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Yao X, Hu J, Wang G, Lin X, Sun J, Dong G, Kang J, Feng W, Xie B, Huang Y, Tian X, Chen E. Deposition of Gadolinium in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Its Effects on Sensory, Cognitive, and Athletic Implications after Multiple Injections of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Rats. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2024; 45:1153-1161. [PMID: 38991773 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a8295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE After repeat administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), the association between gadolinium retention in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the main manifestations of myelopathy and progressive neurologic symptoms remains unclear. We investigated the effects of the repeat administration of GBCAs on gadolinium retention in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the sensory, cognitive, and athletic implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight male Wistar rats (6 weeks of age) were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (12 rats in each group): the gadodiamide group (linear and nonionic GBCAs), the gadopentetate dimeglumine group (linear and ionic GBCAs), the gadoterate meglumine group (macrocyclic and ionic GBCAs), and the control group (0.9% saline solution). The brains of the rats were scanned using 9.4T MRI. Sensory behavioral tests were performed to assess the effect of GBCAs on pain sensitivity function. Gadolinium deposition in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the microscopic distribution of gadolinium after deposition in the spinal cord. The histopathologic features in the spinal cord were analyzed by H&E staining, Nissl staining, glial fibrillary acidic protein staining, and neuron-specific enolase staining after administration of GBCAs. RESULTS All GBCAs resulted in gadolinium deposition in the central and peripheral nerve tissues, with the highest deposition in the sciatic nerve tissue (mean, 62.86 [SD, 12.56] nmol/g). Decreased muscle power, impairment of spatial cognitive function power, and pain hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli were observed after exposure to gadodiamide. At the spinal cord, transmission electron microscopy found that the region of gadolinium depositions had a spheric structure similar to "sea urchins" and was mainly located near the vascular basement membrane. CONCLUSIONS Multiple injections of GBCAs caused gadolinium deposition in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, especially in the spinal cords of the gadodiamide group. Gadodiamide led to pain hypersensitivity and decreased muscle power and cognitive ability. For the patients who are hypersensitive to pain and need multiple MRI examinations, we recommend using macrocyclic GBCAs and the lowest dose possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y., X.L., J.S, G.D., J.K., W.F., Y.H., X.T., E.C.), Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medcine, Xiamen University, XiaMen, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- The Basic Medicine College of Lanzhou University (J.H.), Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangsong Wang
- Department of Radiology (G.W.), Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Xiaoning Lin
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y., X.L., J.S, G.D., J.K., W.F., Y.H., X.T., E.C.), Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medcine, Xiamen University, XiaMen, China
| | - Jin Sun
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y., X.L., J.S, G.D., J.K., W.F., Y.H., X.T., E.C.), Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medcine, Xiamen University, XiaMen, China
| | - Guijiang Dong
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y., X.L., J.S, G.D., J.K., W.F., Y.H., X.T., E.C.), Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medcine, Xiamen University, XiaMen, China
| | - Junlong Kang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y., X.L., J.S, G.D., J.K., W.F., Y.H., X.T., E.C.), Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medcine, Xiamen University, XiaMen, China
| | - Wei Feng
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y., X.L., J.S, G.D., J.K., W.F., Y.H., X.T., E.C.), Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medcine, Xiamen University, XiaMen, China
| | - Bowen Xie
- Suining Jinghua Senior High School (B.X.), Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Huang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y., X.L., J.S, G.D., J.K., W.F., Y.H., X.T., E.C.), Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medcine, Xiamen University, XiaMen, China
| | - Xinhua Tian
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y., X.L., J.S, G.D., J.K., W.F., Y.H., X.T., E.C.), Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medcine, Xiamen University, XiaMen, China
| | - E Chen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y., X.L., J.S, G.D., J.K., W.F., Y.H., X.T., E.C.), Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medcine, Xiamen University, XiaMen, China
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Lou QM, Lai FF, Li JW, Mao KJ, Wan HT, He Y. Mechanisms of cuproptosis and its relevance to distinct diseases. Apoptosis 2024; 29:981-1006. [PMID: 38824478 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Copper is a trace element required by the organism, but once the level of copper exceeds the threshold, it becomes toxic and even causes death. The underlying mechanisms of copper-induced death are inconclusive, with different studies showing different opinions on the mechanism of copper-induced death. Multiple investigations have shown that copper induces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, nucleolar stress, and proteasome inhibition, all of which can result in cell death. The latest research elucidates a copper-dependent death and denominates it as cuproptosis. Cuproptosis takes place through the combination of copper and lipoylated proteins of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, triggering agglomeration of lipoylated proteins and loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins, leading to proteotoxic stress and ultimately death. Given the toxicity and necessity of copper, abnormal levels of copper lead to diseases such as neurological diseases and cancer. The development of cancer has a high demand for copper, neurological diseases involve the change of copper contents and the binding of copper to proteins. There is a close relationship between these two kinds of diseases and copper. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of copper-related death, and the association between copper and diseases, to better figure out the influence of copper in cell death and diseases, thus advancing the clinical remedy of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Mei Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Fei-Fan Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jing-Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Kun-Jun Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Hai-Tong Wan
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Bernard K, Dickson D, Anglin BL, Leandro Heien M, Polt R, Morrison HW, Falk T. PACAP glycosides promote cell outgrowth in vitro and reduce infarct size after stroke in a preclinical model. Neurosci Lett 2024; 836:137883. [PMID: 38914278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic peptide known to promote many beneficial processes following neural damage and cell death after stroke. Despite PACAP's known neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory properties, it has not realized its translational potential due to a poor pharmacokinetic profile (non-linear PK/PD), and limited Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration (BBB) permeability. We have previously shown that glycosylation of PACAP increases stability and enhances BBB penetration. In addition, our prior studies showed reduced neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation in models of Parkinson's disease and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). In this study we show that a PACAP(1-27) glucoside retains the known neurotrophic activity of native PACAP(1-27)in vitro and a 5-day daily treatment regimen (100 nM) leads to neurite-like extensions in PC12 cells. In addition, we show that intraperitoneal injection of a PACAP(1-27) lactoside (10 mg/kg) with improved BBB-penetration, given 1-hour after reperfusion in a Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model, reduces the infarct size after the ischemic injury in males significantly by ∼ 36 %, and the data suggest a dose-dependency. In conclusion, our data support further development of PACAP glycopeptides as promising novel drug candidates for the treatment of stroke, an area with an urgent clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Bernard
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Denali Dickson
- College of Nursing, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Bobbi L Anglin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - M Leandro Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Helena W Morrison
- College of Nursing, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Torsten Falk
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States; Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States; Department of Pharmacology, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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Lin Y, Xing Z, Lv S, Yang X, Kang J, Kang N, Wang J, Cao D. Colour-coded collateral and venous outflow patterns in estimating infarct progression and predicting functional independence for stroke patients in late time window. Br J Radiol 2024; 97:1335-1342. [PMID: 38754104 PMCID: PMC11186557 DOI: 10.1093/bjr/tqae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether cerebral collateral and venous outflow (VO) patterns on colour-coded multi-phase computed tomography angiography (mCTA) can estimate ischaemic core growth rate (IGR) and predict 90-day functional independence for patients with late-presenting acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). METHODS The retrospective analysis included 127 AIS patients with a late time window. All patients underwent baseline mCTA with colour-coded reconstruction and computed tomography perfusion. Both collateral score and VO score on colour-coded mCTA maps were analysed and recorded. The IGR was calculated as ischaemic core volume divided by the time from onset to imaging. A 90-day modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2 was defined as functional independence. Kendall's Tau-b analysis was used for nonparametric correlation analysis. Propensity scores, logistic regressions, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to construct the prediction model. RESULTS Moderate correlations were found between collateral delay and IGR (Tau-b = -0.554) and between VO and IGR (Tau-b = -0.501). High collateral score (odds ratio = 3.01) and adequate VO (odds ratio = 4.89) remained independent predictors for 90-day functional independence after adjustment. The joint predictive model, which integrated the VO score and clinical features, demonstrated an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.878. The AUCs of collateral score and VO score were 0.836 and 0.883 for outcome prediction after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral collateral and VO patterns based on colour-coded mCTA can effectively predict infarct progression and 90-day clinical outcomes, even for AIS patients beyond the routine time window. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Colour-coded mCTA is a readily understandable post-processing technique for the rapid assessment of collateral circulation and VO status in stroke imaging. A moderate correlation was observed between the characteristics of collateral delay/VO on colour-coded mCTA and IGR in patients with AIS. Both high-quality collateral circulation and "red superficial middle cerebral vein sign" can predict 90-day functional independence even for patients beyond the routine time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
- Xiamen Radiology Quality Control Center, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Zhen Xing
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Department of Radiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China
| | - Shaomao Lv
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
- Xiamen Radiology Quality Control Center, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Xiefeng Yang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Department of Radiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China
| | - Jianghe Kang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
- Xiamen Radiology Quality Control Center, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Nannan Kang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Jinan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
- Xiamen Radiology Quality Control Center, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Dairong Cao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Department of Radiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
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L'Écuyer S, Charbonney E, Carrier FM, Rose CF. Implication of Hypotension in the Pathogenesis of Cognitive Impairment and Brain Injury in Chronic Liver Disease. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1437-1449. [PMID: 36635437 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of chronic liver disease is on the rise. One of the primary causes of hospital admissions for patients with cirrhosis is hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a debilitating neurological complication. HE is defined as a reversible syndrome, yet there is growing evidence stating that, under certain conditions, HE is associated with permanent neuronal injury and irreversibility. The pathophysiology of HE primarily implicates a strong role for hyperammonemia, but it is believed other pathogenic factors are involved. The fibrotic scarring of the liver during the progression of chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) consequently leads to increased hepatic resistance and circulatory anomalies characterized by portal hypertension, hyperdynamic circulatory state and systemic hypotension. The possible repercussions of these circulatory anomalies on brain perfusion, including impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation, could be implicated in the development of HE and/or permanent brain injury. Furthermore, hypotensive insults incurring during gastrointestinal bleed, infection, or liver transplantation may also trigger or exacerbate brain dysfunction and cell damage. This review will focus on the role of hypotension in the onset of HE as well as in the occurrence of neuronal cell loss in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydnée L'Écuyer
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900, rue Saint-Denis - Pavillon R, R08.422 Montréal (Québec), Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Charbonney
- Department of Medicine, Critical Care Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - François Martin Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Critical Care Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Carrefour de l'innovation et santé des populations , Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Christopher F Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900, rue Saint-Denis - Pavillon R, R08.422 Montréal (Québec), Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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Zhang SS, Zhang JW, Zhang KX, Cui WQ, Zhi HW, Li HT, Wu HY, Wang YH. Hsa-miR-877-5p Expression in Acute Ischemic Stroke Based on Bioinformatics Analysis and Clinical Validation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1990-2005. [PMID: 37837492 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and immunity play important roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. This study aimed to explore key regulatory genes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and their underlying mechanisms to provide new research targets for the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke. We searched for differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs in patients with AIS and healthy populations in GEO databases, constructed a miRNA-mRNA network, and screened key miRNAs using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and the support vector machine-recursive feature elimination model. Correlations between key miRNAs and infiltrating immune cells and inflammatory factors were analyzed using CIBERSORT and immunoassays and verified using clinical experiments. Bioinformatics analysis identified hsa-miR-877-5p as a key regulatory miRNA in AIS that can modulate immune and inflammatory responses. In clinical studies, it was verified by quantitative PCR analysis that the expression of hsa-miR-877-5p in the blood of AIS patients was higher than that of the healthy group. Then, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that the expression of IL-23 and TNF-α related to inflammation in AIS patients was higher than that of the healthy. Quantitative PCR further found that the relative mRNA expression of IL-23, CXCR3, and TNF-α in AIS group was higher than that of the healthy group. This study may provide a basis for a more comprehensive understanding of the potential mechanism of the occurrence and development of AIS, and hsa-miR-877-5p and its downstream effectors IL-23, CXCR3, and TNF-α may be potential intervention targets in AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingshi Road No.16369 in Lixia District, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University Road NO.4655 in Changqing District, Jinan, China
| | - Kai-Xin Zhang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University Road NO.4655 in Changqing District, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingshi Road No.16369 in Lixia District, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingshi Road No.16369 in Lixia District, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Tao Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingshi Road No.16369 in Lixia District, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Yun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingshi Road No.16369 in Lixia District, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Han Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingshi Road No.16369 in Lixia District, Jinan, China.
