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Kumkum R, Aston-Mourney K, McNeill BA, Hernández D, Rivera LR. Bioavailability of Anthocyanins: Whole Foods versus Extracts. Nutrients 2024; 16:1403. [PMID: 38794640 PMCID: PMC11123854 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins have gained significant popularity in recent years for their diverse health benefits, yet their limited bioavailability poses a challenge. To address this concern, technologies have emerged to enhance anthocyanin concentration, often isolating these compounds from other food constituents. However, the extent to which isolated anthocyanins confer health benefits compared to their whole-food counterparts remains unclear. This review explores the current literature on anthocyanin bioavailability and metabolism in the body, with a focus on comparing bioavailability when consumed as extracts versus whole foods rich in anthocyanins, drawing from in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical studies. While direct comparisons between anthocyanin bioavailability in whole foods versus isolates are scarce, prevailing evidence favours whole-food consumption over anthocyanin extracts. Further clinical investigations, preferably with direct comparisons, are needed to validate these findings and elucidate the nuanced interplay between anthocyanins and food matrices, informing future research directions and practical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leni R. Rivera
- Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (R.K.); (K.A.-M.); (B.A.M.); (D.H.)
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2
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Saini RK, Khan MI, Shang X, Kumar V, Kumari V, Kesarwani A, Ko EY. Dietary Sources, Stabilization, Health Benefits, and Industrial Application of Anthocyanins-A Review. Foods 2024; 13:1227. [PMID: 38672900 PMCID: PMC11049351 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural phytochemicals are well known to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. Anthocyanins are vacuolar pigments belonging to the parent class of flavonoids. They are well known for their potent antioxidant and gut microbiome-modulating properties, primarily responsible for minimizing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and several other diseases associated with metabolic syndromes. Berries are the primary source of anthocyanin in the diet. The color and stability of anthocyanins are substantially influenced by external environmental conditions, constraining their applications in foods. Furthermore, the significantly low bioavailability of anthocyanins greatly diminishes the extent of the actual health benefits linked to these bioactive compounds. Multiple strategies have been successfully developed and utilized to enhance the stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins. This review provides a comprehensive view of the recent advancements in chemistry, biosynthesis, dietary sources, stabilization, bioavailability, industrial applications, and health benefits of anthocyanins. Finally, we summarize the prospects and challenges of applications of anthocyanin in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Mohammad Imtiyaj Khan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India;
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India;
| | - Varsha Kumari
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur 302001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Amit Kesarwani
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Eun-Young Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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3
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He MT, Park G, Park DH, Choi M, Ku S, Go SH, Lee YG, Song SJ, Ahn CW, Jang YP, Kang KS. So Shiho Tang Reduces Inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Mice. Biomolecules 2024; 14:451. [PMID: 38672468 PMCID: PMC11047977 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
So Shiho Tang (SSHT) is a traditional herbal medicine commonly used in Asian countries. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of SSHT and the associated mechanism using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis models. Pre-treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with SSHT significantly reduced LPS-induced inflammation by decreasing nitrite production and regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Meanwhile, in mice, DSS-induced colitis symptoms, including colon shortening and body weight loss, were attenuated by SSHT. Moreover, representative compounds of SSHT, including glycyrrhizic acid, ginsenoside Rb1, baicalin, saikosaponin A, and saikosaponin B2, were quantified, and their effects on nitrite production were measured. A potential anti-inflammatory effect was detected in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Our findings suggest that SSHT is a promising anti-inflammatory agent. Its representative components, including saikosaponin B2, ginsenoside Rb1, and baicalin, may represent the key active compounds responsible for eliciting the anti-inflammatory effects and can, therefore, serve as quality control markers in SSHT preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tong He
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea; (M.T.H.); (D.H.P.)
| | - Geonha Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Do Hwi Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea; (M.T.H.); (D.H.P.)
| | - Minsik Choi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (S.K.); (S.H.G.); (Y.G.L.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Sejin Ku
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (S.K.); (S.H.G.); (Y.G.L.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Seung Hyeon Go
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (S.K.); (S.H.G.); (Y.G.L.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Yun Gyo Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (S.K.); (S.H.G.); (Y.G.L.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Seok Jun Song
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (S.K.); (S.H.G.); (Y.G.L.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Chang-Wook Ahn
- Dr. Ahn’s Surgery Clinic, Osan 18144, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (S.K.); (S.H.G.); (Y.G.L.); (S.J.S.)
- Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea; (M.T.H.); (D.H.P.)
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4
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Sun Q, Bibi S, Xue Y, Du M, Chew B, Zhu MJ. Dietary purple potato supplement attenuates DSS-induced colitis in mice: impact on mitochondrial function. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 126:109585. [PMID: 38253109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition characterized by disrupted intestinal barrier function, abnormal immune response, and mucosal structure loss. This study evaluated the beneficial role of purple potato (PP) supplementation against IBD symptoms using a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, and further explored the underlying mechanisms. Six-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were randomized into two groups and fed a standard rodent diet with or without 10% PP powder for 7 weeks. At the 5th week of dietary supplements, mice in each group were further divided into two subgroups and were either induced with or without 2.5% DSS induction for 7 days, followed by 7 days of recovery. Data showed that PP supplementation ameliorated the disease activity index in DSS-treated mice and reversed the colonic structure loss, mucosal damage, macrophage infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion induced by DSS in the colonic tissue. PP supplementation also restored the levels of tight junction proteins and caudal type homeobox 2 in DSS-treated mice. Furthermore, dietary PP enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α signaling pathway, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial proteostasis, and protein-folding capacity. In summary, dietary PP ameliorated DSS-induced colitis and improved gut structures and barrier function, which was associated with improved mitochondrial function. These results support further investigation of PP as a potential dietary intervention for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shima Bibi
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yansong Xue
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Boon Chew
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Yang J, Lin J, Gu T, Sun Q, Xu W, Peng Y. Chicoric Acid Effectively Mitigated Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis in BALB/c Mice by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:841. [PMID: 38255916 PMCID: PMC10815209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicoric acid (CA) has been reported to exhibit biological activities; it remains unclear, however, whether CA could regulate colitis via modulation of the gut microbiota and metabolites. This study aimed to assess CA's impact on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, the gut microbiota, and metabolites. Mice were induced with 2.5% DSS to develop colitis over a 7-day period. CA was administered intragastrically one week prior to DSS treatment and continued for 14 days. The microbial composition in the stool was determined using 16S rRNA sequencing, while non-targeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the metabolic profiles of each mouse group. The results show that CA effectively alleviated colitis, as evidenced by an increased colon length, lowered disease activity index (DAI) and histological scores, and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression levels. CA intervention restored the structure of gut microbiota. Specifically, it decreased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria at the phylum level and Bacteroides, Rosiarcus, and unclassified Xanthobacteraceae at the genus level, and increased the abundance of unclassified Lachnospiraceae at the genus level. Metabolomic analysis revealed that CA supplementation reversed the up-regulation of asymmetric dimethylarginine, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and N-acetylneuraminic acid, as well as the down-regulation of phloroglucinol, thiamine, 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol, lithocholic acid, and oxymatrine induced by DSS. Our current research provides scientific evidence for developing CA into an anti-colitis functional food ingredient. Further clinical trials are warranted to elucidate the efficacy and mechanism of CA in treating human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (J.Y.); (T.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (J.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ting Gu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (J.Y.); (T.G.)
| | - Quancai Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (J.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Weidong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ye Peng
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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Rosales-Murillo S, Sánchez-Bodón J, Hernández Olmos S, Ibarra-Vázquez M, Guerrero-Ramírez L, Pérez-Álvarez L, Vilas-Vilela J. Anthocyanin-Loaded Polymers as Promising Nature-Based, Responsive, and Bioactive Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:163. [PMID: 38201828 PMCID: PMC10781030 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a specific group of molecules found in nature that have recently received increasing attention due to their interesting biological and colorimetric properties that have been successfully applied in several fields such as food preservation and biomedicine. Consequently, reviews devoted to a general overview of these flavonoids have proliferated in recent years. Meanwhile, the incorporation of anthocyanins into polymeric systems has become an interesting strategy to widen the applicability of these molecules and develop new smart and functional polymers in the above cited areas. However, anthocyanin-based polymers have been scarcely reviewed in the literature. Accordingly, this review aims to be a systematic summary of the most recent approaches for the incorporation of anthocyanins into macro-, micro-, or nanostructured polymers. Moreover, this work describes the fundamentals of the applicability of smart anthocyanin-based polymers and offers an updated review of their most interesting applications as sensors, biological regulators, and active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.S. Rosales-Murillo
- Chemistry Department, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (S.S.R.-M.); (S.L.H.O.); (M.F.I.-V.); (L.G.G.-R.)
| | - Julia Sánchez-Bodón
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.S.-B.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - S.L. Hernández Olmos
- Chemistry Department, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (S.S.R.-M.); (S.L.H.O.); (M.F.I.-V.); (L.G.G.-R.)
| | - M.F. Ibarra-Vázquez
- Chemistry Department, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (S.S.R.-M.); (S.L.H.O.); (M.F.I.-V.); (L.G.G.-R.)
