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Xiao X, Huang S, Yang Z, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Zhao Y, Bai J, Kim KH. Momordica charantia Bioactive Components: Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Benefits Through Gut Health Modulation. J Med Food 2024; 27:589-600. [PMID: 38770678 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2024.k.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia (MC), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is well known for its pharmacological activities that exhibit hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. These properties are largely because of its abundant bioactive compounds and phytochemicals. Over the years, numerous studies have confirmed the regulatory effects of MC extract on glycolipid metabolism. However, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on newly discovered MC-related components, such as insulin receptor-binding protein-19, adMc1, and MC protein-30 and triterpenoids 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al, and the role of MC in gut microbiota and bitter taste receptors. This review offers an up-to-date overview of the recently reported chemical compositions of MC, including polysaccharides, saponins, polyphenolics, peptides, and their beneficial effects. It also provides the latest updates on the role of MC in the regulation of gut microbiota and bitter taste receptor signaling pathways. As a result, this review will serve as a theoretical basis for potential applications in the creation or modification of MC-based nutrient supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shiting Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yansheng Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Juan Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Bi S, Zhu J, Huang L, Feng W, Peng L, Leng L, Wang Y, Shan P, Kong W, Zhu S. Comprehensive Analysis of the Function and Prognostic Value of TAS2Rs Family-Related Genes in Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6849. [PMID: 38999959 PMCID: PMC11241446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the realm of colon carcinoma, significant genetic and epigenetic diversity is observed, underscoring the necessity for tailored prognostic features that can guide personalized therapeutic strategies. In this study, we explored the association between the type 2 bitter taste receptor (TAS2Rs) family-related genes and colon cancer using RNA-sequencing and clinical datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Our preliminary analysis identified seven TAS2Rs genes associated with survival using univariate Cox regression analysis, all of which were observed to be overexpressed in colon cancer. Subsequently, based on these seven TAS2Rs prognostic genes, two colon cancer molecular subtypes (Cluster A and Cluster B) were defined. These subtypes exhibited distinct prognostic and immune characteristics, with Cluster A characterized by low immune cell infiltration and less favorable outcomes, while Cluster B was associated with high immune cell infiltration and better prognosis. Finally, we developed a robust scoring system using a gradient boosting machine (GBM) approach, integrated with the gene-pairing method, to predict the prognosis of colon cancer patients. This machine learning model could improve our predictive accuracy for colon cancer outcomes, underscoring its value in the precision oncology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Bi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liting Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Wanting Feng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Lulu Peng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Liangqi Leng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peipei Shan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Weikaixin Kong
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sujie Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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Hoel H, de Boer HJ, Kool A, Wangensteen H. Analysis of bitter compounds in traditional preparations of Gentiana purpurea L. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105932. [PMID: 38565380 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Roots of Gentiana purpurea are known to have an intense bitter taste due to its high content of secoiridoids. In folk medicine roots have commonly been prepared as water decoctions, soaked in ethanol, or boiled with milk, wine, or beer. The aim of this study was to explore how various historical preparation methods influence yields of major bitter compounds in G. purpurea. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that maceration with 40% and 70% ethanol, boiling with acetic acid (3% and 6%), vinegar and raw milk gave the highest extraction yields of gentiopicrin. Erythrocentaurin was detected when the roots were added to cold water before boiling, possibly because of enzymatic degradation. In contrast, erythrocentaurin was not detected in preparations where roots were added to boiling water, or when they were extracted with acetic acid or alcohol. The results stress the significance of traditional preparation methods to optimize yield of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Hoel
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern N-0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hugo J de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, N-0318 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anneleen Kool
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, N-0318 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helle Wangensteen
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern N-0316, Oslo, Norway.
