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Fordjour E, Manful CF, Khalsamehta TSK, Armah A, Cheema M, Thomas R. Cannabis-infused foods: Phytonutrients, health, and safe product innovations. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e70021. [PMID: 39267188 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis-infused foods are currently on the rise in markets all around the world. Meanwhile, there are concerns over the health implications for consumers. Studies have explored the therapeutic potential and nutritional and economic benefits of cannabis usage. Yet, the phytonutrients, processing methods, and health implications of cannabis-infused foods have not been well explored. This review evaluates existing evidence on the nutritional, processing, safety, and phytonutrient composition of cannabis-infused food products and their medicinal and functional prospects. Cannabis seeds contain the highest amount of dietary nutrients, while flowers contain the highest amount of bioactive constituents. Oils, butter, seeds, flowers, and leaf extracts are the plant forms currently incorporated into food products such as beverages, baked products, cooking ingredients, functional foods, nutraceuticals, and nootropics. Cannabis-infused foods have been found to offer therapeutic benefits for pain management, brain function, gut health, and certain cancers. Findings also show significant constraints associated with cannabis-infused foods regarding dosage guidelines, limited research, efficacy, and long-term health effects on consumers. This is further worsened by the lack of policies that regulate the industry. To realize the full potential of cannabis use in the food and health industries and in research, regulatory guidelines are needed to control dosages and improve its efficient use in these industries. This will go a long way to ensure the safety of cannabis users and enhance responsible production, marketing, and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles F Manful
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Tarsaim S K Khalsamehta
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abraham Armah
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Marsh DT, Smid SD. Selected phytocannabinoids inhibit SN-38- and cytokine-evoked increases in epithelial permeability and improve intestinal barrier function in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 99:105888. [PMID: 38950639 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Irinotecan use is linked to the development of gastrointestinal toxicity and inflammation, or gastrointestinal mucositis. Selected phytocannabinoids have been ascribed anti-inflammatory effects in models of gastrointestinal inflammation, associated with maintaining epithelial barrier function. We characterised the mucoprotective capacity of the phytocannabinoids: cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene and cannabidivarin in a cell-based model of intestinal epithelial stress occurring in mucositis. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured to determine changes in epithelial permeability in the presence of SN-38 (5 μM) or the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β (each at 100 ng/mL), alone or with concomitant treatment with each of the phytocannabinoids (1 μM). The DCFDA assay was used to determine the ROS-scavenging ability of each phytocannabinoid following treatment with the lipid peroxidant tbhp (200 μM). Each phytocannabinoid provided significant protection against cytokine-evoked increases in epithelial permeability. Cannabidiol, cannabidivarin and cannabigerol were also able to significantly inhibit SN-38-evoked increases in permeability. None of the tested phytocannabinoids inhibited tbhp-induced ROS generation. These results highlight a novel role for cannabidiol, cannabidivarin and cannabigerol as inhibitors of SN-38-evoked increases in epithelial permeability and support the rationale for the further development of novel phytocannabinoids as supportive therapeutics in the management of irinotecan-associated mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Marsh
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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3
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Huertos Soto N, Gómez Cervantes JM, Fernández Aceñero MJ, Soto Beauregard MDC. Cannabidiol decreases histological intestinal injury in a neonatal experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:26. [PMID: 38926744 PMCID: PMC11209976 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe inflammatory bowel disease in neonates. Our group has developed an experimental model of NEC, with an effectiveness of 73%. Cannabidiol (CBD) is an innovative treatment for neonatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic pathologies due to its neuroprotective effect, as a potent anti-inflammatory and reducing oxidative stress substance. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of CBD on intestinal lesions in an experimental model of NEC. RESULTS Mortality and intestinal histological damage was significantly lower in the CBD group compared to the rest (p<0.05), establishing CBD as a protective factor against the development of NEC (OR=0.0255; 95% CI=0.0015-0.4460). At IHQ level (TUNEL technique), a lower cell death rate was also observed in the CBD group compared to the VEH group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In our experimental model, intraperitoneal CBD acts as a protective factor against NEC, resulting in less histological damage and a lower rate of intestinal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Huertos Soto
- Physiopathology and neurological therapy of INA (NEURO-INA-IN). Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC). Community of Madrid's Youth Employment Program (PEJ-2021 AI/BMD 21347), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Gómez Cervantes
- Pediatric Surgery Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, 6th south, Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Fernández Aceñero
- Pathology Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Soto Beauregard
- Pediatric Surgery Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, 6th south, Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
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Micha JP, Rettenmaier MA, Bohart RD, Goldstein BH. Medical marijuana in the treatment of cancer-associated symptoms. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2024:10781552241262963. [PMID: 38899936 DOI: 10.1177/10781552241262963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous cancer studies have indicated that medical marijuana addresses a significant unmet need, namely chronic pain treatment and conferring oncology supportive care. However, the clinical research evaluating medical marijuana is preliminary and requires further consideration. DATA SOURCES We conducted a PubMed search primarily comprising retrospective and prospective studies, systematic reviews, and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from approximately 2020-2023. The search included specific terms that incorporated medical marijuana, cancer treatment, cancer-related symptoms, pain management, and side effects. DATA SUMMARY A total of 40 studies were included in the review, many of which were either of acceptable or good quality. Select investigations indicated that medical marijuana was associated with decreased overall pain levels and improvements in nausea and vomiting. Alternatively, the results from RCTs have found that the benefits from a placebo were equivalent to medical marijuana in both the treatment of cancer-related pain and providing an opioid-sparing effect. CONCLUSIONS Despite the potential cancer-related benefits derived from medical marijuana, the study design and results for many of the investigations on which the evidence is based, were neither uniform nor conducted via RCTs; hence, the efficacy and appropriateness of medical marijuana in treating cancer-related conditions remain indeterminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Micha
- Women's Cancer Research Foundation, Laguna Beach, CA, USA
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Brown C, Kariuki W, Zhong HA, Kippes A, Sui Y. Cannabidiol promotes intestinal cholesterol uptake mediated by Pregnane X receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1398462. [PMID: 38957441 PMCID: PMC11217338 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1398462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid of cannabis, is therapeutically used as an analgesic, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-psychotic drug. There is a growing concern about the adverse side effects posed by CBD usage. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor activated by a variety of dietary steroids, pharmaceutical agents, and environmental chemicals. In addition to the role in xenobiotic metabolism, the atherogenic and dyslipidemic effects of PXR have been revealed in animal models. CBD has a low affinity for cannabinoid receptors, thus it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which CBD activates cellular signaling and to assess the possible adverse impacts of CBD on pro-atherosclerotic events in cardiovascular system, such as dyslipidemia. Objective Our study aims to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which exposure to CBD activates human PXR and increases the risk of dyslipidemia. Methods Both human hepatic and intestinal cells were used to test if CBD was a PXR agonist via cell-based transfection assay. The key residues within PXR's ligand-binding pocket that CBD interacted with were investigated using computational docking study together with site-directed mutagenesis assay. The C57BL/6 wildtype mice were orally fed CBD in the presence of PXR antagonist resveratrol (RES) to determine how CBD exposure could change the plasma lipid profiles in a PXR-dependent manner. Human intestinal cells were treated with CBD and/or RES to estimate the functions of CBD in cholesterol uptake. Results CBD was a selective agonist of PXR with higher activities on human PXR than rodents PXRs and promoted the dissociation of human PXR from nuclear co-repressors. The key amino acid residues Met246, Ser247, Phe251, Phe288, Trp299, and Tyr306 within PXR's ligand binding pocket were identified to be necessary for the agonistic effects of CBD. Exposure to CBD increased the circulating total cholesterol levels in mice which was partially caused by the induced expression levels of the key intestinal PXR-regulated lipogenic genes. Mechanistically, CBD induced the gene expression of key intestinal cholesterol transporters, which led to the increased cholesterol uptake by intestinal cells. Conclusion CBD was identified as a selective PXR agonist. Exposure to CBD activated PXR signaling and increased the atherogenic cholesterol levels in plasma, which partially resulted from the ascended cholesterol uptake by intestinal cells. Our study provides potential evidence for the future risk assessment of CBD on cardiovascular disease, such as dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
| | - Wangeci Kariuki
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
| | - Haizhen A. Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Audra Kippes
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
| | - Yipeng Sui
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
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Yang S, Sun M. Recent Advanced Methods for Extracting and Analyzing Cannabinoids from Cannabis-Infused Edibles and Detecting Hemp-Derived Contaminants in Food (2013-2023): A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38857901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis-infused edibles are food products infused with a cannabis extract. These edibles include baked goods, candies, and beverages, offering an alternative way to consume cannabis instead of smoking or vaporizing it. Ensuring the accurate detection of cannabis-infused edibles and identification of any contaminants is crucial for public health and safety. This is particularly important for compliance with legal regulations as these substances can have significant psychoactive effects, especially on unsuspecting consumers such as children or individuals with certain medical conditions. Using efficient extraction methods can greatly improve detection accuracy, ensuring that the concentration of cannabinoids in edibles is measured correctly and adheres to dosage guidelines and legal limits. This review comprehensively examines the preparation and extraction techniques for cannabinoid edibles. It covers methods such as solid-phase extraction, enhanced matrix removal-lipid, QuEChERS, dissolution and dispersion techniques, liquid-phase extraction, and other emerging methodologies along with analytical techniques for cannabinoid analysis. The main analytical techniques employed for the determination of cannabinoids include liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), direct analysis in real time (DART), and mass spectrometry (MS). The application of these extraction and analytical techniques is further demonstrated through their use in analyzing specific edible samples, including oils, candies, beverages, solid coffee and tea, snacks, pet food, and contaminated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Yang
