, Akhtar K, Dybas E, Mahoney-Rafferty E, Von Stein K, Kirby R, Tawfik A, Skumurski R, Feustel PJ, Molho ES, Shin DS. Investigation of non-invasive focused ultrasound efficacy on depressive-like behavior in hemiparkinsonian rats. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:321-336. [PMID: 38059986 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) that includes anhedonia and impacts quality of life but is not effectively treated with conventional antidepressants clinically. Vagus nerve stimulation improves treatment-resistant depression in the general population, but research about its antidepressant efficacy in PD is limited. Here, we administered peripheral non-invasive focused ultrasound to hemiparkinsonian ('PD') and non-parkinsonian (sham) rats to mimic vagus nerve stimulation and assessed its antidepressant-like efficacy. Following 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion, akinesia-like immobility was assessed in the limb-use asymmetry test, and despair- and anhedonic-like behaviors were evaluated in the forced swim test and sucrose preference test, respectively. After, tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-staining was employed to visualize and quantify dopaminergic degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area, and striatum. We found that PD rats exhibited akinesia-like immobility and > 90% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-staining ipsilateral to the lesioned side. PD rats also demonstrated anhedonic-like behavior in the sucrose preference test compared to sham rats. No 6-OHDA lesion effect on immobility in the forced swim test limited conclusions about the efficacy of ultrasound on despair-like behavior. However, ultrasound improved anhedonic-like behavior in PD rats and this efficacy was sustained through the end of the 1-week recovery period. The greatest number of animals demonstrating increased sucrose preference was in the PD group receiving ultrasound. Our findings here are the first to posit that peripheral non-invasive focused ultrasound to the celiac plexus may improve anhedonia in PD with further investigation needed to reveal its potential for clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Herlihy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Francisco Alicandri
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Hudy Berger
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Huda Rehman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Yifan Kao
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Kainat Akhtar
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dybas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Emily Mahoney-Rafferty
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Kassie Von Stein
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Raven Kirby
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Angela Tawfik
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Rachel Skumurski
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Paul J Feustel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Eric S Molho
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical Center, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Damian S Shin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical Center, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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4
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Ng MG, Chan BJL, Koh RY, Ng KY, Chye SM. Prevention of Parkinson's Disease: From Risk Factors to Early Interventions. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:746-760. [PMID: 37326115 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230616092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by progressively worsening motor dysfunction. Currently, available therapies merely alleviate symptoms, and there are no cures. Consequently, some researchers have now shifted their attention to identifying the modifiable risk factors of PD, with the intention of possibly implementing early interventions to prevent the development of PD. Four primary risk factors for PD are discussed including environmental factors (pesticides and heavy metals), lifestyle (physical activity and dietary intake), drug abuse, and individual comorbidities. Additionally, clinical biomarkers, neuroimaging, biochemical biomarkers, and genetic biomarkers could also help to detect prodromal PD. This review compiled available evidence that illustrates the relationship between modifiable risk factors, biomarkers, and PD. In summary, we raise the distinct possibility of preventing PD via early interventions of the modifiable risk factors and early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan Ng
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brendan Jun Lam Chan
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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5
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Valadez-Barba V, Juárez-Navarro K, Padilla-Camberos E, Díaz NF, Guerra-Mora JR, Díaz-Martínez NE. Parkinson's disease: an update on preclinical studies of induced pluripotent stem cells. Neurologia 2023; 38:681-694. [PMID: 37858889 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease among adults worldwide. It is characterised by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and, in some cases, presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions of α-synuclein, called Lewy bodies, a pathognomonic sign of the disease. Clinical diagnosis of PD is based on the presence of motor alterations. The treatments currently available have no neuroprotective effect. The exact causes of PD are poorly understood. Therefore, more precise preclinical models have been developed in recent years that use induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). In vitro studies can provide new information on PD pathogenesis and may help to identify new therapeutic targets or to develop new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Valadez-Barba
- Biotecnología Medica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - K Juárez-Navarro
- Biotecnología Medica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - E Padilla-Camberos
- Biotecnología Medica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - N F Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J R Guerra-Mora
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - N E Díaz-Martínez
- Biotecnología Medica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Boi L, Fisone G. Investigating affective neuropsychiatric symptoms in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 174:119-186. [PMID: 38341228 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Affective neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and apathy are among the most frequent non-motor symptoms observed in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). These conditions often emerge during the prodromal phase of the disease and are generally considered to result from neurodegenerative processes in meso-corticolimbic structures, occurring in parallel to the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Depression, anxiety, and apathy are often treated with conventional medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and dopaminergic agonists. The ability of these pharmacological interventions to consistently counteract such neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD is still relatively limited and the development of reliable experimental models represents an important tool to identify more effective treatments. This chapter provides information on rodent models of PD utilized to study these affective neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neurotoxin-based and genetic models are discussed, together with the main behavioral tests utilized to identify depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, anhedonia, and apathy. The ability of various therapeutic approaches to counteract the symptoms observed in the various models is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage PD, Kang S, Kim JS, Moon C. Therapeutic Approaches to Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A Current Update on Preclinical Evidence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:560-577. [PMID: 36200159 PMCID: PMC10207906 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666221005090126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being classified as a movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a wide range of non-motor symptoms that significantly affect the patients' quality of life. However, clear evidence-based therapy recommendations for non-motor symptoms of PD are uncommon. Animal models of PD have previously been shown to be useful for advancing the knowledge and treatment of motor symptoms. However, these models may provide insight into and assess therapies for non-motor symptoms in PD. This paper highlights non-motor symptoms in preclinical models of PD and the current position regarding preclinical therapeutic approaches for these non-motor symptoms. This information may be relevant for designing future preclinical investigations of therapies for nonmotor symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima D.E. Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Joong-Sun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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Pinizzotto CC, Patwardhan A, Aldarondo D, Kritzer MF. Task-specific effects of biological sex and sex hormones on object recognition memories in a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion model of Parkinson's disease in adult male and female rats. Horm Behav 2022; 144:105206. [PMID: 35653829 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience cognitive or memory impairments with few therapeutic options available to mitigate them. This has fueled interest in determining how factors including sex and sex hormones modulate higher order function in this disease. The objective of this study was to use the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) and Object-in-Place (OiP) paradigms to compare the effects of a bilateral neostriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion model of PD in gonadally intact male and female rats, in orchidectomized male rats and in orchidectomized males supplemented with 17β-estradiol or testosterone propionate on measures of recognition memory similar to those at risk in PD. These studies showed that 6-ODHA lesions impaired discrimination in both tasks in males but not females. Further, 6-OHDA lesions disrupted NOR performance similarly in all males regardless of whether they were gonadally intact, orchidectomized or hormone-supplemented. In contrast, OiP performance was disrupted in males that were orchidectomized or 6-OHDA-lesioned but was spared in orchidectomized and orchidectomized, 6-OHDA lesioned males supplemented with 17β-estradiol. The distinct effects that sex and/or sex hormones have on 6-OHDA lesion-induced NOR vs. OiP deficits identified here also differ from corresponding impacts recently described for 6-OHDA lesion-induced deficits in spatial working memory and episodic memory. Together, the collective data provide strong evidence for effects of sex and sex hormones on cognition and memory in PD as being behavioral task and behavioral domain specific. This specificity could explain why a cohesive clinical picture of endocrine impacts on higher order function in PD has remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Pinizzotto
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
| | - Aishwarya Patwardhan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
| | - Daniel Aldarondo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
| | - Mary F Kritzer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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9
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Altered BDNF levels are associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients with depression. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 103:122-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Bastioli G, Arnold JC, Mancini M, Mar AC, Gamallo-Lana B, Saadipour K, Chao MV, Rice ME. Voluntary Exercise Boosts Striatal Dopamine Release: Evidence for the Necessary and Sufficient Role of BDNF. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4725-4736. [PMID: 35577554 PMCID: PMC9186798 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2273-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise improves motor performance in individuals with Parkinson's disease and elevates mood in those with depression. Although underlying factors have not been identified, clues arise from previous studies showing a link between cognitive benefits of exercise and increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Here, we investigated the influence of voluntary wheel-running exercise on BDNF levels in the striatum of young male wild-type (WT) mice, and on the striatal release of a key motor-system transmitter, dopamine (DA). Mice were allowed unlimited access to a freely rotating wheel (runners) or a locked wheel (controls) for 30 d. Electrically evoked DA release was quantified in ex vivo corticostriatal slices from these animals using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. We found that exercise increased BDNF levels in dorsal striatum (dStr) and increased DA release in dStr and in nucleus accumbens core and shell. Increased DA release was independent of striatal acetylcholine (ACh), and persisted after a week of rest. We tested a role for BDNF in the influence of exercise on DA release using mice that were heterozygous for BDNF deletion (BDNF+/-). In contrast to WT mice, evoked DA release did not differ between BDNF+/- runners and controls. Complementary pharmacological studies using a tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) agonist in WT mouse slices showed that TrkB receptor activation also increased evoked DA release throughout striatum in an ACh-independent manner. Together, these data support a causal role for BDNF in exercise-enhanced striatal DA release and provide mechanistic insight into the beneficial effects of exercise in neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's, depression, and anxiety.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Exercise has been shown to improve movement and cognition in humans and rodents. Here, we report that voluntary exercise for 30 d leads to an increase in evoked DA release throughout the striatum and an increase in BDNF in the dorsal (motor) striatum. The increase in DA release appears to require BDNF, indicated by the absence of DA release enhancement with running in BDNF+/- mice. Activation of BDNF receptors using a pharmacological agonist was also shown to boost DA release. Together, these data support a necessary and sufficient role for BDNF in exercise-enhanced DA release and provide mechanistic insight into the reported benefits of exercise in individuals with dopamine-linked neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer C Arnold
- Neurosurgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | | | - Adam C Mar
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and
| | | | - Khalil Saadipour
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Moses V Chao
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Margaret E Rice
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and
- Neurosurgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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11
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Mou YK, Guan LN, Yao XY, Wang JH, Song XY, Ji YQ, Ren C, Wei SZ. Application of Neurotoxin-Induced Animal Models in the Study of Parkinson's Disease-Related Depression: Profile and Proposal. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:890512. [PMID: 35645772 PMCID: PMC9136050 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.890512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression can be a non-motor symptom, a risk factor, and even a co-morbidity of Parkinson's disease (PD). In either case, depression seriously affects the quality of life of PD patients. Unfortunately, at present, a large number of clinical and basic studies focused on the pathophysiological mechanism of PD and the prevention and treatment of motor symptoms. Although there has been increasing attention to PD-related depression, it is difficult to achieve early detection and early intervention, because the clinical guidelines mostly refer to depression developed after or accompanied by motor impairments. Why is there such a dilemma? This is because there has been no suitable preclinical animal model for studying the relationship between depression and PD, and the assessment of depressive behavior in PD preclinical models is as well a very challenging task since it is not free from the confounding from the motor impairment. As a common method to simulate PD symptoms, neurotoxin-induced PD models have been widely used. Studies have found that neurotoxin-induced PD model animals could exhibit depression-like behaviors, which sometimes manifested earlier than motor impairments. Therefore, there have been attempts to establish the PD-related depression model by neurotoxin induction. However, due to a lack of unified protocol, the reported results were diverse. For the purpose of further promoting the improvement and optimization of the animal models and the study of PD-related depression, we reviewed the establishment and evaluation strategies of the current animal models of PD-related depression based on both the existing literature and our own research experience, and discussed the possible mechanism and interventions, in order to provide a reference for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Kui Mou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Li-Na Guan
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Shi-Zhuang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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12
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Ohno Y, Horikoshi A, Imamura K. Reaching Task in Rats: Quantitative Evaluation and Effects of 6-OHDA into the Striatum. J Mot Behav 2022; 54:648-655. [PMID: 35392775 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2061410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an evaluation method using image analysis for reaching tasks. Using this method, we studied forearm function during the reaching task in rats that received a unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the striatum. The success ratio of the reaching task reduced to 40.5% seven days after the injection. In addition, significant changes were observed in the pronation angle of the forearm, posture control, and targeting (i.e., the distance between all fingertips and the center of the target pellet). Thus, unilateral injection of 6-OHDA reduces dopaminergic function in the brain and causes deterioration of forearm function and posture control in the reaching task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ohno
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki Univ. Health and Welfare, Takasaki City, Gunma, Japan.,Department of System Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi City, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akinori Horikoshi