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Yao X, Zhang H, Hu J, Lin X, Sun J, Kang J, Huang Z, Wang G, Tian X, Chen E, Ren K. Effects of Gadolinium Retention in the Brains of Type 2 Diabetic Rats after Repeated Administration of Gadolinium-Based MRI Contrast Agents on Neurobiology and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 38400842 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurotoxic potential of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) retention in the brains of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is unclear. PURPOSE To determine the deposition and clearance of GBCAs in T2DM rats and the mechanism by which Gd enhances nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. STUDY TYPE Cross-sectional, prospective. ANIMAL MODEL 104 T2DM male Wistar rats. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 9.4-T, T1-weighted fast spin echo sequence. ASSESSMENT T2DM (male Wistar rats, n = 52) and control group (healthy, male Wistar rats, n = 52) rats received saline, gadodiamide, Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and gadoterate meglumine for four consecutive days per week for 7 weeks. The distribution and clearance of Gd in the certain brain were assessed by MRI (T1 signal intensity and relaxation rate R1, on the last day of each week), inductively coupled plasma mass-spectroscopy, ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Behavioral tests, histopathological features, and the effects of GBCAs on neuroinflammation were also analyzed. STATISTICAL TESTS One-way analysis of variance, bonferroni method, and unpaired t-test. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The movement distance and appearance time in the open field test of the T2DM rats in the gadodiamide group were significantly shorter than in the other groups. Furthermore, the expression of NLRP3, Pro-Caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD protein in neurons was significantly higher in the gadodiamide group than in the saline group, as shown by Western blot. Gadodiamide also induced differentiation of microglia into M1 type, decreased the neuronal mitochondrial membrane potential, and significantly increased neuronal apoptosis from flow cytometry. DATA CONCLUSION T2DM may affect both the deposition and clearance of GBCAs in the brain. Informed by the T2DM model, gadodiamide could mediate the neuroinflammatory response by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- The Basic Medicine College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Junlong Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Zhichun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Guangsong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Xinhua Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - E Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
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Tortella L, Santini I, Lozano N, Kostarelos K, Cellot G, Ballerini L. Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Hamper Glutamate Mediated Excitotoxicity and Protect Neuronal Survival In An In vitro Stroke Model. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301762. [PMID: 37706581 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Small graphene oxide (s-GO) nanosheets reversibly downregulate central nervous system (CNS) excitatory synapses, with potential developments as future therapeutic tools to treat neuro-disorders characterized by altered glutamatergic transmission. Excitotoxicity, namely cell death triggered by exceeding ambient glutamate fueling over-activation of excitatory synapses, is a pathogenic mechanism shared by several neural diseases, from ischemic stroke to neurodegenerative disorders. In this work, CNS cultures were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to mimic ischemic stroke in vitro, and it is show that the delivery of s-GO following OGD, during the endogenous build-up of secondary damage and excitotoxicity, improved neuronal survival. In a different paradigm, excitotoxicity cell damage was reproduced through exogenous glutamate application, and s-GO co-treatment protected neuronal integrity, potentially by directly downregulating the synaptic over-activation brought about by exogenous glutamate. This proof-of-concept study suggests that s-GO may find novel applications in therapeutic developments for treating excitotoxicity-driven neural cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Tortella
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Irene Santini
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Neus Lozano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanomedicine Lab, and Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Cellot
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
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Luo Y, Cheng J, Fu Y, Zhang M, Gou M, Li J, Li X, Bai J, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Gao D. D-allose Inhibits TLR4/PI3K/AKT Signaling to Attenuate Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Apoptosis by Inhibiting Gal-3 Following Ischemic Stroke. Biol Proced Online 2023; 25:30. [PMID: 38017376 PMCID: PMC10683335 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-023-00224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) occurs when a blood vessel supplying the brain becomes obstructed, resulting in cerebral ischemia. This type of stroke accounts for approximately 87% of all strokes. Globally, IS leads to high mortality and poor prognosis and is associated with neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. D-allose is a bio-substrate of glucose that is widely expressed in many plants. Our previous study showed that D-allose exerted neuroprotective effects against acute cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury by reducing neuroinflammation. Here, we aimed to clarify the beneficial effects D-allose in suppressing IS-induced neuroinflammation damage, cytotoxicity, neuronal apoptosis and neurological deficits and the underlying mechanism in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vivo, an I/R model was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) in C57BL/6 N mice, and D-allose was given by intraperitoneal injection within 5 min after reperfusion. In vitro, mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22) with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) were established as a cell model of IS. Neurological scores, some cytokines, cytotoxicity and apoptosis in the brain and cell lines were measured. Moreover, Gal-3 short hairpin RNAs, lentiviruses and adeno-associated viruses were used to modulate Gal-3 expression in neurons in vitro and in vivo to reveal the molecular mechanism. RESULTS D-allose alleviated cytotoxicity, including cell viability, LDH release and apoptosis, in HT-22 cells after OGD/R, which also alleviated brain injury, as indicated by lesion volume, brain edema, neuronal apoptosis, and neurological functional deficits, in a mouse model of I/R. Moreover, D-allose decreased the release of inflammatory factors, such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, the expression of Gal-3 was increased by I/R in wild-type mice and HT-22 cells, and this factor further bound to TLR4, as confirmed by three-dimensional structure prediction and Co-IP. Silencing the Gal-3 gene with shRNAs decreased the activation of TLR4 signaling and alleviated IS-induced neuroinflammation, apoptosis and brain injury. Importantly, the loss of Gal-3 enhanced the D-allose-mediated protection against I/R-induced HT-22 cell injury, inflammatory insults and apoptosis, whereas activation of TLR4 by the selective agonist LPS increased the degree of neuronal injury and abolished the protective effects of D-allose. CONCLUSIONS In summary, D-allose plays a crucial role in inhibiting inflammation after IS by suppressing Gal-3/TLR4/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road NO.127, Xi'an, China
| | - Junkai Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road NO.127, Xi'an, China
| | - Yihao Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road NO.127, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road NO.127, Xi'an, China
| | - Maorong Gou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road NO.127, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road NO.127, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 127, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 127, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuefei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road NO.127, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road NO.127, Xi'an, China.
| | - Dakuan Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road NO.127, Xi'an, China.