- Department of Biology, Kean University, Union, New Jersey 07083, United States
| | - Mingjing Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Kean University, Union, New Jersey 07083, United States
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de Ronne M, Lapierre É, Torkamaneh D. Genetic insights into agronomic and morphological traits of drug-type cannabis revealed by genome-wide association studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9162. [PMID: 38644388 PMCID: PMC11033274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58931-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L., previously concealed by prohibition, is now a versatile and promising plant, thanks to recent legalization, opening doors for medical research and industry growth. However, years of prohibition have left the Cannabis research community lagging behind in understanding Cannabis genetics and trait inheritance compared to other major crops. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) of nine key agronomic and morphological traits, using a panel of 176 drug-type Cannabis accessions from the Canadian legal market. Utilizing high-density genotyping-by-sequencing (HD-GBS), we successfully generated dense genotyping data in Cannabis, resulting in a catalog of 800 K genetic variants, of which 282 K common variants were retained for GWAS analysis. Through GWAS analysis, we identified 18 markers significantly associated with agronomic and morphological traits. Several identified markers exert a substantial phenotypic impact, guided us to putative candidate genes that reside in high linkage-disequilibrium (LD) with the markers. These findings lay a solid foundation for an innovative cannabis research, leveraging genetic markers to inform breeding programs aimed at meeting diverse needs in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime de Ronne
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Institut Intelligence et Données (IID), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Éliana Lapierre
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Institut Intelligence et Données (IID), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche et d'innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.
- Institut Intelligence et Données (IID), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.
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8
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Revol B, Bagnolati J, Micallef J, Jouanjus E. Cannabidiol (CBD): Confronting consumers' expectations of therapeutic benefits with pharmacological reality. Therapie 2024:S0040-5957(24)00027-1. [PMID: 38383209 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the increase in cannabidiol (CBD) sales in Europe has raised questions regarding the legal status of this product, as well as its safety of use. Consumers seem to be looking for solutions to various health issues. However, the scientific reality is much more nuanced. The European CBD market emerged in Switzerland in 2016 and subsequently expanded across the continent. This expansion has been facilitated by the establishment of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration limits for these products. However, the current market offers a diverse range of CBD products, often lacking clear information on raw materials, product concentrations and recommended dosages. Regulating these products is challenging, as the appropriate classification of CBD remains uncertain. CBD products are in high demand worldwide, with many people seeking alternative treatments for medical conditions or general health and well-being benefits. However, the use of CBD products often relies on self-medication and lacks sufficient scientific evidence. Improved communication between patients and healthcare professionals is needed to ensure informed decisions and address potential interactions with other medications. Scientific evidence on CBD is currently limited and the efficacy of CBD-containing products has only been proven in clinical trials for Epidyolex® as an add-on therapy. There is no consensus on the long-term safety, appropriate dosage, schedules or administration routes for CBD. Health claims associated with CBD are not consistent with the available scientific research, which is still in its early stages. Further clinical research is needed to establish the efficacy and safety of CBD in various medical conditions. The enthusiasm surrounding CBD-based products should be tempered by the limited scientific evidence of their efficacy, the inadequacy of patient expectations, regulatory concerns and potential drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Revol
- CEIP-Addictovigilance, CHU de Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, HP2 Inserm U1300, 38043 Grenoble, France.
| | - Julie Bagnolati
- CEIP-Addictovigilance, CHU de Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- CEIP-Addictovigilance Paca Corse, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Inserm UMR1106, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Jouanjus
- CEIP-Addictovigilance, CHU de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III, CERPOP Inserm UMR1295, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Gorman BL, Dodson H, Ramineni S, Wallace ED, Peace MR, Poklis JL, Jiang W, Fitting S. Effects of acute Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on behavior and the endocannabinoid system in HIV-1 Tat transgenic female and male mice. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148638. [PMID: 37858856 PMCID: PMC10873064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use is highly prevalent especially among people living with HIV (PLWH). Activation of the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective endocannabinoid system by phytocannabinoids, i.e. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been proposed to reduce HIV symptoms. However, THC's effects on HIV-related memory deficits are unclear. Using HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice, the current study investigates acute THC effects on various behavioral outcomes and the endocannabinoid system. For the rodent tetrad model, THC doses (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) induced known antinociceptive effects, with Tat induction increasing antinociceptive THC effects at 3 and 10 mg/kg doses. Only minor or no effects were noted for acute THC on body temperature, locomotor activity, and coordination. Increased anxiety-like behavior was found for females compared to males, but acute THC had no effect on anxiety. Object recognition memory was diminished by acute THC in Tat(-) females but not Tat(+) females, without affecting males. The endocannabinoid system and related lipids were not affected by acute THC, except for THC-induced decreases in CB1R protein expression levels in the spinal cord of Tat(-) mice. Female sex and Tat induction was associated with elevated 2-AG, AEA, AA, CB1R, CB2R, FAAH and/or MAGL expression in various brain regions. Further, AEA levels in the prefrontal cortex of Tat(+) females were negatively associated with object recognition memory. Overall, findings indicate that acute THC exerts differential effects on antinociception and memory, dependent on sex and HIV Tat expression, potentially in relation to an altered endocannabinoid system, which may be of relevance in view of potential cannabis-based treatment options for PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin L Gorman
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hailey Dodson
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shreya Ramineni
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - E Diane Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle R Peace
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Rybarczyk A, Majchrzak-Celińska A, Krajka-Kuźniak V. Targeting Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: The Role of Cannabis Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2052. [PMID: 38136172 PMCID: PMC10740807 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of cancer are associated with the dysregulation of multiple pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival, as well as dysfunction in redox balance, immune response, and inflammation. The master antioxidant pathway, known as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, regulates the cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation, making it a promising cancer prevention and treatment target. Cannabinoids have demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, affecting signaling pathways, including Nrf2. Increased oxidative stress following exposure to anti-cancer therapy prompts cancer cells to activate antioxidant mechanisms. This indicates the dual effect of Nrf2 in cancer cells-influencing proliferation and apoptotic processes and protecting against the toxicity of anti-cancer therapy. Therefore, understanding the complex role of cannabinoids in modulating Nrf2 might shed light on its potential implementation as an anti-cancer support. In this review, we aim to highlight the impact of cannabinoids on Nrf2-related factors, with a focus on cancer prevention and treatment. Additionally, we have presented the results of several research studies that combined cannabidiol (CBD) with other compounds targeting Nrf2. Further studies should be directed toward exploring the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids in the context of cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (A.R.); (A.M.-C.)
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11
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Lapierre É, de Ronne M, Boulanger R, Torkamaneh D. Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Diverse Drug-Type Cannabis Varieties from the Canadian Legal Market. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3756. [PMID: 37960111 PMCID: PMC10648736 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) stands as a historically significant and culturally important plant, embodying economic, social, and medicinal relevance for human societies. However, years of prohibition and stigmatization have hindered the cannabis research community, which is hugely undersized and suffers from a scarcity of understanding of cannabis genetics and how key traits are expressed or inherited. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of 176 drug-type cannabis accessions, representative of Canada's legal market. We assessed germination methods, evaluated various traits including agronomic, morphological, and cannabinoid profiles, and uncovered significant variation within this population. Notably, the yield displayed a negative correlation with maturity-related traits but a positive correlation with the fresh biomass. Additionally, the potential THC content showed a positive correlation with maturity-related traits but a negative correlation with the yield. Significant differences were observed between the plants derived from regular female seeds and feminized seeds, as well as between the plants derived from cuttings and seeds for different traits. This study advances our understanding of cannabis cultivation, offering insights into germination practices, agronomic traits, morphological characteristics, and biochemical diversity. These findings establish a foundation for precise breeding and cultivar development, enhancing cannabis's potential in the legal market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éliana Lapierre
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (É.L.); (M.d.R.); (R.B.)