- Department of System Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi City, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Imamura
- Department of System Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi City, Gunma, Japan
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13
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Nano-MgO composites containing plasmid DNA to silence SNCA gene displays neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's rats induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Xiang K, Liu Y, Sun L. Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: Symptoms, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Recovery. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:728799. [PMID: 35185512 PMCID: PMC8847709 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.728799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome is a pre-dementia condition, marked by the enhanced risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia, together with falls, disability, and abnormal movements. The research studies revealed the distinct neurological and non-neurological clinical gait irregularities during dementia and accelerated functional decline, such as postural and balance impairments, memory loss, cognitive failure, and metabolic dysfunctions. The disabling characteristics of MCR comprise altered afferent sensory and efferent motor responses, together with disrupted visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive components. The pathological basis of MCR relates with the frontal lacunar infarcts, white matter hyperintensity (WMH), gray matter atrophy in the pre-motor and pre-frontal cortex, abnormal cholinergic functioning, inflammatory responses, and genetic factors. Further, cerebrovascular lesions and cardiovascular disorders exacerbate the disease pathology. The diagnosis of MCR is carried out through neuropsychological tests, biomarker assays, imaging studies, questionnaire-based evaluation, and motor function tests, including walking speed, dual-task gait tests, and ambulation ability. Recovery from MCR may include cognitive, physical, and social activities, exercise, diet, nutritional supplements, symptomatic drug treatment, and lifestyle habits that restrict the disease progression. Psychotherapeutic counseling, anti-depressants, and vitamins may support motor and cognitive improvement, primarily through the restorative pathways. However, an in-depth understanding of the association of immobility, dementia, and cognitive stress with MCR requires additional clinical and pre-clinical studies. They may have a significant contribution in reducing MCR syndrome and the risk for dementia. Overall, the current review informs the vital connection between gait performance and cognition in MCR and highlights the usefulness of future research in the discernment and treatment of dementiating illness.
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Wang TF, Wu SY, Pan BS, Tsai SF, Kuo YM. Inhibition of Nigral Microglial Activation Reduces Age-Related Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons and Motor Deficits. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030481. [PMID: 35159290 PMCID: PMC8834087 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease caused by a selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Microglial activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. This study aimed to characterize the role of microglial activation in aging-related nigral DA neuron loss and motor deficits in mice. We showed that, compared to 3-month-old mice, the number of DA neurons in the SN and the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum decreased during the period of 9 to 12 months of age. Motor deficits and microglial activation in the SN were also evident during these months. The number of DA neurons was negatively correlated with the degrees of microglial activation. The inhibition of age-related microglial activation by ibuprofen during these 3 months decreased DA neuron loss in the SN. Eliminating the microglia prevented systemic inflammation-induced DA neuron death. Forcing mice to run during these 3 months inhibited microglial activation and DA neuron loss. Blocking the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling eliminated the exercise-induced protective effects. In conclusion, nigral DA neurons were susceptible to local microglial activation. Running exercise upregulated BDNF-TrkB signaling and inhibited microglial activation during aging. Long-term exercise can be considered as a non-pharmacological strategy to ameliorate microglial activation and related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Feng Wang
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ying Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (B.-S.P.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (B.-S.P.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (B.-S.P.)
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (B.-S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5294); Fax: +886-6-2093007
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Vitorino LC, Oliveira KF, da Silva WAB, de Andrade Gomes CAB, Romão LF, Allodi S, Correa CL. Physical exercise influences astrocytes in the striatum of a Parkinson's disease male mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2022; 771:136466. [PMID: 35051434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is considered an adjuvant treatment to Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, possibly reducing inflammatory responses in the brain. Studies have stated that physical exercise protects dopaminergic neurons in PD models produced by neurotoxins. However, few studies focused on immunohistochemically reacted astrocytes and morphometric analyses of these cells in a PD mouse model submitted to physical exercise. We investigated the effects of treadmill training on striatal astrocytes of a PD mouse model combining immunohistochemistry and western-blotting for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) with morphometric analyses. Male Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: sedentary control (SEDCONT), exercise control (EXERCONT), sedentary Parkinson (SEDPD), and exercise Parkinson (EXERPD). Stereotaxic bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the striatum were adopted for PD groups. Striatal astrocytes showed increased GFAP in EXERPD, and we observed a higher level of GFAP in EXERPD than SEDPD. The number of primary and secondary processes was similar in striatal astrocytes of control groups and EXERPD. The astrocyte primary processes of SEDPD were larger than those of EXERPD, EXERCONT and SEDCONT. Cell body diameters and areas showed no difference between groups. We concluded that physical exercise influences striatal astrocytes in exercised parkinsonian mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Caroline Vitorino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Karla Ferreira Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Antonio Barbosa da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Augusto Borges de Andrade Gomes
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Ferreira Romão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Clynton Lourenço Correa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. R. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 - HUCFF, Ilha do Fundão 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Mechanistic Insights Expatiating the Redox-Active-Metal-Mediated Neuronal Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020678. [PMID: 35054862 PMCID: PMC8776156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complicated and incapacitating neurodegenerative malady that emanates following the dopaminergic (DArgic) nerve cell deprivation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). The etiopathogenesis of PD is still abstruse. Howbeit, PD is hypothesized to be precipitated by an amalgamation of genetic mutations and exposure to environmental toxins. The aggregation of α-synucelin within the Lewy bodies (LBs), escalated oxidative stress (OS), autophagy-lysosome system impairment, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) impairment, mitochondrial abnormality, programmed cell death, and neuroinflammation are regarded as imperative events that actively participate in PD pathogenesis. The central nervous system (CNS) relies heavily on redox-active metals, particularly iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), in order to modulate pivotal operations, for instance, myelin generation, synthesis of neurotransmitters, synaptic signaling, and conveyance of oxygen (O2). The duo, namely, Fe and Cu, following their inordinate exposure, are viable of permeating across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and moving inside the brain, thereby culminating in the escalated OS (through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-reliant pathway), α-synuclein aggregation within the LBs, and lipid peroxidation, which consequently results in the destruction of DArgic nerve cells and facilitates PD emanation. This review delineates the metabolism of Fe and Cu in the CNS, their role and disrupted balance in PD. An in-depth investigation was carried out by utilizing the existing publications obtained from prestigious medical databases employing particular keywords mentioned in the current paper. Moreover, we also focus on decoding the role of metal complexes and chelators in PD treatment. Conclusively, metal chelators hold the aptitude to elicit the scavenging of mobile/fluctuating metal ions, which in turn culminates in the suppression of ROS generation, and thereby prelude the evolution of PD.