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10
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Zhao BH, Ruze A, Zhao L, Li QL, Tang J, Xiefukaiti N, Gai MT, Deng AX, Shan XF, Gao XM. The role and mechanisms of microvascular damage in the ischemic myocardium. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:341. [PMID: 37898977 PMCID: PMC11073328 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Following myocardial ischemic injury, the most effective clinical intervention is timely restoration of blood perfusion to ischemic but viable myocardium to reduce irreversible myocardial necrosis, limit infarct size, and prevent cardiac insufficiency. However, reperfusion itself may exacerbate cell death and myocardial injury, a process commonly referred to as ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which primarily involves cardiomyocytes and cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) and is characterized by myocardial stunning, microvascular damage (MVD), reperfusion arrhythmia, and lethal reperfusion injury. MVD caused by I/R has been a neglected problem compared to myocardial injury. Clinically, the incidence of microvascular angina and/or no-reflow due to ineffective coronary perfusion accounts for 5-50% in patients after acute revascularization. MVD limiting drug diffusion into injured myocardium, is strongly associated with the development of heart failure. CMECs account for > 60% of the cardiac cellular components, and their role in myocardial I/R injury cannot be ignored. There are many studies on microvascular obstruction, but few studies on microvascular leakage, which may be mainly due to the lack of corresponding detection methods. In this review, we summarize the clinical manifestations, related mechanisms of MVD during myocardial I/R, laboratory and clinical examination means, as well as the research progress on potential therapies for MVD in recent years. Better understanding the characteristics and risk factors of MVD in patients after hemodynamic reconstruction is of great significance for managing MVD, preventing heart failure and improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Amanguli Ruze
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Qiu-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Nilupaer Xiefukaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Min-Tao Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China
| | - An-Xia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Xue-Feng Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Urumqi, China.
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11
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Miller A, York EM, Stopka SA, Martínez-François JR, Hossain MA, Baquer G, Regan MS, Agar NYR, Yellen G. Spatially resolved metabolomics and isotope tracing reveal dynamic metabolic responses of dentate granule neurons with acute stimulation. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1820-1835. [PMID: 37798473 PMCID: PMC10626993 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity creates an intense energy demand that must be met by rapid metabolic responses. To investigate metabolic adaptations in the neuron-enriched dentate granule cell (DGC) layer within its native tissue environment, we employed murine acute hippocampal brain slices, coupled with fast metabolite preservation and followed by mass spectrometry (MS) imaging, to generate spatially resolved metabolomics and isotope-tracing data. Here we show that membrane depolarization induces broad metabolic changes, including increased glycolytic activity in DGCs. Increased glucose metabolism in response to stimulation is accompanied by mobilization of endogenous inosine into pentose phosphates via the action of purine nucleotide phosphorylase (PNP). The PNP reaction is an integral part of the neuronal response to stimulation, because inhibition of PNP leaves DGCs energetically impaired during recovery from strong activation. Performing MS imaging on brain slices bridges the gap between live-cell physiology and the deep chemical analysis enabled by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisa M York
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Md Amin Hossain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerard Baquer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Regan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gary Yellen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Balena T, Lillis K, Rahmati N, Bahari F, Dzhala V, Berdichevsky E, Staley K. A Dynamic Balance between Neuronal Death and Clearance in an in Vitro Model of Acute Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6084-6107. [PMID: 37527922 PMCID: PMC10451151 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0436-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In in vitro models of acute brain injury, neuronal death may overwhelm the capacity for microglial phagocytosis, creating a queue of dying neurons awaiting clearance. Neurons undergoing programmed cell death are in this queue, and are the most visible and frequently quantified measure of neuronal death after injury. However, the size of this queue should be equally sensitive to changes in neuronal death and the rate of phagocytosis. Using rodent organotypic hippocampal slice cultures as a model of acute perinatal brain injury, serial imaging demonstrated that the capacity for microglial phagocytosis of dying neurons was overwhelmed for 2 weeks. Altering phagocytosis rates (e.g., by changing the number of microglia) dramatically changed the number of visibly dying neurons. Similar effects were generated when the visibility of dying neurons was altered by changing the membrane permeability for stains that label dying neurons. Canonically neuroprotective interventions, such as seizure blockade, and neurotoxic maneuvers, such as perinatal ethanol exposure, were mediated by effects on microglial activity and the membrane permeability of neurons undergoing programmed cell death. These canonically neuroprotective and neurotoxic interventions had either no or opposing effects on healthy surviving neurons identified by the ongoing expression of transgenic fluorescent proteins.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In in vitro models of acute brain injury, microglial phagocytosis is overwhelmed by the number of dying cells. Under these conditions, the assumptions on which assays for neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects are based are no longer valid. Thus, longitudinal assays of healthy cells, such as serial assessment of the fluorescence emission of transgenically expressed proteins, provide more accurate estimates of cell death than do single-time point anatomic or biochemical assays of the number of dying neurons. More accurate estimates of death rates in vitro will increase the translatability of preclinical studies of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Balena
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kyle Lillis
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Negah Rahmati
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Fatemeh Bahari
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Volodymyr Dzhala
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Eugene Berdichevsky
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - Kevin Staley
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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13
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Bernardi P, Gerle C, Halestrap AP, Jonas EA, Karch J, Mnatsakanyan N, Pavlov E, Sheu SS, Soukas AA. Identity, structure, and function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: controversies, consensus, recent advances, and future directions. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1869-1885. [PMID: 37460667 PMCID: PMC10406888 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) describes a Ca2+-dependent and cyclophilin D (CypD)-facilitated increase of inner mitochondrial membrane permeability that allows diffusion of molecules up to 1.5 kDa in size. It is mediated by a non-selective channel, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Sustained mPTP opening causes mitochondrial swelling, which ruptures the outer mitochondrial membrane leading to subsequent apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and is implicated in a range of pathologies. However, transient mPTP opening at various sub-conductance states may contribute several physiological roles such as alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics and rapid Ca2+ efflux. Since its discovery decades ago, intensive efforts have been made to identify the exact pore-forming structure of the mPT. Both the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and, more recently, the mitochondrial F1FO (F)-ATP synthase dimers, monomers or c-subunit ring alone have been implicated. Here we share the insights of several key investigators with different perspectives who have pioneered mPT research. We critically assess proposed models for the molecular identity of the mPTP and the mechanisms underlying its opposing roles in the life and death of cells. We provide in-depth insights into current controversies, seeking to achieve a degree of consensus that will stimulate future innovative research into the nature and role of the mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christoph Gerle
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Andrew P Halestrap
- School of Biochemistry and Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nelli Mnatsakanyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Evgeny Pavlov
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Debruyne AC, Okkelman IA, Dmitriev RI. Balance between the cell viability and death in 3D. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 144:55-66. [PMID: 36117019 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a phenomenon, frequently perceived as an absolute event for cell, tissue and the organ. However, the rising popularity and complexity of such 3D multicellular 'tissue building blocks' as heterocellular spheroids, organoids, and 'assembloids' prompts to revise the definition and quantification of cell viability and death. It raises several questions on the overall viability of all the cells within 3D volume and on choosing the appropriate, continuous, and non-destructive viability assay enabling for a single-cell analysis. In this review, we look at cell viability and cell death modalities with attention to the intrinsic features of such 3D models as spheroids, organoids, and bioprints. Furthermore, we look at emerging and promising methodologies, which can help define and understand the balance between cell viability and death in dynamic and complex 3D environments. We conclude that the recent innovations in biofabrication, biosensor probe development, and fluorescence microscopy can help answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Debruyne
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Irina A Okkelman
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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15
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Miller A, York E, Stopka S, Martínez-François J, Hossain MA, Baquer G, Regan M, Agar N, Yellen G. Spatially resolved metabolomics and isotope tracing reveal dynamic metabolic responses of dentate granule neurons with acute stimulation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2276903. [PMID: 37546759 PMCID: PMC10402263 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2276903/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity creates an intense energy demand that must be met by rapid metabolic responses. To investigate metabolic adaptations in the neuron-enriched dentate granule cell (DGC) layer within its native tissue environment, we employed murine acute hippocampal brain slices coupled with fast metabolite preservation, followed by mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to generate spatially resolved metabolomics and isotope tracing data. Here we show that membrane depolarization induces broad metabolic changes, including increased glycolytic activity in DGCs. Increased glucose metabolism in response to stimulation is accompanied by mobilization of endogenous inosine into pentose phosphates, via the action of purine nucleotide phosphorylase (PNP). The PNP reaction is an integral part of the neuronal response to stimulation, as inhibiting PNP leaves DGCs energetically impaired during recovery from strong activation. Performing MSI on brain slices bridges the gap between live cell physiology and the deep chemical analysis enabled by mass spectrometry.