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut Intelligence et Données (IID), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maxime de Ronne
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (É.L.); (M.d.R.); (R.B.)
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut Intelligence et Données (IID), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rosemarie Boulanger
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (É.L.); (M.d.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (É.L.); (M.d.R.); (R.B.)
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut Intelligence et Données (IID), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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12
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Coelho MP, Duarte P, Calado M, Almeida AJ, Reis CP, Gaspar MM. The current role of cannabis and cannabinoids in health: A comprehensive review of their therapeutic potential. Life Sci 2023; 329:121838. [PMID: 37290668 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increased interest of the scientific community in cannabis and its constituents for therapeutic purposes. Although it is believed that cannabinoids can be effective for a few different conditions and syndromes, there are little objective data that clearly support the use of cannabis, cannabis extracts or even cannabidiol (CBD) oil. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids for the treatment of several diseases. A broad search covering the past five years, was performed in PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov databases, to identify papers focusing on the use of medical phytocannabinoids in terms of tolerability, efficacy and safety. Accordingly, there are preclinical data supporting the use of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids for the management of neurological pathologies, acute and chronical pain, cancer, psychiatric disorders and chemotherapy-induced emetic symptoms. However, regarding the clinical trials, most of the collected data do not fully support the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of such conditions. Consequently, more studies are still needed to clarify ascertain if the use of these compounds is useful in the management of different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pinto Coelho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Duarte
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Calado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António J Almeida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; IBEB, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Manuela Gaspar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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13
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Szőke K, Kajtár R, Gyöngyösi A, Czompa A, Fésüs A, Lőrincz EB, Petróczi FD, Herczegh P, Bak I, Borbás A, Bereczki I, Lekli I. Pharmacological Evaluation of Newly Synthesized Cannabidiol Derivates on H9c2 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1714. [PMID: 37760017 PMCID: PMC10525859 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid that can be found in Cannabis sativa and possesses numerous pharmacological effects. Due to these promising effects, CBD can be used in a wide variety of diseases, for instance cardiovascular diseases. However, CBD, like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has low bioavailability, poor water solubility, and a variable pharmacokinetic profile, which hinders its therapeutic use. Chemical derivatization of CBD offers us potential ways to overcome these issues. We prepared three new CBD derivatives substituted on the aromatic ring by Mannich-type reactions, which have not been described so far for the modification of cannabinoids, and studied the protective effect they have on cardiomyocytes exposed to oxidative stress and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) compared to the parent compound. An MTT assay was performed to determine the viability of rat cardiomyocytes treated with test compounds. Trypan blue exclusion and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays were carried out to study the effect of the new compounds in cells exposed to H2O2 or hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Direct antioxidant activity was evaluated by a total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay. To study antioxidant protein levels, HO-1, SOD, catalase, and Western blot analysis were carried out. pIC50 (the negative log of the IC50) values were as follows: CBD1: 4.113, CBD2: 3.995, CBD3: 4.190, and CBD: 4.671. The newly synthesized CBD derivatives prevented cell death induced by H/R, especially CBD2. CBD has the largest direct antioxidant activity. The levels of antioxidant proteins were increased differently after pretreatment with synthetic CBD derivatives and CBD. Taken together, our newly synthesized CBD derivatives are able to decrease cytotoxicity during oxidative stress and H/R. The compounds have similar or better effects than CBD on H9c2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.S.); (R.K.); (A.G.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (I.B.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Richárd Kajtár
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.S.); (R.K.); (A.G.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (I.B.)
| | - Alexandra Gyöngyösi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.S.); (R.K.); (A.G.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (I.B.)
| | - Attila Czompa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.S.); (R.K.); (A.G.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (I.B.)
| | - Adina Fésüs
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.S.); (R.K.); (A.G.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (I.B.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Boglárka Lőrincz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (F.D.P.); (P.H.); (A.B.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Dániel Petróczi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (F.D.P.); (P.H.); (A.B.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Herczegh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (F.D.P.); (P.H.); (A.B.)
| | - István Bak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.S.); (R.K.); (A.G.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (I.B.)
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (F.D.P.); (P.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Ilona Bereczki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (F.D.P.); (P.H.); (A.B.)
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Pharmamodul Research Team, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Lekli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.S.); (R.K.); (A.G.); (A.C.); (A.F.); (I.B.)
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14
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Saidman J, Rubin S, Swaminath A. Inflammatory bowel disease and cannabis: key counseling strategies. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2023; 39:301-307. [PMID: 37144523 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cannabis use is becoming more frequent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because of the increased usage, gastroenterologists need to be cognizant of the benefits and risks associated with cannabis use in the IBD-patient population. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have attempted to determine whether cannabis can improve biomarkers or endoscopic findings of inflammation in patients with IBD, but the results have been inconclusive. However, cannabis has been shown to have an impact on the symptoms and quality of life of individuals with IBD. Despite these benefits, the use of cannabis in IBD is not without risks, including the potential for systemic illness, toxin ingestion and significant drug interactions. SUMMARY In this review article, we use a case-based approach to discuss the critical clinical data that informs us of the benefits and risks of cannabis use in IBD. The endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions including the gastrointestinal tract. Studies have investigated the impact of cannabis on various medical conditions, including IBD. Clinicians must be aware of the most recent data to properly educate their patients on the benefits and risks of its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Saidman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary Diseases, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla
| | | | - Arun Swaminath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Alves C, Tamagno WA, Vanin AP, Pompermaier A, Barcellos LJG. Cannabis sativa-based oils against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9813. [PMID: 37330587 PMCID: PMC10276866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of terpenoid compounds in different neural-related conditions is becoming useful for several illnesses. Another possible activity of these compounds is the reduction of nervous impairment. Cannabis sativa plants are known for their concentration of two important terpenoids, the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). CBD and THC have central peripheral activities already described and their usage in different brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis. Aluminum (Al) is known as an important neurotoxic compound, the physiological action of Al is not known already, and in high concentrations can lead to intoxication and cause neurotoxicity. Here we evaluated the potential effect of two different doses of CBD- and THC-rich based oils against Al-induced toxicity, in the zebrafish model. We evaluated behavioral biomarkers of the novel tank test (NTT) and social preference test (SPT), and biochemical markers: the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the antioxidant enzymes-catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase. CBD- and THC-based oils were able to increase the AChE activity helping the cholinergic nervous system actuate against Al toxicity which was reflected by the behavioral biomarkers changes. We concluded that the oils have a protective effect and might be used with proposals for neurological and antioxidant impairment avoidance caused by Al intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Alves
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory Rosilene Rodrigues Kaizer, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão, Sertão, RS, Brazil
- Bioexperimentation Graduate Program, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Wagner Antonio Tamagno
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory Rosilene Rodrigues Kaizer, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão, Sertão, RS, Brazil.
