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Kim HY, Lee JD, Kim H, Kim Y, Park JJ, Oh SB, Goo H, Cho KJ, Kim KB. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics of plasma and urine in dry eye disease (DED)-induced rat model. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39185961 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2393770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is an ophthalmic disease associated with poor quality and quantity of tears, and the number of patients is steadily increasing. The aim of this study was to determine plasma and urine metabolites obtained from DED scopolamine animal model where dry eye conditions (DRY) are induced. It was also of interest to examine whether DED (scopolamine) rat model was exacerbated by treatment with benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Subsequently, plasma and urine metabolites were analyzed using liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS), respectively. Data demonstrated that DED indicators such as tear volume, tear breakup time (TBUT), and corneal damage in the DED groups (DRY and BAC group) differed from those of control (CON). Similar results were noted in inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plots, the three groups were distinctly separated from each other. In addition, the related metabolites were also associated with these distinct separations as evidenced by 9 and 14 in plasma and urine, respectively. Almost all of the selected metabolites were decreased in the DRY group compared to CON, and the BAC group was lower than the DRY. In plasma and urine, lysophosphatidylcholine/lysophosphatidylethanolamine, organic acids, amino acids, and sugars varied between three groups, and these metabolites were related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Data suggest that treatment with scopolamine with/without BAC-induced DED and affected the level of systemic metabolites involved in inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - HongYoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - YuJin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ju Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bean Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoon Goo
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Jin Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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Gundersen M, Jensen P, Nilsen C, Yazdani M, Utheim Ø, Sandås EM, Rootwelt H, Gundersen KG, Elgstøen KBP. Method Development for Omics Analyses using Schirmer Strips. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:708-716. [PMID: 38567868 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2335271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this article was to investigate whether Schirmer strips gathered during clinical dry eye examinations can be prepared for omics analyses in a standardized way, to adjust for variations in tear volume and enable two separate omics analyses from the same sample. In addition, the intention was to investigate whether fluorescein dye instillation in the eyes gave bias effects on metabolomic analysis. METHODS Twelve samples from six individuals, with normal or reduced tear production, were collected. Half of the samples were harvested after instillation of fluorescein in the eye. Each strip was divided in half along the length and prepared with a new method for extracting tear content from the Schirmer strip. The new method was established to compensate for different dilutions of metabolites in varying Schirmer strip wetting levels when using identical extraction volume for all samples. Metabolomic data were compared in samples with and without fluorescein dye and Schirmer strips ranging from 1 to 35 mm wetting levels using a global LC-MS method. RESULTS All samples were successfully analyzed with an average of ∼350 relevant features detected per sample after using both positive and negative electrospray ionization mode, despite low tear volumes in some samples and that only one half of the Schirmer strips were used. Principal component analysis plots and heatmaps revealed no bias effects of fluorescein dye presence or different Schirmer strip values when using the proposed method. CONCLUSION A high number of relevant metabolomic features can be extracted from longitudinally cut halves of Schirmer strips, which may enable analyses with more than one omics modality from the same sample. With the pre-analytical method described, Schirmer strips can be used for metabolomic analyses even in cases of very low or high tear volume with or without fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Gundersen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Jensen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Nilsen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øygunn Utheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Eye Health (Øyehelseklinikken), Oslo, Norway
| | - Elise Mørk Sandås
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helge Rootwelt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Fucito M, Spedicato M, Felletti S, Yu AC, Busin M, Pasti L, Franchina FA, Cavazzini A, De Luca C, Catani M. A Look into Ocular Diseases: The Pivotal Role of Omics Sciences in Ophthalmology Research. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:247-259. [PMID: 38910860 PMCID: PMC11191728 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Precision medicine is a new medical approach which considers both population characteristics and individual variability to provide customized healthcare. The transition from traditional reactive medicine to personalized medicine is based on a biomarker-driven process and a deep knowledge of biological mechanisms according to which the development of diseases occurs. In this context, the advancements in high-throughput omics technologies represent a unique opportunity to discover novel biomarkers and to provide an unbiased picture of the biological system. One of the medical fields in which omics science has started to be recently applied is that of ophthalmology. Ocular diseases are very common, and some of them could be highly disabling, thus leading to vision loss and blindness. The pathogenic mechanism of most ocular diseases may be dependent on various genetic and environmental factors, whose effect has not been yet completely understood. In this context, large-scale omics approaches are fundamental to have a comprehensive evaluation of the whole system and represent an essential tool for the development of novel therapies. This Review summarizes the recent advancements in omics science applied to ophthalmology in the last ten years, in particular by focusing on proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics applications from an analytical perspective. The role of high-efficiency separation techniques coupled to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry ((HR)MS) is also discussed, as well as the impact of sampling, sample preparation and data analysis as integrating parts of the analytical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Fucito
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Spedicato
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Angeli Christy Yu
- Department
of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Busin
- Department
of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Flavio A. Franchina
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Council
for Agricultural Research and Economics, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Ghenciu LA, Hațegan OA, Bolintineanu SL, Dănilă AI, Faur AC, Prodan-Bărbulescu C, Stoicescu ER, Iacob R, Șișu AM. Immune-Mediated Ocular Surface Disease in Diabetes Mellitus-Clinical Perspectives and Treatment: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1303. [PMID: 38927510 PMCID: PMC11201425 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, action, or both, with a global prevalence that has tripled in recent decades. This condition poses significant public health challenges, affecting individuals, healthcare systems, and economies worldwide. Among its numerous complications, ocular surface disease (OSD) is a significant concern, yet understanding its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management remains challenging. This review aims to explore the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies of diabetes-related OSD. The ocular surface, including the cornea, conjunctiva, and associated structures, is vital for maintaining eye health, with the lacrimal functional unit (LFU) playing a crucial role in tear film regulation. In DM, changes in glycosaminoglycan metabolism, collagen synthesis, oxygen consumption, and LFU dysfunction contribute to ocular complications. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules, resulting in neuropathy, tear film abnormalities, and epithelial lesions. Recent advances in molecular research and therapeutic modalities, such as gene and stem cell therapies, show promise for managing diabetic ocular complications. Future research should focus on pathogenetically oriented therapies for diabetic neuropathy and keratopathy, transitioning from animal models to clinical trials to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andreea Ghenciu
- Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ovidiu Alin Hațegan
- Discipline of Anatomy and Embriology, Medicine Faculty, ‘Vasile Goldis’ Western University of Arad, Revolution Boulevard 94, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Sorin Lucian Bolintineanu
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.L.B.); (A.-I.D.); (A.C.F.); (C.P.-B.); (R.I.); (A.M.Ș.)
| | - Alexandra-Ioana Dănilă
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.L.B.); (A.-I.D.); (A.C.F.); (C.P.-B.); (R.I.); (A.M.Ș.)
| | - Alexandra Corina Faur
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.L.B.); (A.-I.D.); (A.C.F.); (C.P.-B.); (R.I.); (A.M.Ș.)
| | - Cătălin Prodan-Bărbulescu
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.L.B.); (A.-I.D.); (A.C.F.); (C.P.-B.); (R.I.); (A.M.Ș.)
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- IInd Surgery Clinic, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Emil Robert Stoicescu
- Field of Applied Engineering Sciences, Specialization Statistical Methods and Techniques in Health and Clinical Research, Faculty of Mechanics, ‘Politehnica’ University Timisoara, Mihai Viteazul Boulevard No. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Iacob
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.L.B.); (A.-I.D.); (A.C.F.); (C.P.-B.); (R.I.); (A.M.Ș.)
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Field of Applied Engineering Sciences, Specialization Statistical Methods and Techniques in Health and Clinical Research, Faculty of Mechanics, ‘Politehnica’ University Timisoara, Mihai Viteazul Boulevard No. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Alina Maria Șișu
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.L.B.); (A.-I.D.); (A.C.F.); (C.P.-B.); (R.I.); (A.M.Ș.)
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Lee Y, Park J, Bang S, Kwon Y. A Standardized Extract of Green-Cotyledon Small Black Soybean (EYESOY®) Ameliorates Dry Eye Syndrome in an Animal Model. Curr Eye Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38856074 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2357599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye syndrome is a common ocular disease that causes morbidity, high healthcare burden, and decreased quality of life. In this study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of a standardized extract of small black soybean (EYESOY®) in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced murine model of dry eye. METHODS Experimental dry eye was induced by instillation of 0.02% BAC on the right eye of the Sprague-Dawley rats. Saline solution or EYESOY were administered orally every day for 8 weeks. RESULTS EYESOY significantly improved tear volume in the cornea compared with that in the BAC group. Moreover, EYESOY inhibited damage to the corneal epithelial cells and lacrimal glands by suppressing the oxidative and inflammatory responses in a mouse dry eye model. It also increased the goblet cell density and mucin integrity in the conjunctiva. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that EYESOY has the potential to alleviate dry eye syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Lee
- Bio Technology R&D Center, WiLab Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Park
- Bio Technology R&D Center, WiLab Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunah Bang
- Bio Technology R&D Center, WiLab Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongbum Kwon
- Bio Technology R&D Center, WiLab Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lozano-Sanroma J, Barros A, Alcalde I, Alvarado-Villacorta R, Sánchez-Ávila RM, Queiruga-Piñeiro J, Cueto LFV, Anitua E, Merayo-Lloves J. Efficacy and Safety of Plasma Rich in Growth Factor in Patients with Congenital Aniridia and Dry Eye Disease. Diseases 2024; 12:76. [PMID: 38667534 PMCID: PMC11048876 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital aniridia is a rare bilateral ocular malformation characterized by the partial or complete absence of the iris and is frequently associated with various anomalies, including keratopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and foveal and optic nerve hypoplasia. Additionally, nearly 50% of individuals with congenital aniridia experience symptoms of ocular dryness. Traditional treatment encompasses artificial tears and autologous serum. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of using platelet rich in growth factors (PRGF) plasma in patients with congenital aniridia and ocular dryness symptoms. METHODS The included patients underwent two cycles of a 3-month PRGF treatment. At 6 months, symptomatology was evaluated using the OSDI and SANDE questionnaires, and ocular surface parameters were analyzed. RESULTS The OSDI and SANDE values for frequency and severity demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05). Ocular redness, corneal damage (corneal staining), and tear volume (Schirmer test) also exhibited statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in visual acuity or in the grade of meibomian gland loss. CONCLUSION The use of PRGF in patients with congenital aniridia and ocular dryness symptoms led to significant improvements in symptomatology, ocular redness, and ocular damage. No adverse effects were observed during the use of PRGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lozano-Sanroma
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.B.); (I.A.); (J.Q.-P.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Alberto Barros
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.B.); (I.A.); (J.Q.-P.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.B.); (I.A.); (J.Q.-P.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rosa Alvarado-Villacorta
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.B.); (I.A.); (J.Q.-P.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Ronald M. Sánchez-Ávila
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Biotechnology Institute (BTI), 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (R.M.S.-Á.); (E.A.)
| | - Juan Queiruga-Piñeiro
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.B.); (I.A.); (J.Q.-P.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Luis Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.B.); (I.A.); (J.Q.-P.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Biotechnology Institute (BTI), 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (R.M.S.-Á.); (E.A.)