- Technological University of Jalisco, Guadalajara 44970, Mexico
| | - L.G. Guerrero-Ramírez
- Chemistry Department, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (S.S.R.-M.); (S.L.H.O.); (M.F.I.-V.); (L.G.G.-R.)
| | - L. Pérez-Álvarez
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.S.-B.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - J.L. Vilas-Vilela
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.S.-B.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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7
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Kibungu Kembelo P, Tuenter E, Vanhove W, Belesi Katula H, Van Damme P, Pieters L. Phytochemical Profiling by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS of Kalaharia uncinata (Schinz) Moldenke, Widely Used in Traditional Medicine in DR Congo. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300826. [PMID: 37593932 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Kalaharia uncinata (Schinz) Moldenke, is a tropical erect bushy shrub or subshrub of the Lamiaceae family. It is an endemic plant species of Southern Africa, widely used in the pharmacopoeia against upper respiratory tract infections. A previously conducted ethnobotanical survey revealed that it is believed to contain bioactive substances. However, no relevant phytochemical information was available. This study aimed to perform a phytochemical characterization of K. uncinata and also to discuss the potential bioactivity of the identified phytochemical constituents based on documented data. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was used for profiling and identification of the main phytochemical constituents from leaf extracts (MeOH 90 %, DCM, AcOEt, BuOH, hexane and residue) of K.uncinata. Twenty-four constituents, representing mainly flavonoids (14), followed by phenylethanoid glycosides (7), phenolic acids (2), and an iridoid glycoside (1) were tentatively identified. Most of the identified compounds are documented to have antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, which could possibly be the rationale behind the use of K. uncinata against upper respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathy Kibungu Kembelo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinshasa University (UNIKIN), Kinshasa XI, BP 127, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Kongo University, 23-Avenue Kolo, BP 202, Mbanza-Ngungu, Kongo-Central Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emmy Tuenter
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter Vanhove
- Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Honoré Belesi Katula
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinshasa University (UNIKIN), Kinshasa XI, BP 127, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Patrick Van Damme
- Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Praha - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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Yang X, Wang Q, Zhang X, Li L, Cao X, Zhou L, Huang Y, Sun G, Chen Y. Purple Yam Polyphenol Extracts Exert Anticolitis and Anticolitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Effects through Inactivation of NF-κB/p65 and STAT3 Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12177-12189. [PMID: 37545095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a malignancy with high incidence and mortality worldwide, and ulcerative colitis (UC) is strongly associated with colorectal cancer. Purple yam, also known as Dioscorea alata, has been reported to be rich in plant polyphenols that have possessed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. However, it is not clear whether purple yam polyphenol extracts (PYPE) can improve colitis and inhibit colitis-related colorectal tumorigenesis. Therefore, we used dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) models in mice to evaluate the preventive value and possible mechanisms of PYPE. It was found that PYPE effectively alleviated DSS-induced colitis, inhibited macrophage infiltration, and reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17A, CXCL1, and MCP-1, and the higher the concentration of PYPE, the better the inhibitory effect. In addition, PYPE dramatically prevented the development of CAC and tumor proliferation in mice. Furthermore, PYPE inactivated NF-κB and STAT3 signaling to exert anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Taken together, these findings indicate that PYPE may be used as a promising preventive strategy against UC and CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, People's Republic of China
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9
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Chen F, Wang Y, Wang K, Chen J, Jin K, Peng K, Chen X, Liu Z, Ouyang J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zou H, Zhou J, He B, Lin Q. Effects of Litsea cubeba essential oil on growth performance, blood antioxidation, immune function, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and fecal microflora of pigs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1166022. [PMID: 37465523 PMCID: PMC10350539 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1166022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCO) on the growth performance, blood antioxidation, immune function, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and fecal microflora in fattening pigs. A total of 120 pigs were randomly assigned to five groups, with six replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen, and they were fed basal diet, chlortetracycline (CTC), and low-, medium-, and high-concentration LCO. The results of the study showed that compared with the control treatment and CTC addition treatment of the basic diet, the catalase level in the serum of the pigs treated with 500 mg/kg LCO in the diet of finishing pigs was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude ash, and calcium in pigs with different levels of LCO was significantly increased compared with the control treatments fed the basal diet (p < 0.05). In addition, compared with the control treatment fed the basal diet and the treatment with CTC, the apparent digestibility of ether extract in pigs treated with medium-dose LCO was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the apparent digestibility of pigs was significantly increased after the addition of low-dose LCO (p < 0.05). Among the genera, the percentage abundance of SMB53 (p < 0.05) was decreased in the feces of the CTC group when compared to that in the medium-LCO group. At the same time, the relative abundance of L7A_E11 was markedly decreased in the feces of the control and medium- and high-concentration LCO group than that in the CTC group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, adding the level of 250 mg/kg LCO in the diet of pig could improve the growth performance and blood physiological and biochemical indicators of pigs, improve the antioxidant level of body and the efficiency of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and show the potential to replace CTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yushi Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Jin
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Kaiqiang Peng
- Hunan Nuoz Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Yiyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Hunan Nuoz Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Yiyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhimou Liu
- Hunan Nuoz Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Yiyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang Ouyang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Haowei Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Binsheng He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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10
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Liao M, Wei S, Hu X, Liu J, Wang J. Protective Effect and Mechanisms of Eckol on Chronic Ulcerative Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium in Mice. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:376. [PMID: 37504907 PMCID: PMC10381161 DOI: 10.3390/md21070376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of functional foods and their bioactive components is receiving increasing attention as a complementary and alternative therapy for chronic ulcerative colitis (UC). This study explored the protective effect and mechanisms of Eckol, a seaweed-derived bioactive phlorotannin, on the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced chronic UC in mice. Eckol (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) reduced DSS-enhanced disease activity indexes, and alleviated the shortening of colon length and colonic tissue damage in chronic UC mice. The contents of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were significantly decreased, and the level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was enhanced in the serum and colonic tissues collected from Eckol-treated mice compared with the DSS controls. Eckol administration significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells and the expression of cleaved Caspase-3, and increased the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/B-cell lymphoma-2- associated X (Bax) ratio in DSS-challenged colons. There were more cluster of differentiation (CD)11c+ dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells, and less CD4+ T cells infiltrated to inflamed colonic tissues in the Eckol-treated groups. Expression of colonic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT)3 was significantly down-regulated by Eckol compared with the DSS-challenged group. In conclusion, our data suggest that Eckol appeared to be a potential functional food ingredient for protection against chronic UC. The anti-colitis mechanisms of Eckol might be attributed to the down-regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB/STAT3 pathway, inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis, as well as its immunoregulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Liao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Songyi Wei
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xianmin Hu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
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11
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Kiselova-Kaneva Y, Nashar M, Roussev B, Salim A, Hristova M, Olczyk P, Komosinska-Vassev K, Dincheva I, Badjakov I, Galunska B, Ivanova D. Sambucus ebulus (Elderberry) Fruits Modulate Inflammation and Complement System Activity in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108714. [PMID: 37240060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sambucus ebulus (SE) fruits are used for immune stimulation and amelioration of gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions. Currently, there is no scientific evidence of their effects on various aspects of the immune response mechanisms in humans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of SE fruit infusion intake in healthy humans. Anthocyanin content was determined with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Fifty-three volunteers enrolled in a 4-week SE infusion intake intervention. Blood count, serum total protein, Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα), High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), C3, and C4 levels were measured on automatic analyzers, and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) was measured manually with an ELISA kit. Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (48.15 mg/g DW), followed by cyaniding-3-sambubioside (43.41 ± 1.07 mg/g DW), were the most abundant anthocyanins in SE samples. A significant decrease in total protein (2.82%), IL-6 (20.15%), TNFα (5.38%), IL-8 (5.50%), C3 (4.16%), and C4 (14.29%) was established in the whole group. Total protein, IL-8, TNFα, and C4 decreased in women (3.11%, 4.76%, 5.09%, and 11.11%), and IL-6 decreased (40.61%) in men. Hb (1.20%) and hematocrit (1.55%) levels decreased in the whole group and in the women group (1.61% and 2.20%). SE fruits exert immune-modulatory activity as revealed by decreased pro-inflammatory status and complement activity markers in healthy volunteers after a 4-week intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoana Kiselova-Kaneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Milka Nashar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Bogdan Roussev
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Ayshe Salim
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Minka Hristova
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Pawel Olczyk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Komosinska-Vassev
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ilian Badjakov
- AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bistra Galunska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
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12
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Fu W, Li S, Helmick H, Hamaker BR, Kokini JL, Reddivari L. Complexation with Polysaccharides Enhances the Stability of Isolated Anthocyanins. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091846. [PMID: 37174384 PMCID: PMC10178255 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated anthocyanins have limited colonic bioavailability due to their instability as free forms. Thus, many methods have been fabricated to increase the stability of anthocyanins. Complexation, encapsulation, and co-pigmentation with other pigments, proteins, metal ions, and carbohydrates have been reported to improve the stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins. In this study, anthocyanins extracted from purple potatoes were complexed with four different polysaccharides and their mixture. The anthocyanin-polysaccharide complexes were characterized using a zeta potential analyzer, particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Complexes were subjected to simulated digestion for assessing the stability of anthocyanins. Furthermore, complexes were subjected to different pH conditions and incubated at high temperatures to monitor color changes. A Caco-2 cell monolayer was used to evaluate the colonic concentrations of anthocyanins. In addition, the bioactivity of complexes was assessed using LPS-treated Caco-2 cell monolayer. Results show that pectin had the best complexation capacity with anthocyanins. The surface morphology of the anthocyanin-pectin complex (APC) was changed after complexation. APC was more resistant to the simulated upper gastrointestinal digestion, and high pH and temperature conditions for a longer duration. Furthermore, APC restored the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced high cell permeability compared to isolated anthocyanins. In conclusion, complexation with pectin increased the stability and colonic bioavailability and the activity of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Fu