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Vanin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Pompermaier
- Bioexperimentation Graduate Program, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo José Gil Barcellos
- Bioexperimentation Graduate Program, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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16
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O'Sullivan SE, Jensen SS, Nikolajsen GN, Bruun HZ, Bhuller R, Hoeng J. The therapeutic potential of purified cannabidiol. J Cannabis Res 2023; 5:21. [PMID: 37312194 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cannabidiol (CBD) for therapeutic purposes is receiving considerable attention, with speculation that CBD can be useful in a wide range of conditions. Only one product, a purified form of plant-derived CBD in solution (Epidiolex), is approved for the treatment of seizures in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, or tuberous sclerosis complex. Appraisal of the therapeutic evidence base for CBD is complicated by the fact that CBD products sometimes have additional phytochemicals (like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) present, which can make the identification of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in positive studies difficult. The aim of the present review is to critically review clinical studies using purified CBD products only, in order to establish the upcoming indications for which purified CBD might be beneficial. The areas in which there is the most clinical evidence to support the use of CBD are in the treatment of anxiety (positive data in 7 uncontrolled studies and 17 randomised controlled trials (RCTs)), psychosis and schizophrenia (positive data in 1 uncontrolled study and 8 RCTs), PTSD (positive data in 2 uncontrolled studies and 4 RCTs) and substance abuse (positive data in 2 uncontrolled studies and 3 RCTs). Seven uncontrolled studies support the use of CBD to improve sleep quality, but this has only been verified in one small RCT. Limited evidence supports the use of CBD for the treatment of Parkinson's (3 positive uncontrolled studies and 2 positive RCTs), autism (3 positive RCTs), smoking cessation (2 positive RCTs), graft-versus-host disease and intestinal permeability (1 positive RCT each). Current RCT evidence does not support the use of purified oral CBD in pain (at least as an acute analgesic) or for the treatment of COVID symptoms, cancer, Huntington's or type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, published clinical evidence does support the use of purified CBD in multiple indications beyond epilepsy. However, the evidence base is limited by the number of trials only investigating the acute effects of CBD, testing CBD in healthy volunteers, or in very small patient numbers. Large confirmatory phase 3 trials are required in all indications.
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17
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Khosropoor S, Alavi MS, Etemad L, Roohbakhsh A. Cannabidiol goes nuclear: The role of PPARγ. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 114:154771. [PMID: 36965374 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main phytocannabinoids found in Cannabis sativa. In contrast to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, it has a low affinity for cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, thereby it does not induce significant psychoactive effects. However, CBD may interact with other receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). CBD is a PPARγ agonist and changes its expression. There is considerable evidence that CBD's effects are mediated by its interaction with PPARγ. So, we reviewed studies related to the interaction of CBD and PPARγ. METHODS In this comprehensive literature review, the term 'cannabidiol' was used in combination with the following keywords including 'PPARγ', 'Alzheimer's disease', 'Parkinson's disease', 'seizure', 'multiple sclerosis', 'immune system', 'cardiovascular system', 'cancer', and 'adipogenesis'. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched until December 20, 2022. A total of 78 articles were used for the reviewing process. RESULTS CBD, via activation of PPARγ, promotes significant pharmacological effects. The present review shows that the effects of CBD on Alzheimer's disease and memory, Parkinson's disease and movement disorders, multiple sclerosis, anxiety and depression, cardiovascular system, immune system, cancer, and adipogenesis are mediated, at least in part, via PPARγ. CONCLUSION CBD not only activates PPARγ but also affects its expression in the body. It was suggested that the late effects of CBD are mediated via PPARγ activation. We suggested that CBD's chemical structure is a good backbone for developing new dual agonists. Combining it with other chemicals enhances their biological effectiveness while reducing their dosage. The present study indicated that PPARγ is a key target for CBD, and its activation by CBD should be considered in all future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khosropoor
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ferreira LF, Pathapati N, Schultz ST, Nunn MC, Pierce BL, Sanchez YR, Murrell MD, Ginsburg BC, Onaivi ES, Gould GG. Acute cannabidiol treatment enhances social interaction in adult male mice. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11163. [PMID: 37273836 PMCID: PMC10237625 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating phytochemical from Cannabis sativa that is increasingly used to manage pain. The potential for CBD to ameliorate dimensional behavior symptoms occurring in multiple psychiatric disorders was suggested, including social interaction impairments. To test this hypothesis, adult male BTBRT+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, a model of idiopathic autism exhibiting social preference deficits and restrictive repetitive behaviors, were acutely treated with vehicle or 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg CBD. Social interaction preference was assessed 50 min after treatment, followed by social novelty preference at 60 min, marble burying at 75 min and social dominance at 120 min. CBD (10 mg/kg) enhanced BTBR social interaction but not social novelty preference, marble burying or dominance, with serum levels = 29 ± 11 ng/mg at 3 h post-injection. Next, acute 10 mg/kg CBD was compared to vehicle treatment in male serotonin transporter (SERT) knock-out mice, since SERT deficiency is an autism risk factor, and in their wildtype background strain controls C57BL/6J mice. CBD treatment generally enhanced social interaction preference and attenuated social novelty preference, yet neither marble burying nor dominance was affected. These findings show acute treatment with as little as 10 mg/kg purified CBD can enhance social interaction preference in male mice that are otherwise socially deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia F. Ferreira
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nikhita Pathapati
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stephen T. Schultz
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mary C. Nunn
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Bethany L. Pierce
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Yatzil R. Sanchez
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Meredith D. Murrell
- Biological Psychiatry Analytic Laboratory, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Brett C. Ginsburg
- Biological Psychiatry Analytic Laboratory, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Emmanuel S. Onaivi
- Cannabis Research Institute, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Georgianna G. Gould
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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19
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Silva-Reis R, Silva AMS, Oliveira PA, Cardoso SM. Antitumor Effects of Cannabis sativa Bioactive Compounds on Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:764. [PMID: 37238634 PMCID: PMC10216468 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a multipurpose plant that has been used in medicine for centuries. Recently, considerable research has focused on the bioactive compounds of this plant, particularly cannabinoids and terpenes. Among other properties, these compounds exhibit antitumor effects in several cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Cannabinoids show positive effects in the treatment of CRC by inducing apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and autophagy. Terpenes, such as β-caryophyllene, limonene, and myrcene, have also been reported to have potential antitumor effects on CRC through the induction of apoptosis, the inhibition of cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. In addition, synergy effects between cannabinoids and terpenes are believed to be important factors in the treatment of CRC. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the potential of cannabinoids and terpenoids from C. sativa to serve as bioactive agents for the treatment of CRC while evidencing the need for further research to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action and the safety of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (A.M.S.S.)
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Clinical Academic Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (A.M.S.S.)
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20
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Ebrahimi N, Far NP, Fakhr SS, Faghihkhorasani F, Miraghel SA, Chaleshtori SR, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Beiranvand S, Baziyar P, Manavi MS, Zarrabi A, Nabavi N, Ren J, Aref AR. The endocannabinoid system, a new gatekeeper in the pharmacology of human hepatocellular carcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115914. [PMID: 37062475 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous prevention methodologies and treatment options, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains as the third leading life-threatening cancer. It is thus pertinent to develop new treatment modality to fight this devastating carcinoma. Ample recent studies have shown the anti-inflammatory and antitumor roles of the endocannabinoid system in various forms of cancers. Preclinical studies have also confirmed that cannabinoid therapy can be an optimal regimen for cancer treatments. The endocannabinoid system is involved in many cancer-related processes, including induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent apoptosis, autophagy, PITRK and ERK signaling pathways, cell invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes. Moreover, changes in signaling transduction of the endocannabinoid system can be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC. Due to its pivotal role in lipid metabolism, the endocannabinoid system affects metabolic reprogramming as well as lipid content of exosomes. In addition, due to the importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), several studies have examined the relationship between microRNAs and the endocannabinoid system in HCC. However, HCC is a pathological condition with high heterogeneity, and therefore using the endocannabinoid system for treatment has faced many controversies. While some studies favored a role of the endocannabinoid system in carcinogenesis and tumor induction, others exhibited the anticancer potential of endocannabinoids in HCC. In this review, specific studies delineating the relationship between endocannabinoids and HCC are examined. Based on collected findings, detailed studies of the molecular mechanism of endocannabinoids as well as preclinical studies for investigating therapeutic or carcinogenic impacts in HCC cancer are strongly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazanin Pazhouhesh Far
- Department of Microbiology,Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Seifollahy Fakhr
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Campus, Hamar, Norway
| | | | - Seyed Ali Miraghel
- Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Sheida Beiranvand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Payam Baziyar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Uinversity of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Xsphera Biosciences, Translational Medicine Group, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
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Kitdumrongthum S, Trachootham D. An Individuality of Response to Cannabinoids: Challenges in Safety and Efficacy of Cannabis Products. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062791. [PMID: 36985763 PMCID: PMC10058560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since legalization, cannabis/marijuana has been gaining considerable attention as a functional ingredient in food. ∆-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids are key bioactive compounds with health benefits. The oral consumption of cannabis transports much less hazardous chemicals than smoking. Nevertheless, the response to cannabis is biphasically dose-dependent (hormesis; a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition) with wide individuality in responses. Thus, the exact same dose and preparation of cannabis may be beneficial for some but toxic to others. The purpose of this review is to highlight the concept of individual variations in response to cannabinoids, which leads to the challenge of establishing standard safe doses of cannabis products for the general population. The mechanisms of actions, acute and chronic toxicities, and factors affecting responses to cannabis products are updated. Based on the literature review, we found that the response to cannabis products depends on exposure factors (delivery route, duration, frequency, and interactions with food and drugs), individual factors (age, sex), and susceptibility factors (genetic polymorphisms of cannabinoid receptor gene, N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing enzymes, THC-metabolizing enzymes, and epigenetic regulations). Owing to the individuality of responses, the safest way to use cannabis-containing food products is to start low, go slow, and stay low.