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.B.); (I.A.); (J.Q.-P.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Maehara H, Norikawa K, Tanaka K, Kato Y, Kasai A, Mukai R, Omori T, Machida T, Sekine H, Sekiryu T. Complement activation products in tears of dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:43. [PMID: 38168536 PMCID: PMC10761822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Sixty-seven patients (38 woman; median age, 69 years) were enrolled to assess complement activation products (CAPs) in tear fluid with/without dry eye (DE) and with/without meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Patients were divided into four groups based on the presence/absence of DE and MGD: group DM had both DE and MGD, group DN had DE without MGD, group NM had MGD without DE, and group NN had neither DE nor MGD. The levels of C3a and C5a in the collected tears were analyzed using a cytometric bead array. The C3a concentrations in the DM, DN, NM, and NN groups were 2326 pg/ml, 1411 pg/ml, 1821 pg/ml, and 978 pg/ml, respectively. The C5a concentrations in the DM, DN, NM, and NN groups were 24.7 pg/ml, 15.3 pg/ml, 24.1 pg/ml, and 12.9 pg/ml, respectively. The concentrations of C3a and C5a in the DM and NM groups were significantly higher than in the NN group (P < 0.05 for both comparisons). The CAPs in the tear fluid in MGD and DE increased. Local dysregulation of the innate immune system can be associated with the development of MGD and DE in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Maehara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan.
| | - Koki Norikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Akihito Kasai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Ryo Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Tomoko Omori
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Machida
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideharu Sekine
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuju Sekiryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan.
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Huang B, Zhang N, Qiu X, Zeng R, Wang S, Hua M, Li Q, Nan K, Lin S. Mitochondria-targeted SkQ1 nanoparticles for dry eye disease: Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by preventing mitochondrial DNA oxidation. J Control Release 2024; 365:1-15. [PMID: 37972763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder mutually promoted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ocular surface inflammation. NLRP3 is the key regulator for inducing ocular surface inflammation in DED. However, the mechanism by which ROS influences the bio-effects of NLRP3, and the consequent development of DED, largely remains elusive. In the present study, we uncovered that robust ROS can oxidate mitochondrial DNA (ox-mtDNA) along with loss of mitochondria compaction causing the cytosolic release of ox-mtDNA and subsequent co-localization with cytosolic NLRP3, which can promote the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and stimulate NLRP3-mediated inflammation. Visomitin (also known as SkQ1), a mitochondria-targeted anti-oxidant, could reverse such a process by in situ scavenging of mitochondrial ROS. To effectively deliver SkQ1, we further developed a novel mitochondria-targeted SkQ1 nanoparticle (SkQ1 NP) using a charge-driven self-assembly strategy. Compared with free SkQ1, SkQ1 NPs exhibited significantly higher cytosolic- and mitochondrial-ROS scavenging activity (1.7 and 1.9 times compared to levels of the free SkQ1 group), thus exerting a better in vitro protective effect against H2O2-induced cell death in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). After topical administration, SkQ1 NPs significantly reduced in vivo mtDNA oxidation, while suppressing the expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β, which consequently resulted in better therapeutic effects against DED. Results suggested that by efficiently scavenging mitochondrial ROS, SkQ1 NPs could in situ inhibit DED-induced mtDNA oxidation, thus blocking the interaction of ox-mtDNA and NLRP3; this, in turn, suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory signaling. Results suggested that SkQ1 NPs have great potential as a new treatment for DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Na Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; First Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern University, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xi'an 710002, China
| | - Xinying Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shuimiao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Mengxia Hua
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Kaihui Nan
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Sen Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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9
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Tham ML, Mahmud A, Abdullah M, Md Saleh R, Mohammad Razali A, Cheah YK, Mohd Taib N, Ho KL, Mahmud M, Mohd Isa M. Tear Samples for Protein Extraction: Comparative Analysis of Schirmer's Test Strip and Microcapillary Tube Methods. Cureus 2023; 15:e50972. [PMID: 38259376 PMCID: PMC10800704 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tear sampling is an attractive option for collecting biological samples in ophthalmology clinics, as it offers a non-invasive alternative to other invasive techniques. However, there are many tear sampling methods still in consideration. This study explores the suitability of Schirmer's test strip and microcapillary tube as reliable and satisfactory methods for tear sampling. METHODS Tear samples were collected from eight healthy volunteers using the standard Schirmer's test strip method with or without anesthesia and microcapillary tubes. The total tear protein concentrations were analyzed via spectrophotometry and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay. The protein profile was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal wetting length of Schirmer's strip and suitable buffer solutions were compared. Discomfort levels reported by participants and the ease of execution for ophthalmologists were also evaluated. RESULTS Tear samples exhibited typical protein profiles as shown by SDS-PAGE. The mean total protein obtained from an optimum wetting length of 20 mm using Schirmer's strip without anesthesia in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) yielded substantial quantities of protein as measured by nanophotometer (220.20 ± 67.43 µg) and the BCA protein assay (210.34 ± 59.46 µg). This method collected a significantly higher quantity of protein compared to the microcapillary tube method (p=0.004) which was much more difficult to standardize. The clinician found it harder to utilize microcapillary tubes, while participants experienced higher insecurity and less discomfort with the microcapillary tube method. PBS used during the tear protein extraction process eluted higher tear protein concentration than ammonium bicarbonate, although the difference was not statistically significant. Using anaesthesia did not ease the sampling procedure substantially and protein quantity was maintained. CONCLUSION Good quality and quantity of protein from tear samples were extracted with the optimized procedure. Schirmer's strip test in the absence of local anesthesia provided a standard, convenient, and non-invasive method for tear collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Ling Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Aidalina Mahmud
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Maha Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Rafidah Md Saleh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Amirah Mohammad Razali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Niazlin Mohd Taib
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Mazaya Mahmud
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Muhammad Mohd Isa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
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Yazdani M. Tear film lipid layer and corneal oxygenation: a new function? Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:3534-3541. [PMID: 37138094 PMCID: PMC10686381 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic model of tear film is composed of mucin layer, aqueous layer and the outermost tear film lipid layer (TFLL). The complex mixture of different classes of lipids, mainly secreted by meibomian glands, gives the TFLL unique physicochemical properties. Based on these properties, several functions of TFLL have been found and/or proposed such as the resistance to evaporation and facilitating the formation of a thin film. However, the role of TFLL in the oxygenation of the cornea, a transparent avascular tissue, has never been discussed in the literature. The continuous metabolic activity of the corneal surface and the replenishment of atmospheric gas creates an O2 gradient in the tear film. The molecules of O2 must therefore be transferred from the gas phase to the liquid phase through the TFLL. This process is a function of the diffusion and solubility of the lipid layer as well as interface transfer, which is influenced by alterations in the physical state and lipid composition. In the absence of research on TFLL, the present paper aims to bring the topic into the spotlight for the first time based on existing knowledge on O2 permeability of the lipid membranes and evaporation resistance of the lipid layers. The oxidative stress generated in perturbed lipid layers and the consequent adverse effects are also covered. The function of the TFLL proposed here intends to encourage future research in both basic and clinical sciences, e.g., opening new avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular surface conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0027, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Fineide FA, Tashbayev B, Elgstøen KBP, Sandås EM, Rootwelt H, Hynne H, Chen X, Ræder S, Vehof J, Dartt D, Jensen JL, Utheim TP. Tear and Saliva Metabolomics in Evaporative Dry Eye Disease in Females. Metabolites 2023; 13:1125. [PMID: 37999221 PMCID: PMC10673540 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of dry eye disease (DED) is challenging, and even today there is no gold standard biomarker of DED. Hypothesis-free global metabolomic studies of tears from DED patients have great potential to discover metabolites and pathways affected in the pathophysiology of DED, and to identify possible future biomarkers. These metabolites and biomarkers could be important for diagnosing and monitoring disease as well as for new therapeutic targets and strategies. As DED is associated with dry mouth, this study aimed to perform metabolomic analyses of tears and saliva from patients with decreased tear film break-up time but normal Schirmer test, and age-matched controls with both tear production and stability within physiological range. We applied strict inclusion criteria to reduce sampling bias in the metabolomic analyses and selected only age-matched females with Schirmer test values between 10-15 mm/5 min. The tear film analysis arm included 19 patients (with tear film break-up time 0-5 s) and 12 controls (with tear film break-up time 10-30 s), while the salivary analysis arm consisted of a subset which included 18 patients and six controls. Metabolomic analyses were performed using liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analyses using a global database search detected a total of 56 metabolites in tear samples that were significantly different between the groups. Of these, several have known associations with DED. These metabolites are present in meibum and have anti-oxidative characteristics or associations with the ocular microbiome, and altered concentrations suggest that they may play a significant role in DED associated with decreased tear film stability. In saliva, hypotaurine levels were lower among patients with tear film instability. In this pilot study, we found different levels of several metabolites in patients with decreased tear film break-up time that may have associations with DED. Future studies are required to replicate our findings and clarify the exact roles of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik A. Fineide
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, 0366 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Behzod Tashbayev
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, 0366 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Elise M. Sandås
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helge Rootwelt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Hynne
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Drammen Hospital Trust, 3004 Drammen, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Trust, 4838 Arendal, Norway
| | - Sten Ræder
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, 0366 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jelle Vehof
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Darlene Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Janicke L. Jensen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor P. Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Taylor Gonzalez DJ, Djulbegovic M, Antonietti M, Cordova M, Dayhoff GW, Mattes R, Galor A, Uversky VN, Karp CL. Intrinsic Disorder in the Human Tear Proteome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:14. [PMID: 37561450 PMCID: PMC10424804 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to characterize the proteome of human tears and assess for the presence of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). IDPs, despite lacking a rigid three-dimensional structure, maintain biological functionality and could shed light on the molecular interactions within tears. Methods We analyzed a dataset of 1475 proteins identified in the tear film of three healthy subjects. We employed several computational tools, including the Compositional Profiler, Rapid Intrinsic Disorder Analysis Online, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, and Database of Disordered Protein Predictors to evaluate the intrinsic disorder, protein interactions, and functional characterization of the disordered regions within this proteome. Results Our analysis showed a notable inclination toward intrinsic disorder. Two out of 10 order-promoting residues and five out of 10 disorder-promoting residues were found enriched. Using the Predictor of Natural Disordered Regions (PONDR) VSL2 output, 95% of these proteins were classified as highly or moderately disordered. We revealed an extensive protein-protein interaction network with significant interaction enrichment. The most disordered proteins exhibited higher disorder binding sites and diverse posttranslational modifications compared to the most ordered ones. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive analysis of intrinsic disorder in the human tear film proteome, and it revealed an abundance of IDPs and their role in protein function and interaction networks. These findings suggest that variations in the intrinsic disorder of a tear film could be impacted by systemic and ocular conditions, offering promising avenues for disease biomarker identification and drug target development. Further research is needed to understand the implications of these findings in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mak Djulbegovic