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16
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Ahn YH, Tang Y, Illes P. The neuroinflammatory astrocytic P2X7 receptor: Alzheimer's disease, ischemic brain injury, and epileptic state. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:763-778. [PMID: 37712394 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2258281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Astrocytes have previously been considered as cells supporting neuronal functions, but they are now recognized as active players in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Astrocytes can communicate with other CNS cells, i.e. through the gliotransmitter ATP and P2X7 receptors (Rs). AREAS COVERED In this review, we will discuss how the P2X7R initiates the release of gliotransmitters and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, thereby establishing a dialog between astrocytes and neurons and, in addition, causing neuroinflammation. In astrocytes, dysregulation of P2X7Rs has been associated with neurodegenerative illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as the consequences of cerebral ischemic injury and status epilepticus (SE). EXPERT OPINION Although all CNS cells are possible sources of ATP release, the targets of this ATP are primarily at microglial cells. However, astrocytes also contain ATP-sensitive P2X7Rs and have in addition the peculiar property over microglia to continuously interact with neurons via not only inflammatory mediators but also gliotransmitters, such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), glutamate, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), and D-serine. Cellular damage arising during AD, cerebral ischemia, and SE via P2X7R activation is superimposed upon the original disease, and their prevention by blood-brain barrier permeable pharmacological antagonists is a valid therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ha Ahn
- International Joint Research Center on Purinergic Signaling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Center on Purinergic Signaling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Joint Research Center on Purinergic Signaling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Briyal S, Ranjan AK, Gulati A. Oxidative stress: A target to treat Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 165:105509. [PMID: 36907516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been established as a well-known pathological condition in several neurovascular diseases. It starts with increased production of highly oxidizing free-radicals (e.g. reactive oxygen species; ROS and reactive nitrogen species; RNS) and becomes too high for the endogenous antioxidant system to neutralize them, which results in a significantly disturbed balance between free-radicals and antioxidants levels and causes cellular damage. A number of studies have evidently shown that oxidative stress plays a critical role in activating multiple cell signaling pathways implicated in both progression as well as initiation of neurological diseases. Therefore, oxidative stress continues to remain a key therapeutic target for neurological diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the brain, oxidative stress, and pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the scope of antioxidant therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Briyal
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Amaresh K Ranjan
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA; Pharmazz Inc. Research and Development, Willowbrook, IL, USA
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18
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Kalinichenko SG, Pushchin II, Matveeva NY. Neurotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms in the ischemic neocortex. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 128:102230. [PMID: 36603664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal damage in ischemic stroke occurs due to permanent imbalance between the metabolic needs of the brain and the ability of the blood-vascular system to maintain glucose delivery and adequate gas exchange. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity trigger complex processes of neuroinflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis of both neurons and glial cells. This review summarizes data on the structural and chemical changes in the neocortex and main cytoprotective effects induced by focal ischemic stroke. We focus on the expression of neurotrophins (NT) and molecular and cellular changes in neurovascular units in ischemic brain. We also discuss how these factors affect the apoptosis of cortical cells. Ischemic damage involves close interaction of a wide range of signaling molecules, each acting as an efficient marker of cell state in both the ischemic core and penumbra. NTs play the main regulatory role in brain tissue recovery after ischemic injury. Heterogeneous distribution of the BDNF, NT-3, and GDNF immunoreactivity is concordant with the selective response of different types of cortical neurons and glia to ischemic injury and allows mapping the position of viable neurons. Astrocytes are the central link in neurovascular coupling in ischemic brain by providing other cells with a wide range of vasotropic factors. The NT expression coincides with the distribution of reactive astrocytes, marking the boundaries of the penumbra. The development of ischemic stroke is accompanied by a dramatic change in the distribution of GDNF reactivity. In early ischemic period, it is mainly observed in cortical neurons, while in late one, the bulk of GDNF-positive cells are various types of glia, in particular, astrocytes. The proportion of GDNF-positive astrocytes increases gradually throughout the ischemic period. Some factors that exert cytoprotective effects in early ischemic period may display neurotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects later on. The number of apoptotic cells in the ischemic brain tissue correlates with the BDNF levels, corroborating its protective effects. Cytoprotection and neuroplasticity are two lines of brain protection and recovery after ischemic stroke. NTs can be considered an important link in these processes. To develop efficient pharmacological therapy for ischemic brain injury, we have to deepen our understanding of neurochemical adaptation of brain tissue to acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kalinichenko
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Igor I Pushchin
- Laboratory of Physiology, A.V. Zhirmusky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
| | - Natalya Yu Matveeva
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
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19
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Balena T, Lillis K, Rahmati N, Bahari F, Dzhala V, Berdichevsky E, Staley K. A dynamic balance between neuronal death and clearance after acute brain injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528332. [PMID: 36824708 PMCID: PMC9948967 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
After acute brain injury, neuronal apoptosis may overwhelm the capacity for microglial phagocytosis, creating a queue of dying neurons awaiting clearance. The size of this queue should be equally sensitive to changes in neuronal death and the rate of phagocytosis. Using rodent organotypic hippocampal slice cultures as a model of acute perinatal brain injury, serial imaging demonstrated that the capacity for microglial phagocytosis of dying neurons was overwhelmed for two weeks. Altering phagocytosis rates, e.g. by changing the number of microglia, dramatically changed the number of visibly dying neurons. Similar effects were generated when the visibility of dying neurons was altered by changing the membrane permeability for vital stains. Canonically neuroprotective interventions such as seizure blockade and neurotoxic maneuvers such as perinatal ethanol exposure were mediated by effects on microglial activity and the membrane permeability of apoptotic neurons, and had either no or opposing effects on healthy surviving neurons. Significance After acute brain injury, microglial phagocytosis is overwhelmed by the number of dying cells. Under these conditions, the assumptions on which assays for neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects are based are no longer valid. Thus longitudinal assays of healthy cells, such as assessment of the fluorescence emission of transgenically-expressed proteins, provide more accurate estimates of cell death than do single-time-point anatomical or biochemical assays. More accurate estimates of death rates will increase the translatability of preclinical studies of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity.
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Depsipeptides Targeting Tumor Cells: Milestones from In Vitro to Clinical Trials. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020670. [PMID: 36677728 PMCID: PMC9864405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is currently considered one of the most threatening diseases worldwide. Diet could be one of the factors that can be enhanced to comprehensively address a cancer patient's condition. Unfortunately, most molecules capable of targeting cancer cells are found in uncommon food sources. Among them, depsipeptides have emerged as one of the most reliable choices for cancer treatment. These cyclic amino acid oligomers, with one or more subunits replaced by a hydroxylated carboxylic acid resulting in one lactone bond in a core ring, have broadly proven their cancer-targeting efficacy, some even reaching clinical trials and being commercialized as "anticancer" drugs. This review aimed to describe these depsipeptides, their reported amino acid sequences, determined structure, and the specific mechanism by which they target tumor cells including apoptosis, oncosis, and elastase inhibition, among others. Furthermore, we have delved into state-of-the-art in vivo and clinical trials, current methods for purification and synthesis, and the recognized disadvantages of these molecules. The information collated in this review can help researchers decide whether these molecules should be incorporated into functional foods in the near future.
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Fatty acid-binding proteins 3 and 5 are involved in the initiation of mitochondrial damage in ischemic neurons. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102547. [PMID: 36481733 PMCID: PMC9727700 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that a fatty acid-binding protein7 (FABP7) inhibitor ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, suggesting an association between FABPs and ischemic neuronal injury. However, the precise role of FABPs in ischemic neuronal injury remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of FABPs in ischemia-reperfusion neuronal injury. FABP3, FABP5, and FABP7 were upregulated in the ischemic penumbra regions in mice. However, only FABP3 and FABP5 were expressed in injured neurons. Furthermore, FABP3 and FABP5 accumulated in the mitochondria of ischemic neurons. Overexpressing either FABP3 or FABP5 aggravated the reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells during oxidative stress. This damage was mediated by the formation of BAX-containing pores in the mitochondrial membrane. Moreover, FABP5 mediates lipid peroxidation and generates toxic by-products (i.e., 4-HNE) in SH-SY5Y cells. HY11-08 (HY08), a novel FABP3 and 5 inhibitor that does not act on FABP7, significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume and blocked FABP3/5-induced mitochondrial damage, including lipid peroxidation and BAX-related apoptotic signaling. Thus, FABP3 and FABP5 are key players in triggering mitochondrial damage in ischemic neurons. In addition, the novel FABP inhibitor, HY08, may be a potential neuroprotective treatment for ischemic stroke.
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22
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Zhu Y, Wang Z, Yu S, Zhao C, Xu B, Liu R, Xu L, Guo Y. Neuroprotective Effect of Ginseng Fibrous Root Enzymatic Hydrolysate against Oxidative Stress. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227824. [PMID: 36431931 PMCID: PMC9697448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the potential causes of nervous system disease. Ginseng extract possesses excellent antioxidant activity; however, little research on the function of the ginseng fibrous root. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ginseng fibrous root to alleviate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) against oxidative stress. Ginseng fibrous root enzymatic hydrolysate (GFREH) was first prepared by digesting ginseng fibrous roots with alkaline protease. In vitro, the GFREH showed antioxidant activities in free radical scavenging mechanisms. With a cellular model of AD, GFREH inhibited the increase in Ca2+ levels and intracellular ROS content, maintained the balance of mitochondrial membrane potential, and relieved L-glutamic acid-induced neurotoxicity. In vivo, GFREH improved the survival rate of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) under oxidative stress, upregulated SOD-3 expression, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Therefore, our findings provide evidence for the alleviation effect of GFREH against oxidative stress in neuroprotection, which may accelerate the development of anti-Alzheimer's drugs and treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuxuan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Baofeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of VIP Unit, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.G.)