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Pintori N, Caria F, De Luca MA, Miliano C. THC and CBD: Villain versus Hero? Insights into Adolescent Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065251. [PMID: 36982327 PMCID: PMC10048857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most used drug of abuse worldwide. It is well established that the most abundant phytocannabinoids in this plant are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). These two compounds have remarkably similar chemical structures yet vastly different effects in the brain. By binding to the same receptors, THC is psychoactive, while CBD has anxiolytic and antipsychotic properties. Lately, a variety of hemp-based products, including CBD and THC, have become widely available in the food and health industry, and medical and recreational use of cannabis has been legalized in many states/countries. As a result, people, including youths, are consuming CBD because it is considered “safe”. An extensive literature exists evaluating the harmful effects of THC in both adults and adolescents, but little is known about the long-term effects of CBD exposure, especially in adolescence. The aim of this review is to collect preclinical and clinical evidence about the effects of cannabidiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pintori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6758633
| | - Cristina Miliano
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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23
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Huang EY, Broderick RC, Li JZ, Serra JL, Ahuja P, Wu S, Genz M, Grunvald E, Kunkel DC, Sandler BJ, Horgan S, Jacobsen GR. Weight loss outcomes are not compromised in bariatric patients using cannabis. Surg Endosc 2023; 37:2194-2201. [PMID: 35861881 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The legalization of cannabis in several states has led to increased documented use in the population. Bariatric surgery patients are no exception with estimates of anywhere from 6 to 8%. Cannabis is known to be associated with increased appetite, mood disorders, hyperphagia, and rarely, hyperemesis, which can potentially affect post-surgical weight loss. We aim to study the differences in bariatric surgery outcomes between cannabis users and non-users. METHODS A retrospective review identified patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Patients were divided into two groups, cannabis users (CU) and non-cannabis users (non-CU). Cannabis users (defined as using at least once weekly) and a group of non-users were called to obtain additional information. Primary outcome was weight loss. Secondary outcomes included incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), length of stay (LOS), readmission, and need for additional intervention. RESULTS A cohort of 364 sleeve gastrectomy patients met inclusion criteria, 31 (8.5%) CU and 333 (91.5%) non-CU. There was no difference in EWL between CU and non-CU at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year, and 2 years. However, the CU group trended towards greater EWL at 3 years (52.9% vs. 38.1%, p = 0.094) and at 5 years (49.8% vs. 32.7%, p = 0.068). There were no significant differences between CU and non-CU with respect to either incidence or severity of PONV at one year after surgery or longer follow-up. CONCLUSION Cannabis users did not experience inferior weight loss after bariatric surgery despite common assumptions that appetite stimulation can lead to suboptimal weight loss outcomes. Our findings add to other work challenging this dogma. Larger, long-term, multicenter studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella Y Huang
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA.
| | - Ryan C Broderick
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Joaquin L Serra
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Pranav Ahuja
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Samantha Wu
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Michael Genz
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Eduardo Grunvald
- Division of General Internal Medicine, UCSD Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David C Kunkel
- Division of Gastroenterology, GI Motility & Physiology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryan J Sandler
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Santiago Horgan
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Garth R Jacobsen
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
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Phytocannabinoids in the Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031192. [PMID: 36770858 PMCID: PMC9920113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds, the main source of which is Cannabis sativa L. Through direct action or interaction with G protein-coupled receptors, they affect ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and modify the effectiveness of transcription factor responsible for the biosynthesis of antioxidants which lead to oxidative stress and its consequences. Due to the modification of the redox balance and inflammation, phytocannabinoids are used in the treatment of various diseases, including autoimmune dermatoses, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Psoriasis is one of the most common dermatoses, and one of unknown etiology. A disturbed redox balance with a shift towards the oxidation leads to oxidative stress, resulting in oxidative modifications, mainly of lipids and proteins, and prolonged activation of immune cells and increased generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in chronic inflammation. Given the biological activity of phytocannabinoids, they have become the focus of research as components of pharmacotherapy for psoriasis. Beneficial effects were shown by various representatives of phytocannabinoids, but the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on skin cells (in vitro and ex vivo) and on blood cells from patients with psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis has been most often evaluated in recent years.
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25
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Luz-Veiga M, Azevedo-Silva J, Fernandes JC. Beyond Pain Relief: A Review on Cannabidiol Potential in Medical Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:155. [PMID: 37259306 PMCID: PMC9958812 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is receiving increasing attention due to its pharmacological properties. Although CBD is extracted from Cannabis sativa, it lacks the psychoactive effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and has become an attractive compound for pharmacological uses due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic potential. The molecular mechanisms involved in CBD's biological effects are not limited to its interaction with classical cannabinoid receptors, exerting anti-inflammatory or pain-relief effects. Several pieces of evidence demonstrate that CBD interacts with other receptors and cellular signaling cascades, which further support CBD's therapeutic potential beyond pain management. In this review, we take a closer look at the molecular mechanisms of CBD and its potential therapeutic application in the context of cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Luz-Veiga
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Azevedo-Silva
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - João C. Fernandes
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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Brierley SM, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Sarnelli G, Sharkey KA, Storr M, Tack J. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:5-25. [PMID: 36168049 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The management of visceral pain in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction, notably irritable bowel syndrome, presents a considerable clinical challenge, with few available treatment options. Patients are increasingly using cannabis and cannabinoids to control abdominal pain. Cannabis acts on receptors of the endocannabinoid system, an endogenous system of lipid mediators that regulates gastrointestinal function and pain processing pathways in health and disease. The endocannabinoid system represents a logical molecular therapeutic target for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Here, we review the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system with a focus on the peripheral and central regulation of gastrointestinal function and visceral nociception. We address the use of cannabinoids in pain management, comparing them to other treatment modalities, including opioids and neuromodulators. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic candidates targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by a Quercus Serrata Extract and Isolation of the Component Compounds for the Treatment of Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4428269. [PMID: 36619197 PMCID: PMC9812605 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4428269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Quercus serrata belongs to the Fagaceae family. There are 600 known species of Quercus worldwide. Q. serrata is distributed nationally in Korea, Japan, and China and grows to a height of 10-15 m. It exhibits a light grey bark with longitudinal furrows; the leaves are 6-12 cm long and 2.5-5 cm wide. The Quercus genus reportedly exhibits several types of bioactivity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. Additionally, it has been reported that Quercus produces diverse phytochemicals, including tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. Herein, we describe the column chromatographic isolation of five compounds from a Q. serrata extract. The compounds included caffeic acid (1), myricetin-3-O-cellobioside (2), phloroglucinol (3), (S)-2,3-HHDP-D-glucopyranoside (4), and pedunculagin (5). We assessed the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, antioxidant activity, NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome (including NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1) inhibitory effects, and collagenase inhibition activity of the Q. serrata extract and its constituent compounds. Our results indicated that the Q. serrata extract and the isolated constituent compounds showed inhibitory activity with reference to nitric oxide production, inflammasome component expression, and collagenase activity. Our findings imply that the Q. serrata extract and the isolated constituent compounds are potential candidates for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
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28
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Valorization of Wild-Type Cannabis indica by Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Insights into the Utilization of Raffinate Biomass. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010207. [PMID: 36615400 PMCID: PMC9822091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 extraction (SCCO2) extraction of cannabis oil from Indian cannabis (Cannabis indica) leaves was optimized through a central composite design using CO2 pressure (150-250 bar), temperature (30-50 °C) and time (1-2 h). From the regression model, the optimal CO2 pressure, extraction temperature and time were 250 bar, 43 °C and 1.7 h, respectively resulting in the experimental yield of 4.9 wt% of cannabis oil via SCCO2 extraction. The extract contained cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabivarin, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol as well as two terpenoids such as cis-caryophyllene and α-humulene. Besides SCCO2 extraction of cannabis oil, the raffinate biomass was utilized to extract polyphenols using water as the extraction medium. Cannabis oil and water extractive were investigated for their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, which were found to be 1.3 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively. This is comparable to the commercially available antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytoluene with an IC50 value of 0.5 mg/mL. This work on SCCO2 extraction of cannabinoids and other valuable bioactive compounds provides an environmentally sustainable technique to valorize cannabis leaves.