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Michael Antonietti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Matthew Cordova
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Guy W. Dayhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Robby Mattes
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
- Ophthalmology, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States
- Research Services, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Carol L. Karp
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
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13
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Adigal SS, Bhandary SV, Hegde N, Nidheesh VR, John RV, Rizvi A, George SD, Kartha VB, Chidangil S. Protein profile analysis of tear fluid with hyphenated HPLC-UV LED-induced fluorescence detection for the diagnosis of dry eye syndrome. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22559-22568. [PMID: 37501778 PMCID: PMC10369224 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04389d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear fluid contains organic and inorganic constituents, variations in their relative concentrations could provide valuable information and can be useful for the detection of several ophthalmological diseases. This report describes the application of the lab-assembled light-emitting diode (LED)-based high-performance liquid chromatography system for protein profiling of tear fluids to diagnose dry eye disease. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), match/no-match, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based binary classification of protein profile data were performed for disease diagnosis. Results from the match/no-match test of the protein profile data showed 94.4% sensitivity and 87.8% specificity. ANN with the leaving one out procedure has given 91.6% sensitivity and 93.9% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphurti S Adigal
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India 576104
| | - Sulatha V Bhandary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal Karnataka India 576104
| | - Nagaraj Hegde
- Ato-gear BV Schimmelt 28 5611 ZX Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - V R Nidheesh
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India 576104
| | - Reena V John
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India 576104
| | - Alisha Rizvi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal Karnataka India 576104
| | - Sajan D George
- Centre for Applied Nanotechnology, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India 567104
| | - V B Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India 576104
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India 576104
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14
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Maehara H, Norikawa K, Tanaka K, Kato Y, Kasai A, Omori T, Machida T, Sekine H, Sekiryu T. Tear fluid and complement activation products in tears after ocular surgery. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:329. [PMID: 37464366 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to technological advancements, surgical invasiveness has been reduced. However, cataract surgery has been implicated in causing postoperative inflammation, including dry eye syndrome. The innate immune system may be involved in postoperative inflammation, and complement activation could potentially play a crucial role in defense against pathogens, homeostasis, and wound healing. To investigate changes in the tear film complement activation products (CAPs) and ocular surface after vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery. METHODS Forty-three patients (23 women; median age, 69 years) were enrolled in this prospective study and underwent phacoemulsification and vitrectomy. We measured Schirmer's test (ST) and CAPs in the tears at baseline (the day before surgery), 4 days and 1 month after the surgery. Tears were collected in microtubes. The CAPs in the tear fluid were analyzed by cytometric bead array. RESULTS The median ST (8.5 mm) at baseline increased to 16 mm at 4 days ( P < 0.001) and 10 mm at 1 month (P = 0.44). The C3a levels (1202 pg/ml) at baseline increased to 2753 pg/ml at 4 days (P < 0.001), and 1763 pg/ml at 1 month (P = 0.049). The C4a levels (476 pg/ml) at baseline increased to 880 pg/ml at 4 days (P < 0.001), and 657 pg/ml at 1 month (P = 0.013). The C5a levels (22.6 pg/ml) at baseline increased to 470.9 pg/ml at 4 days (P < 0.001), and 38.3 pg/ml at 1 month (P = 0.0048). The surgical eyes were divided into the short ST group (≦ 10 mm, n = 22) and long ST group (> 10 mm, n = 21) based on the preoperative ST values. At 1 month postoperatively, the C3a levels were 2194 pg/ml in the preoperative short ST group and 1391 pg/ml in the long ST group, with significantly higher C3a concentrations in the short ST group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The CAPs levels in tears increased after vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery. A preoperative deficit in tear secretion might induce prolonged complement activation and delayed recovery of ocular surface parameters postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Maehara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Koki Norikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Akihito Kasai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan
| | - Tomoko Omori
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Machida
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideharu Sekine
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuju Sekiryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan.
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Raveendran R, Prabakaran L, Senthil R, Yesudhason BV, Dharmalingam S, Sathyaraj WV, Atchudan R. Current Innovations in Intraocular Pressure Monitoring Biosensors for Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma-Novel Strategies and Future Perspectives. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:663. [PMID: 37367028 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are devices that quantify biologically significant information required for diverse applications, such as disease diagnosis, food safety, drug discovery and detection of environmental pollutants. Recent advancements in microfluidics, nanotechnology and electronics have led to the development of novel implantable and wearable biosensors for the expedient monitoring of diseases such as diabetes, glaucoma and cancer. Glaucoma is an ocular disease which ranks as the second leading cause for loss of vision. It is characterized by the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) in human eyes, which results in irreversible blindness. Currently, the reduction of IOP is the only treatment used to manage glaucoma. However, the success rate of medicines used to treat glaucoma is quite minimal due to their curbed bioavailability and reduced therapeutic efficacy. The drugs must pass through various barriers to reach the intraocular space, which in turn serves as a major challenge in glaucoma treatment. Rapid progress has been observed in nano-drug delivery systems for the early diagnosis and prompt therapy of ocular diseases. This review gives a deep insight into the current advancements in the field of nanotechnology for detecting and treating glaucoma, as well as for the continuous monitoring of IOP. Various nanotechnology-based achievements, such as nanoparticle/nanofiber-based contact lenses and biosensors that can efficiently monitor IOP for the efficient detection of glaucoma, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubiya Raveendran
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lokesh Prabakaran
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rethinam Senthil
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beryl Vedha Yesudhason
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sankari Dharmalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Weslen Vedakumari Sathyaraj
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Wen X, Ng TK, Liu Q, Wu Z, Zhang G, Zhang M. Azelaic acid and guanosine in tears improve discrimination of proliferative from non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type-2 diabetes patients: A tear metabolomics study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16109. [PMID: 37305454 PMCID: PMC10256905 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the microvascular ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which can lead to irreversible blindness and visual impairment if not properly treated. Tears can be collected non-invasively, and the compositions of tears could be the potential biomarkers for ocular diseases. Here we aimed to delineate the metabolomics signature in tears collected from Chinese type-2 DM patients with DR. Methods The metabolomics profiles of tear samples from 41 Chinese type-2 DM patients with DR and 21 non-diabetic subjects were determined by the untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The associated pathways of the differentially abundant metabolites were delineated, and the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to identify the metabolites differentiating non-proliferative DR (NPDR) from proliferative DR (PDR). Results Total 14 differentially abundant metabolites were identified between total DR and non-diabetic subjects, and 17 differentially abundant metabolites were found between the NPDR and PDR subjects. Moreover, total 18 differentially abundant metabolites were identified between the NPDR and PDR subjects with stratification in DR duration and blood glucose level. d-Glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism was significantly highlighted in the PDR group as compared to the non-diabetic group. For the predictive performance, azelaic acid combined with guanosine achieved the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.855 in the comparison between NPDR and PDR groups. Conclusion This study revealed the metabolomics changes in tear samples of DR patients. The metabolites in tears could be the potential biomarkers in the DR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingping Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenggen Wu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guihua Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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17
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Demolin L, Es-Safi M, Soyfoo MS, Motulsky E. Intense Pulsed Light Therapy in the Treatment of Dry Eye Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12083039. [PMID: 37109374 PMCID: PMC10145895 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12083039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intense pulsed light therapy (IPL) is a recently developed way of treating dry eye disease (DED). During the last decade, there was a multiplication of trials studying IPL efficacy. The goal of this review is to summarize the most important and significant results of these trials estimating effect sizes. METHODS The PubMed and sciencedirect databases were searched using a PICO model-based approach. Randomized controlled trials including at least 20 patients with DED and no other eye condition, with a control group and break-up time or symptom scores data available for extraction were included in this review. Statistical analysis evaluated the tear break-up time (TBUT), non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT), ocular surface disease index (OSDI), and standard patient evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED). Three comparisons were carried on for each outcome: longest follow-up values vs. baseline in the treatment group, longest follow-up values in the treatment group vs. control group, and changes from baseline in the treatment group vs. control group. A subgroup analysis was carried on. RESULTS Eleven randomized controlled trials, published between 2015 and 2021 were included in this systematic review with 759 patients in total. The longest follow-up values vs. baseline in the treatment group analyses were significantly in favor of IPL for all the parameters studied for instance: NIBUT (effect size (ES), 2.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), (1.43; 2.62)), TBUT (ES, 1.83; 95% CI, (0.96; 2.69)), OSDI (ES, -1.38; 95% CI, (-2.12; -0.64)) and SPEED (ES, -1.15; 95% CI, (-1.72; -0.57)). The longest follow-up values in the treatment group vs. control group analyses, and, the change from baseline in the treatment group vs. control group analyses, were both significantly in favor of IPL for NIBUT, TBUT, and SPEED but not for OSDI. CONCLUSIONS IPL seems to have a positive effect on tear stability evaluated by the break-up times. However, the effect on DED symptoms is less clear. Some confounding factors such as the age and the IPL device used influence the results indicating that the ideal settings still need to be found and personalized for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Demolin
- Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Majda Es-Safi
- Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department, Erasme Hospital, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Shahnawaz Soyfoo
- Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Rheumatology Department, Erasme Hospital, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elie Motulsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department, Erasme Hospital, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Garwolińska D, Kot-Wasik A, Hewelt-Belka W. Pre-analytical aspects in metabolomics of human biofluids - sample collection, handling, transport, and storage. Mol Omics 2023; 19:95-104. [PMID: 36524542 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00212d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is the field of omics research that offers valuable insights into the complex composition of biological samples. It has found wide application in clinical diagnostics, disease investigation, therapy prediction, monitoring of treatment efficiency, drug discovery, or in-depth analysis of sample composition. A suitable study design constitutes the fundamental requirements to ensure robust and reliable results from the study data. The study design process should include a careful selection of conditions for each experimental step, from sample collection to data analysis. The pre-analytical variability that can introduce bias to the subsequent analytical process, decrease the outcome reliability, and confuse the final results of the metabolomics research, should also be considered. Herein, we provide key information regarding the pre-analytical variables affecting the metabolomics studies of biological fluids that are the most desirable type of biological samples. Our work offers a practical review that can serve and guide metabolomics pre-analytical design. It indicates pre-analytical factors, which can introduce artificial data variation and should be identified and understood during experimental design (through literature overview or analytical experiments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Garwolińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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19