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23
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Calabrese B, Jones SL, Shiraishi-Yamaguchi Y, Lingelbach M, Manor U, Svitkina TM, Higgs HN, Shih AY, Halpain S. INF2-mediated actin filament reorganization confers intrinsic resilience to neuronal ischemic injury. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6037. [PMID: 36229429 PMCID: PMC9558009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During early ischemic brain injury, glutamate receptor hyperactivation mediates neuronal death via osmotic cell swelling. Here we show that ischemia and excess NMDA receptor activation cause actin to rapidly and extensively reorganize within the somatodendritic compartment. Normally, F-actin is concentrated within dendritic spines. However, <5 min after bath-applied NMDA, F-actin depolymerizes within spines and polymerizes into stable filaments within the dendrite shaft and soma. A similar actinification occurs after experimental ischemia in culture, and photothrombotic stroke in mouse. Following transient NMDA incubation, actinification spontaneously reverses. Na+, Cl-, water, and Ca2+ influx, and spine F-actin depolymerization are all necessary, but not individually sufficient, for actinification, but combined they induce activation of the F-actin polymerization factor inverted formin-2 (INF2). Silencing of INF2 renders neurons vulnerable to cell death and INF2 overexpression is protective. Ischemia-induced dendritic actin reorganization is therefore an intrinsic pro-survival response that protects neurons from death induced by cell edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Calabrese
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Steven L Jones
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4544, USA
| | | | - Michael Lingelbach
- Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Uri Manor
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4544, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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24
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Jiang XH, Li HF, Chen ML, Zhang YX, Chen HB, Chen RH, Xiao YC, Liu N. Treadmill exercise exerts a synergistic effect with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on neuronal apoptosis and synaptic-axonal remodeling. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1293-1299. [PMID: 36453414 PMCID: PMC9838147 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.357900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treadmill exercise and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation are both practical and effective methods for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. However, whether there is a synergistic effect between the two remains unclear. In this study, we established rat models of ischemia/reperfusion injury by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 2 hours and reperfusion for 24 hours. Rat models were perfused with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) via the tail vein and underwent 14 successive days of treadmill exercise. Neurological assessment, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry results revealed decreased neuronal apoptosis and cerebral infarct volume, evident synaptic formation and axonal regeneration, and remarkably recovered neurological function in rats subjected to treadmill exercise and MSC-exos treatment. These effects were superior to those in rats subjected to treadmill exercise or MSC-exos treatment alone. Mechanistically, further investigation revealed that the activation of JNK1/c-Jun signaling pathways regulated neuronal apoptosis and synaptic-axonal remodeling. These findings suggest that treadmill exercise may exhibit a synergistic effect with MSC-exos treatment, which may be related to activation of the JNK1/c-Jun signaling pathway. This study provides novel theoretical evidence for the clinical application of treadmill exercise combined with MSC-exos treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hong Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Fujian Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hang-Feng Li
- Department of Neurology, Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian Province, China
| | - Man-Li Chen
- Fujian Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi-Xian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Fujian Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hong-Bin Chen
- Fujian Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Rong-Hua Chen
- Fujian Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ying-Chun Xiao
- Fujian Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Fujian Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China,Correspondence to: Nan Liu, .
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25
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Zhou M, Li YJ, Tang YC, Hao XY, Xu WJ, Xiang DX, Wu JY. Apoptotic bodies for advanced drug delivery and therapy. J Control Release 2022; 351:394-406. [PMID: 36167267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising candidates for multiple biomedical applications. Major types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies (ABs). ABs are conferred most properties from parent cells in the final stages of apoptosis. A wide variety of sources and stable morphological features are endowed to ABs by the rigorous apoptotic program. ABs accommodate more functional biomolecules by relying on the larger volume and maintaining their naturalness in circulation. The predominant body surface ratio of ABs facilitates their recognition by recipient cells and is advantageous for interactions with microenvironments. ABs can modulate and alleviate symptoms of numerous diseases for their origins, circulation, and high biocompatibility. In addition, ABs have been emerging in disease diagnosis, immunotherapy, regenerative therapy, and drug delivery. Here, we aim to present a thorough discussion on current knowledge about ABs. Of particular interest, we will summarize the application of AB-based strategies for diagnosis and disease therapy. Perspectives for the development of ABs in biomedical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yan Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Da-Xiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Jun-Yong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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26
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Pang J, Matei N, Peng J, Zheng W, Yu J, Luo X, Camara R, Chen L, Tang J, Zhang JH, Jiang Y. Macrophage Infiltration Reduces Neurodegeneration and Improves Stroke Recovery after Delayed Recanalization in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6422202. [PMID: 36035227 PMCID: PMC9402313 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6422202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent cerebrovascular recanalization therapy clinical trials have validated delayed recanalization in patients outside of the conventional window. However, a paucity of information on the pathophysiology of delayed recanalization and favorable outcomes remains. Since macrophages are extensively studied in tissue repair, we anticipate that they may play a critical role in delayed recanalization after ischemic stroke. Methods In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, two ischemic stroke groups were used: permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and delayed recanalization at 3 days following middle cerebral artery occlusion (rMCAO). To evaluate outcome, brain morphology, neurological function, macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis, and neurodegeneration were reported. Confirming the role of macrophages, after their depletion, we assessed angiogenesis and neurodegeneration after delayed recanalization. Results No significant difference was observed in the rate of hemorrhage or animal mortality among pMCAO and rMCAO groups. Delayed recanalization increased angiogenesis, reduced infarct volumes and neurodegeneration, and improved neurological outcomes compared to nonrecanalized groups. In rMCAO groups, macrophage infiltration contributed to increased angiogenesis, which was characterized by increased vascular endothelial growth factor A and platelet-derived growth factor B. Confirming these links, macrophage depletion reduced angiogenesis, inflammation, neuronal survival in the peri-infarct region, and favorable outcome following delayed recanalization. Conclusion If properly selected, delayed recanalization at day 3 postinfarct can significantly improve the neurological outcome after ischemic stroke. The sanguineous exposure of the infarct/peri-infarct to macrophages was essential for favorable outcomes after delayed recanalization at 3 days following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Nathanael Matei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Xu Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Richard Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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Chen C, Zuo J, Zhang H. Sevoflurane Post-treatment Mitigates Oxygen-glucose Deprivationinduced Pyroptosis of Hippocampal Neurons by Regulating the Mafb/DUSP14 Axis. Curr Neurovasc Res 2022; 19:245-254. [PMID: 35927915 DOI: 10.2174/1567202619666220802104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic brain injury often results in irreversible pyroptosis of neurons. Sevoflurane (Sevo) post-treatment exerts an alleviative role in neuroinflammation. OBJECTIVES This work evaluated the mechanism of Sevo post-treatment in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced pyroptosis of rat hippocampal neurons. METHODS Rat hippocampal neuron cell line H19-7 cells were treated with OGD, followed by posttreatment of 2% Sevo. The expression patterns of Mafb ZIP Transcription Factor B (Mafb) and dual- specificity phosphatase 14 (DUSP14) were determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting methods. H19-7 cell viability and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were examined via the cell counting kit-8 and LDH assay kits. Levels of pyroptosis-related proteins and cytokines NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), N-term cleaved Gasdermin-D (GSDMD-N), cleaved-caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 were also examined. The binding relation between Mafb and the DUSP14 promoter was detected. Besides, the roles of Mafb/DUSP14 in OGD-induced pyroptosis of rat hippocampal neurons were investigated through functional rescue experiments. RESULTS Mafb and DUSP14 expression levels were decreased in OGD-induced hippocampal neurons. Sevo post-treatment up-regulated Mafb and DUSP14, facilitated H19-7 cell viability, inhibited LDH release, and reduced levels of NLRP3, GSDMD-N, cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. Mafb increased DUSP14 expression via binding to the DUSP14 promoter. Repressing Mafb or DUSP14 exacerbated pyroptosis of hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSION Sevo post-treatment increased Mafb and DUSP14 expressions, which repressed OGDinduced pyroptosis of hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zuo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Huimei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1 Fuhua Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
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Topography of neurotrophins in the rat neocortex and their role in neuron apoptosis after experimental ischemic stroke. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 124:102122. [PMID: 35718293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal loss due to apoptosis after ischemic injury depends on the trophic support of neurons and cytoprotective effects of neurotrophins (NTs). Different NTs may activate both pro- and antiapoptotic factors. Their distribution in the ischemic core (IC) and penumbra (IP) has been poorly studied. The available data on the localization of NTs in the ischemic brain are contradictory and depend to a certain degree on the pathogenetic model used. The distribution of NTs in different layers of the ischemic cortex is also largely unknown hindering our understanding of their exact effects and targets in different zones of the ischemic brain. We examined the immunolocalization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the parietal cortex using a rat model of ischemic stroke due to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The spatial density of immunoreactive (IR) cells varied across the cortical layers and changed with time after ischemic injury. Their distribution in the IC differed considerably from that in the IP. The immunolocalization of neurotrophins in the contralateral hemisphere was similar to that in IP. We also studied the distribution of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors in IC and IP with and without intravenous BDNF administration. In the model without BDNF administration, the proportions of Bcl-2-, p53-, caspase-3-, and Mdm2-IR cells showed different dynamics during the ischemic period. In the model with BDNF administration, Mdm2 immunoreactivity was mainly observed in pyramidal cells of layers V/VI, and Bcl-2, in interneurons of layers II and III. The dynamics of p53 immunoreactivity was opposite to that of caspase-3 throughout the ischemic period. The present results suggest that after ischemic injury, 1) the number of neurotrophin-positive cells increases in the early ischemic period and decreases afterwards; 2) there is a close metabolic relationship between astrocytes and neurons contributing to their adaptation to ischemic conditions; 3) the IP borders undergo constant changes; 4) in the IP, neuronal loss occurs mainly by apoptotic pathway throughout the ischemic period; 5) BDNF may enhance considerably antiapoptotic mechanisms with a predominance of Mdm-2 activity in pyramidal neurons.