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shiyu Li
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Harrison Helmick
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jozef L Kokini
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lavanya Reddivari
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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13
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Bashllari R, Molonia MS, Muscarà C, Speciale A, Wilde PJ, Saija A, Cimino F. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protects intestinal epithelial cells from palmitate-induced lipotoxicity. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:379-386. [PMID: 33021853 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1828480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increased free fatty acids (FFAs) levels, typical in obesity condition, can contribute to systemic lipotoxicity and inflammation adversely influencing Inflammatory Bowel Disease development and progression. Anthocyanins possess health promoting properties mainly associated to the induction of Nrf2-regulated cytoprotective proteins. OBJECTIVE Using a novel experimental model, we evaluated the in vitro intracellular mechanisms involved in FFAs modulation of intestinal epithelial lipotoxicity and the protective effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) in Caco-2 cells. RESULTS Caco-2 exposed to palmitic acid (PA) in the serosal (basolateral) side showed a combined state of epithelial inflammation, inducing NF-κB pathway and downstream cytokines, that was reverted by C3G apical pre-treatment. In addition, PA altered intracellular redox status and induced reactive oxygen species that were reduced by C3G via the redox-sensitive Nrf2 signalling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Results suggest that anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanins, mediated by Nrf2, could represent an interesting tool for intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Bashllari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- "Prof. Antonio Imbesi" Foundation, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, UK
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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14
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Zhou Y, Wang D, Yan W. Treatment Effects of Natural Products on Inflammatory Bowel Disease In Vivo and Their Mechanisms: Based on Animal Experiments. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041031. [PMID: 36839389 PMCID: PMC9967064 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, non-specific inflammatory disease of the intestine that can be classified as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Currently, the incidence of IBD is still increasing in developing countries. However, current treatments for IBD have limitations and do not fully meet the needs of patients. There is a growing demand for new, safe, and highly effective alternative drugs for IBD patients. Natural products (NPs) are used in drug development and disease treatment because of their broad biological activity, low toxicity, and low side effects. Numerous studies have shown that some NPs have strong therapeutic effects on IBD. In this paper, we first reviewed the pathogenesis of IBD as well as current therapeutic approaches and drugs. Further, we summarized the therapeutic effects of 170 different sources of NPs on IBD and generalized their modes of action and therapeutic effects. Finally, we analyzed the potential mechanisms of NPs for the treatment of IBD. The aim of our review is to provide a systematic and credible summary, thus supporting the research on NPs for the treatment of IBD and providing a theoretical basis for the development and application of NPs in drugs and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Zhou
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Diandian Wang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Wenjie Yan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6238-8926
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15
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Arangia A, Marino Y, Impellizzeri D, D’Amico R, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R. Hydroxytyrosol and Its Potential Uses on Intestinal and Gastrointestinal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043111. [PMID: 36834520 PMCID: PMC9964144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the phytoconstituents of foods in the Mediterranean diet (MD) have been the subject of several studies for their beneficial effects on human health. The traditional MD is described as a diet heavy in vegetable oils, fruits, nuts, and fish. The most studied element of MD is undoubtedly olive oil due precisely to its beneficial properties that make it an object of interest. Several studies have attributed these protective effects to hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main polyphenol contained in olive oil and leaves. HT has been shown to be able to modulate the oxidative and inflammatory process in numerous chronic disorders, including intestinal and gastrointestinal pathologies. To date, there is no paper that summarizes the role of HT in these disorders. This review provides an overview of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant proprieties of HT against intestinal and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arangia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ylenia Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (R.D.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (D.I. & R.D.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (R.D.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (D.I. & R.D.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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16
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Oteiza PI, Cremonini E, Fraga CG. Anthocyanin actions at the gastrointestinal tract: Relevance to their health benefits. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101156. [PMID: 36379746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (AC) are flavonoids abundant in the human diet, which consumption has been associated to several health benefits, including the mitigation of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and neurological disorders. It is widely recognized that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is not only central for food digestion but actively participates in the regulation of whole body physiology. Given that AC, and their metabolites reach high concentrations in the intestinal lumen after food consumption, their biological actions at the GI tract can in part explain their proposed local and systemic health benefits. In terms of mechanisms of action, AC have been found to: i) inhibit GI luminal enzymes that participate in the absorption of lipids and carbohydrates; ii) preserve intestinal barrier integrity and prevent endotoxemia, inflammation and oxidative stress; iii) sustain goblet cell number, immunological functions, and mucus production; iv) promote a healthy microbiota; v) be metabolized by the microbiota to AC metabolites which will be absorbed and have systemic effects; and vi) modulate the metabolism of GI-generated hormones. This review will summarize and discuss the latest information on AC actions at the GI tract and their relationship to overall health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Lozada-Ramírez JD, Guerrero-Moras MC, González-Peña MA, Silva-Pereira TS, Anaya de Parrodi C, Ortega-Regules AE. Stabilization of Anthocyanins from Coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) Husks and In Vivo Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031353. [PMID: 36771019 PMCID: PMC9921765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most popular and widely consumed products throughout the world, mainly due to its taste, aroma, caffeine content, and natural antioxidants. Among those antioxidants, anthocyanins are one of the most important natural pigments, which can be found in coffee husks. It is widely known that anthocyanins have multiple health benefits partially linked to their antioxidant properties. However, anthocyanins have low stability and are sensitive to all types of changes. In order to prevent its degradation, anthocyanins can be stabilized with nanoparticles. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of the anthocyanins extracted from coffee husks, using three different extracting agents (ethanol, methanol, and water) and stabilizing them through conjugation with zinc oxide nanoparticles. The anthocyanins extracts were mainly composed of cyanidin-3-rutinoside (97%) and the total phenolic compounds of the fresh extracts were 458.97 ± 11.32 (methanol), 373.53 ± 12.74 (ethanol), and 369.85 ± 15.93 (water) mg GAE/g. On the other hand, the total phenolic compounds of the nanoparticle-anthocyanin conjugates underwent no significant changes after stabilization as the major loss was less than 3%. Furthermore, the percentage of anthocyanins' degradation was less than 5% after 12 weeks of storage. On top of that, fresh anthocyanin extracts and anthocyanin-nanoparticle conjugates exhibited a strong protective effect against oxidative stress and increased the survival rate of Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Daniel Lozada-Ramírez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 72810 San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.D.L.-R.); (C.A.d.P.); (A.E.O.-R.)
| | | | - Marco Antonio González-Peña
- Department of Chemical, Food and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 72810 San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Cecilia Anaya de Parrodi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 72810 San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.D.L.-R.); (C.A.d.P.); (A.E.O.-R.)
| | - Ana E. Ortega-Regules
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 72810 San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.D.L.-R.); (C.A.d.P.); (A.E.O.-R.)
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18
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Plant-Derived Xanthones against Clostridial Enteric Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020232. [PMID: 36830143 PMCID: PMC9952316 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacterial infections are a major threat to human and animal health. In this study, we found plant-derived antibacterial xanthones, particularly α-mangostin (AMG) from the mangosteen peel, exhibiting extraordinary activities against Clostridium perfringens. Structure-activity relationship analysis showed that prenylation modulated the activity of xanthones. The efficacy of AMG (4, 8, 20 mg/kg body weight) was also demonstrated in the broiler chicken necrotic enteritis model infected with Clostridium perfringens. In the models (n = 6 per group), feed supplementation of AMG maintained the homeostasis of the gut microbiome by reducing the colonization of clostridia and promoting the integrity of intestinal barriers via the upregulation of mucin expression. These results suggest that plant-derived xanthones may be a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating clostridial enteric infections in the clinic.
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19
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Xue H, Sang Y, Gao Y, Zeng Y, Liao J, Tan J. Research Progress on Absorption, Metabolism, and Biological Activities of Anthocyanins in Berries: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010003. [PMID: 36670865 PMCID: PMC9855064 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Berries, as the best dietary sources for human health, are rich in anthocyanins, vitamins, fiber, polyphenols, essential amino acids, and other ingredients. Anthocyanins are one of the most important bioactive components in berries. The attractive color of berries is attributed to the fact that berries contain different kinds of anthocyanins. Increasing research activity has indicated that anthocyanins in berries show various biological activities, including protecting vision; antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor qualities; inhibition of lipid peroxidation; anti-cardiovascular disease properties; control of hypoglycemic conditions; and other activities. Hence, berries have high nutritional and medicinal values. The recognized absorption, metabolism, and biological activities of anthocyanins have promoted their research in different directions. Hence, it is necessary to systematically review the research progress and future prospects of anthocyanins to promote a better understanding of anthocyanins. The absorption, metabolism, and biological activities of anthocyanins from berries were reviewed in this paper. The findings of this study provide an important reference for basic research, product development and utilization of berries' anthocyanins in food, cosmetics, and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Xue
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yumei Sang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuchao Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jianqing Liao
- College of Physical Science and Engineering, Yichun University, No. 576 Xuefu Road, Yichun 336000, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-0312-5075644 (J.L. & J.T.)
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
- Medical Comprehensive Experimental Center, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-0312-5075644 (J.L. & J.T.)