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Jin T, Liu X, Li Y, Li PC, Wan MM, Li LJ, Shi L, Fu ZY, Gao WP. Electroacupuncture Reduces Ocular Surface Neuralgia in Dry-Eyed Guinea Pigs by Inhibiting the Trigeminal Ganglion and Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis P2X 3R-PKC Signaling Pathway. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:546-556. [PMID: 36803321 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2176886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To observe the effects of electroacupuncture on ocular surface neuralgia and the P2X3R-PKC signaling pathway in guinea pigs with dry eye. METHODS A dry eye guinea pig model was established by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine hydrobromide. Guinea pigs were monitored for body weight, palpebral fissure height, number of blinks, corneal fluorescein staining score, phenol red thread test, and corneal mechanical perception threshold. Histopathological changes and mRNA expression of P2X3R and protein kinase C in the trigeminal ganglion and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis were observed. We performed a second part of the experiment, which involved the P2X3R-specific antagonist A317491 and the P2X3R agonist ATP in dry-eyed guinea pigs to further validate the involvement of the P2X3R-protein kinase C signaling pathway in the regulation of ocular surface neuralgia in dry eye. The number of blinks and corneal mechanical perception threshold were monitored before and 5 min after subconjunctival injection and the protein expression of P2X3R and protein kinase C was detected in the trigeminal ganglion and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis of guinea pigs. RESULTS Dry-eyed guinea pigs showed pain-related manifestations and the expression of P2X3R and protein kinase C in the trigeminal ganglion and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis was upregulated. Electroacupuncture reduced pain-related manifestations and inhibited the expression of P2X3R and protein kinase C in the trigeminal ganglion and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Subconjunctival injection of A317491 attenuated corneal mechanoreceptive nociceptive sensitization in dry-eyed guinea pigs, while ATP blocked the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture. CONCLUSIONS Electroacupuncture reduced ocular surface sensory neuralgia in dry-eyed guinea pigs, and the mechanism of action may be associated with the inhibition of the P2X3R-protein kinase C signaling pathway in the trigeminal ganglion and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis by electroacupuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-Chen Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mi-Mi Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu-Jiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhang-Yitian Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Ping Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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20
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New insight of metabolomics in ocular diseases in the context of 3P medicine. EPMA J 2023; 14:53-71. [PMID: 36866159 PMCID: PMC9971428 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-023-00313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics refers to the high-through untargeted or targeted screening of metabolites in biofluids, cells, and tissues. Metabolome reflects the functional states of cells and organs of an individual, influenced by genes, RNA, proteins, and environment. Metabolomic analyses help to understand the interaction between metabolism and phenotype and reveal biomarkers for diseases. Advanced ocular diseases can lead to vision loss and blindness, reducing patients' quality of life and aggravating socio-economic burden. Contextually, the transition from reactive medicine to the predictive, preventive, and personalized (PPPM / 3P) medicine is needed. Clinicians and researchers dedicate a lot of efforts to explore effective ways for disease prevention, biomarkers for disease prediction, and personalized treatments, by taking advantages of metabolomics. In this way, metabolomics has great clinical utility in the primary and secondary care. In this review, we summarized much progress achieved by applying metabolomics to ocular diseases and pointed out potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways involved to promote 3P medicine approach in healthcare.
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Choo J, Liao CH, Tseng CL, Chen JL, Cheng HC, Liang CL, Juo SHH. Inhibition of microRNA-328 Increases Ocular Mucin Expression and Conjunctival Goblet Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020287. [PMID: 36830824 PMCID: PMC9953597 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported anti-miR-328 therapy for dry eye disease (DED). Since decreased mucin secretion is a risk factor for DED, we aimed to explore whether anti-miR-328 affects mucin expression and goblet cells. MiR-328 was increased in goblet cells when they were under desiccating stress or treated with benzalkonium chloride (BAC), both of which are risk factors for DED. Based on bioinformatics tool results, miR-328 was predicted to directly target the transcription factor CREB1 that has been known to promote the expression of mucin5AC. The inhibitory effect of miR-328 on CREB1 was confirmed by the transfection assay. A miR-328 binding site on the CREB1 gene was confirmed by the luciferase assay. Furthermore, anti-miR-328 increased CREB1 and mucin5AC in cultured goblet cells according to qPCR, Western blot, and IF staining experiments. Anti-miR-328 increased mucin5AC secretion from the cultured goblet cells based on an ELISA assay for the cultured medium. Finally, impression cytology data revealed anti-miR-328 increased conjunctival goblet cells in the DED rabbits induced by BAC. In conclusion, anti-miR-328 increases CREB1 expression leading to an increase in mucin5AC production and secretion. Furthermore, anti-miR-328 also increases conjunctival goblet cells. These results warrant the further development of anti-miR-328 therapy for DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Choo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Huei Liao
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Li Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Chuan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ling Liang
- Bright-Eyes Clinic, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
- Dreamhawk Vision Biotech, Inc., Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.L.); (S.-H.H.J.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 2211) (S.-H.H.J.)
| | - Suh-Hang Hank Juo
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Dreamhawk Vision Biotech, Inc., Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.L.); (S.-H.H.J.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 2211) (S.-H.H.J.)
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22
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Baiza-Durán LM, Muñoz-Villegas P, Sánchez-Ríos A, Olvera-Montaño O. Efficacy and Safety of an Ophthalmic DMPC-Based Nanoemulsion in Patients with Dry Eye Disease: A Phase I/II Randomized Clinical Trial. J Ophthalmol 2023; 2023:1431473. [PMID: 37077305 PMCID: PMC10110385 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1431473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The goals of this study were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an ophthalmic 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC)-based nanoemulsion (Nanodrop®) in patients with dry eye disease (DED). Methods This was a randomized phase I/II multicentric, prospective, double-blind clinical trial. Patients (phase I: n = 25 and phase II: n = 101) were assigned to receive either PRO-176 (Nanodrop®) or Systane Balance® (control) for 29 days. Once the visits of the first 25 subjects were completed, if there were less than 20% of unexpected adverse events (AEs), related to PRO-176, recruitment was continued until the sample was completed for noninferiority (efficacy) analysis (phase II, n = 126). Efficacy endpoints were the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), epithelial defects, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and the incidence of expected AE. Results For the phase I portion of the study, there were no differences between groups regarding the incidence of AE. All related-AE symptoms in both groups were mild and expected. For the phase II subset, there was a significant reduction in OSDI scores at day 29 and noninferiority between treatments was confirmed (p=0.650, CI 95% [-8.7, 5.5]). Similar improvement was observed for TBUT although no significant intergroup differences were found (p=0.518, CI 95% [-0.08, 1.6]). There were no significant differences between treatments for epithelial staining or safety parameters. Conclusions Topical application of PRO-176 is as safe and effective as the controls. Both groups were clinically similar in terms of efficacy and safety. The results support the hypothesis that ophthalmic DMPC-based nanoemulsion may improve clinical parameters and symptoms in patients with DED. This trial is registered with NCT04111965.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oscar Olvera-Montaño
- Regional Medical Affairs Department, Laboratorios Sophia SA de CV, Guadalajara, Mexico
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23
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Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the two major analytical platforms in the field of metabolomics, the other being mass spectrometry (MS). NMR is less sensitive than MS and hence it detects a relatively small number of metabolites. However, NMR exhibits numerous unique characteristics including its high reproducibility and non-destructive nature, its ability to identify unknown metabolites definitively, and its capabilities to obtain absolute concentrations of all detected metabolites, sometimes even without an internal standard. These characteristics outweigh the relatively low sensitivity and resolution of NMR in metabolomics applications. Since biological mixtures are highly complex, increased demand for new methods to improve detection, better identify unknown metabolites, and provide more accurate quantitation continues unabated. Technological and methodological advances to date have helped to improve the resolution and sensitivity and detection of a larger number of metabolite signals. Efforts focused on measuring unknown metabolite signals have resulted in the identification and quantitation of an expanded pool of metabolites including labile metabolites such as cellular redox coenzymes, energy coenzymes, and antioxidants. This chapter describes quantitative NMR methods in metabolomics with an emphasis on recent methodological developments, while highlighting the benefits and challenges of NMR-based metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Nagana Gowda
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Theodoridis K, Gika H, Kotali A. Acylcarnitines in Ophthalmology: Promising Emerging Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416183. [PMID: 36555822 PMCID: PMC9784861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several common ocular diseases are leading causes of irreversible visual impairment. Over the last decade, various mainly untargeted metabolic studies have been performed to show that metabolic dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. A number of metabolites in plasma/serum, aqueous or vitreous humor, or in tears have been found to differ between patients and controls; among them are L-carnitine and acylcarnitines, which are essential for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. The metabolic profile of carnitines regarding a variety of diseases has attracted researchers' interest. In this review, we present and discuss recent advances that have been made in the identification of carnitines as potential metabolic biomarkers in common ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, central retinal vein occlusion, primary open-angle glaucoma, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and dry eye syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Helen Gika
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigoni Kotali
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Global Metabolomics Discovers Two Novel Biomarkers in Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy Caused by ALDH7A1 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416061. [PMID: 36555701 PMCID: PMC9784804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is a rare autosomal recessive developmental and epileptic encephalopathy caused by pathogenic variants in the ALDH7A1 gene (PDE-ALDH7A1), which mainly has its onset in neonates and infants. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe neurological sequelae or death. Sensitive, specific, and stable biomarkers for diagnostic evaluations and follow-up examinations are essential to optimize outcomes. However, most of the known biomarkers for PDE lack these criteria. Additionally, there is little discussion regarding the interdependence of biomarkers in the PDE-ALDH7A1 metabolite profile. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the underlying mechanisms in PDE-ALDH7A1 and to discover new biomarkers in the plasma of patients using global metabolomics. Plasma samples from 9 patients with genetically confirmed PDE-ALDH7A1 and 22 carefully selected control individuals were analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Two novel and reliable pyridoxine-independent diagnostic markers, 6-hydroxy-2-aminocaproic acid (HACA) and an isomer of C9H11NO4, were identified. Furthermore, a possible reaction mechanism is proposed for HACA. This study demonstrates the capability of global metabolomics in disease screening to detect established and novel biomarkers.