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29
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Bub A, Brenna S, Alawi M, Kügler P, Gui Y, Kretz O, Altmeppen H, Magnus T, Puig B. Multiplexed mRNA analysis of brain-derived extracellular vesicles upon experimental stroke in mice reveals increased mRNA content with potential relevance to inflammation and recovery processes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:329. [PMID: 35639208 PMCID: PMC9156510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that represent newly discovered means for cell-to-cell communication as well as promising disease biomarkers and therapeutic tools. Apart from proteins, lipids, and metabolites, EVs can deliver genetic information such as mRNA, eliciting a response in the recipient cells. In the present study, we have analyzed the mRNA content of brain-derived EVs (BDEVs) isolated 72 h after experimental stroke in mice and compared them to controls (shams) using nCounter® Nanostring panels, with or without prior RNA isolation. We found that both panels show similar results when comparing upregulated mRNAs in stroke. Notably, the highest upregulated mRNAs were related to processes of stress and immune system responses, but also to anatomical structure development, cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization, thus indicating that regenerative mechanisms already take place at this time-point. The five top overrepresented mRNAs in stroke mice were confirmed by RT-qPCR and, interestingly, found to be full-length. We could reveal that the majority of the mRNA cargo in BDEVs was of microglial origin and predominantly present in small BDEVs (≤ 200 nm in diameter). However, the EV population with the highest increase in the total BDEVs pool at 72 h after stroke was of oligodendrocytic origin. Our study shows that nCounter® panels are a good tool to study mRNA content in tissue-derived EVs as they can be carried out even without previous mRNA isolation, and that the mRNA cargo of BDEVs indicates a possible participation in inflammatory but also recovery processes after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Bub
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Santra Brenna
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Kügler
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuqi Gui
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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30
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Mao R, Zong N, Hu Y, Chen Y, Xu Y. Neuronal Death Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategy in Ischemic Stroke. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1229-1247. [PMID: 35513682 PMCID: PMC9554175 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke caused by intracranial vascular occlusion has become increasingly prevalent with considerable mortality and disability, which gravely burdens the global economy. Current relatively effective clinical treatments are limited to intravenous alteplase and thrombectomy. Even so, patients still benefit little due to the short therapeutic window and the risk of ischemia/reperfusion injury. It is therefore urgent to figure out the neuronal death mechanisms following ischemic stroke in order to develop new neuroprotective strategies. Regarding the pathogenesis, multiple pathological events trigger the activation of cell death pathways. Particular attention should be devoted to excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Thus, in this article, we first review the principal mechanisms underlying neuronal death mediated by these significant events, such as intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagic cell death. Then, we further discuss the possibility of interventions targeting these pathological events and summarize the present pharmacological achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ningning Zong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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31
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Arzhanov I, Sintakova K, Romanyuk N. The Role of miR-20 in Health and Disease of the Central Nervous System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091525. [PMID: 35563833 PMCID: PMC9100679 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of the mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) injury is limited, and traditional therapeutic methods lack a molecular approach either to prevent acute phase or secondary damage, or to support restorative mechanisms in the nervous tissue. microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding RNA molecules that have recently been discovered as fundamental and post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. The capacity of microRNAs to regulate the cell state and function through post-transcriptionally silencing hundreds of genes are being acknowledged as an important factor in the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic CNS injuries. In this study, we have summarized the knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders, and the role of most canonical miRNAs in their development. We have focused on the miR-20, the miR-17~92 family to which miR-20 belongs, and their function in the normal development and disease of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Arzhanov
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.A.); (K.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Sintakova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.A.); (K.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Romanyuk
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.A.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Zhang Y, Khan S, Liu Y, Wu G, Yong VW, Xue M. Oxidative Stress Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847246. [PMID: 35355999 PMCID: PMC8959663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a highly fatal disease with mortality rate of approximately 50%. Oxidative stress (OS) is a prominent cause of brain injury in ICH. Important sources of reactive oxygen species after hemorrhage are mitochondria dysfunction, degradated products of erythrocytes, excitotoxic glutamate, activated microglia and infiltrated neutrophils. OS harms the central nervous system after ICH mainly through impacting inflammation, killing brain cells and exacerbating damage of the blood brain barrier. This review discusses the sources and the possible molecular mechanisms of OS in producing brain injury in ICH, and anti-OS strategies to ameliorate the devastation of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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33
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Garcia-Martin G, Alcover-Sanchez B, Wandosell F, Cubelos B. Pathways Involved in Remyelination after Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:751-765. [PMID: 34151767 PMCID: PMC9878953 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210610093658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia, also known as ischemic stroke, occurs when there is a lack of blood supply into the brain. When an ischemic insult appears, both neurons and glial cells can react in several ways that will determine the severity and prognosis. This high heterogeneity of responses has been a major obstacle in developing effective treatments or preventive methods for stroke. Although white matter pathophysiology has not been deeply assessed in stroke, its remodelling can greatly influence the clinical outcome and the disability degree. Oligodendrocytes, the unique cell type implied in CNS myelination, are sensible to ischemic damage. Loss of myelin sheaths can compromise axon survival, so new Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells are required to restore brain function. Stroke can, therefore, enhance oligodendrogenesis to regenerate those new oligodendrocytes that will ensheath the damaged axons. Given that myelination is a highly complex process that requires coordination of multiple pathways such as Sonic Hedgehog, RTKs or Wnt/β-catenin, we will analyse new research highlighting their importance after brain ischemia. In addition, oligodendrocytes are not isolated cells inside the brain, but rather form part of a dynamic environment of interactions between neurons and glial cells. For this reason, we will put some context into how microglia and astrocytes react against stroke and influence oligodendrogenesis to highlight the relevance of remyelination in the ischemic brain. This will help to guide future studies to develop treatments focused on potentiating the ability of the brain to repair the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Garcia-Martin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Alcover-Sanchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cubelos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain,Address correspondence to this author at the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Tel: 34-91-1964561; Fax: 34-91-1964420; E-mail:
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34
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Jia J, Yang L, Chen Y, Zheng L, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhang M. The Role of Microglial Phagocytosis in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790201. [PMID: 35082781 PMCID: PMC8784388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system that exert diverse roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. During the past decades, microglial polarization and chemotactic properties have been well-studied, whereas less attention has been paid to phagocytic phenotypes of microglia in stroke. Generally, whether phagocytosis mediated by microglia plays a beneficial or detrimental role in stroke remains controversial, which calls for further investigations. Most researchers are in favor of the former proposal currently since efficient clearance of tissue debris promotes tissue reconstruction and neuronal network reorganization in part. Other scholars propose that excessively activated microglia engulf live or stressed neuronal cells, which results in neurological deficits and brain atrophy. Upon ischemia challenge, the microglia infiltrate injured brain tissue and engulf live/dead neurons, myelin debris, apoptotic cell debris, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. Cell phagocytosis is provoked by the exposure of "eat-me" signals or the loss of "don't eat-me" signals. We supposed that microglial phagocytosis could be initiated by the specific "eat-me" signal and its corresponding receptor on the specific cell type under pathological circumstances. In this review, we will summarize phagocytic characterizations of microglia after stroke and the potential receptors responsible for this programmed biological progress. Understanding these questions precisely may help to develop appropriate phagocytic regulatory molecules, which are promoting self-limiting inflammation without damaging functional cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Jia
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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35
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Exploring the Mechanism of Edaravone for Oxidative Stress in Rats with Cerebral Infarction Based on Quantitative Proteomics Technology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8653697. [PMID: 35027937 PMCID: PMC8752268 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8653697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective To explore the mechanism of edaravone in the treatment of oxidative stress in rats with cerebral infarction based on quantitative proteomics technology. Method The modified Zea Longa intracavitary suture blocking method was utilized to make rat CI model. After modeling, the rat was intragastrically given edaravone for 7 days, once a day. After the 7-day intervention, the total proteins of serum were extracted. After proteomics analysis, the differentially expressed proteins are analyzed by bioinformatics. Then chemoinformatics methods were used to explore the biomolecular network of edaravone intervention in CI. Result The neurological scores and pathological changes of rats were improved after the intervention of edaravone. Proteomics analysis showed that in the model/sham operation group, 90 proteins in comparison group were upregulated, and 26 proteins were downregulated. In the edaravone/model group, 21 proteins were upregulated, and 41 proteins were downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis and chemoinformatics analysis also show that edaravone is related to platelet activation and aggregation, oxidative stress, intercellular adhesion, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, iron metabolism, hypoxia, inflammatory chemokines, their mediated signal transduction, and so on. Conclusion The therapeutic mechanism of edaravone in the treatment of CI may involve platelet activation and aggregation, oxidative stress, intercellular adhesion, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, iron metabolism, hypoxia, and so on. This study revealed the serum protein profile of edaravone in the treatment of cerebral infarction rats through serum TMT proteomics and discovered the relevant mechanism of edaravone regulating iron metabolism in cerebral infarction, which provides new ideas for the study of edaravone intervention in cerebral infarction and also provides reference information for future research on the mechanism of edaravone intervention in iron metabolism-related diseases.