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20
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Xu Y, Huang J, Fan Y, Long H, Liang M, Chen Q, Wang Z, Wu C, Wang Y. Macrophage-Targeted Berberine-Loaded β-Glucan Nanoparticles Enhance the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5303-5314. [PMID: 36406639 PMCID: PMC9673505 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s379792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This study focuses on constructing of an anti-inflammatory drug delivery system by encapsulation of berberine in the β-glucan nanoparticles and evaluates its effect on treating ulcerative colitis. Methods β-Glucan and the anti-inflammatory drug berberine (BER) are self-assembled into nanoparticles to construct a drug delivery system (GLC/BER). The interaction between the drug and the carrier was characterized by circular dichroism, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The anti-inflammatory effect of the GLC/BER was evaluated through a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation model and a sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced C57BL/6 mouse ulcerative colitis model. Results The GLC/BER nanoparticles have a particle size of 80-120 nm and a high encapsulation efficiency of 37.8±4.21%. In the LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation model, GLC/BER significantly promoted the uptake of BER by RAW264.7 cells. RT-PCR and ELISA assay showed that it could significantly inhibit the inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6 and COX-2. Furthermore, GLC/BER shows inhibiting effect on the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-6, down-regulating the production of nitrite oxide; in animal studies, GLC/BER was found to exert a relieving effect on mice colitis. Conclusion The study found that GLC/BER has an anti-inflammatory effect in vitro and in vivo, and the GLC carrier improves the potency and bioavailability of BER, providing a new type of nanomedicine for the treatment of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jintao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yapei Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyue Long
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minting Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qunjie Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoxi Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Wang B, Tang X, Mao B, Zhang Q, Tian F, Zhao J, Cui S, Chen W. Anti-aging effects and mechanisms of anthocyanins and their intestinal microflora metabolites. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2358-2374. [PMID: 36128763 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2123444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aging, a natural and inevitable physiological process, is the primary risk factor for all age-related diseases; it severely threatens the health of individuals and places a heavy burden on the public health-care system. Thus, strategies to extend the lifespan and prevent and treat age-related diseases have been gaining increasing scientific interest. Anthocyanins (ACNs) are a subclass of flavonoids widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. Growing evidence suggests that ACNs delay aging and relieve age-related diseases. However, owing to the low bioavailability of ACNs, their gut metabolites have been proposed to play a critical role in mediating health benefits. In this review, we introduce the biological fate of ACNs after consumption and highlight ACNs metabolites (phenolic acids) from intestinal microorganisms. Additionally, ACNs and gut metabolites exhibit outstanding anti-aging ability in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mouse models, probably associated with increasing antioxidation, anti-inflammation, protein homeostasis, antiglycation, mitochondrial function, and inhibition of insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS). ACNs and gut metabolites have great application prospects as functional foods and drugs to delay aging and manage age-related diseases. Further investigation should focus on the interaction between ACNs and gut microbiota, including clarifying the complex metabolic pathway and maximizing the health effects of ACNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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22
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Picone P, Sanfilippo T, Guggino R, Scalisi L, Monastero R, Baschi R, Mandalà V, San Biagio L, Rizzo M, Giacomazza D, Dispenza C, Nuzzo D. Neurological Consequences, Mental Health, Physical Care, and Appropriate Nutrition in Long-COVID-19. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01281-w. [PMID: 36103031 PMCID: PMC9472192 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused a collapse of the world health systems. Now, vaccines and more effective therapies have reversed this crisis but the scenario is further aggravated by the appearance of a new pathology, occurring as SARS-CoV-2 infection consequence: the long-COVID-19. This term is commonly used to describe signs and symptoms that continue or develop after acute infection of COVID-19 up to several months. In this review, the consequences of the disease on mental health and the neurological implications due to the long-COVID are described. Furthermore, the appropriate nutritional approach and some recommendations to relieve the symptoms of the pathology are presented. Data collected indicated that in the next future the disease will affect an increasing number of individuals and that interdisciplinary action is needed to counteract it.
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23
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Linh NV, Nguyen DV, Khongdee N, Wannavijit S, Outama P, Le Xuan C, Mahatheeranont S, Sookwong P, Le TD, Hoseinifar SH, Moon YH, Van Doan H. Influence of black rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran derived anthocyanin-extract on growth rate, immunological response, and immune-antioxidant gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivated in a biofloc system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:604-611. [PMID: 35995373 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with anthocyanin extracted from black rice bran (AR) on the growth rate, immunological response, and expression of immune and antioxidant genes in Nile tilapia raised in an indoor biofloc system. A total of 300 Nile tilapia fingerlings (15.14 ± 0.032 g) were maintained in 150 L tanks and acclimatized for two weeks. Five experimental AR diets (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g kg-1) with various anthocyanin doses were used to feed the fish. We observed that the growth and feed utilization of fish fed with different dietary AR levels increased significantly after eight weeks (p < 0.05). In addition, the serum immunity of fish fed AR diets was much greater than that of those fed non-AR diets (p < 0.05). However, there were little or no difference in between fish fed AR enriched diets and the control AR-free diet (p > 0.05). After eight weeks, fish fed AR-supplemented diets had significantly higher mRNA transcript levels in immune (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-8, and liposaccharide-binding protein [LBP]) and antioxidant (glutathione transferase-alpha [GST-α] and glutathione reductase [GSR]) genes compared to control fish fed the AR-free diet, with the greatest enhancement of mRNA transcript levels (in the case of IL-8 by up to about 5.8-fold) in the 4 g kg-1 AR diet. These findings suggest that dietary inclusion of AR extract from black rice bran at 4-8 g kg-1 could function as a herbal immunostimulant to enhance growth performance, feed consumption, and immunity in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Vu Linh
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Doai Van Nguyen
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Nuttapon Khongdee
- Department of Highland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Supreya Wannavijit
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyatida Outama
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chinh Le Xuan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sugunya Mahatheeranont
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Phumon Sookwong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Thanh Dien Le
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 71415, Viet Nam
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Yong-Hwan Moon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea; Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea; Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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24
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Iglesias DE, Cremonini E, Hester SN, Wood SM, Bartlett M, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. Cyanidin and delphinidin restore colon physiology in high fat diet-fed mice: Involvement of TLR-4 and redox-regulated signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:71-82. [PMID: 35691508 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of high fat diets (HFD) mimics a modern or "Western style" diet pattern and can impair intestinal barrier integrity, leading to endotoxemia and associated unhealthy conditions. This study investigated if supplementation with an anthocyanin (cyanidin and delphinidin glucosides)-rich extract (CDRE) could revert or mitigate HFD-induced alterations of colonic physiology in part through the regulation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4)- and redox-regulated signaling. C57BL/6J male mice were fed for 4 weeks with a control or an HFD. Then, mice were divided in four groups fed either control or HFD, or these diets supplemented with CDRE for the subsequent 4 weeks. After 8 weeks on the HFD we observed in the colon: i) disruption of tight junction structure and function; ii) increased TLR-4 expression; iii) increased NADPH oxidase NOX1 expression, and iv) activation of redox-sensitive and TLR-4-triggered pathways, i.e. NF-κB, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, PI3K/Akt. All these events were prevented or reverted by CDRE supplementation. Supporting the relevance of CDRE-mediated downregulation of TLR-4 on its colon beneficial effect; in vitro (Caco-2 cell monolayers), cyanidin, delphinidin and their metabolites protocatechuic and gallic acid, mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced monolayer permeabilization by restoring tight junction structure and dynamics and preventing lipid/protein oxidation. The CDRE also mitigated HFD-mediated alterations in parameters of goblet cell differentiation and function, including the downregulation of markers of goblet cell differentiation (Klf4), and intestinal mucosa healing (Tff3). Results show that a short-term supplementation with cyanidin and delphinidin, protect from HFD-induced alterations in colon physiology in part through the modulation of TLR-4- and redox-regulated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario E Iglesias
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven M Wood
- Pharmanex Research, NSE Products, Inc., Provo, UT, USA
| | - Mark Bartlett
- Pharmanex Research, NSE Products, Inc., Provo, UT, USA
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular-Dr. Alberto Boveris (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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25
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The Bioactivities of Phycocyanobilin from Spirulina. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4008991. [PMID: 35726224 PMCID: PMC9206584 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4008991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is a linear open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophore that captures and senses light and a variety of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. In this paper, the biological activities of PCB are reviewed, and the related mechanism of PCB and its latest application in disease treatment are introduced. PCB can resist oxidation by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and delaying the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, PCB can also be used as an excellent anti-inflammatory agent to reduce the proinflammatory factors IL-6 and IFN-γ and to up-regulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by inhibiting the inflammatory signal pathways NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Due to the above biological activities of phycocyanobilin PCB, it is expected to become a new effective drug for treating various diseases, such as COVID-19 complications, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis (MS), and ischaemic stroke (IS).