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Fan Y, Han J, Zhao L, Wu C, Wu P, Huang Z, Hao X, Ji Y, Chen D, Zhu M. Experimental Models of Cognitive Impairment for Use in Parkinson's Disease Research: The Distance Between Reality and Ideal. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:745438. [PMID: 34912207 PMCID: PMC8667076 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.745438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Cognitive impairment is one of the key non-motor symptoms of PD, affecting both mortality and quality of life. However, there are few experimental studies on the pathology and treatments of PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and PD dementia (PDD) due to the lack of representative models. To identify new strategies for developing representative models, we systematically summarized previous studies on PD-MCI and PDD and compared differences between existing models and diseases. Our initial search identified 5432 articles, of which 738 were duplicates. A total of 227 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Models fell into three categories based on model design: neurotoxin-induced, transgenic, and combined. Although the neurotoxin-induced experimental model was the most common type that was used during every time period, transgenic and combined experimental models have gained significant recent attention. Unfortunately, there remains a big gap between ideal and actual experimental models. While each model has its own disadvantages, there have been tremendous advances in the development of PD models of cognitive impairment, and almost every model can verify a hypothesis about PD-MCI or PDD. Finally, our proposed strategies for developing novel models are as follows: a set of plans that integrate symptoms, biochemistry, neuroimaging, and other objective indicators to judge and identify that the novel model plays a key role in new strategies for developing representative models; novel models should simulate different clinical features of PD-MCI or PDD; inducible α-Syn overexpression and SH-SY5Y-A53T cellular models are good candidate models of PD-MCI or PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Fan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajun Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zifeng Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - YiChun Ji
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Kodali M, Mishra V, Hattiangady B, Attaluri S, Gonzalez JJ, Shuai B, Shetty AK. Moderate, intermittent voluntary exercise in a model of Gulf War Illness improves cognitive and mood function with alleviation of activated microglia and astrocytes, and enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:135-149. [PMID: 34245811 PMCID: PMC9885810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent cognitive and mood impairments in Gulf War Illness (GWI) are associated with chronic neuroinflammation, typified by hypertrophied astrocytes, activated microglia, and increased proinflammatory mediators in the brain. Using a rat model, we investigated whether a simple lifestyle change such as moderate voluntary physical exercise would improve cognitive and mood function in GWI. Because veterans with GWI exhibit fatigue and post-exertional malaise, we employed an intermittent voluntary running exercise (RE) regimen, which prevented exercise-induced stress. The GWI rats were provided access to running wheels three days per week for 13 weeks, commencing ten weeks after the exposure to GWI-related chemicals and stress (GWI-RE group). Groups of age-matched sedentary GWI rats (GWI-SED group) and naïve rats were maintained parallelly. Interrogation of rats with behavioral tests after the 13-week RE regimen revealed improved hippocampus-dependent object location memory and pattern separation function and reduced anxiety-like behavior in the GWI-RE group compared to the GWI-SED group. Moreover, 13 weeks of RE in GWI rats significantly reversed activated microglia with short and less ramified processes into non-inflammatory/antiinflammatory microglia with highly ramified processes and reduced the hypertrophy of astrocytes. Moreover, the production of new neurons in the hippocampus was enhanced when examined eight weeks after the commencement of RE. Notably, increased neurogenesis continued even after the cessation of RE. Collectively, the results suggest that even a moderate, intermittent physical exercise has the promise to improve brain function in veterans with GWI in association with suppression of neuroinflammation and enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Vikas Mishra
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jenny Jaimes Gonzalez
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States,Corresponding author at: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843, United States. (A.K. Shetty)
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20
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Miller KM, Mercado NM, Sortwell CE. Synucleinopathy-associated pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease and the potential for brain-derived neurotrophic factor. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:35. [PMID: 33846345 PMCID: PMC8041900 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lack of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson’s disease (PD) is in part due to an incomplete understanding of the disease’s etiology. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) has become a point of focus in PD due to its connection to both familial and idiopathic cases—specifically its localization to Lewy bodies (LBs), a pathological hallmark of PD. Within this review, we will present a comprehensive overview of the data linking synuclein-associated Lewy pathology with intracellular dysfunction. We first present the alterations in neuronal proteins and transcriptome associated with LBs in postmortem human PD tissue. We next compare these findings to those associated with LB-like inclusions initiated by in vitro exposure to α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) and highlight the profound and relatively unique reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in this model. Finally, we discuss the multitude of ways in which BDNF offers the potential to exert disease-modifying effects on the basal ganglia. What remains unknown is the potential for BDNF to mitigate inclusion-associated dysfunction within the context of synucleinopathy. Collectively, this review reiterates the merit of using the PFF model as a tool to understand the physiological changes associated with LBs, while highlighting the neuroprotective potential of harnessing endogenous BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Miller
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Natosha M Mercado
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA. .,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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Valadez-Barba V, Juárez-Navarro K, Padilla-Camberos E, Díaz NF, Guerra-Mora JR, Díaz-Martínez NE. Parkinson's disease: An update on preclinical studies of induced pluripotent stem cells. Neurologia 2021; 38:S0213-4853(21)00020-7. [PMID: 33715888 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease among adults worldwide. It is characterised by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and, in some cases, presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions of α-synuclein, called Lewy bodies, a pathognomonic sign of the disease. Clinical diagnosis of PD is based on the presence of motor alterations. The treatments currently available have no neuroprotective effect. The exact causes of PD are poorly understood. Therefore, more precise preclinical models have been developed in recent years that use induced pluripotent stem cells. In vitro studies can provide new information on PD pathogenesis and may help to identify new therapeutic targets or to develop new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Valadez-Barba