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36
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Xie J, Kittur FS, Li PA, Hung CY. Rethinking the necessity of low glucose intervention for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1397-1403. [PMID: 34916409 PMCID: PMC8771096 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the essential and almost exclusive metabolic fuel for the brain. Ischemic stroke caused by a blockage in one or more cerebral arteries quickly leads to a lack of regional cerebral blood supply resulting in severe glucose deprivation with subsequent induction of cellular homeostasis disturbance and eventual neuronal death. To make up ischemia-mediated adenosine 5′-triphosphate depletion, glucose in the ischemic penumbra area rapidly enters anaerobic metabolism to produce glycolytic adenosine 5′-triphosphate for cell survival. It appears that an increase in glucose in the ischemic brain would exert favorable effects. This notion is supported by in vitro studies, but generally denied by most in vivo studies. Clinical studies to manage increased blood glucose levels after stroke also failed to show any benefits or even brought out harmful effects while elevated admission blood glucose concentrations frequently correlated with poor outcomes. Surprisingly, strict glycaemic control in clinical practice also failed to yield any beneficial outcome. These controversial results from glucose management studies during the past three decades remain a challenging question of whether glucose intervention is needed for ischemic stroke care. This review provides a brief overview of the roles of cerebral glucose under normal and ischemic conditions and the results of managing glucose levels in non-diabetic patients. Moreover, the relationship between blood glucose and cerebral glucose during the ischemia/reperfusion processes and the potential benefits of low glucose supplements for non-diabetic patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Farooqahmed S Kittur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
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37
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Shi X, Luo L, Wang J, Shen H, Li Y, Mamtilahun M, Liu C, Shi R, Lee JH, Tian H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Chung WS, Tang Y, Yang GY. Stroke subtype-dependent synapse elimination by reactive gliosis in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6943. [PMID: 34836962 PMCID: PMC8626497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological role of reactive gliosis in CNS repair remains controversial. In this study, using murine ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models, we demonstrated that microglia/macrophages and astrocytes are differentially involved in engulfing synapses in the reactive gliosis region. By specifically deleting MEGF10 and MERTK phagocytic receptors, we determined that inhibiting phagocytosis of microglia/macrophages or astrocytes in ischemic stroke improved neurobehavioral outcomes and attenuated brain damage. In hemorrhagic stroke, inhibiting phagocytosis of microglia/macrophages but not astrocytes improved neurobehavioral outcomes. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that phagocytosis related biological processes and pathways were downregulated in astrocytes of the hemorrhagic brain compared to the ischemic brain. Together, these findings suggest that reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis play individual roles in mediating synapse engulfment in pathologically distinct murine stroke models and preventing this process could rescue synapse loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Shi
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Longlong Luo
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Present Address: Dermatology and Venerology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jixian Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Hui Shen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Yongfang Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Chang Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Rubing Shi
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Joon-Hyuk Lee
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Hengli Tian
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Yongting Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Yaohui Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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38
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Dou YN, Wu X, Fei X, Fei Z. The Neuroprotective Effect of Increased PINK1 Expression Following Glutamate Excitotoxicity in Neuronal Cells. Neuroscience 2021; 480:97-107. [PMID: 34798181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic injury in patients with stroke often leads to neuronal damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Neuronal injury caused by ischemia can be partly attributed to glutamate (L-Glu) excitotoxicity. Previous studies have shown that PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) plays a neuroprotective role in ischemic brain injury by regulating mitochondrial integrity and function. However, there are few reports on the expression of PINK1 in L-Glu excitotoxicity models, its effect on neuronal survival, and whether PINK1 plays a protective role in stroke by regulating mitophagy. In the present study, different concentrations of L-Glu inhibited the viability of neurons. After L-Glu treatment at different times, the mRNA level, protein level, and cellular fluorescence intensity of PINK1 first increased and then decreased. Compared with normal cells, cells with low PINK1 expression enhanced the inhibitory effect of L-Glu on neuronal activity, while those with high PINK1 expression showed a protective effect on neurons by alleviating mitochondrial membrane potential loss. In addition, RAP (an autophagy activator) could increase the co-localization of the mitophagy-related proteins light chain 3 (LC3) and Tom20, whereas 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) exerted the opposite effect. Finally, we found that L-Glu could induce the expression of PINK1/Parkin/ LC3 in neurons at both mRNA and protein levels, while RAP could further increase their expression, and 3-MA decreased their expression. Taken together, PINK1 protects against L-Glu-induced neuronal injury by protecting mitochondrial function, and the potential protective mechanism may be closely related to the enhancement of mitophagy mediated by the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiuquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiaowei Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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Barzegar M, Stokes KY, Chernyshev O, Kelley RE, Alexander JS. The Role of the ACE2/MasR Axis in Ischemic Stroke: New Insights for Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1667. [PMID: 34829896 PMCID: PMC8615891 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains the leading cause of neurologically based morbidity and mortality. Current stroke treatment is limited to two classes of FDA-approved drugs: thrombolytic agents (tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)) and antithrombotic agents (aspirin and heparin), which have a narrow time-window (<4.5 h) for administration after onset of stroke symptoms. While thrombolytic agents restore perfusion, they carry serious risks for hemorrhage, and do not influence damage responses during reperfusion. Consequently, stroke therapies that can suppress deleterious effects of ischemic injury are desperately needed. Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) has been recently suggested to beneficially influence experimental stroke outcomes by converting the vasoconstrictor Ang II into the vasodilator Ang 1-7. In this review, we extensively discuss the protective functions of ACE2-Ang (1-7)-MasR axis of renin angiotensin system (RAS) in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Barzegar
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA; (M.B.); (K.Y.S.)
| | - Karen Y. Stokes
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA; (M.B.); (K.Y.S.)
| | - Oleg Chernyshev
- Neurology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA; (O.C.); (R.E.K.)
| | - Roger E. Kelley
- Neurology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA; (O.C.); (R.E.K.)
| | - Jonathan S. Alexander
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA; (M.B.); (K.Y.S.)
- Neurology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA; (O.C.); (R.E.K.)
- Medicine, LSU Health Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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A multimodal electrochemical approach to measure the effect of zinc on vesicular content and exocytosis in a single cell model of ischemia. QRB DISCOVERY 2021. [PMID: 37529672 PMCID: PMC10392633 DOI: 10.1017/qrd.2021.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Zinc ion is essential for normal brain function that modulates synaptic activity and neuronal plasticity and it is associated with memory formation. Zinc is considered to be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of ischemia, but the association between zinc and ischemia on vesicular exocytosis is unclear. In this study, we used a combination of chemical analysis methods and a cell model of ischemia/reperfusion to investigate exocytotic release and vesicular content, as well as the effect of zinc alteration on vesicular exocytosis. Oxygen–glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGDR) was used as an in vitro model of ischemia in a model cell line. Exocytotic release and vesicular storage of catecholamine content were increased following OGDR, resulting in a higher fraction of release during exocytosis. However, zinc eliminated these increases following OGDR and the fraction of release remained unchanged. Understanding the consequences of zinc accumulation on vesicular exocytosis at the early stage of OGDR should aid in the development of therapeutic strategies to reduce ischemic brain injury. As the fraction released has been suggested to be related to presynaptic plasticity, insights are gained towards deciphering ischemia related memory impairment.
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Rizzo SA, Bartley O, Rosser AE, Newland B. Oxygen-glucose deprivation in neurons: implications for cell transplantation therapies. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 205:102126. [PMID: 34339808 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapies hold the potential to restore neuronal networks compromised by neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease), or focal tissue damage (via a stroke or spinal cord injury). Despite some promising results achieved to date, transplanted cells typically exhibit poor survival in the central nervous system, thus limiting therapeutic efficacy of the graft. Although cell death post-transplantation is likely to be multifactorial in causality, growing evidence suggests that the lack of vascularisation at the graft site, and the resulting ischemic host environment, may play a fundamental role in the fate of grafted cells. Herein, we summarise data showing how the deprivation of either oxygen, glucose, or both in combination, impacts the survival of neurons and review strategies which may improve graft survival in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Bartley
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Anne E Rosser
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and B.R.A.I.N Unit, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ben Newland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK; Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
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On the Common Journey of Neural Cells through Ischemic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189689. [PMID: 34575845 PMCID: PMC8472292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease (AD) both lead to cell death in the central nervous system (CNS) and thus negatively affect particularly the elderly population. Due to the lack of a definitive cure for brain ischemia and AD, it is advisable to carefully study, compare, and contrast the mechanisms that trigger, and are involved in, both neuropathologies. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may help ameliorate, or even prevent, the destructive effects of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we deal with ischemic damage and AD, with the main emphasis on the common properties of these CNS disorders. Importantly, we discuss the Wnt signaling pathway as a significant factor in the cell fate determination and cell survival in the diseased adult CNS. Finally, we summarize the interesting findings that may improve or complement the current sparse and insufficient treatments for brain ischemia and AD, and we delineate prospective directions in regenerative medicine.
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Microglia as the Critical Regulators of Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery in Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2505-2525. [PMID: 34460037 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is considered as the critical pathogenic event in diverse central nervous system disorders including cerebral ischemia. Proinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been well reported in the ischemic brain and neuroinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been believed to be the potential therapeutic strategy. However, despite having proinflammatory roles, microglia can have significant anti-inflammatory roles and they are associated with the production of growth factors which are responsible for neuroprotection and recovery after ischemic injury. Microglia can directly promote neuroprotection by preventing ischemic infarct expansion and promoting functional outcomes. Indirectly, microglia are involved in promoting anti-inflammatory responses, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis in the ischemic brain which are crucial pathophysiological events for ischemic recovery. In fact, anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors produced by microglia can promote neuroprotection and attenuate neurobehavioral deficits. In addition, microglia regulate phagocytosis, axonal regeneration, blood-brain barrier protection, white matter integrity, and synaptic remodeling, which are essential for ischemic recovery. Microglia can also regulate crosstalk with neurons and other cell types to promote neuroprotection and ischemic recovery. This review mainly focuses on the roles of microglia in neuroprotection and recovery following ischemic injury. Furthermore, this review also sheds the light on the therapeutic potential of microglia in stroke patients.