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26
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Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activity of Phenolic Compound Family Extracted from Raspberries ( Rubus idaeus): A General Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061192. [PMID: 35740089 PMCID: PMC9230908 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Raspberries (Rubus idaeus) possess a wide phenolic family profile; this serves the role of self-protection for the plant. Interest in these compounds have significantly increased, since they have been classified as nutraceuticals due to the positive health effects provided to consumers. Extensive chemical, in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed to prove and validate these benefits and their possible applications as an aid when treating several chronic degenerative diseases, characterized by oxidative stress and an inflammatory response. While many diseases could be co-adjuvanted by the intake of these phenolic compounds, this review will mainly discuss their effects on cancer. Anthocyanins and ellagitannins are known to provide a major antioxidant capacity in raspberries. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the phenolic compound family of raspberries, and topics discussed include their characterization, biosynthesis, bioavailability, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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27
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Stoica F, Condurache NN, Horincar G, Constantin OE, Turturică M, Stănciuc N, Aprodu I, Croitoru C, Râpeanu G. Value-Added Crackers Enriched with Red Onion Skin Anthocyanins Entrapped in Different Combinations of Wall Materials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061048. [PMID: 35739945 PMCID: PMC9219925 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to encapsulate anthocyanins from red onion skins into different biopolymeric matrices as a way to develop powders with multifunctional activities. Two different variants of powders were obtained using a combination of gelation and freeze-drying techniques and characterized by encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant activity, phytochemical content, and color. Stability during storage and the bioavailability of anthocyanins in the in vitro simulated digestion were also examined. Powder V2, with a higher concentration of polysaccharides than V1, allowed a better encapsulation efficiency (90.53 ± 0.29%) and good stability during storage. Both variants had a high content of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. In vitro investigations proved that an increased polysaccharides concentration offers the best protection for anthocyanins. Thus, a controlled release of the anthocyanins in the intestinal medium was achieved. The powder with the highest encapsulation efficiency was added to crackers, followed by phytochemical characterization to assess its potential added value. The addition of the micro-particles improved the functional characteristics such as antioxidant activity, showing its suitability for the development of bakery products. The attained results may bring implicit benefits to consumers, who can benefit from improved bioactive concentrations in foodstuffs, with significant health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Stoica
- Integrated Center for Research, Expertise and Technological Transfer in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (F.S.); (N.N.C.); (G.H.); (O.E.C.); (M.T.); (N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Nina Nicoleta Condurache
- Integrated Center for Research, Expertise and Technological Transfer in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (F.S.); (N.N.C.); (G.H.); (O.E.C.); (M.T.); (N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Georgiana Horincar
- Integrated Center for Research, Expertise and Technological Transfer in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (F.S.); (N.N.C.); (G.H.); (O.E.C.); (M.T.); (N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Oana Emilia Constantin
- Integrated Center for Research, Expertise and Technological Transfer in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (F.S.); (N.N.C.); (G.H.); (O.E.C.); (M.T.); (N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Mihaela Turturică
- Integrated Center for Research, Expertise and Technological Transfer in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (F.S.); (N.N.C.); (G.H.); (O.E.C.); (M.T.); (N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Nicoleta Stănciuc
- Integrated Center for Research, Expertise and Technological Transfer in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (F.S.); (N.N.C.); (G.H.); (O.E.C.); (M.T.); (N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Iuliana Aprodu
- Integrated Center for Research, Expertise and Technological Transfer in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (F.S.); (N.N.C.); (G.H.); (O.E.C.); (M.T.); (N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Constantin Croitoru
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 61 Marasti Blvd, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (G.R.); Tel.: +4-0336-130177 (G.R.)
| | - Gabriela Râpeanu
- Integrated Center for Research, Expertise and Technological Transfer in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (F.S.); (N.N.C.); (G.H.); (O.E.C.); (M.T.); (N.S.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (G.R.); Tel.: +4-0336-130177 (G.R.)
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Panchal SK, John OD, Mathai ML, Brown L. Anthocyanins in Chronic Diseases: The Power of Purple. Nutrients 2022; 14:2161. [PMID: 35631301 PMCID: PMC9142943 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are mainly purple-coloured phenolic compounds of plant origin that as secondary metabolites are important in plant survival. Understanding their health benefits in humans requires sourcing these unstable compounds in sufficient quantities at a reasonable cost, which has led to improved methods of extraction. Dark-coloured fruits, cereals and vegetables are current sources of these compounds. The range of potential sustainable sources is much larger and includes non-commercialised native plants from around the world and agri-waste containing anthocyanins. In the last 5 years, there have been significant advances in developing the therapeutic potential of anthocyanins in chronic human diseases. Anthocyanins exert their beneficial effects through improvements in gut microbiota, oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulation of neuropeptides such as insulin-like growth factor-1. Their health benefits in humans include reduced cognitive decline; protection of organs such as the liver, as well as the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys; improvements in bone health and obesity; and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. This review summarises some of the sources of anthocyanins and their mechanisms and benefits in the treatment of chronic human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Panchal
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia;
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Oliver D. John
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; or
| | - Michael L. Mathai
- Institute of Health and Sport, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia;
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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A rapid quantitative method by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the measurement of anthocyanins and their metabolic characteristics in Sprague–Dawley rats. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mass Spectrometric Behavior and Molecular Mechanisms of Fermented Deoxyanthocyanidins to Alleviate Ulcerative Colitis Based on Network Pharmacology. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:9293208. [PMID: 35356765 PMCID: PMC8960007 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9293208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis and limited treatment options. The aim of the present study is to investigate the hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) behaviors of fermented deoxyanthocyanidins and their molecular mechanisms to alleviate UC by using quantum chemistry and network pharmacology. Methods. Tandem MS indicated at least two fragmentation pathways through which deuterated vinylphenol-deoxyanthocyanidins could generate different product ions. Quantum calculations were conducted to determine the transition states of the relevant molecules and analyze their optimized configuration, vibrational characteristics, intrinsic reaction coordinates, and corresponding energies. The potential targets of deoxyanthocyanidins in UC were screened from a public database. The R package was used for Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses, and the protein–protein interactions (PPIs) of the targets were assessed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING). Finally, molecular docking was implemented to analyze the binding energies and action modes of the target compounds through the online tool CB-Dock. Results. Quantum calculations indicated two potential fragmentation pathways involving the six-membered ring and dihydrogen cooperative transfer reactions of the vinylphenol-deoxyanthocyanidins. A total of 146 and 57 intersecting targets of natural and fermented deoxyanthocyanidins were separately screened out from the UC database and significant overlaps in GO terms and KEGG pathways were noted. Three shared hub targets (i.e., PTGS2, ESR1, and EGFR) were selected from the two PPI networks by STRING. Molecular docking results showed that all deoxyanthocyanidins have a good binding potential with the hub target proteins and that fermented deoxyanthocyanidins have lower binding energies and more stable conformations compared with natural ones. Conclusions. Deoxyanthocyanidins may provide anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immune system regulatory effects to suppress UC progression. It is proposed for the first time that fermentation of deoxyanthocyanidins can help adjust the structure of the intestinal microbiota and increase the biological activity of the natural compounds against UC. Furthermore, HDX-MS is a helpful strategy to analyze deoxyanthocyanidin metabolites with unknown structures.
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Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Supplement Improves Sperm Quality and Spermatogenesis in a Mice Model of Ulcerative Colitis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050984. [PMID: 35267960 PMCID: PMC8912864 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired fertility and low sperm quality are the global health problem with high attention. It has been noted that inflammation may impact fertility by affecting testicular spermatogenesis. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is a natural functional pigment with various health benefits. Nevertheless, studies on the mechanism by which C3G protects male reproduction in mice with ulcerative colitis remain scarce. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the potential mechanism of C3G for improving impaired fertility caused by colitis. A DSS-induced colitis model was applied to assess the effects of sperm quality with colitis and the health benefit role of C3G. Results indicated that C3G-treated mice exhibited higher body weight, longer colon length, less crypt damage and focal inflammation infiltration. Being consistent with that, low sperm count, low testis weight, high inflammation levels and abnormal thickness of seminiferous epithelium also observed in the DSS group were significantly recovered upon C3G treatment. These findings suggested that colitis has a close link to impaired fertility. Further analysis found that C3G could significantly suppress the inflammatory mediators in serum. Results conjointly indicated that C3G might improve the impaired fertility of mice with colitis by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines through the blood–testis barrier. C3G could be a promising daily supplement for ameliorating impaired fertility caused by colitis.
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Li S, Jin Y, Fu W, Cox AD, Lee D, Reddivari L. Intermittent antibiotic treatment accelerated the development of colitis in IL-10 knockout mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112486. [PMID: 34891113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many epidemiological studies suggest an association between antibiotic exposure and the development of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. However, the majority of these studies are observational and still the question remains, "Does the specific antibiotic administration regimen play a role in the development of colitis?" This study aimed to compare the possible effects of continuous and intermittent antibiotic exposure on the development of colitis using a colitis-susceptible IL-10 knockout [IL-10-/-] mouse model. METHODS IL-10-/- mice [C57BL/6] were randomly assigned to a non-antibiotic group, continuous antibiotic group and intermittent antibiotic group, and observed for 30 weeks. The antibiotic cocktail was given via the drinking water. The differential response to antibiotics was assessed. RESULTS Intermittent antibiotic treatment resulted in severe colitis with early disease onset in IL-10-/- mice. Higher unit colon weight and spleen weight were observed in intermittent antibiotic-treated mice but not in the continuous antibiotic group. Moreover, intermittent antibiotic treatment aggravated epithelial damage and colonic inflammation, mucosal barrier dysfunction and colonic allergic sensitization in IL-10-/- mice, whereas continuous antibiotic treatment ameliorated these symptoms. Male IL-10-/- mice with intermittent antibiotic exposure were more susceptible to colonic inflammation and allergic response than females. CONCLUSIONS In summary, intermittent antibiotic exposure accelerated the development of severe colitis more than continuous antibiotic exposure in IL-10-/- male mice. In addition to the colonic damage and impaired barrier function, stimulation of allergic response may play a role in accelerating the development of colitis in genetically susceptible mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Li
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yusong Jin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenyi Fu
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Abigail D Cox
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dale Lee
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Lavanya Reddivari
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Nutritional Regimes Enriched with Antioxidants as an Efficient Adjuvant for IBD Patients under Infliximab Administration, a Pilot Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010138. [PMID: 35052642 PMCID: PMC8773281 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are privileged candidates for the development of adjuvants able to improve the efficiency of pharmacological therapies, particularly for chronic inflammatory syndromes. During the last 20 years, anti-TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) monoclonal antibodies infusion has been the biological therapy most frequently administered but there is still large space for improvement in disease remission rates and maintenance. In this context, nutritional bioactive compounds contained in dietary patterns or included as supplements, may act as adjuvants for the induction and maintenance of IBD (inflammatory bowel diseases) remission. To verify this possibility, a single-center preliminary study (SI-CURA, Soluzioni Innovative per la gestione del paziente e il follow up terapeutico della Colite UlceRosA) was designed and carried out to evaluate whether a daily administration of purple corn supplement could improve the response to Infliximab (IFX) infusion of IBD patients with both Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). A cohort of 47 patients was enrolled in the study. Biological samples were collected before the first and the third IFX infusion. All patients received nutritional guidelines, 27 of them received commercial red fruit tea with low anthocyanins content, while 20 received a purple corn supplement with a high anthocyanin content. Results show that the administration of an antioxidant-enriched purple corn supplement could improve IFX-mediated disease remission in terms of circulating inflammatory markers. Comparison between CD and UC patients revealed that, at this anthocyanin dosage, the purple corn extract administration improved the IFX response in CD but not in UC patients. Our results may pave the way for a new metacentric study of CD patients, recruiting a wider cohort and followed-up over a longer observational time.