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26
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Metabolomics and Biomarkers in Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Diseases. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090814. [PMID: 36144219 PMCID: PMC9503269 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is one of the most important structures in the eye, and the vascular health of the retina and choroid is critical to visual function. Metabolomics provides an analytical approach to endogenous small molecule metabolites in organisms, summarizes the results of “gene-environment interactions”, and is an ideal analytical tool to obtain “biomarkers” related to disease information. This study discusses the metabolic changes in neovascular diseases involving the retina and discusses the progress of the study from the perspective of metabolomics design and analysis. This study advocates a comparative strategy based on existing studies, which encompasses optimization of the performance of newly identified biomarkers and the consideration of the basis of existing studies, which facilitates quality control of newly discovered biomarkers and is recommended as an additional reference strategy for new biomarker discovery. Finally, by describing the metabolic mechanisms of retinal and choroidal neovascularization, based on the results of existing studies, this study provides potential opportunities to find new therapeutic approaches.
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Ding J, Su G, Wang H, Tian X, Xu J, Li N, Luo X, Yang P. Comparison of metabolic profiles in aqueous humor of Fuchs' syndrome and presumed viral-induced anterior uveitis patients. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:1065-1081. [PMID: 35849327 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate and compare the metabolic profiles in the aqueous humor of Han Chinese patients with Fuchs' syndrome and presumed viral-induced anterior uveitis (PVIAU). METHODS The metabolites in the aqueous humor of 20 Fuchs' syndrome patients, 20 PVIAU patients and 20 senile cataract control patients were detected by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Differential metabolites were analyzed by Student's t-test, multivariate analysis, cluster analysis and correlation analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was applied to explore the potential disrupted metabolic pathways in Fuchs' syndrome and PVIAU. RESULTS Comparisons of metabolic profiles identified 29 differential metabolites between Fuchs' syndrome patients and controls, 36 differential metabolites between PVIAU patients and controls, and 30 differential metabolites between Fuchs' syndrome patients and PVIAU patients. DL-serine was markedly elevated in Fuchs' syndrome, and 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in PVIAU. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that the differential metabolites in Fuchs' syndrome compared with control were mostly enriched in central carbon metabolism in cancer, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and mineral absorption, while those in PVIAU compared with control were mostly enriched in protein digestion and absorption, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and ABC transporters. The metabolic pathways differentially affected in Fuchs' syndrome compared to PVIAU included central carbon metabolism in cancer, protein digestion and absorption, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS In Fuchs' syndrome and PVIAU patients, the aqueous humor exhibited specific metabolic profiles and enriched metabolic pathways, which provides a better understanding of the pathogenesis of Fuchs' syndrome and PVIAU in Han Chinese patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Eye Hospital, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guannan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Huafei Wang
- Department of Biological Sample Bank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Biological Sample Bank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Eye Hospital, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Eye Hospital, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China; The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
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Mariño-López A, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Vaz B, Correa-Duarte MA, Pérez-Lorenzo M. SERS optical accumulators as unified nanoplatforms for tear sampling and sensing in soft contact lenses. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7991-7999. [PMID: 35467676 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00531j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tear analysis has become an invaluable asset in clinical research in order to identify and quantify novel biomarkers for a wide array of conditions. The present work is intended to take this area of study one step further by implementing an innovative sensing platform through which exploration of low-molecular-weight compounds is conducted outperforming traditional analytical technologies. With this aim, carefully engineered plasmonic nanoassemblies have been synergistically combined with molecular-sieving materials giving rise to size-selective samplers with SERS detection capabilities. These architectures have been then integrated onto hydrogel-based contact lenses and tested in simulated tear fluids in order to evidence their operational features. Through this approach, a prolonged analyte accumulation can be realized, thus providing a competitive advantage in those scenarios where concentration of biomarkers is typically low or minimum sample volumes are not met. Additionally, quenching of metabolic flux and analyte extraction protocols can be circumvented, hence preventing the intrinsic physical and chemical interferences stemming from these procedures. The obtained results render these sensing platforms as promising medical devices, and constitute a great opportunity in order to expand the clinical toolkit in tear analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mariño-López
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Physical Chemistry, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ramon A Alvarez-Puebla
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Belén Vaz
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Organic Chemistry, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Correa-Duarte
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Physical Chemistry, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Moisés Pérez-Lorenzo
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Physical Chemistry, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Bhandari M, Nguyen S, Yazdani M, Utheim TP, Hagesaether E. The Therapeutic Benefits of Nanoencapsulation in Drug Delivery to the Anterior Segment of the Eye: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903519. [PMID: 35645827 PMCID: PMC9136980 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although numerous nanoparticle formulations have been developed for ocular administration, concerns are being raised about a possible mismatch between potential promises made by the field of nanoparticle research and demonstration of actual therapeutic benefit. Therefore, the primary focus of this present review was to critically assess to what extent nanoencapsulation of ocular drugs improved the therapeutic outcome when treating conditions in the anterior segment of the eye. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using Medline, PubMed, and Embase databases as well as Google Scholar for published peer-reviewed articles in English focusing on conventional nanoparticles used as drug delivery systems to the anterior segment of the eye in in vivo studies. The major therapeutic outcomes were intraocular pressure, tear secretion, number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and pupil size. The outcome after encapsulation was compared to the non-encapsulated drug. Results: From the search, 250 results were retrieved. Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Rabbits were used as study subjects in all but one study, and the number of animals ranged from 3 to 10. Coated and uncoated liposomes, lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticles, as well as micelles, were studied, varying in both particle size and surface charge, and encapsulating a total of 24 different drugs, including 6 salts. The majority of the in vivo studies demonstrated some improvement after nanoencapsulation, but the duration of the benefit varied from less than 1 h to more than 20 h. The most common in vitro methods performed in the studies were drug release, transcorneal permeation, and mucin interaction. Discussion: Nanoparticles that are small and mucoadhesive, often due to positive surface charge, appeared beneficial. Although in vitro assays can unravel more of the hidden and sophisticated interplay between the encapsulated drug and the nanoparticle structure, they suffered from a lack of in vitro—in vivo correlation. Therefore, more research should be focused towards developing predictive in vitro models, allowing rational design and systematic optimization of ocular nanoparticles with minimal animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Bhandari
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Madhavi Bhandari,
| | - Sanko Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Hagesaether
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Biochemistry of human tear film: A review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Brunmair J, Bileck A, Schmidl D, Hagn G, Meier-Menches SM, Hommer N, Schlatter A, Gerner C, Garhöfer G. Metabolic phenotyping of tear fluid as a prognostic tool for personalised medicine exemplified by T2DM patients. EPMA J 2022; 13:107-123. [PMID: 35265228 PMCID: PMC8897537 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/aims Concerning healthcare approaches, a paradigm change from reactive medicine to predictive approaches, targeted prevention, and personalisation of medical services is highly desirable. This raises demand for biomarker signatures that support the prediction and diagnosis of diseases, as well as monitoring strategies regarding therapeutic efficacy and supporting individualised treatments. New methodological developments should preferably rely on non-invasively sampled biofluids like sweat and tears in order to provide optimal compliance, reduce costs, and ensure availability of the biomaterial. Here, we have thus investigated the metabolic composition of human tears in comparison to finger sweat in order to find biofluid-specific marker molecules derived from distinct secretory glands. The comprehensive investigation of numerous biofluids may lead to the identification of novel biomarker signatures. Moreover, tear fluid analysis may not only provide insight into eye pathologies but may also be relevant for the prediction and monitoring of disease progression and/ or treatment of systemic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Sweat and tear fluid were sampled from 20 healthy volunteers using filter paper and commercially available Schirmer strips, respectively. Finger sweat analysis has already been successfully established in our laboratory. In this study, we set up and evaluated methods for tear fluid extraction and analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry hyphenated with liquid chromatography, using optimised gradients each for metabolites and eicosanoids. Sweat and tears were systematically compared using statistical analysis. As second approach, we performed a clinical pilot study with 8 diabetic patients and compared them to 19 healthy subjects. Results Tear fluid was found to be a rich source for metabolic phenotyping. Remarkably, several molecules previously identified by us in sweat were found significantly enriched in tear fluid, including creatine or taurine. Furthermore, other metabolites such as kahweol and various eicosanoids were exclusively detectable in tears, demonstrating the orthogonal power for biofluid analysis in order to gain information on individual health states. The clinical pilot study revealed that many endogenous metabolites that have previously been linked to type 2 diabetes such as carnitine, tyrosine, uric acid, and valine were indeed found significantly up-regulated in tears of diabetic patients. Nicotinic acid and taurine were elevated in the diabetic cohort as well and may represent new biomarkers for diabetes specifically identified in tear fluid. Additionally, systemic medications, like metformin, bisoprolol, and gabapentin, were readily detectable in tears of patients. Conclusions The high number of identified marker molecules found in tear fluid apparently supports disease development prediction, developing preventive approaches as well as tailoring individual patients’ treatments and monitoring treatment efficacy. Tear fluid analysis may also support pharmacokinetic studies and patient compliance control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-022-00272-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brunmair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hagn
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel M. Meier-Menches
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Hommer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schlatter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- VIROS - Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery - Karl Landsteiner Institute, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Zong Y, Cheng C, Li K, Xue R, Chen Z, Liu X, Wu K. Metabolomic Alterations in the Tear Fluids of Patients With Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:797630. [PMID: 35118093 PMCID: PMC8804220 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.797630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeSuperior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) is a bilateral, chronic inflammatory disease that recurs for up to several years; however, the fundamental processes involved in its pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. We aimed to investigate the metabolomic alterations in the tear fluids of patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) compared with those of healthy volunteers (Ctrl group).MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study involving 42 subjects. Tear fluid was taken from one eye of 24 SLK patients (40.13 ± 14.55 years, 83.33% female) and 18 healthy volunteers (Ctrl, 39.89 ± 9.2 years, 72.22% female) using Schirmer strips. After the liquid extraction of tear metabolites, samples were infused into the QE HFX Orbitrap mass spectrometer in both positive and negative ion mode. Metabolites were quantitatively analyzed and matched with entries in the HMDB database. Metabolic differences between the SLK group and the control group were identified based on multivariate statistical analysis. Open database sources, including SMPDB and MetaboAnalyst, were used to identify metabolic pathways.ResultsAmong 179 metabolites retained for annotation, 133 metabolites were finally identified, among which 50 were found to be significantly changed in SLK patients. Of these 50 metabolites, 31 metabolites significantly increased and 19 metabolites decreased in SLK patients. The altered metabolites are mainly involved in α linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism, ketone body metabolism, butyrate metabolism, mitochondrial electron transport chain, carnitine synthesis, and so on. The most significantly changed pathway was linoleic acid metabolism. To explore the utility of tear biomarkers, a model combining 9 metabolites (phenol, ethyl glucuronide, eicosapentaenoic acid, 12-keto-leukotriene B4, linoleic acid, hypoxanthine, triethanolamine, 1-nitrohexane, and terephthalic acid) was selected as a candidate biomarker.ConclusionThe results reveal that SLK has a specific metabolomic profile, of which some key elements can serve as potential biomarkers of SLK for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The findings of this study are novel and provide a basis for further investigations of the mechanism of SLK.