- Biotecnología Medica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - K Juárez-Navarro
- Biotecnología Medica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - E Padilla-Camberos
- Biotecnología Medica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - N F Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J R Guerra-Mora
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - N E Díaz-Martínez
- Biotecnología Medica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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22
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Tucker HR, Mahoney E, Akhtar K, Kao TJ, Mamone G, Mikkilineni S, Ravi M, Watkins H, Terrelonge DL, Martin C, Unger K, Kim G, Fiber K, Gupta M, Indajang J, Kochman EM, Sachs N, Feustel P, Molho ES, Pilitsis JG, Shin DS. Motor Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Alters Cortical Activity and Shows Therapeutic Utility for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Symptoms in a Rat Model. Neuroscience 2021; 460:88-106. [PMID: 33631218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) alters neuronal function and network communication to improve motor symptoms. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the most common DBS target for PD, but some patients experience adverse effects on memory and cognition. Previously, we reported that DBS of the ventral anterior (VA) and ventrolateral (VL) nuclei of the thalamus and at the interface between the two (VA|VL), collectively VA-VL, relieved forelimb akinesia in the hemiparkinsonian 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model. To determine the mechanism(s) underlying VA-VL DBS efficacy, we examined how motor cortical neurons respond to VA-VL DBS using single-unit recording electrodes in anesthetized 6-OHDA lesioned rats. VA-VL DBS increased spike frequencies of primary (M1) and secondary (M2) motor cortical pyramidal cells and M2, but not M1, interneurons. To explore the translational merits of VA-VL DBS, we compared the therapeutic window, rate of stimulation-induced dyskinesia onset, and effects on memory between VA-VL and STN DBS. VA-VL and STN DBS had comparable therapeutic windows, induced dyskinesia at similar rates in hemiparkinsonian rats, and adversely affected performance in the novel object recognition (NOR) test in cognitively normal and mildly impaired sham animals. Interestingly, a subset of sham rats with VA-VL implants showed severe cognitive deficits with DBS off. VA-VL DBS improved NOR test performance in these animals. We conclude that VA-VL DBS may exert its therapeutic effects by increasing pyramidal cell activity in the motor cortex and interneuron activity in the M2, with plausible potential to improve memory in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi R Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Emily Mahoney
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kainat Akhtar
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Gianna Mamone
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Saisree Mikkilineni
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Maya Ravi
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Hanel Watkins
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Danielle-Lee Terrelonge
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Caryn Martin
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kristen Unger
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Kim
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kyra Fiber
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Megan Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Indajang
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Eliyahu M Kochman
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Natasha Sachs
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Paul Feustel
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Eric S Molho
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Julie G Pilitsis
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Damian S Shin
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
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23
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Arida RM, Teixeira-Machado L. The Contribution of Physical Exercise to Brain Resilience. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:626769. [PMID: 33584215 PMCID: PMC7874196 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.626769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been given to understanding resilience to brain diseases, often described as brain or cognitive reserve. Among the protective factors for the development of resilience, physical activity/exercise has been considered to play an important role. Exercise is known to induce many positive effects on the brain. As such, exercise represents an important tool to influence neurodevelopment and shape the adult brain to react to life's challenges. Among many beneficial effects, exercise intervention has been associated with cognitive improvement and stress resilience in humans and animal models. Thus, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that exercise not only recovers or minimizes cognitive deficits by inducing better neuroplasticity and cognitive reserve but also counteracts brain pathology. This is evidenced before disease onset or after it has been established. In this review, we aimed to present encouraging data from current clinical and pre-clinical neuroscience research and discuss the possible biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on resilience. We consider the implication of physical exercise for resilience from brain development to aging and for some neurological diseases. Overall, the literature indicates that brain/cognitive reserve built up by regular exercise in several stages of life, prepares the brain to be more resilient to cognitive impairment and consequently to brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mario Arida
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection in the 6-Hydroxydopamine Parkinson's Disease Model. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:850-858. [PMID: 32803628 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Exercise exerts helpful effects in Parkinson's disease. In this study, the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection was used to investigate the effect of exercise on apomorphine-induced rotation and neurorestoration. Rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups: (1) Saline+Noexercise (Sham); (2) 6-OHDA+Noexercise (6-OHDA); (3) Saline+Exercise (S+EXE), and (4) 6-OHDA+Exercise (6-OHDA+EXE). The rats were administered 8 μg 6-OHDA by injection into the right medial forebrain bundle. After 2 weeks, the exercise group was run (14 consecutive days, 30 min per day). One month after the surgery, following the injection of apomorphine, the 6-OHDA group displayed a significant increase in rotation and the 6-OHDA+EXE group showed a significant reduction of rotational asymmetry (P < 0.001). 6-OHDA injection reduced the mRNA and protein expression of the AMP-activated protein kinase, brain-derived neurotropic factor, and tyrosine hydroxylase in relation to the Sham group and exercise increased these levels. Expression of the silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha was unexpectedly enhanced in the 6-OHDA groups in relation to the Sham group. These findings suggest that the 6-OHDA injection increased the neurodegeneration and mitochondrial and behavioral dysfunctions and the treadmill running attenuated these disorders in the ipsilateral striatum of the 6-OHDA+EXE group.