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Li F, Yan H, Jiang L, Zhao J, Lei X, Ming J. Cherry Polyphenol Extract Ameliorated Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Suppressing Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Foods 2021; 11:foods11010049. [PMID: 35010176 PMCID: PMC8750665 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and nonspecific inflammatory disease of the colon and rectum, and its etiology remains obscure. Cherry polyphenols showed potential health-promoting effects. However, both the protective effect and mechanism of cherry polyphenols on UC are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of the free polyphenol extract of cherry in alleviating UC and its possible mechanism of action. Our study revealed that the free polyphenol extract of cherry management significantly alleviated UC symptoms, such as weight loss, colon shortening, the thickening of colonic mucous layer, etc. The free polyphenol extract of cherry treatment also introduced a significant reduction in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO), while causing a significant elevation in levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This indicated that such positive effects were performed through reducing oxidative damage or in a cytokine-specific manner. The immunofluorescence analysis of ZO-1 and occludin proteins declared that the free polyphenol extract of cherry had the potential to prompt intestinal barrier function. The reduced expression levels of β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1 and GSK-3β suggested that the cherry extract performed its positive effect on UC by suppressing the Wnt/β-ctenin pathway. This finding may pave the way into further understanding the mechanism of cherry polyphenols ameliorating ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (L.J.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Huiming Yan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (L.J.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (L.J.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Jichun Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (L.J.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaojuan Lei
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (L.J.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Jian Ming
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (L.J.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Research Center of Food Storage & Logistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-023-68251298; Fax: +86-023-68251947
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Wang L, Gao M, Kang G, Huang H. The Potential Role of Phytonutrients Flavonoids Influencing Gut Microbiota in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Nutr 2021; 8:798038. [PMID: 34970585 PMCID: PMC8713745 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.798038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by the chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, is comprised of two idiopathic chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. As the incidence of IBD increases, so does the need for safe and effective treatments. Trillions of microorganisms are colonized in the mammalian intestine, coevolve with the host in a symbiotic relationship. Gut microbiota has been reported to be involved in the pathophysiology of IBD. In this regard, phytonutrients flavonoids have received increasing attention for their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this review, we address recent advances in the interactions among flavonoids, gut microbiota, and IBD. Moreover, their possible potential mechanisms of action in IBD have been discussed. We conclude that there is a complex interaction between flavonoids and gut microbiota. It is expected that flavonoids can change or reshape the gut microbiota to provide important considerations for developing treatments for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengxue Gao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangbo Kang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Karn A, Diaz-Garcia L, Reshef N, Zou C, Manns DC, Cadle-Davidson L, Mansfield AK, Reisch BI, Sacks GL. The Genetic Basis of Anthocyanin Acylation in North American Grapes ( Vitis spp.). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1962. [PMID: 34946911 PMCID: PMC8701791 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamylated anthocyanins (or simply 'acylated anthocyanins') increase color stability in grape products, such as wine. Several genes that are relevant for anthocyanin acylation in grapes have been previously described; however, control of the degree of acylation in grapes is complicated by the lack of genetic markers quantitatively associated with this trait. To characterize the genetic basis of anthocyanin acylation in grapevine, we analyzed the acylation ratio in two closely related biparental families, Vitis rupestris B38 × 'Horizon' and 'Horizon' × Illinois 547-1, for 2 and 3 years, respectively. The acylation ratio followed a bimodal and skewed distribution in both families, with repeatability estimates larger than 0.84. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping with amplicon-based markers (rhAmpSeq) identified a strong QTL from 'Horizon' on chromosome 3, near 15.85 Mb in both families and across years, explaining up to 85.2% of the phenotypic variance. Multiple candidate genes were identified in the 14.85-17.95 Mb interval, in particular, three copies of a gene encoding an acetyl-CoA-benzylalcohol acetyltransferase-like protein within the two most strongly associated markers. Additional population-specific QTLs were found in chromosomes 9, 10, 15, and 16; however, no candidate genes were described. The rhAmpSeq markers reported here, which were previously shown to be highly transferable among the Vitis genus, could be immediately implemented in current grapevine breeding efforts to control the degree of anthocyanin acylation and improve the quality of grapes and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Karn
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (A.K.); (L.C.-D.); (B.I.R.)
| | - Luis Diaz-Garcia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Pabellón, Aguascalientes 20676, Mexico
| | - Noam Reshef
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Cheng Zou
- BRC Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - David C. Manns
- Department of Food Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (D.C.M.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Lance Cadle-Davidson
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (A.K.); (L.C.-D.); (B.I.R.)
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Anna Katharine Mansfield
- Department of Food Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (D.C.M.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Bruce I. Reisch
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; (A.K.); (L.C.-D.); (B.I.R.)
| | - Gavin L. Sacks
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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Li S, Wang T, Fu W, Kennett M, Cox AD, Lee D, Vanamala JKP, Reddivari L. Role of Gut Microbiota in the Anti-Colitic Effects of Anthocyanin-Containing Potatoes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100152. [PMID: 34633750 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Anthocyanin-containing potatoes exert anti-inflammatory activity in colitic mice. Gut bacterial dysbiosis plays a critical role in ulcerative colitis. This study examined the extent to which the anti-colitic activity of anthocyanin-containing red/purple-fleshed potatoes depends on the gut bacteria using a chemically-induced rodent model of colitis with the intact and antibiotic-ablated microbiome. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-week-old male mice (C57BL6) are randomly assigned to the control diet or 20% purple-/red-fleshed potatoes supplemented diet group. The microbiota-ablated group received an antibiotic cocktail in drinking water. At week nine, colitis is induced by 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for five days. Administration of antibiotics resulted in a 95% reduction in gut bacterial load and fecal SCFAs. DSS-induced elevated gut permeability and body weight loss are more pronounced in antibiotic mice compared to non-antibiotic mice. Purple- or red-fleshed potato supplementation (20% w/w) ameliorated DSS-induced reduction in colon length and mucin 2 expression levels, and increase in permeability, spleen weight, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, and IL1-β) expression levels in non-antibiotic mice, but not in gut microbiota ablated mice. CONCLUSIONS Anthocyanin-containing potatoes are potent in alleviating colitis, and the gut microbiome is critical for the anti-colitic activity of anthocyanin-containing potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Li
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tianmin Wang
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Wenyi Fu
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mary Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Abigail D Cox
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dale Lee
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Jairam K P Vanamala
- Department of Food Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Lavanya Reddivari
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Tian XZ, Li JX, Luo QY, Zhou D, Long QM, Wang X, Lu Q, Wen GL. Effects of Purple Corn Anthocyanin on Blood Biochemical Indexes, Ruminal Fluid Fermentation, and Rumen Microbiota in Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:715710. [PMID: 34589534 PMCID: PMC8475905 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to observe the effects of anthocyanin from purple corn on blood biochemical indexes, ruminal fluid fermentation parameters, and the microbial population in goats. A total of 18 Qianbei Ma wether kids (body weight, 21.38 ± 1.61 kg; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to three groups using a completely randomized design. The group diets were: (1) control, basal diet, (2) treatment 1 (LA), basal diet with 0.5-g/d purple corn pigment (PCP), and (3) treatment 2 (HA), basal diet with 1-g/d PCP. The results showed that supplementation of PCP anthocyanin increased (P < 0.05) crude protein and gross energy digestibilities compared to the control. Compared to the control group, the inclusion of anthocyanin-rich PCP led to significantly increased (P < 0.05) plasma reduced glutathione and peroxidase concentrations. Goats receiving PCP had increased (P < 0.05) ruminal fluid acetic acid and a higher ratio of acetate to propionate, while the propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid levels had decreased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in ruminal fluid alpha bacterial diversity among the three groups. At the phylum level, the feeding of PCP had significant effect (P < 0.05) on the abundances of Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Elusimicrobiota, WPS-2, and Cyanobacteria. At the genus level, HA group had lower (P < 0.05) Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group abundance compared to the other groups. In addition, significant differences (P < 0.05) were also observed for the ruminal fluid Eubacterium_nodatum_group, Amnipila, Ruminiclostridium, U29-B03, unclassified_c_Clostridia, Pyramidobacter, Anaeroplasma, UCG-004, Atopobium, norank_f_norank_o_Bradymonadales, Elusimicrobium, norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_norank_p_WPS-2, norank_f_Bacteroidales_UCG-001, and norank_f_norank_o_Gastranaerophilales among all groups. Taken together, the inclusion of anthocyanin-rich PCP increased the antioxidant potential, improved rumen volatile fatty acids, and induced a shift in the structure and relative abundance of ruminal microbiota in growing goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Zhou Tian
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Luo
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Testing Center for Livestock and Poultry Germplasm, Guizhou Agricultural and Rural Affairs Office, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing-Meng Long
- Testing Center for Livestock and Poultry Germplasm, Guizhou Agricultural and Rural Affairs Office, Guiyang, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qi Lu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gui-Lan Wen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Hydroxytyrosol alleviate intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis resulted in ulcerative colitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112073. [PMID: 34463261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HYT) is one of the main alcoholic compounds of the olive leaves extract (OLE), which is known for its beneficial effects. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of olive leaves extract standardized with 25% hydroxytyrosol (OLES-25%HYT) in treatment of induced ulcerative colitis. Three groups of albino rats, were divided as following, group 1 (normal control), group 2 (induced ulcerative colitis and untreated) and group 3 (induced ulcerative colitis and treated with OLES-25%HYT). Colonic tissue samples were collected from all studied groups, the antioxidant activity for malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) were performed. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the apoptotic gene Bax and the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 was obtained in colon tissue to evaluate the OLES-25%HYT effect on ulcerative colitis. OLES-25%HYT showed effectiveness on reduction of mortality rate and disease activity index (DAI). Also, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in colon tissue, OLES-25%HYT showed a significant reduction in colon MDA, MPO and NO levels and a significant elevation in SOD, CAT and GPX levels and cause down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Also, the apoptotic gene Bax downregulated and the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 upregulated as a result of the treatment compared to untreated induced ulcerative colitis group. OLES-25%HYT showed intestinal anti-inflammatory, antioxidants and anti-apoptotic effects in experimental models of ulcerative colitis.