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Billiet B, Chao de la Barca JM, Ferré M, Muller J, Vautier A, Assad S, Blanchet O, Tessier L, Wetterwald C, Faure J, Urbanski G, Simard G, Mirebeau-Prunier D, Rodien P, Gohier P, Reynier P. A Tear Metabolomic Profile Showing Increased Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity and Spermine Synthesis in Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020404. [PMID: 35054098 PMCID: PMC8779711 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
About half of patients with Graves’ disease develop an orbitopathy related to an inflammatory expansion of the periorbital adipose tissue and muscles. We used a targeted metabolomic approach measuring 188 metabolites by mass spectrometry to compare the metabolic composition of tears in patients with active (n = 21) versus inactive (n = 24) thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Among the 44 metabolites accurately measured, 8 showed a significant alteration of their concentrations between the two groups. Two short-chain acylcarnitines, propionylcarnitine and butyrylcarnitine, and spermine showed increased concentrations in the tears of patients with active orbitopathy, whereas ornithine, glycine, serine, citrulline and histidine showed decreased concentrations in this group. In addition, the ratio putrescine/ornithine, representing the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, was significantly increased in patients with active compared to inactive orbitopathy (p = 0.0011, fold change 3.75). The specificity of this candidate biomarker was maintained when compared to a control group with unclassified dry eye disease. Our results suggest that the stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase by TSH receptor autoantibodies in orbital fibroblasts could lead to increased synthesis of spermine, through the increased activity of ornithine decarboxylase, that may contribute to periorbital expansion in Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Billiet
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (B.B.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (S.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Juan Manuel Chao de la Barca
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (J.M.C.d.l.B.); (L.T.); (C.W.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (D.M.-P.)
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université d’Angers, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.F.); (G.U.); (P.R.)
| | - Marc Ferré
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université d’Angers, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.F.); (G.U.); (P.R.)
| | - Jeanne Muller
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (B.B.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (S.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Anaïs Vautier
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (B.B.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (S.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Sophie Assad
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (B.B.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (S.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Odile Blanchet
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques, BB-0033-00038, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France;
| | - Lydie Tessier
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (J.M.C.d.l.B.); (L.T.); (C.W.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (D.M.-P.)
| | - Céline Wetterwald
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (J.M.C.d.l.B.); (L.T.); (C.W.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (D.M.-P.)
| | - Justine Faure
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (J.M.C.d.l.B.); (L.T.); (C.W.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (D.M.-P.)
| | - Geoffrey Urbanski
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université d’Angers, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.F.); (G.U.); (P.R.)
- Service de Médecine Interne et d’Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Gilles Simard
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (J.M.C.d.l.B.); (L.T.); (C.W.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (D.M.-P.)
| | - Delphine Mirebeau-Prunier
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (J.M.C.d.l.B.); (L.T.); (C.W.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (D.M.-P.)
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université d’Angers, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.F.); (G.U.); (P.R.)
| | - Patrice Rodien
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université d’Angers, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.F.); (G.U.); (P.R.)
- Service d’Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Philippe Gohier
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (B.B.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (S.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France; (J.M.C.d.l.B.); (L.T.); (C.W.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (D.M.-P.)
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université d’Angers, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.F.); (G.U.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Chen X, Zhang C, Tian L, Wu L, Jie Y, Wang N, Liu R, Wang L. In situ metabolic profile and spatial distribution of ocular tissues: New insights into dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 2022; 24:51-63. [PMID: 34990847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic multifactorial disorder affecting millions of people, yet the pathogenesis mechanisms still remain unclear. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a novel in situ visualization approach combined high-throughput mass spectrometry and molecular imaging. We aimed to explore the in situ ocular metabolic changes via MALDI-MSI to accelerate the recognition of DED pathogenesis. METHODS Experimental dry eye was established in Wistar rats by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine. The induction of DED was assessed by tear film breakup time, sodium fluorescein, histopathological staining and cell apoptosis. MALDI-MSI was applied to explore in situ ocular metabolomic in DED rats, and histopathological staining from same sections were used for side-by-side comparison with MALDI to annotate different tissue structures in the eye. RESULTS Considering the complexity of ocular tissue, we visualized the metabolites in specific ocular regions (central cornea, peripheral cornea, fornix conjunctiva, eyelid conjunctiva and aqueous humor), and identified metabolites related to DED, with information of relative abundance and spatial signatures. In addition, integrative pathway analysis illustrated that, several metabolic pathways such as glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid phenylalanine, and metabolism of glycine, serine and threonine were significantly altered in certain regions in the dry eye tissue. Moreover, we discussed how the metabolic pathways with spatiotemporal signatures might be involved in the DED process. CONCLUSIONS Our data exploit the advantages of in situ analysis of MALDI-MSI to accurately analyze the region-specific metabolic behaviors in DED, and provide new clues to uncover DED pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoniao Chen
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Senior Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Chuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Jie
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Senior Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Liao CH, Tseng CL, Lin SL, Liang CL, Juo SHH. MicroRNA Therapy for Dry Eye Disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 38:125-132. [PMID: 34962143 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We tested the role of microRNA-328 in dry eye disease (DED). Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) has been used to induce DED in animal models. We first demonstrated that both BAC and hyperosmotic stress induced overexpression of miR-328 in corneal cells and then tested whether anti-miR-328 could be a new therapy. Methods: BAC was instilled to both eyes of 41 rabbits and 19 mice from day 0 to 21 to induce DED. Animals of each species were divided to receive topical instillation of saline or anti-miR-328 eye drops between day 8 and 21. The DED signs were assessed by corneal fluorescein staining, histological examination, apoptosis of corneal cells, and inflammatory cytokines in rabbit eyes. For mice, only corneal fluorescein staining was assessed for the therapeutic effects. The corneal fluorescein staining scores ranged from 0 of no staining to 4 of coalescent. Results: For the rabbits, the staining score was significantly reduced (P = 0.038) after the 14-day anti-miR-328 treatment (n = 42 eyes), but the score was not improved by saline treatment (n = 40 eyes). Furthermore, rabbit eyes treated with anti-miR-328 had thicker corneal epithelium (P = 9.4 × 10-5), fewer apoptotic cells in corneal epithelium (P = 0.002), and stroma (P = 0.029) compared with the saline-treated eyes. Anti-miR-328 was more effective than saline to reduce the block of orifices of Meibomian glands, although such an effect was only marginally significant (P = 0.059). Similarly, anti-miR-328 was more effective than saline in reducing corneal staining in mouse eyes (P = 0.005). Conclusion: Overexpression of miR-328 may contribute to DED. Anti-miR-328 protects corneal cells and promotes re-epithelialization for DED treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Huei Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Center for Myopia and Eye Disease, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Li Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiun-Long Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ling Liang
- Department of Medical Research, Center for Myopia and Eye Disease, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Bright Eyes Clinic, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Hang H Juo
- Department of Medical Research, Center for Myopia and Eye Disease, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Zhan X, Li J, Guo Y, Golubnitschaja O. Mass spectrometry analysis of human tear fluid biomarkers specific for ocular and systemic diseases in the context of 3P medicine. EPMA J 2021; 12:449-475. [PMID: 34876936 PMCID: PMC8639411 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, a large number of non-communicable/chronic disorders reached an epidemic level on a global scale such as diabetes mellitus type 2, cardio-vascular disease, several types of malignancies, neurological and eye pathologies-all exerted system's enormous socio-economic burden to primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare. The paradigm change from reactive to predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (3PM/PPPM) has been declared as an essential transformation of the overall healthcare approach to benefit the patient and society at large. To this end, specific biomarker panels are instrumental for a cost-effective predictive approach of individualized prevention and treatments tailored to the person. The source of biomarkers is crucial for specificity and reliability of diagnostic tests and treatment targets. Furthermore, any diagnostic approach preferentially should be noninvasive to increase availability of the biomaterial, and to decrease risks of potential complications as well as concomitant costs. These requirements are clearly fulfilled by tear fluid, which represents a precious source of biomarker panels. The well-justified principle of a "sick eye in a sick body" makes comprehensive tear fluid biomarker profiling highly relevant not only for diagnostics of eye pathologies but also for prediction, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of systemic diseases. One prominent example is the Sicca syndrome linked to a cascade of severe complications that include dry eye, neurologic, and oncologic diseases. In this review, protein profiles in tear fluid are highlighted and corresponding biomarkers are exemplified for several relevant pathologies, including dry eye disease, diabetic retinopathy, cancers, and neurological disorders. Corresponding analytical approaches such as sample pre-processing, differential proteomics, electrophoretic techniques, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA), microarrays, and mass spectrometry (MS) methodology are detailed. Consequently, we proposed the overall strategies based on the tear fluid biomarkers application for 3P medicine practice. In the context of 3P medicine, tear fluid analytical pathways are considered to predict disease development, to target preventive measures, and to create treatment algorithms tailored to individual patient profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianquan Zhan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