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Crescente G, Minervini G, Spagnuolo C, Moccia S. Cannabis Bioactive Compound-Based Formulations: New Perspectives for the Management of Orofacial Pain. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010106. [PMID: 36615298 PMCID: PMC9822121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The management of orofacial pain to alleviate the quality of life of affected patients is becoming increasingly challenging for scientific research and healthcare professionals. From this perspective, in addition to conventional therapies, new alternatives are being sought, increasingly looking at the use of both natural and synthetic products. Cannabis sativa L. represents an interesting source of bioactive compounds, including non-psychoactive cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes, many of which are effective in improving pain intensity. Here, we aim to analyze the possible mechanisms of action of the bioactive natural and synthetic hemp-derived compounds responsible for the modulatory effects on pain-related pathways. The ability of these compounds to act on multiple mechanisms through a synergistic effect, reducing both the release of inflammatory mediators and regulating the response of the endocannabinoid system, makes them interesting agents for alternative formulations to be used in orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Minervini
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Stefania Moccia
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-082-5299-423
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Tahermanesh K, Hakimpour S, Govahi A, Keyhanfar F, Kashi AM, Chaichian S, Shahriyaripour R, Ajdary M. Treatment of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome in a Mouse Model by Cannabidiol, an Angiogenesis Pathway Inhibitor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1111777. [PMID: 36588534 PMCID: PMC9797301 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) can be treated by reducing the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, due to the side effects of commercially available VEGF-reducing drugs, they can be ruled out as a suitable treatment for OHSS; therefore, researchers are looking for new medications to treat OHSS. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in an OHSS model and to evaluate its efficacy in modulating the angiogenesis pathway and VEGF gene expression. For this purpose, 32 female mice were randomly divided into four groups (eight mice per group): control group, group 2 with OHSS induction, group 3 receiving 32 nmol of dimethyl sulfoxide after OHSS induction, and group 4 receiving 30 mg/kg of CBD after OHSS induction. The animals' body weight, ovarian weight, vascular permeability (VP), and ovarian follicle count were measured, and the levels of VEGF gene and protein expression in the peritoneal fluid were assessed. Based on the results, CBD decreased the body and ovarian weights, VP, and corpus luteum number compared to the OHSS group (p < 0.05). The peritoneal VEGF gene and protein expression levels reduced in the CBD group compared to the OHSS group (p < 0.05). Also, CBD caused OHSS alleviation by suppressing VEGF expression and VP. Overall, CBD downregulated VEGF gene expression and improved VP in OHSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Tahermanesh
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Hakimpour
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azam Govahi
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariborz Keyhanfar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahla Chaichian
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Shahriyaripour
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Ajdary
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Krüger M, van Eeden T, Beswa D. Cannabis sativa Cannabinoids as Functional Ingredients in Snack Foods-Historical and Developmental Aspects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3330. [PMID: 36501366 PMCID: PMC9739163 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The published health benefits of Cannabis sativa has caught the attention of health-conscious consumers and the food industry. Historically, seeds have long been utilized as a food source and currently there is an increasing number of edibles on the market that contain cannabis. Cannabinoids include the psychoactive constituent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) that are both compounds of interest in Cannabis sativa. This paper looks at the distribution of nutrients and phytocannabinoids in low-THC Cannabis sativa, the historical uses of hemp, cannabis edibles, and the possible side-effects and concerns related to cannabis edibles. Several authors have pointed out that even though the use of cannabis edibles is considered safe, it is important to mention their possible side-effects and any concerns related to its consumption that negatively influence consumer acceptance of cannabis edibles. Such risks include unintentional overdose by adults and accidental ingestion by children and adolescents resulting in serious adverse effects. Therefore, cannabis edibles should be specifically packaged and labelled to differentiate them from known similar non-cannabis edibles so that, together with tamperproof packaging, these measures reduce the appeal of these products to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlize Krüger
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of South Africa, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa
| | - Tertia van Eeden
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of South Africa, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa
| | - Daniso Beswa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of South Africa, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, 25 Louisa St, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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Seo C, Jeong M, Lee S, Kim EJ, Rho S, Cho M, Lee YS, Hong J. Thermal decarboxylation of acidic cannabinoids in Cannabis species: identification of transformed cannabinoids by UHPLC-Q/TOF–MS. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDecarboxylation of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) is an important step for efficient production of the active pharmaceutical component cannabidiol (CBD) in Cannabis species. Acidic cannabinoids (ACBs) can be easily transformed into neutral cannabinoids via loss of carbon dioxide when exposed to heat. During the thermal process, several transformed products including psychotropic △9-tetrahydrocannabinol (△9-THC) and its isomers were produced through decarboxylation, hydration, isomerization, and oxidation, as identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF MS). Their identification was carried out using authenticated standards and interpreting the MS/MS fragmentations. To investigate thermal decarboxylation, CBDA was extracted and isolated from inflorescence of Cannabis by ultrasonication extraction and two-step column chromatography. To investigate the decarboxylation yield of isolated CBDA and ACBs in Cannabis extract, samples were examined over a range of reaction temperatures (110–130 °C) and times (5–60 min). Time profiles of CBDA degradation and CBD formation were obtained as functions of the reaction temperature. In particular, most of the CBDA was converted into CBD at 130 °C for 20 min; this CBD was partially transformed to psychotropic THC isomers via cyclization. In addition to THC isomers, cannabielsoin acid (CBEA) and cannabielsoin (CBE) were also observed as minor oxidative transformed products. Based on structural identification and profiling data, thermal transformation pathways of CBDA are plausibly suggested. The results of decarboxylation of ACBs will provide important information on production of neutral cannabinoids, especially CBD, in Cannabis plants and quality control of Cannabis-based products in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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Skopp G, Graw M, Musshoff F. Cannabidiol – berauschend unberauschend? Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-022-00595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Y, Liang L, Wang Y, Cui Y, Hao C, Xin H. Anti-cancer effects of Shenqishiyiwei granules in gastric cancer are mediated via modulation of the immune system. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Borrelli F, Esposito G, Montmayeur JP, Silvestri C. Editorial: Implications of gut-brain interactions for the effects of compounds derived from Cannabis or modulating the endocannabinoid system in physiological and pathological processes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1042821. [PMID: 36339815 PMCID: PMC9632282 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1042821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesca Borrelli
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitarie de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Cherkasova V, Wang B, Gerasymchuk M, Fiselier A, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I. Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids for Treatment of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5142. [PMID: 36291926 PMCID: PMC9600568 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an ancient homeostasis mechanism operating from embryonic stages to adulthood. It controls the growth and development of many cells and cell lineages. Dysregulation of the components of the ECS may result in uncontrolled proliferation, adhesion, invasion, inhibition of apoptosis and increased vascularization, leading to the development of various malignancies. Cancer is the disease of uncontrolled cell division. In this review, we will discuss whether the changes to the ECS are a cause or a consequence of malignization and whether different tissues react differently to changes in the ECS. We will discuss the potential use of cannabinoids for treatment of cancer, focusing on primary outcome/care-tumor shrinkage and eradication, as well as secondary outcome/palliative care-improvement of life quality, including pain, appetite, sleep, and many more factors. Finally, we will complete this review with the chapter on sex- and gender-specific differences in ECS and response to cannabinoids, and equality of the access to treatments with cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Cherkasova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Marta Gerasymchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Anna Fiselier
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Huang S, Qiu R, Fang Z, Min K, van Beek TA, Ma M, Chen B, Zuilhof H, Salentijn GIJ. Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues by Silica Gel TLC with an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13710-13718. [PMID: 36178203 PMCID: PMC9558087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-evolving cannabis industry, low-cost and high-throughput analytical methods for cannabinoids are urgently needed. Normally, (potentially) psychoactive cannabinoids, typically represented by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and nonpsychoactive cannabinoids with therapeutic benefits, typically represented by cannabidiol (CBD), are the target analytes. Structurally, the former (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabinol (CBN), and THC) have one olefinic double bond and the latter (cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerol (CBG), and CBD) have two, which results in different affinities toward Ag(I) ions. Thus, a silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate with the lower third impregnated with Ag(I) ions enabled within minutes a digital chromatographic separation of strongly retained CBD analogues and poorly retained THC analogues. The resolution (Rs) between the closest two spots from the two groups was 4.7, which is almost 8 times higher than the resolution on unmodified TLC. After applying Fast Blue BB as a chromogenic reagent, smartphone-based color analysis enabled semiquantification of the total percentage of THC analogues (with a limit of detection (LOD) of 11 ng for THC, 54 ng for CBN, and 50 ng for THCA when the loaded volume is 1.0 μL). The method was validated by analyzing mixed cannabis extracts and cannabis extracts. The results correlated with those of high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) (R2 = 0.97), but the TLC approach had the advantages of multi-minute analysis time, high throughput, low solvent consumption, portability, and ease of interpretation. In a desiccator, Ag(I)-TLC plates can be stored for at least 3 months. Therefore, this method would allow rapid distinction between high and low THC varieties of cannabis, with the potential for on-site applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory