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Ma J, Mahfuz S, Wang J, Piao X. Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Mixed Organic Acids on Immune Function, Antioxidative Characteristics, Digestive Enzymes Activity, and Intestinal Health in Broiler Chickens. Front Nutr 2021; 8:673316. [PMID: 34422878 PMCID: PMC8374430 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.673316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of dietary supplementation with mixed organic acids on intestinal health, enzyme activity, and antioxidative characteristics in broilers. A total of 192 1-day-old chicks were evenly allocated to three experimental groups with eight replicates, a basal diet with 0 (Control), 3,000 mg/kg (LMOA), 6,000 mg/kg (HMOA) mixed organic acid. The tissue and serum samples were gathered on 21 and 42 d of the experiment. An increased (P < 0.05) concentration of IgA, D-lactate (D-LA), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the serum of broilers diets with HMOA was observed. The levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase activity (CAT) in serum were enhanced (P < 0.05) with dietary and mixed organic acid, respectively, and increased (P < 0.05) content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and CAT in the duodenum of broilers diets with LMOA was noticed. Also, LMOA decreased (P < 0.05) the pH value of the duodenum and enhanced (P < 0.05) the amylase activity of the pancreas, the tight junction protein (mainly Claudin-1, Claudin-2, and ZO-1) in the duodenum of broilers fed with mixed organic acid were promoted (P < 0.05), and the LMOA group performed better in the small intestine. In cecum microbiota, LMOA and HMOA modulated the structure of microbiota and mainly reduced the relative abundance of Escherichia coli. In brief, dietary supplemented mixed organic acid improved the health status of broilers by promoting the immune function, enhancing the antioxidative characteristics and tight junction proteins expression as well as cecum microbiota. However, LMOA groups may be a better fit considering the comprehensive effects of experiments and economic costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Yang C, Zhang X, Wang S, Huo X, Wang J. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and evaluation of intestinal barrier function in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:6605-6610. [PMID: 34306403 PMCID: PMC8290731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and to evaluate the intestinal barrier function in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients treated with mesalazine and rifaximin. METHODS 96 patients undergoing the methane-hydrogen breath test in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2020 were enrolled in the study group, and 40 healthy persons were enrolled in the control group during this period. The SIBO positive rate of the two groups were collected and compared. Then, the SIBO positive patients were divided into group A and group B. Group A and group B all received mesalazine, and group B received rifaximin plus. The clinical efficacy, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP), and intestinal barrier function indexes like diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactic acid (DLA) were recorded and compared. RESULTS The study group presented higher SIBO positive rate compared with the control group (56% vs. 25%, P<0.05). After treatment, group B showed better clinical efficacy and lower levels of ESR and CRP than group A (all P<0.05). After treatment, the DAO and D-LA levels of the two groups were decreased, and presented lower levels in group B than group A (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION UC patients present a higher positive rate in SIBO. Mesalazine and rifaximin are applied to patients with mild to moderate UC, and their clinical efficacy has been significantly enhanced after the eradication of SIBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Yang
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Suming Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaohui Huo
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Attaribo T, Huang G, Xin X, Zeng Q, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Tang L, Sedjoah RCAA, Zhang R, Lee KS, Jin BR, Gui Z. Effect of the silkworm pupa protein-glucose conjugate on the thermal stability and antioxidant activity of anthocyanins. Food Funct 2021; 12:4132-4141. [PMID: 33978000 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00333j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-O-glucose) is a natural water-soluble pigment with a robust antioxidant capacity. However, its poor stability and bioavailability limits its application as a functional food ingredient. This study explored the ability of the silkworm pupa protein-glucose (Spp-Glu) conjugate, developed under wet-heating conditions, to improve the thermal stability and antioxidant activity of cyanidin-3-O-glucose (C3G) at pH 3.0 and 6.8. The characterization experiments suggested that C3G complexed with the Spp-Glu conjugate could modify the protein's microenvironment and cause unfolding of the protein's secondary structures under varied pH conditions. Spectroscopic techniques further revealed the formation of complexes via hydrophobic interactions and static quenching processes when C3G was bound to Spp or Spp-Glu. The formation of these complexes effectively attenuated C3G degradation, thereby enhancing its stability under heat treatment over a range of pH values, and the experiments measuring antioxidant activity suggested that the Spp-Glu conjugate formed does not affect the efficacy of C3G after complexation. Therefore, our study suggests that Spp-Glu has the potential to effectively protect and deliver anthocyanins during industrial application for functional food formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Attaribo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China.
| | - Gaiqun Huang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China. and Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Xiangdong Xin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China.
| | - Qinlei Zeng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China.
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China.
| | - Liumei Tang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China.
| | | | - Ran Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China. and Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Kwang Sik Lee
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Byung Rae Jin
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Zhongzheng Gui
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China. and Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
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Strugała P, Urbaniak A, Kuryś P, Włoch A, Kral T, Ugorski M, Hof M, Gabrielska J. Antitumor and antioxidant activities of purple potato ethanolic extract and its interaction with liposomes, albumin and plasmid DNA. Food Funct 2021; 12:1271-1290. [PMID: 33434253 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01667e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to broadly determine the biological activities of purple potato ethanolic extract of the Blue Congo variety (BCE). The antioxidant activity of BCE was determined in relation to liposome membranes, and peroxidation was induced by UVB and AAPH. To clarify the antioxidant activity of BCE, we investigated its interactions with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of a membrane using fluorimetric and FTIR methods. Next, we investigated the cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic activities of BCE in two human colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2) and in normal cells (IPEC-J2). In addition, the ability to inhibit enzymes that are involved in pro-inflammatory reactions was examined. Furthermore, BCE interactions with serum albumin and plasmid DNA were investigated using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy and a single molecule fluorescence technique (TCSPC-FCS). We proved that BCE effectively protects lipid membranes against the process of peroxidation and successfully inhibits the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. Furthermore, it interacts with the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of lipid membranes as well as with albumin and plasmid DNA. It was observed that BCE is more cytotoxic against colon cancer cell lines than normal IPEC-J2 cells; it also induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines, but does not induce cell death in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Strugała
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Urbaniak
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Patryk Kuryś
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Włoch
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Teresa Kral
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland. and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martin Hof
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Janina Gabrielska
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Catorce MN, Gevorkian G. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals in LPS-induced Mouse Neuroinflammation Model: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:636-654. [PMID: 31934839 PMCID: PMC7457421 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200114125628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that peripheral infections, accompanied by inflammation, represent significant risk factors for the development of neurological disorders by modifying brain development or affecting normal brain aging. The acute effects of systemic inflammation on progressive and persistent brain damage and cognitive impairment are well documented. Anti-inflammatory therapies may have beneficial effects on the brain, and the protective properties of a wide range of synthetic and natural compounds have been extensively explored in recent years. In our previous review, we provided an extensive analysis of one of the most important and widely-used animal models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. We addressed the data reproducibility in published research and summarized basic features and data on the therapeutic potential of various natural products, nutraceuticals, with known anti-inflammatory effects, for reducing neuroinflammation in this model. Here, recent data on the suitability of the LPS-induced murine neuroinflammation model for preclinical assessment of a large number of nutraceuticals belonging to different groups of natural products such as flavonoids, terpenes, non-flavonoid polyphenols, glycosides, heterocyclic compounds, organic acids, organosulfur compounds and xanthophylls, are summarized. Also, the proposed mechanisms of action of these molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Nava Catorce
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
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Song A, Jiang H, Guo L, Wu S. The combined efficacy of adalimumab with GMA method on the treatment of ulcerative colitis and repair of intestinal mucosal lesion. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:5156-5164. [PMID: 34150104 PMCID: PMC8205815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study discussed and analyzed the combined efficacy of adalimumab with granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GMA) method on patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and the repair of intestinal mucosal lesion. METHODS 60 UC patients in moderate-to-severe active phase that hospitalized from January 2017 to March 2020 were chosen and randomly classified into observation group (n=30) and control group (n=30). The control-group patients received GMA treatment, and the observation-group patients received combination therapy of GMA and adalimumab. The therapeutic efficacy, laboratory indicators, changes of serum inflammatory factors, and intestinal mucosal barrier impairment in two sets of participants were compared. RESULTS The comprehensive effective rate of clinical treatment was remarkably higher in observation group than that in control group (P<0.05). CRP and ESR of the two groups in post- treatment were notably lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), while Hb and ALB in post-treatment increased significantly than in pre-intervention (P<0.05); CRP in observation group after treatment was remarkably lower than that in control group (P<0.05), while no significant difference was noticed in ESR, ALB and Hb between the two groups (P>0.05). The serum inflammatory factors in observation group in post-treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The scores of PCT, DAO and intestinal mucosa in two sets of participants in post-treatment were dramatically lower than those in pre-treatment (P<0.05), and the scores in observation group after treatment were notably lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The combined efficacy of adalimumab with GMA on UC patients can improve the clinical curative efficacy, effectively reduce the inflammatory factors, which is beneficial to the repair of intestinal mucosal barrier function, and worthy of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ji'nan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ji'nan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ji'nan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ji'nan 250001, Shandong, China