- Gastroenterology Research Institute and Clinical Center, Shandong First Medical University, 38 Wuying Shan Road, Jinan, Shandong 250031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Yuna Guo
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Hagi K, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto T, Tomihari M, Fujimoto Y, Sakamoto Y, Sawa S. Corneal protective effects of novel tear substitutes containing sodium hyaluronate and dodecahydrosqualene, squalane, in a porcine dry eye model. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:94-101. [PMID: 34789590 PMCID: PMC8810329 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a novel tear substitute (TS) containing sodium hyaluronate (SH) and dodecahydrosqualene (DHS, squalane), we improved the prescription of a previously developed TS containing
saline, 0.5% SH and 1% castor oil (CO), which had corneal protective effects against 60-min desiccation in a porcine dry eye model and viscosity of 106.8 mPa·S. Fresh porcine eyes were
treated with a TS containing saline, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.3% or 0.5% SH, and 1% CO or 1%, 2.5% or 5% DHS, and TS-treated eyes were desiccated for up to 180 min. The corneal damage was evaluated by
the staining score of methylene blue (MB), absorbance of MB extracted from the cornea, the staining density of lissamine green (LG) and histopathology. The viscosities of the examined TS
were also measured. A saline/0.5% SH/1% DHS solution had corneal protective effects for 90 min under desiccation and a viscosity of 110.0 mPa·s. A TS with saline, 0.1%, 0.25% or 0.3% SH and
1% or 2.5% DHS did not have better protective effects than a saline/0.5% SH/1% DHS solution, although a saline/0.3% SH/5% DHS solution exhibited greater corneal protection against 180-min
desiccation on MB and LG staining and histopathological examination, and its viscosity was 34.5 mPa·s, which was similar to the 29.5 mPa·s of 0.3% SH. The saline/0.3% SH/5% DHS solution is
available as a novel 3-hr long-lasting TS containing mucinomimetic and liquid oil components to treat and relieve dry eye symptoms in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomi Hagi
- Osaka Prefecture University Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Takashi Hasegawa
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Mizuki Tomihari
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Yuka Fujimoto
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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Gao Y, Qi Y, Huang Y, Li X, Zhou L, Zhao S. Lipidomics Analysis of the Tears in the Patients Receiving LASIK, FS-LASIK, or SBK Surgery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:731462. [PMID: 34778293 PMCID: PMC8579130 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.731462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Tear film lipid layer (TFLL) plays a vital role in maintaining the tear film stability and, thus, the lipid composition of the tears could greatly affect the physiological function and biophysical integrity of the tear film. The objective of this study is to assess the tear lipid composition of the patients receiving laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), femtosecond LASIK (FS-LASIK), or sub-Bowman's keratomileusis (SBK) surgery preoperatively and postoperatively. Methods: Tear samples were collected from the left eye of the patient who receiving LASIK (n = 10), FS-LASIK (n = 10), or SBK (n = 10) surgery in week 0, week 1, week 4, and week 52. A rapid direct injection shotgun lipidomics workflow, MS/MSALL (<2 min/sample), was applied to examine the tear lipidome. Results: In week 52, the SBK group demonstrated a similar lipidome profile compared to week 0, while the FS-LASIK and LASIK groups shifted away from week 0. Two lipids, ganglioside (GD3) 27:4 and triacylglycerol (TAG) 59:3, were found to be associated with the lipidome changes preoperatively and postoperatively. No statistical significance was found in the overall lipid classes from the FS-LASIK group. The LASIK group showed significant alteration in the phospholipid and sphingolipid over time, while the SBK group demonstrated a significant difference in the (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acid (OAHFA) and phospholipid. Conclusion: LASIK showed the greatest impact on the tear lipidome changes over time, while SBK demonstrated minimal impact among the three types of refractive surgeries after 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Ocular Proteomics Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Ocular Proteomics Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academia Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaozhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Jiao X, Pei X, Lu D, Qi D, Huang S, He S, Li Z. Microbial Reconstitution Improves Aging-Driven Lacrimal Gland Circadian Dysfunction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:2091-2116. [PMID: 34428426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lacrimal glands are highly susceptible to aging and exhibit age-related structural and functional alterations. However, the mechanisms by which aging affects the lacrimal glands are not well-established. The current study explores the crosstalk between the aging process, gut microbiota, and circadian rhythm in age-associated lacrimal gland dysfunction. C57BL/6J mice were divided into young, old, and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT)-treated old groups. The gut bacterial community diversity was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Exorbital lacrimal glands (ELGs) were collected at 3-hour intervals over a 24-hour circadian cycle, and total RNA was subjected to high-throughput sequencing. Rhythmic transcriptional data were analyzed using the Jonckheere-Terpstra-Kendall algorithm and bioinformatics analysis technology. Immunostaining was used to identify lymphocytic infiltration, lipid deposition, and nerve innervation in the ELGs. Compared with young mice, old mice underwent a significant gut microbial community shift. The rhythmically transcriptomic profile was significantly reprogrammed over a 24-hour cycle in the old ELG group. Intervention with serial FMT from young donors for 1 month rejuvinated the gut microbial community of the old mice. Most alterations in rhythmic transcriptomic profiling were improved. Furthermore, chronic inflammation, lipid deposition, and aberrant neural response of the aging lacrimal glands were significantly reduced. Thus, the study shows that reconstitution of age-associated gut dysbiosis with FMTs from young donors improves aging-driven lacrimal gland circadian dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Jiao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Pei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dingli Lu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Di Qi
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shenzhen Huang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyu He
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED), a multifactorial condition of the tear film and ocular surface, is one of the leading reasons for patients seeking eye care. Despite the multiple toxic ingredients of eye make-up products and their long-term application close to the ocular surface, few studies have analyzed their role in initiating and worsening DED. Females and the elderly experience the highest prevalence of DED and may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of eye make-up. The multifactorial nature of DED and common mechanisms behind several ocular surface diseases make it difficult to link a particular ingredient-driven mechanism to DED. Therefore, here, we list potential responses to eye cosmetics that may be involved in DED development. The first part of this review introduces the anatomy of the eye and DED, the second section explains the classification of eye cosmetic products, and the final part discusses the undesired effects under physical, pathogenic, and chemical insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0027 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0450 Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, 0366 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0450 Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, 0366 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, 4604 Arendal, Norway
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Tear metabolomics highlights new potential biomarkers for differentiating between Sjögren's syndrome and other causes of dry eye. Ocul Surf 2021; 22:110-116. [PMID: 34332148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lacrimal exocrinopathy of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is one of the main causes of severe dry eye syndrome and a burden for patients. Early recognition and treatment could prevent irreversible damage to lacrimal glands. The aim of this study was to find biomarkers in tears, using metabolomics and data mining approaches, in patients with newly-diagnosed pSS compared to other causes of dry eye syndrome. METHODS A prospective cohort of 40 pSS and 40 non-pSS Sicca patients with dryness was explored through a standardized targeted metabolomic approach using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A metabolomic signature predictive of the pSS status was sought out using linear (logistic regression with elastic-net regularization) and non-linear (random forests) machine learning architectures, after splitting the studied population into training, validation and test sets. RESULTS Among the 104 metabolites accurately measured in tears, we identified a discriminant signature composed of nine metabolites (two amino acids: serine, aspartate; one biogenic amine: dopamine; six lipids: Lysophosphatidylcholine C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, sphingomyelin C16:0 and C22:3, and the phoshatidylcholine diacyl PCaa C42:4), with robust performances (ROC-AUC = 0.83) for predicting the pSS status. Adjustment for age, sex and anti-SSA antibodies did not disrupt the link between the metabolomic signature and the pSS status. The non-lipidic components also remained specific for pSS regardless of the dryness severity. CONCLUSION Our results reveal a metabolomic signature for tears that distinguishes pSS from other dry eye syndromes and further highlight nine key metabolites of potential interest for early diagnosis and therapeutics of pSS.
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Wu J, Sigler A, Pfaff A, Cen N, Ercal N, Shi H. Development of a HPLC-MS/MS method for assessment of thiol redox status in human tear fluids. Anal Biochem 2021; 629:114295. [PMID: 34186074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is reported to be part of the pathology of many ocular diseases. For the diagnosis of ocular diseases, tear fluid has unique advantages. Although numerous analytical methods exist for the measurement of different types of biomolecules in tear fluid, few have been reported for comprehensive understanding of oxidative stress-related thiol redox signaling. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine a panel of twelve metabolites that systematically covered several thiol metabolic pathways. With optimization of MS/MS parameters and HPLC mobile phases, this method was sensitive (LOQ as low as 0.01 ng/ml), accurate (80-125% spike recovery) and precise (<10% RSD). This LC-MS/MS method combined with a simple tear fluid collection with Schirmer test strip followed by ultrafiltration allowed the high-throughput analysis for efficient determination of metabolites associated with thiol redox signaling in human tear fluids. The method was then applied to a small cohort of tear fluids obtained from healthy individuals. The method presented here provides a new technique to facilitate future work aiming to determine the complex thiol redox signaling in tear fluids for accurate assessment and diagnosis of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States
| | - Austin Sigler
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States
| | - Annalise Pfaff
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States
| | - Nan Cen
- Department of Computer Science, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States.
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, United States.