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Chai Z, Zheng P, Zheng J. Mechanism of ARPP21 antagonistic intron miR-128 on neurological function repair after stroke. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1408-1421. [PMID: 34047500 PMCID: PMC8283178 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is a cerebrovascular disorder that often causes neurological function defects. ARPP21 is a conserved host gene of miR-128 controlling neurodevelopmental functions. This study investigated the mechanism of ARPP21 antagonistic intron miR-128 on neurological function repair after stroke. METHODS Expressions of ARPP21 and miR-128 in stroke patients were detected. The mouse neurons and astrocytes were cultured in vitro and treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The OGD-treated cells were transfected with pc-ARPP21 and miR-128 mimic. The proliferation of astrocytes, and the apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes were detected, and inflammatory factors of astrocytes were measured. The binding relationship between miR-128 and CREB1 was verified. The rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established. ARPP21 expression in model rats was detected. The effects of pc-ARPP21 on neuron injury, brain edema volume, and cerebral infarct in rats were observed. RESULTS ARPP21 expression was downregulated and miR-128 expression was upregulated in stroke patients. pc-ARPP21 facilitated the proliferation of astrocytes and inhibited apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes, and reduced inflammation of astrocytes. miR-128 mimic could reverse these effects of pc-ARPP21 on neurons and astrocytes. miR-128 targeted CREB1 and reduced BDNF secretion. In vitro experiments confirmed that ARPP21 expression was decreased in MCAO rats, and pc-ARPP21 promoted neurological function repair after stroke. CONCLUSION ARPP21 upregulated CREB1 and BDNF expressions by antagonizing miR-128, thus inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and promoting neurological function repair after stroke. This study may offer a novel target for the management of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Chai
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Peidong Zheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Jiesheng Zheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
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Matsumoto M, Miyamoto M, Sawahata M, Izumi Y, Takada-Takatori Y, Kume T. Establishing a high throughput drug screening system for cerebral ischemia using zebrafish larvae. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:138-142. [PMID: 34294365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously generated an ischemic stroke in a zebrafish model using N2 gas perfusion; however, this model was an unsuitable drug screening system due to low throughput. In this study, we examined a zebrafish ischemic stroke model using an oxygen absorber to assess drug effects. Hypoxic exposure more than 2 h using the oxygen absorber significantly induced cell death in the brain and damage to the neuronal cells. To confirm the utility of the ischemic model induced by the oxygen absorber, we treated zebrafish with neuroprotective agents. MK-801, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, significantly suppressed cell death in the brain, and edaravone, a free radical scavenger, significantly reduced the number of dead cells. These results suggest that the activation of NMDA receptors and the production of reactive oxygen species induce neuronal cell damage in accordance with previous mammalian reports. We demonstrate the suitability of an ischemic stroke model in zebrafish larvae using the oxygen absorber, enabling a high throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Moeri Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahito Sawahata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Izumi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yuki Takada-Takatori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's College, Kodo, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kume
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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Decoding the Transcriptional Response to Ischemic Stroke in Young and Aged Mouse Brain. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107777. [PMID: 32553170 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a well-recognized disease of aging, yet it is unclear how the age-dependent vulnerability occurs and what are the underlying mechanisms. To address these issues, we perform a comprehensive RNA-seq analysis of aging, ischemic stroke, and their interaction in 3- and 18-month-old mice. We assess differential gene expression across injury status and age, estimate cell type proportion changes, assay the results against a range of transcriptional signatures from the literature, and perform unsupervised co-expression analysis, identifying modules of genes with varying response to injury. We uncover downregulation of axonal and synaptic maintenance genetic program, and increased activation of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling following stroke in aged mice. Together, these results paint a picture of ischemic stroke as a complex age-related disease and provide insights into interaction of aging and stroke on cellular and molecular level.
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Yao X, Yang W, Ren Z, Zhang H, Shi D, Li Y, Yu Z, Guo Q, Yang G, Gu Y, Zhao H, Ren K. Neuroprotective and Angiogenesis Effects of Levetiracetam Following Ischemic Stroke in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638209. [PMID: 34054520 PMCID: PMC8161206 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study explored whether levetiracetam (LEV) could protect against experimental brain ischemia and enhance angiogenesis in rats, and investigated the potential mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Methods: The middle cerebral artery was occluded for 60 min to induce middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The Morris water maze was used to measure cognitive ability. The rotation test was used to assess locomotor function. T2-weighted MRI was used to assess infarct volume. The neuronal cells in the cortex area were stained with cresyl purple. The anti-inflammatory effects of LEV on microglia were observed by immunohistochemistry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in extracts from the ischemic cortex. Flow cytometry was used to observe the effect of LEV on neuronal cell apoptosis. Results: LEV treatment significantly increased the density of the surviving neurons in the cerebral cortex and reduced the infarct size (17.8 ± 3.3% vs. 12.9 ± 1.4%, p < 0.01) after MCAO. Concurrently, the time required to reach the platform for LEV-treated rats was shorter than that in the saline group on day 11 after MCAO (p < 0.01). LEV treatment prolonged the rotarod retention time on day 14 after MCAO (84.5 ± 6.7 s vs. 59.1 ± 6.2 s on day 14 compared with the saline-treated groups, p < 0.01). It also suppressed the activation of microglia and inhibited TNF-α and Il-1β in the ischemic brain (135.6 ± 5.2 pg/ml vs. 255.3 ± 12.5 pg/ml, 18.5 ± 1.3 pg/ml vs. 38.9 ± 2.3 pg/ml on day 14 compared with the saline-treated groups, p < 0.01). LEV treatment resulted in a significant increase in HIF-1α, VEGF, and HSP70 levels in extracts from the ischemic cerebral cortex. At the same time, LEV reduced neuronal cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by an ischemic stroke (p < 0.01). Conclusion: LEV treatment promoted angiogenesis and functional recovery after cerebral ischemia in rats. These effects seem to be mediated through anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activities, as well as inducing the expression of HSP70, VEGF, and HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yao
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhendong Ren
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dafa Shi
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiu Guo
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guangwei Yang
- Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yingjiang Gu
- Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hairong Zhao
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Integrative Multi-omics Analysis to Characterize Human Brain Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4107-4121. [PMID: 33939164 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and disability. A better comprehension of stroke pathophysiology is fundamental to reduce its dramatic outcome. The use of high-throughput unbiased omics approaches and the integration of these data might deepen the knowledge of stroke at the molecular level, depicting the interaction between different molecular units. We aimed to identify protein and gene expression changes in the human brain after ischemia through an integrative approach to join the information of both omics analyses. The translational potential of our results was explored in a pilot study with blood samples from ischemic stroke patients. Proteomics and transcriptomics discovery studies were performed in human brain samples from six deceased stroke patients, comparing the infarct core with the corresponding contralateral brain region, unveiling 128 proteins and 2716 genes significantly dysregulated after stroke. Integrative bioinformatics analyses joining both datasets exposed canonical pathways altered in the ischemic area, highlighting the most influential molecules. Among the molecules with the highest fold-change, 28 genes and 9 proteins were selected to be validated in five independent human brain samples using orthogonal techniques. Our results were confirmed for NCDN, RAB3C, ST4A1, DNM1L, A1AG1, A1AT, JAM3, VTDB, ANXA1, ANXA2, and IL8. Finally, circulating levels of the validated proteins were explored in ischemic stroke patients. Fluctuations of A1AG1 and A1AT, both up-regulated in the ischemic brain, were detected in blood along the first week after onset. In summary, our results expand the knowledge of ischemic stroke pathology, revealing key molecules to be further explored as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets.
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Ashafaq M, Intakhab Alam M, Khan A, Islam F, Khuwaja G, Hussain S, Ali R, Alshahrani S, Antar Makeen H, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Islam F. Nanoparticles of resveratrol attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation after ischemic stroke in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107494. [PMID: 33676175 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a nutraceutical compound that has exciting pharmacological potential in different diseases, including stroke. Due to its low bioavailability, the efficacy of resveratrol is minimal. Hence, the present study is aimed to synthesize and characterize nanoparticles of resveratrol (NR) followed by evaluating the neuroprotective role and elucidate the mechanism of NR in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Male Wistar rats (280-300 g) were pretreated with various doses (125 µg, 250 µg, and NR 500 µg; once daily, i.p.) of NR or vehicle (nanostructured lipid carriers) for 10 days. MCAO was performed for 2 h followed by reperfusion of 22 h. After 24 h of MCAO, animals were tested for the neurological outcome and were sacrificed for the analysis of infarct volume, oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers. NR-treated rats showed a substantial reduction in infarction compared to saline controls in parallel with improved motor and cognitive function. Further, NR pretreatment ameliorated oxidative stress markers and attenuated activities of antioxidant enzymes and Na+ K+ ATPase. The enhanced activities of caspases -3 and -9 and cytokines: interleukin-1β, and -6, and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ) in the MCAO group were significantly protected with the treatment of 500 µg of NR. Taken together, these data indicate that inhibition by NR has therapeutic potential in the ischemic stroke model. Further investigations into the therapeutic efficacy and post-treatment protocols are needed to confirm whether NR treatment could be a promising candidate for a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ashafaq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Intakhab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farah Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulrana Khuwaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raisuddin Ali
- Central Lab, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Antar Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Substance Research Abuse Center, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhrul Islam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Wanrooy BJ, Wen SW, Wong CH. Dynamic roles of neutrophils in post-stroke neuroinflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:924-935. [PMID: 33894069 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials involving the blockage of peripheral inflammatory leukocyte recruitment into the brain have puzzlingly led to either no significant improvement in stroke outcome, or even worsened outcomes and increased mortality, prompting a re-evaluation of our understanding into the neuroinflammatory processes after stroke. Whilst traditionally understood as simple effectors of the innate immune system, emerging research in vascular disease biology has redefined the neutrophil as a specialized and highly specific cell type with dynamic functional capacity. Indeed, emerging experimental evidence indicates that neutrophils display diverse roles in the acute stages of ischemic stroke with the ability to elicit both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Currently, there is some uncertainty as to whether neutrophil diversity is beneficial or harmful in stroke as their interactions with the resident cells of the brain, such as microglia and neurons, would potentially elicit heterogeneous outcomes. Current treatments for patients with stroke aim to remove the vascular blockage and to restore blood flow, but there are currently no drug treatments for managing the loss of functional brain tissue nor restoration of microglial and neuronal damage. If these hypothesized wound-healing functions of neutrophils can be validated in a stroke setting, promoting the recruitment of this type of neutrophils into the injured brain tissue may form a promising therapeutic target for the majority of stroke patients currently without treatment. In this review, we will provide an update on recent research that has explored neutrophil heterogeneity in the neuroinflammatory cascade after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke J Wanrooy
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Shu Wen Wen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Connie Hy Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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