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Umeoguaju FU, Ephraim-Emmanuel BC, Uba JO, Bekibele GE, Chigozie N, Orisakwe OE. Immunomodulatory and Mechanistic Considerations of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) in Dysfunctional Immune Responses: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:550670. [PMID: 34040600 PMCID: PMC8141557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.550670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (HS) water decoction extract is a commonly consumed beverage with various pharmacological properties. This systematic review examines the possible effect of HS intake on immune mediators. The Scopus and PUBMED databases were searched for all human and animal studies that investigated the effect of HS administration on immune related biomarkers. For each of the immune biomarkers, the mean, standard deviation and number of subjects were extracted for both the HS treated and untreated group. These values were used in the computation of standardized mean difference (SMD). Statistical analysis and forest plot were done with R statistical software (version 3.6.1). Twenty seven (27) studies met the eligibility criteria. Twenty two (22) of the studies were used for the meta-analysis which included a total of 1211 subjects. The meta-analysis showed that HS administration significantly lowered the levels of TNF-α (n=10; pooled SMD: -1.55; 95% CI: -2.43, -0.67; P < 0.01), IL-6 (n=11; pooled SMD:-1.09; 95% CI: -1.77, -0.40; P < 0.01), IL-1β (n=7; pooled SMD:-0.62; 95% CI: -1.25, 0.00; P = 0.05), Edema formation (n=4; pooled SMD: -2.29; 95% CI: -4.47, -0.11; P = 0.04), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein -1 (n=4; pooled SMD: -1.17; 95% CI: -1.78, -0.57; P < 0.01) and Angiotensin converting enzyme cascade (n=6; pooled SMD: -0.91; 95% CI: -1.57, -0.25; P < 0.01). The levels of IL-10 (n=4; pooled SMD: -0.38; 95% CI: -1.67, 0.91; P = 0.56), Interleukin 8 (n=2; pooled SMD:-0.12; 95% CI: -0.76, 0.51; P = 0.71), iNOS (n=2; pooled SMD:-0.69; 95% CI: -1.60, 0.23 P = 0.14) and C- Reactive Protein (n=4; pooled SMD: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.26, 0.36; P = 0.75), were not significantly changed by HS administration. Some of the results had high statistical heterogeneity. HS may be promising in the management of disorders involving hyperactive immune system or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis U. Umeoguaju
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Benson C. Ephraim-Emmanuel
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Dental Health Sciences, Ogbia, Bayelsa State College of Health Technology, Otakeme, Nigeria
| | - Joy O. Uba
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Grace E. Bekibele
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Nwondah Chigozie
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourtt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Adverse Effects of Heat Stress on the Intestinal Integrity and Function of Pigs and the Mitigation Capacity of Dietary Antioxidants: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041135. [PMID: 33921090 PMCID: PMC8071411 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) significantly affects the performance of pigs by its induced stressors such as inflammation, hypoxia and oxidative stress (OS), which mightily strain the intestinal integrity and function of pigs. As heat stress progresses, several mechanisms in the intestinal epithelium involved in the absorption of nutrients and its protective functions are altered. Changes in these mechanisms are mainly driven by cellular oxidative stress, which promotes disruption of intestinal homeostasis, leading to intestinal permeability, emphasizing intestinal histology and morphology with little possibility of recovering even after exposure to HS. Identification and understanding of these altered mechanisms are crucial for providing appropriate intervention strategies. Therefore, it is this papers' objective to review the important components for intestinal integrity that are negatively affected by HS and its induced stressors. With due consideration to the amelioration of such effects through nutritional intervention, this work will also look into the capability of dietary antioxidants in mitigating such adverse effects and maintaining the intestine's integrity and function upon the pigs' exposure to high environmental temperature.
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Anghel N, Dinu MV, Zaltariov M, Pamfil D, Spiridon I. New cellulose-collagen-alginate materials incorporated with quercetin, anthocyanins and lipoic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:30-40. [PMID: 33771542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present a new biomaterial based on cellulose, collagen and sodium alginate which served as a matrix for the incorporation of bioactive substances with antioxidant properties. Compared with pure cellulose hydrogels, the compressive strength and the elastic modulus of cellulose-collagen-alginate hydrogels were significantly enhanced, thus the compressive strength increased from 0.256 kPa to 6.91 kPa, while the elastic modulus increased from 0.0023 kPa to 0.115 kPa at 30% strain level. The release kinetic of all drugs through matrix components was done according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with a Fickian diffusion. The presence of bioactive principles, quercetin, lipoic acid and anthocyanins, gives biomaterials an antioxidant capacity on average 30% higher compared to the base matrix. The mechanical resistance, mucoadhesiveness, bioadhesiveness, release kinetic, and antioxidant capacity of active principles, recommend these biomaterials for the manufacture of transdermal drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcis Anghel
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica-Vodă 41, 700487 Iași, Romania.
| | - Maria Valentina Dinu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica-Vodă 41, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Mirela Zaltariov
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica-Vodă 41, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Daniela Pamfil
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica-Vodă 41, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Iuliana Spiridon
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica-Vodă 41, 700487 Iași, Romania
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Li S, Wang T, Wu B, Fu W, Xu B, Pamuru RR, Kennett M, Vanamala JKP, Reddivari L. Anthocyanin-containing purple potatoes ameliorate DSS-induced colitis in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 93:108616. [PMID: 33705951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC), a major form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is on the rise worldwide. Approximately three million people suffer from IBD in the United States alone, but the current therapeutic options (e.g., corticosteroids) come with adverse side effects including reduced ability to fight infections. Thus, there is a critical need for developing effective, safe and evidence-based food products with anti-inflammatory activity. This study evaluated the antiinflammatory potential of purple-fleshed potato using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) murine model of colitis. Mice were randomly assigned to control (AIN-93G diet), P15 (15% purple-fleshed potato diet) and P25 (25% purple-fleshed potato diet) groups. Colitis was induced by 2% DSS administration in drinking water for six days. The results indicated that purple-fleshed potato supplementation suppressed the DSS-induced reduction in body weight and colon length as well as the increase in spleen and liver weights. P15 and P25 diets suppressed the elevation in the intestinal permeability, colonic MPO activity, mRNA expression and protein levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-6 and IL-17, the relative abundance of specific pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and pks+ E. coli, and the increased flagellin levels induced by DSS treatment. P25 alone suppressed the elevated systemic MPO levels in DSS-exposed mice, and elevated the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) as well as attenuated colonic mRNA expression level of IL-17 and the protein levels of IL-6 and IL-1β. Therefore, the purple-fleshed potato has the potential to aid in the amelioration of UC symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Li
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tianmin Wang
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Binning Wu
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wenyi Fu
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru
- Department of Food Science, Penn State University, UniversityPark, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mary Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jairam K P Vanamala
- Department of Food Science, Penn State University, UniversityPark, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lavanya Reddivari
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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Machado APDF, Geraldi MV, do Nascimento RDP, Moya AMTM, Vezza T, Diez-Echave P, Gálvez JJ, Cazarin CBB, Maróstica Júnior MR. Polyphenols from food by-products: An alternative or complementary therapy to IBD conventional treatments. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110018. [PMID: 33648249 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are illnesses characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation and microbial dysbiosis that have emerged as a public health challenge worldwide. It comprises two main conditions: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Currently, conventional therapy to treat IBD are not free from side effects, such as liver and kidney toxicity, drug resistance, and allergic reactions. In view of this, there is growing research for alternative and complementary therapies that, in addition to acting in the prevention or the control of the disease, do not compromise the quality of life and health of individuals. In this sense, a growing body of evidence has confirmed the benefits of natural phenolic compounds in intestinal health. Phenolic compounds or polyphenols are molecules widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom (flowers, vegetables, leaves, and fruits), including plant materials remaining of the handling and food industrial processing, referred to in the scientific literature as by-products, food waste, or bagasse. Since by-products are low-cost, abundant, easily accessible, safe, and rich in bioactive compounds, it becomes an exciting option to extract, concentrate or isolate phenolic compounds to be posteriorly applied in the therapeutic approach of IBD. In this article, we have reviewed the main phenolic compounds present in various plants and by-products that have shown beneficial and/or promising effects in experimental pre-clinical, clinical, and in vitro research with IBD. In addition, we have mentioned and suggested several plants and by-products originated and produced in Latin America that could be part of future research as good sources of specific phenolic compounds to be applied in the prevention and development of alternative treatments for IBD. This review may offer a valuable reference for studies related to IBD administering phenolic compounds from natural, cheap, and easily accessible raw and undervalued materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Vilar Geraldi
- University of Campinas, School of Food Engineering, 80 Monteiro Lobato Street, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Teresa Vezza
- University of Granada, Department of Pharmacology, CIBER-EHD, Institute of Biosanitary Research of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Campus de la Salud, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Diez-Echave
- University of Granada, Department of Pharmacology, CIBER-EHD, Institute of Biosanitary Research of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Campus de la Salud, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Juan Gálvez
- University of Granada, Department of Pharmacology, CIBER-EHD, Institute of Biosanitary Research of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Campus de la Salud, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cinthia Bau Betim Cazarin
- University of Campinas, School of Food Engineering, 80 Monteiro Lobato Street, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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