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Crotty GF, Schwarzschild MA. Chasing Protection in Parkinson's Disease: Does Exercise Reduce Risk and Progression? Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:186. [PMID: 32636740 PMCID: PMC7318912 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise may be the most commonly offered yet least consistently followed therapeutic advice for people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Epidemiological studies of prospectively followed cohorts have shown a lower risk for later developing PD in healthy people who report moderate to high levels of physical activity, and slower rates of motor and non-motor symptom progression in people with PD who report higher baseline physical activity. In animal models of PD, exercise can reduce inflammation, decrease α-synuclein expression, reduce mitochondrial dysfunction, and increase neurotrophic growth factor expression. Randomized controlled trials of exercise in PD have provided clear evidence for short-term benefits on many PD measurements scales, ranging from disease severity to quality of life. In this review, we present these convergent epidemiological and laboratory data with particular attention to translationally relevant features of exercise (e.g., intensity requirements, gender differences, and associated biomarkers). In the context of these findings we will discuss clinical trial experience, design challenges, and emerging opportunities for determining whether exercise can prevent PD or slow its long-term progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace F. Crotty
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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26
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Feng XJ, Huang YT, Huang YZ, Kuo CW, Peng CW, Rotenberg A, Juan CH, Pei YC, Chen YH, Chen KY, Chiang YH, Liu HH, Wu JX, Hsieh TH. Early transcranial direct current stimulation treatment exerts neuroprotective effects on 6-OHDA-induced Parkinsonism in rats. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:655-663. [PMID: 32289694 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been proven to be able to modulate motor cortical plasticity might have potential as an alternative, adjunctive therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the efficacy of tDCS in PD is still uncertain. A disease animal model may be useful to clarify the existence of a treatment effect and to explore an effective therapeutic strategy using tDCS protocols. OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to identify the comprehensive therapeutic effects of tDCS in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PD rats. METHODS Following early and long-term tDCS application (starting 24 h after PD lesion, 300 μA anodal tDCS, 20 min/day, 5 days/week) in awake PD animals for a total of 4 weeks, the effects of tDCS on motor and non-motor behaviors as well as dopaminergic neuron degeneration levels, were identified. RESULTS We found that the 4-week tDCS intervention significantly alleviated 6-OHDA-induced motor deficits in locomotor activity, akinesia, gait pattern and anxiety-like behavior, but not in apomorphine-induced rotations, recognition memory and depression-like behavior. Immunohistochemically, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra were significantly preserved in the tDCS intervention group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that early and long-term tDCS could exert neuroprotective effects and reduce the aggravation of motor dysfunctions in a 6-OHDA-induced PD rat model. Furthermore, this preclinical model may enhance the promising possibility of the potential use of tDCS and serve as a translational platform to further identify the therapeutic mechanism of tDCS for PD or other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and The Second Clinical Institute of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Kuo
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Pei
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hua Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Xian Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and The Second Clinical Institute of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Long-Term Voluntary Physical Exercise Exerts Neuroprotective Effects and Motor Disturbance Alleviation in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:4829572. [PMID: 31885725 PMCID: PMC6915149 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4829572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder affecting 7–10 million individuals. The pathologic hallmark of PD is nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron loss, leading to several motor and nonmotor disturbances, such as akinesia, gait disturbance, depression, and anxiety. Recent animal studies have demonstrated that physical exercise improves behavioral and neuropathological deficits in PD. However, the exact underlying mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether long-term exercise has neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons and whether it further alleviates impairment of the gait pattern, locomotor activity, akinesia, and anxiety-like behavior in PD rats. Methods A hemiparkinsonian rat model, generated by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle, was applied to evaluate neuroprotective effects and motor behaviors. Comprehensive spatiotemporal gait analysis, open-field locomotor activity, akinesia, apomorphine-induced rotational analysis, and dopaminergic neuron degeneration level were assessed every week and up to 8 weeks after daily voluntary running wheel exercise. Results Compared with the sham-treated group, we found that 10 weeks of voluntary exercise (i.e., 2-week exercise before PD lesion and 8-week exercise post-PD lesion) significantly reduced 6-OHDA-induced motor deficits in the gait pattern, akinesia, and rotational behavior in the exercise group. Immunohistochemically, a tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuron in the substantia nigra was significantly preserved in the exercise group. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that long-term exercise training is effective for neuroprotection and further attenuates motor declines induced by 6-OHDA in an experimental model of PD. Our data further highlighted potential therapeutic effects of long-term physical exercise relevant to clinical effects for further potential application on human PD subjects.