of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of
Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Ruiying Qiu
- Key
Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory
of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of
Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China
| | - Zhengfa Fang
- Key
Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory
of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of
Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China
| | - Ke Min
- Key
Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory
of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of
Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China
| | - Teris A. van Beek
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory
of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of
Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory
of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of
Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Key
Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory
of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of
Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gert IJ. Salentijn
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen
University & Research, Wageningen6700 AE, The Netherlands
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The Enteric Glia and Its Modulation by the Endocannabinoid System, a New Target for Cannabinoid-Based Nutraceuticals? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196773. [PMID: 36235308 PMCID: PMC9570628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that intrinsically innervates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Whereas enteric neurons have been deeply studied, the enteric glial cells (EGCs) have received less attention. However, these are immune-competent cells that contribute to the maintenance of the GI tract homeostasis through supporting epithelial integrity, providing neuroprotection, and influencing the GI motor function and sensation. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) includes endogenous classical cannabinoids (anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol), cannabinoid-like ligands (oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)), enzymes involved in their metabolism (FAAH, MAGL, COX-2) and classical (CB1 and CB2) and non-classical (TRPV1, GPR55, PPAR) receptors. The ECS participates in many processes crucial for the proper functioning of the GI tract, in which the EGCs are involved. Thus, the modulation of the EGCs through the ECS might be beneficial to treat some dysfunctions of the GI tract. This review explores the role of EGCs and ECS on the GI tract functions and dysfunctions, and the current knowledge about how EGCs may be modulated by the ECS components, as possible new targets for cannabinoids and cannabinoid-like molecules, particularly those with potential nutraceutical use.
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He B, Chen Y, Yu S, Hao Y, Wang F, Qu L. Food plant extracts for sleep-related skin health: Mechanisms and prospects. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Synthesis of novel EGCG-glucose conjugates and studies of their antioxidative properties for neuroprotections. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Arora P, Athari SS, Nainwal LM. Piperine attenuates production of inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress and neutrophils in lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed experimental mice. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kumar S, Kumari D, Singh B. Genus Rauvolfia: A review of its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, quality control/quality assurance, pharmacological activities and clinical evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 295:115327. [PMID: 35504505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The plants are from the genus Rauvolfia Plum. ex L. (Apocynaceae), which is represented by 74 species with many synonyms, and distributed worldwide, especially in the Asian, and African continents. Traditionally, some of them are used for the treatment of various disorders related to the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and as an antidote due to the presence of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) such as ajmaline (144), ajmalicine (164) serpentine (182), yohimbine (190) and reserpine (214). AIM The present review provides comprehensive summarization and critical analysis of the traditional to modern applications of Rauvolfia species, and the major focus was to include traditional uses, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacological properties, as well as clinical evidence that may be useful in the drug discovery process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information related to traditional uses, chemical constituents, separation techniques/analytical methods, and pharmacological properties of the genus Rauvolfia were obtained using electronic databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, SciFinder, PubMed, PubChem, ChemSpider, and Google Scholar between the years 1949-2021. The scientific name of the species and its synonyms were checked with the information of The Plant List. RESULTS A total of seventeen Rauvolfia species have been traditionally explored for various therapeutic applications, out of which the roots of R. serpentina and R. vomitoria are used most commonly for the treatment of many diseases. About 287 alkaloids, seven terpenoids, nine flavonoids, and four phenolic acids have been reported in different parts of the forty-three species. Quality control (QC)/quality assurance (QA) of extracts/herbal formulations of Rauvolfia species was analyzed by qualitative and quantitative methods based on the major MIAs such as compounds 144, 164, 182, 190, and 214 using HPTLC, HPLC, and HPLC-MS. The various extracts of different plant parts of thirteen Rauvolfia species are explored for their pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiprotozoal, antitrypanosomal, antipsychotic, cardioprotective, cholinesterase inhibitory, and hepatoprotective. Of which, clinical trials of herbal formulations/extracts of R. serpentina and MIAs have been reported for CVD, CNS, antihypertensive therapy, antidiabetic effects, and psoriasis therapy, while the extracts and phytoconstituents of remaining Rauvolfia species are predominantly significant, owning them to be additional attention for further investigation under clinical trials and QC/QA. CONCLUSION The present communication has provided a comprehensive, systematic, and critically analyzed vision into the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and modern therapeutic applications of the genus Rauvolfia are validated by scientific evidence. In addition, different plant parts from this genus, especially raw and finished herbal products of the roots of R. serpentina have been demonstrated for the QC/QA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Ma. Kanshiram Government Degree College, Ninowa, Farrukhabad, 209602, India; Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University (CSJM) Kanpur, Kalyanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Diksha Kumari
- Botanic Garden Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bikarma Singh
- Botanic Garden Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Vanin AP, Tamagno WA, Alves C, Mesacasa L, Santin LF, Sutorillo NT, Bilibio D, Müller C, Galon L, Kaizer RR. Neuroprotective potential of Cannabis sativa-based oils in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15376. [PMID: 36100636 PMCID: PMC9470673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substances from the Cannabis sativa species, especially cannabidiol (CBD) and Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), have attracted medical attention in recent years. The actions of these two main cannabinoids modulate the cholinergic nervous system (CholNS) involving development, synaptic plasticity, and response to endogenous and environmental damage, as a characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. The dynamics of these diseases are mediated by specific neurotransmitters, such as the GABAergic nervous system (GNS) and the CholNS. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an important experimental model, which has different neurotransmitter systems that coordinate its behavior and has a transgene strain that encodes the human β-amyloid 1-42 peptide in body wall muscle, one of the main proteins involved in Alzheimer´s disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the protective potential of terpenoids found in C. sativa in the GNS and CholNS of C. elegans. The effect of two C. sativa oils with variations in CBD and THC concentrations on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, lipid peroxidation, and behavior of C. elegans was evaluated. C. sativa oils were efficient in increasing pharyngeal pumping rate and reducing defecation cycle, AChE activity, and ROS levels in N2 strains. In the muscle:Abeta1-42 strain, mainly when using CBD oil, worm movement, body bends, and pharyngeal pumping were increased, with a reduced AChE activity. Consequently, greater investments in scientific research are needed, in addition to breaking the taboo on the use of the C. sativa plant as an alternative for medicinal use, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, which have already shown positive initial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Vanin
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, 99.700-000, Brazil
| | - Wagner Antonio Tamagno
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97.105-900, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Sertão, RS, 99.170-000, Brazil
| | - Carla Alves
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Sertão, RS, 99.170-000, Brazil
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99.052-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Mesacasa
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96.815-900, Brazil
| | - Luciani Figueiredo Santin
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Sertão, RS, 99.170-000, Brazil
| | - Nathália Tafarel Sutorillo
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Sertão, RS, 99.170-000, Brazil
| | - Denise Bilibio
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Sertão, RS, 99.170-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Müller
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, 99.700-000, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Galon
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, 99.700-000, Brazil
| | - Rosilene Rodrigues Kaizer
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, 99.700-000, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Sertão, RS, 99.170-000, Brazil
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Hu L, Xu Y, Meng H. Development and Evaluation of Puerarin Loaded-Albumin Nanoparticles Thermoresponsive in situ Gel for Ophthalmic Delivery. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3315-3326. [PMID: 36193285 PMCID: PMC9526508 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s374061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiu Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Shanghai Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutical, 905 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hui Meng, Email