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43
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A Pilot Proteomic Study of Normal Human Tears: Leptin as a Potential Biomarker of Metabolic Disorders. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11125755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of insulin, leptin, active ghrelin, C-peptide and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and their inter-day variations were examined in normal human tears. In addition, correlations between the concentrations of these metabolic proteins and ocular surface parameters were determined. Subjects with healthy ocular surfaces attended three visits, with 7-day intervals. Tear evaporation rate (TER) and non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) were assessed, and a total of 2 µL tears were collected from all subjects. Tear fluid concentrations of insulin, leptin, active ghrelin, C-peptide and GIP were measured by multiplex bead analysis. Insulin was the most highly expressed metabolic protein, followed by leptin, C-peptide, active ghrelin and GIP. Of these, only active ghrelin had a significant inter-day variation (p < 0.05). There was no inter-day variation in the mean concentrations of the other metabolic proteins. Leptin had a strong intra-class reproducibility. No correlation was detected between tear metabolic protein concentrations and ocular surface parameters. This pilot study shows, for the first time, that active ghrelin and GIP are detectable in healthy tears. The strong intra-class reproducibility for leptin shows that it could be used as a potential tear fluid biomarker and, possibly, in determining the effects of metabolic disorders on the ocular surface.
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44
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Lee JD, Kim HY, Park JJ, Oh SB, Goo H, Cho KJ, Kim S, Kim KB. Metabolomics approach to biomarkers of dry eye disease using 1H-NMR in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:313-330. [PMID: 33393448 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1867274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic and progressive lesion on the ocular surface and induces symptoms, such as burning sensation, itchy eyes, heavy eyes, tired eyes, dry feeling, facial flushing, and blurred vision. The present study was performed to develop DED biomarkers using metabolomics in a rat model. DED was induced by injecting scopolamine and exposing rats to a dry condition. Scopolamine (12 mg/kg/day for 7 days) was subcutaneously injected to male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were placed in dry condition with air-flow and dehumidifier. Tear volume and tear breakup time (TBUT) were measured, and eyes were examined through fluorescein staining to assess DED. Mucosal damage and immune reactions were also determined. Plasma and urinary endogenous metabolites were determined using 1H-NMR analysis. Compared with control tear and TBUT levels were significantly decreased in the DED group whereas corneal damage was significantly increased. The levels of interleukins (IL-6) and IL-1β significantly elevated in the cornea and lacrimal glands in the DED group. TNF-α was numerically increased but not significantly different between groups. Pattern recognition using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of the NMR spectra in global profiling revealed different clusters between DED and control groups. Target profiling demonstrated that PCA and OPLS-DA score plots were separated between DED and controls in plasma and urine. Subsequently, 9 plasma metabolites were selected to examine different clustering between groups, and 26 urinary metabolites were also selected. Plasma metabolites showed a non-significant rising tendency in the DED group. Urinary phenylalanine, phenylacetate, pantothenate, glycine, succinate, methanol, valine, propylene glycol, histidine, threonine, lactate, and acetate were significantly different between control and DED rats. These results may contribute to understanding the metabolic regulation that is involved in DED and might be useful for potential biomarkers related to DED in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ju Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bean Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoon Goo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Jin Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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45
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Shin H, Seo H, Chung WG, Joo BJ, Jang J, Park JU. Recent progress on wearable point-of-care devices for ocular systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1269-1286. [PMID: 33704299 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01317j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a complex sensory organ that contains abundant information for specific diseases and pathological responses. It has emerged as a facile biological interface for wearable healthcare platforms because of its excellent accessibility. Recent advances in electronic devices have led to the extensive research of point-of-care (POC) systems for diagnosing and monitoring diseases by detecting the biomarkers within the eye. Among these systems, contact lenses, which make direct contact with the ocular surfaces, have been utilized as one of the promising candidates for non-invasive POC testing of various diseases. The continuous and long-term measurement from the sensor allows the patients to manage their symptoms in an effective and convenient way. Herein, we review the progress of contact lens sensors in terms of the materials, methodologies, device designs, and target biomarkers. The anatomical structure and biological mechanisms of the eye are also discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles of contact lens sensors. Intraocular pressure and glucose, which are the representative biomarkers found in the eyes, can be measured with the biosensors integrated with contact lenses for the diagnosis of glaucoma and diabetes. Furthermore, contact lens sensors for various general pathologies as well as other ocular diseases are also considered, thereby providing the prospects for further developments of smart contact lenses as a future POC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haein Shin
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Downie LE, Bandlitz S, Bergmanson JPG, Craig JP, Dutta D, Maldonado-Codina C, Ngo W, Siddireddy JS, Wolffsohn JS. CLEAR - Anatomy and physiology of the anterior eye. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:132-156. [PMID: 33775375 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A key element of contact lens practice involves clinical evaluation of anterior eye health, including the cornea and limbus, conjunctiva and sclera, eyelids and eyelashes, lacrimal system and tear film. This report reviews the fundamental anatomy and physiology of these structures, including the vascular supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, sensory innervation, physiology and function. This is the foundation for considering the potential interactions with, and effects of, contact lens wear on the anterior eye. This information is not consistently published as academic research and this report provides a synthesis from all available sources. With respect to terminology, the report aims to promote the consistent use of nomenclature in the field, and generally adopts anatomical terms recommended by the Federative Committee for Anatomical Terminology. Techniques for the examination of the ocular surface are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Stefan Bandlitz
- Höhere Fachschule für Augenoptik Köln, Cologne School of Optometry, Germany; School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jan P G Bergmanson
- Texas Eye Research and Technology Center, University of Houston College of Optometry, United States
| | - Jennifer P Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Debarun Dutta
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carole Maldonado-Codina
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - William Ngo
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 14W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | | | - James S Wolffsohn
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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47
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Sripetch S, Loftsson T. Topical drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye: Thermodynamic considerations. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120332. [PMID: 33540025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Almost all studies on non-invasive topical drug delivery to the eye have emphasized the importance of biological barriers, static membrane barriers such as the cornea and the conjunctiva/sclera and dynamic barriers such as the lacrimal drainage. Hardly any have discussed the importance of the thermodynamic activity of the permeating drug molecules. Most drugs permeate from the eye surface into the eye by passive diffusion where, according to Fick's first law, the drug concentration gradient over the various permeation barriers (e.g., the tear fluid and the lipophilic membrane barriers) is the driving force. At the barrier interphases the dissolved drug molecules must partition from one barrier to another. For example, at the tear-cornea interphase the drug molecules must partition from the aqueous exterior into the lipophilic membrane. The drug partition coefficient between two phases is commonly defined as the equilibrium concentration ratio. However, these are only approximations. The actual driving force in Fick's first law is the gradient of the chemical potential and the equilibrium between two phases is attained when the chemical potential of the drug in one phase is equal to that in the other phase. Here the importance of thermodynamic considerations in topical drug delivery to the eye is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suppakan Sripetch
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Estarki F, Asharlous A, Mirzajani A, Abolghasemi J. Objective and subjective evaluation of tear film in machine carpet weavers. J Occup Health 2021; 63:e12237. [PMID: 34085344 PMCID: PMC8175290 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted to evaluate the status of tear film objectively and subjectively in machine carpet weavers. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, machine-made carpet weavers were compared with the controls who were selected from people working in other parts of the factory except for the production. A complete evaluation of ocular health was done for all participants. The blink rate, tear deformation Time (TDT), and ocular staining were evaluated as an objective assessment and the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was used for a subjective assessment of the tear film status. The results were compared between the two groups using the SPSS software. RESULTS The results of 46 weavers (mean age: 38.43 ± 6.10 years) and 46 controls (mean age: 33.20 ± 8.40 years) were analyzed. The mean of blink rate and OSDI score were significantly higher in weavers (Blink rate: 20.67 ± 4.18 blink/min, OSDI: 22.59 ± 9.51) in comparison with controls (Blink rate: 14.00 ± 3.30 blink/min, OSDI: 6.22 ± 4.78, P < .001). The mean TDT value of the weavers was significantly lower compared with the controls (10.27 ± 3.01 and 16.58 ± 4.18 s respectively, P < .001). Ocular surface staining was seen among 60.9% of weavers while there was 6.5% in the controls (P < .001). Based on the TDT test and OSDI results together, the percentage of dry eye in the weavers was 43.5% and that in the non-weavers was 2.2%, which showed that the relationship between weaving and dry eyes was statistically significant (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that increased symptoms and decreased tear stability in weavers compared with non-weavers lead to more tear film abnormalities in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Estarki
- Department of OptometrySchool of Rehabilitation SciencesIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Amir Asharlous
- Department of OptometrySchool of Rehabilitation SciencesIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ali Mirzajani
- Department of OptometrySchool of Rehabilitation SciencesIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Jamileh Abolghasemi
- Department of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic, multifactorial ocular surface disorder with multiple etiologies that results in tear film instability. Globally, the prevalence of DED is expected to increase with an aging society and daily use of digital devices. Unfortunately, the medical field is currently unprepared to meet the medical needs of patients with DED. Noninvasive, reliable, and readily reproducible biomarkers have not yet been identified, and the current mainstay treatment for DED relies on symptom alleviation using eye drops with no effective preventative therapies available. Medical big data analyses, mining information from multiomics studies and mobile health applications, may offer a solution for managing chronic conditions such as DED. Omics-based data on individual physiologic status may be leveraged to prevent high-risk diseases, accurately diagnose illness, and improve patient prognosis. Mobile health applications enable the portable collection of real-world medical data and biosignals through personal devices. Together, these data lay a robust foundation for personalized treatments for various ocular surface diseases and other pathologies that currently lack the components of precision medicine. To fully implement personalized and precision medicine, traditional aggregate medical data should not be applied directly to individuals without adjustments for personal etiology, phenotype, presentation, and symptoms.
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50
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Gote V, Ansong M, Pal D. Prodrugs and nanomicelles to overcome ocular barriers for drug penetration. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:885-906. [PMID: 32729364 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1803278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular barriers hinder drug delivery and reduce drug bioavailability. This article focuses on enhancing drug absorption across the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Both, transporter targeted prodrug formulations and nanomicellar strategy is proven to enhance the drug permeation of therapeutic agents across various ocular barriers. These strategies can increase aqueous drug solubility and stability of many hydrophobic drugs for topical ophthalmic formulations. AREAS COVERED The article discusses various ocular barriers, ocular influx, and efflux transporters. It elaborates various prodrug strategies used for enhancing drug absorption. Along with this, the article also describes nanomicellar formulation, its characteristic and advantages, and applications in for anterior and posterior segment drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION Prodrugs and nanomicellar formulations provide an effective strategy for improving drug absorption and drug bioavailability across various ocular barriers. It will be exciting to see the efficacy of nanomicelles for treating back of the eye disorders after their topical application. This is considered as a holy grail of ocular drug delivery due to the dynamic and static ocular barriers, restricting posterior entry of topically applied drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Gote
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michael Ansong
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
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