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Rezaee Z, Marandi SM, Alaei H, Esfarjani F. The effect of preventive exercise on the neuroprotection in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat brain. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1267-1275. [PMID: 31691583 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by neurodegeneration and learning deficiency. Physical exercise can alleviate these symptoms by increasing the expression of some effective and relevant factors. The preventive effect of 16-week treadmill running in a rat model of Parkinson's disease, before 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induction, was assessed. Experimental groups consisted of sedentary (SED), SED+6-OHDA, exercised (EX), and EX+6-OHDA rats. Forty-eight hours after the last session of exercise, 6-OHDA was injected into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). One week after the injection, behavioral tests, including spatial learning and memory, were assessed through Morris water maze (MWM) and apomorphine-induced rotation. Three weeks after the injection, mRNA expression and protein levels of the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured in the striatum and the hippocampus of rats by applying real-time PCR and Western blotting. The findings indicate that exposure to 6-OHDA leads to impairments in behavioral and molecular functions. Exercise training prevents and reduces the symptoms caused by dopamine toxins. The results suggest that treadmill running can exert neuroprotective and have preventive effects to reduce Parkinson's disease symptoms. Novelty Parkinson's disease impairs spatial learning and memory. Parkinson's disease reduced levels of PGC-1α, FNDC5, and BDNF and increased neurodegeneration in the striatum and the hippocampus. Treadmill running before disease attenuated 6-OHDA-induced memory deficit and elevated neuroprotection. Exercise has multiple effects on memory and biochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Rezaee
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohammad Marandi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Esfarjani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Palasz E, Niewiadomski W, Gasiorowska A, Wysocka A, Stepniewska A, Niewiadomska G. Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection and Recovery of Motor Function in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31736859 PMCID: PMC6838750 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is manifested by progressive motor, autonomic, and cognitive disturbances. Dopamine (DA) synthesizing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) degenerate, causing a decline in DA level in the striatum that leads to the characteristic movement disorders. A disease-modifying therapy to arrest PD progression remains unattainable with current pharmacotherapies, most of which cause severe side effects and lose their efficacy with time. For this reason, there is a need to seek new therapies supporting the pharmacological treatment of PD. Motor therapy is recommended for pharmacologically treated PD patients as it alleviates the symptoms. Molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of motor therapy are unknown, nor is it known whether such therapy may be neuroprotective in PD patients. Due to obvious limitations, human studies are unlikely to answer these questions; therefore, the use of animal models of PD seems indispensable. Motor therapy in animal models of PD characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons has neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects, and the completeness of neuronal protection may depend on (i) degree of neuronal loss, (ii) duration and intensity of exercise, and (iii) time elapsed between insult and commencing of training. As the physical activity is neuroprotective for dopaminergic neurons, the question arises what is the mechanism of this protective action. A current hypothesis assumes a central role of neurotrophic factors in the neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons, even though it is still not clear whether increased DA level in the nigrostriatal axis results from neurogenesis of dopaminergic neurons in the SN, recovery of the phenotype of dopaminergic neurons, increased sprouting of the residual dopaminergic axons in the striatum, or generation of local striatal neurons from inhibitory interneurons. In the present review, we discuss studies describing the influence of physical exercise on the PD-like changes manifested in animal models of the disease and focus our interest on the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by physical activity as a supportive therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Niewiadomski
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stepniewska
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Chen P, Li X. Study on Effect of Striatal mGluR2/3 in Alleviating Motor Dysfunction in Rat PD Model Treated by Exercise Therapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:255. [PMID: 31632264 PMCID: PMC6783497 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise therapy has been widely applied in clinical rehabilitation as an important practical and side effect-free adjuvant therapy, with a significant effect in alleviating motor dysfunction of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or animal PD models. This study focuses on the effect of exercise therapy in reducing the concentration of extracellular glutamate (Glu) in the striatum in a rat PD model by upregulating the expression of group II metabotropic Glu receptor (mGluR2/3), so as to alleviate motor dysfunction in the rat PD model. Methods: Neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was injected into the right medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of the rats to establish the semi-lateral cerebral damage PD model. The sham-operated group was given an equal amount of normal saline at the same site and taken as the control group. The apomorphine (APO)-induced rotational behavior test combined with immunohistochemical staining with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra (SNc) and striatum was performed to assess the reliability of the model. The exercise group was given treadmill exercise intervention for 4 weeks (11 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week) 1 week after the operation. The open field test (OFT) was performed to assess the locomotor activity of the rats; the Western blot technique was used to detect SNc TH and striatal mGluR2/3 protein expressions; real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to detect striatal mGluR2 and mGluR3 mRNA expressions; the microdialysis-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was adopted to detect the concentration of extracellular Glu in striatal neurons. Results: Compared with the control group, the number of rotations of each model group at the first week was significantly increased (P < 0.01); compared with the PD group, the number of rotations of the PD + exercise group at the third week and the fifth week was significantly decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the total movement distance, the total movement time, and the mean velocity of each model group at the first week were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); compared with the PD group, the total movement distance, the total movement time, and the mean velocity of the PD + exercise group at the third week and the fifth week were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the count of immunopositive cells and protein expression of SNc TH, and the content of immunopositive fiber terminals in the striatal TH of each model group significantly declined (P < 0.01). Compared with the PD group, the striatal mGluR2/3 protein expression of the PD + exercise group significantly rose (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the concentration of extracellular Glu in striatal neurons of each model group at the first week significantly grew (P < 0.05); compared with the PD group, the concentration of extracellular Glu in striatal neurons of the PD + exercise group at the third week and the fifth week was significantly decreased (P < 0.01); compared with the PD + exercise group, the concentration of extracellular Glu in striatal neurons of the group injected with mGluR2/3 antagonist (RS)-1-amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic acid (APICA) into the striatum at the third week and the fifth week was significantly increased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the striatal mGluR2/3 protein expression of the PD group was significantly downregulated (P < 0.01); compared with the PD group, the striatal mGluR2/3 protein expression of the PD + exercise group was significantly upregulated (P < 0.05); compared with the control group, the striatal mGluR3 mRNA expression of the PD group was significantly downregulated (P < 0.01); compared with the PD group, the striatal mGluR3 mRNA expression of the PD + exercise group was significantly upregulated (P < 0.01); 6-OHDA damage and exercise intervention had no significant effect on the striatal mGluR2 mRNA expression (P > 0.05). Compared with the PD + exercise group, the total movement distance, the total movement time, and the mean velocity of the PD + exercise + APICA group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05); compared with the PD group, the PD + exercise + APICA group had no significant change in the total movement distance, the total movement time, and the mean velocity (P > 0.05). Conclusion: These data collectively demonstrate that the mGluR2/3-mediated glutamatergic transmission in the striatum is sensitive to dopamine (DA) depletion and may serve as a target of exercise intervention for mediating the therapeutic effect of exercise intervention in a rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- College of Sport Science, JiShou Univerity, JiShou, China