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Panchal NK, Swarnalatha P, Prince SE. Trichopus zeylanicus ameliorates ibuprofen inebriated hepatotoxicity and enteropathy: an insight into its modulatory impact on pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic signaling pathways. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2229-2242. [PMID: 36008576 PMCID: PMC9410745 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is commonly used for its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects worldwide. However ibuprofen comes with serious unavoidable adverse effects on various organs when used for long duration or overdosed. Trichopus zeylanicus is a medicinal plant endemic to India owning various beneficial properties and is been used in treating various ailments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effect of aqueous leaves’ extract of Trichopus zeylanicus against ibuprofen-induced hepatic toxicity and enteropathy in rats. Overall in this study 30 male albino rats were used, which were divided into five groups (six in each group). Group-I was normal control, Group-II was ibuprofen (400 mg/kg/day) inebriated group, Group-III was silymarin (25 mg/kg/day) pretreated + ibuprofen (400 mg/kg/day), Group-IV was ALETZ (1000 mg/kg/day) pretreated + ibuprofen (400 mg/kg/day), and Group-V was ALETZ alone (1000 mg/kg/day) group. The duration of the administration was for five days, followed by scarifying rats on the sixth day. Later the rats were assessed for liver and intestine enzyme markers, antioxidant parameters along with histopathological changes. In addition the pro-inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels were measured using ELISA. Lastly the expression pattern of apoptotic signaling markers such as caspase-3, caspase-8 and Bcl-2 was evaluated using western blot. The results obtained from this study showed changes in levels of aforesaid parameter which presented the toxic effect of ibuprofen on liver and small intestine. Pre-treatment of ALETZ in ibuprofen-inebriated group was able to normalize the adverse effect caused due to ibuprofen. The conclusion of the study deduces that pre-treatment with ALETZ alleviates by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in ibuprofen inebriated rats, indicating its protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Kishan Panchal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Purushotham Swarnalatha
- Department of Information Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India, 632104
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
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van Orten-Luiten ACB, de Roos NM, Majait S, Witteman BJ, Witkamp RF. Effects of Cannabidiol Chewing Gum on Perceived Pain and Well-Being of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Placebo-Controlled Crossover Exploratory Intervention Study with Symptom-Driven Dosing. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:436-444. [PMID: 33998882 PMCID: PMC9418368 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. Its pathophysiology is diverse and variable, involving disturbed gut-brain interactions, altered motility and secretion, visceral hypersensitivity, increased intestinal permeability, immune activation, and changes in gut microbiota. Complaints experienced by patients suffering from IBS and its co-morbidities strongly impair quality of life (QoL), and available treatments are often unsatisfactory. Anecdotal reports and preclinical data suggest that the endocannabinoid system and functionally related mechanisms could offer treatment targets. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a candidate agent of interest with a broad molecular target profile and the absence of psychoactive properties. Materials and Methods: In 32 female IBS patients, we explored the effect of a chewing gum formulation containing 50 mg CBD on abdominal pain and perceived well-being in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Chewing gums were used on-demand guided by pain symptoms with a maximum of six per day. Pain intensity was assessed by a visual analogue scale (scale 0.0-10.0), and QoL was evaluated with the IBS-36 questionnaire. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in pain scores between CBD and placebo at a group level. Subgroup and individual analyses showed a highly variable picture. No indications were found for symptom-driven intake, which also remained lower than expected overall. Conclusions: With the current design, based on the assumption that IBS patients would adjust their intake to their perceived symptom relief, no differences at the group level were found between CBD and placebo gum in pain scores and the number of gums used. The low use of the gums also indicates that the benefits experienced by these patients generally did not outweigh practical disadvantages such as prolonged chewing throughout the day. The very high intra- and inter-individual variation in IBS symptoms warrant future trials that are more personalized, for example by applying an N-of-1 (rotating) design with individualized dose titration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole M. de Roos
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soumia Majait
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J.M. Witteman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F. Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Li L, Zhang L, Liao T, Zhang C, Chen K, Huang Q. Advances on pharmacology and toxicology of aconitine. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:601-611. [PMID: 35060168 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aconitum alkaloids are considered to be the characteristic bioactive ingredients of Aconitum species, which are widely applied to the treatment of diverse diseases, and aconitine (AC) is found in most Aconitum plants. Research evidence shows that low-dose AC has a good therapeutic potential in heart failure, myocardial infarction, neuroinflammatory diseases, rheumatic diseases, and tumors, which has become one of the hotspots in global research in recent years. However, the cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity of AC have also attracted extensive attention. Excessive use of AC always induces ventricular tachyarrhythmia and heart arrest, even can be potentially lethal. Therefore, AC cannot simply be regarded as a good medicine or a toxicant, but its underlying curative and toxic properties remained chaos. In order to dig the unique pharmacological value of AC while preventing its toxicity, the pharmacological activities and toxic effects of AC were summarized in this paper, providing new insight into the safe and effective use of AC in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Zigong City, Zigong, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Keling Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Role of a mixed probiotic product, VSL#3, in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 930:175152. [PMID: 35835181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease. The incidence of this type of cancer in younger patients has increased in recent years, and more strategies are needed to prevent and delay the progression of CRC. Probiotics play an adjunctive role in the prevention and treatment of CRC and can not only prevent the onset and delay the progression of disease but also reduce the side effects after the application of anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer effect of individual probiotics has been extensively studied, and the exact curative effect of various probiotics has been found, but the anti-cancer effect of mixed probiotics is still not well summarized. In this review, we discuss the positive effects of mixed probiotics on CRC and the related mechanisms of action, especially VSL#3 (VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA), thus providing new ideas for the treatment of CRC. Moreover, we suggest the need to search for more therapeutic possibilities, especially via the research and application of synbiotics and postbiotics.
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Park YJ, Na HH, Kwon IS, Hwang YN, Park HJ, Kwon TH, Park JS, Kim KC. Cannabidiol Regulates PPARγ-Dependent Vesicle Formation as well as Cell Death in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:836. [PMID: 35890134 PMCID: PMC9319361 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa have been studied for therapeutic purposes. Although nonpsychoactive CBD has been studied as a promising anticancer drug because it induces apoptosis in many cancer cells, it is also known to induce several physiological changes. In this study, we clarify the functional role it plays in the morphological characteristics of intracellular vesicle formation as well as apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells. CBD treatment shows growth inhibition at concentrations above 20 μM, but FACS analysis shows low efficacy in terms of cell death. Microscopic observations suggest that multiple vesicles were detected in the cytoplasmic region of CBD-treated A549 cells. CBD treatment upregulates apoptosis-related proteins, such as p53, PARP, RIP1, RIP3, Atg12, and Beclin, indicating that CBD regulates several types of cell death. CBD treatment also induced E-cadherin, PPARγ, clathrin, β-adaptin, and Tsg101, also known to be cellular-differentiation inducers or vesicle-formation components. Treatment combining CBD with GW9662, a PPARγ inhibitor, reduced CBD-induced cytoplasmic vesicle formation. This indicates that PPARγ regulates the vesicle-formation mechanism. However, CBD-treated E-cad KO clones did not show this regulatory mechanism. These results elucidate the pharmacological and molecular networks associated with CBD in PPARγ-dependent vesicle formation and the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Han-Heom Na
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
- Kangwon Center for System Imaging, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - In-Seo Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Yu-Na Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Tae-Hyung Kwon
- Department of Research and Development, Chuncheon Bioindustry Foundation, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Seoul 07525, Korea;
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
- Kangwon Center for System Imaging, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Alves ALV, da Silva LS, Faleiros CA, Silva VAO, Reis RM. The Role of Ingenane Diterpenes in Cancer Therapy: From Bioactive Secondary Compounds to Small Molecules. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221105691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diterpenes are a class of critical taxonomic markers of the Euphorbiaceae family, representing small compounds (eg, molecules) with a wide range of biological activities and multi-target therapeutic potential. Diterpenes can exert different activities, including antitumor and multi-drug resistance-reversing activities, and antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, mainly due to their great structural diversity. In particular, one polycyclic skeleton has been highlighted: ingenane. Besides this natural diterpene, promising polycyclic skeletons may be submitted to chemical modification—by in silico approaches, chemical reactions, or biotransformation—putatively providing more active analogs (eg, ingenol derivatives), which are currently under pre-clinical investigation. This review outlines the current mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic implications of ingenol diterpenes as small cancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura V. Alves
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Luciane S. da Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Camila A. Faleiros
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Viviane A. O. Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Rui M. Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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