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Sport Science, JiShou Univerity, JiShou, China
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31
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Zhang L, So KF. Exercise, spinogenesis and cognitive functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:323-360. [PMID: 31607360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training improves mental and cognitive functions by enhancing neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Recent studies suggest the facilitation of spinogenesis across different brain regions including hippocampus and cerebral cortex by physical activity. In this article we will summarize major findings for exercise effects on synaptogenesis and spinogenesis, in order to provide mechanisms for exercise intervention of both psychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. We will also revisit major findings for molecular mechanism governing exercise-related spinogenesis, and will discuss the screening for novel factors, or exerkines, whose levels are correlated with endurance training and affect neural plasticity. We believe that further studies focusing on the molecular mechanism of exercise-mediate spinogenesis should benefit the optimization of exercise therapy in clinics and the evaluation of treatment efficiency using specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
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Lai JH, Chen KY, Wu JCC, Olson L, Brené S, Huang CZ, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Ma KH, Hoffer BJ, Hsieh TH, Chiang YH. Voluntary exercise delays progressive deterioration of markers of metabolism and behavior in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146301. [PMID: 31226324 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although a good deal is known about the genetics and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), and information is emerging about its cause, there are no pharmacological treatments shown to have a significant, sustained capacity to prevent or attenuate the ongoing neurodegenerative processes. However, there is accumulating clinical results to suggest that physical exercise is such a treatment, and studies of animal models of the dopamine (DA) deficiency associated with the motor symptoms of PD further support this hypothesis. Exercise is a non-pharmacological, economically practical, and sustainable intervention with little or no risk and with significant additional health benefits. In this study, we investigated the long-term effects of voluntary exercise on motor behavior and brain biochemistry in the transgenic MitoPark mouse PD model with progressive degeneration of the DA systems caused by DAT-driven deletion of the mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM in DA neurons. We found that voluntary exercise markedly improved behavioral function, including overall motor activity, narrow beam walking, and rotarod performance. There was also improvement of biochemical markers of nigrostriatal DA input. This was manifested by increased levels of DA measured by HPLC, and of the DA membrane transporter measured by PET. Moreover, exercise increased oxygen consumption and, by inference, ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, exercise augmented aerobic mitochondrial oxidative metabolism vs glycolysis in the nigrostriatal system. We conclude that there are clear-cut physiological mechanisms for beneficial effects of exercise in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Huei Lai
- Core Laboratory of Neuroscience, Office of R&D, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Brené
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chi-Zong Huang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Core Laboratory of Neuroscience, Office of R&D, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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33
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Li HY, Hong X, Huang M, So KF. Voluntary running delays primary degeneration in rat retinas after partial optic nerve transection. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:728-734. [PMID: 30632515 PMCID: PMC6352605 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.247481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Running is believed to be beneficial for human health. Many studies have focused on the neuroprotective effects of voluntary running on animal models. There were both primary and secondary degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma. However, whether running can delay primary or secondary degeneration or both of them was not clear. Partial optic nerve transection model is a valuable glaucoma model for studying both primary and secondary degeneration because it can separate primary (mainly in the superior retina) from secondary (mainly in the inferior retina) degeneration. Therefore, we compared the survival of retinal ganglion cells between Sprague-Dawley rat runners and non-runners both in the superior and inferior retinas. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are involved in the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. So we also used western immunoblotting to compare the expression of some proteins involved in apoptosis (phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p-JNKs), oxidative stress (manganese superoxide dismutase, MnSOD) and excitotoxicity (glutamine synthetase) between runners and non-runners after partial optic nerve transection. Results showed that voluntary running delayed the death of retinal ganglion cells vulnerable to primary degeneration but not those to secondary degeneration. In addition, voluntary running decreased the expression of glutamine synthetase, but not the expression of p-JNKs and MnSOD in the superior retina after partial optic nerve transection. These results illustrated that primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells might be mainly related with excitotoxicity rather than oxidative stress; and the voluntary running could down-regulate excitotoxicity to delay the primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells after partial optic nerve transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Hong
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mi Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Department of Ophthalmology and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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34
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Pereira ES, Krause Neto W, Calefi AS, Georgetti M, Guerreiro L, Zocoler CAS, Gama EF. Significant Acute Response of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Following a Session of Extreme Conditioning Program Is Correlated With Volume of Specific Exercise Training in Trained Men. Front Physiol 2018; 9:823. [PMID: 30018570 PMCID: PMC6038715 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated an acute and chronic increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in relation to different types of physical exercise. Currently, many individuals seek physical training strategies that present different types of stimulation and volume/intensity. Thus, the extreme conditioning methodology has gained great notoriety in the scientific and non-scientific environment. Knowing that BDNF values increase in an effort-dependent manner, it is necessary to study the effects of this strategy on BDNF levels. This study aimed to evaluate the acute response of BDNF in trained men submitted to an extreme conditioning program (ECP) session. Ten volunteers underwent an acute ECP session using the “as many reps as possible” (WOD-AMRAP) method, including three types of exercise (clean, wall ball and double or single-unders) for 9 min. BDNF was measured in the plasma, being collected baseline and immediately after the session. Total load of the clean exercise was five times greater than wall ball exercise (p < 0.05; 2096.1 ± 387.4 kg vs 415.8 ± 81.03 kg), which influenced little in the total load (p < 0.05, 2511.9 ± 358.52 kg) used. For the total volume, practitioners averaged 1.7 times more repetitions in the wall ball exercise compared to clean (46.2 ± 9 vs 29.5 ± 3.8 repetitions). The volunteers averaged 75.7 ± 12.6 double-unders repetitions, bringing the total volume of training to 151.4 ± 23.7 repetitions. Regarding the BDNF values, there was a significant difference (p = 0.05) between the pre- vs post-moments (11209.85 ± 1270.4 vs 12132.96 ± 1441.93 pg/ml). Effect size for this change as moderate (ES = 0.79). We found a positive correlation between total volume of clean exercise and delta BDNF values (p = 0.049). In conclusion, a single extreme conditioning session, through the practice of the WOD-AMRAP method, is capable of increasing the acute concentrations of plasma BDNF. In practical terms, we may suggest that future studies evaluate the effect of ECP as a strategy in the treatment of disorders associated with central degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emy S Pereira
- Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Body Perception and Movement, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Krause Neto
- Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Atilio S Calefi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Georgetti
- Laboratory of Body Perception and Movement, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Body Perception and Movement, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar A S Zocoler
- Laboratory of Human Movement, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane F Gama
- Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Body Perception and Movement, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
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