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Ferri F, Cannariato M, Deriu MA, Pallante L. Machine learning approaches to predict TAS2R receptors for bitterants. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1755-1758. [PMID: 38587175 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Bitter taste involves the detection of diverse chemical compounds by a family of G protein-coupled receptors, known as taste receptor type 2 (TAS2R). It is often linked to toxins and harmful compounds and in particular bitter taste receptors participate in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, modulation of immune and inflammatory responses, and may have implications for various diseases. Human TAS2Rs are characterized by their polymorphism and differ in localization and function. Different receptors can activate various signaling pathways depending on the tissue and the ligand. However, in vitro screening of possible TAS2R ligands is costly and time-consuming. For this reason, in silico methods to predict bitterant-TAS2R interactions could be powerful tools to help in the selection of ligands and targets for experimental studies and improve our knowledge of bitter receptor roles. Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence that applies algorithms to large datasets to learn from patterns and make predictions. In recent years, there has been a record of numerous taste classifiers in literature, especially on bitter/non-bitter or bitter/sweet classification. However, only a few of them exploit ML to predict which TAS2R receptors could be targeted by bitter molecules. Indeed, the shortage and incompleteness of data on receptor-ligand associations in literature make this task non-trivial. In this work, we provide an overview of the state of the art dealing with this specific investigation, focusing on three ML-based models, namely BitterX (2016), BitterSweet (2019) and BitterMatch (2022). This review aims to establish the foundation for future research endeavours focused on addressing the limitations and drawbacks of existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferri
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Cannariato
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Agostino Deriu
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pallante
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Wei J, Lu C, Ding Y, Lu Y, Yang X, Zhang X, Tang G. Gustatory dysfunction and long COVID in Chinese patients with COVID-19: A 6-month follow-up study. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38654678 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate long COVID of gustatory dysfunction and the associated risk factors regarding onset and recovery in Chinese patients. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection at Changxing Mobile Cabin Hospital in Shanghai, China, from March to May 2022. A prospective follow-up of patients with gustatory dysfunction was conducted at 6 months after discharge. RESULTS In total, 18.48% (241/1304) reported gustatory dysfunction. The 6-month follow-up response rate was 89.63% (216/241) and 74.02% recovered their taste sense within 1-3 weeks. A total of 20.37% of patients (44/216) presented with long COVID. Symptoms persisted for 12 patients (5.56%) after 6 months. Having multiple taste impairments (OR, 2.364; 95% CI, 1.286-4.348; p = 0.006) was associated with a higher risk of gustatory dysfunction with long COVID. Having received a COVID-19 vaccine booster was positively associated with taste sensation recovery (HR, 1.344; 95% CI, 1.012-1.785; p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS About 20.37% of patients with COVID-19 might develop long COVID of gustatory dysfunction and 5.56% with persisting changes in their sense of taste. Most patients recovered taste sensations within 1-3 weeks after COVID-19 symptom onset and receiving a booster shot of the COVID-19 vaccine presented a protective effect on the taste sensation recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghui Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjian Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Clinical Research Unit, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyao Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Trius-Soler M, Moreno JJ. Bitter taste receptors: Key target to understand the effects of polyphenols on glucose and body weight homeostasis. Pathophysiological and pharmacological implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116192. [PMID: 38583811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical research has reported beneficial effects of polyphenol intake on high prevalent diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. These phytochemicals are ligands of taste 2 receptors (T2Rs) that have been recently located in a variety of organs and extra-oral tissues. Therefore, the interaction between polyphenol and T2Rs in brain structures can play a direct effect on appetite/satiety regulation and food intake. T2Rs are also expressed along the digestive tract, and their interaction with polyphenols can induce the release of gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., ghrelin, GLP-1, CCK) influencing appetite, gastrointestinal functionally, and glycemia control. Intestinal microbiota can also influence on network effects of polyphenols-T2Rs interaction and vice versa, impacting innate immune responses and consequently on gut functionally. Furthermore, polyphenols binding to T2Rs present important effects on adipose tissue metabolism. Interestingly, T2R polymorphism could, at least partially, explain the inter-individual variability of the effects of polyphenols on glucose and body weight homeostasis. Together, these factors can contribute to understand the beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich diets but also might aid in identifying new pharmacological pathway targets for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trius-Soler
- Department of Public Health and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan José Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety Research, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Şeref B, Yıldıran H. A new perspective on obesity: perception of fat taste and its relationship with obesity. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae028. [PMID: 38497969 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, which results from a long-term positive energy balance, is affected by many factors, especially nutrition. The sensory properties of foods are associated with increased food intake through hedonic appetite. Taste perception, a component of flavor, is also responsible for increased consumption, through reward and hedonic mechanisms. Foods with high fat and energy content are among the foods that create the reward perception. The perception of fat taste, the primary taste that has recently entered the literature, may also be associated with increased food consumption and body weight. Therefore, in this review, the relationship between fat taste and obesity is examined, using the latest literature. RESULTS Different hypotheses have been proposed regarding the mechanism of the relationship between fat-taste perception and obesity, such as hedonic appetite, microbiota, decreased taste perception, and increased taste threshold level. In addition, some studies examining this relationship reported significant associations between the level of fat-taste perception and obesity, whereas others did not find a significant difference. CONCLUSION Considering the prevalence and contribution to obesity of Western-style nutrition, characterized by high amounts of fat and sugar consumption, elucidating this relationship may be an essential solution for preventing and treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Şeref
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Türkiye
| | - Hilal Yıldıran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Jo YS, Choi JH. Genetic variation in TAS2R38 bitterness receptor is associated with body composition in Korean females. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024; 75:197-206. [PMID: 38115549 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2294682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Bitterness-receptor gene TAS2R38 is associated with taste sensitivity and dietary behaviour, and is known to play a critical role in adiposity. However, evidence regarding body composition from a large cohort is lacking. This study aimed to ascertain whether TAS2R38 rs10246939 C > T bitterness genetic variation is associated with body composition in Korean individuals. The TAS2R38 rs10246939 genotypes, anthropometric measurements, and body composition of 1,843 males and 1,801 females from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were analysed. Findings suggested that there was a significant difference in body fat components by TAS2R38 genotype. Furthermore, the bitterness genotype exhibited a positive association with adiposity markers in females. The TT genotype showed greater body mass index, body fat percentage, and degree of obesity than those with the C allele. However, such an association was not observed in males. In conclusion, this study suggests that TAS2R38 rs10246939 is associated with fat tissue markers in Korean females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Seul Jo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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9
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Tagliamonte S, Oliviero V, Vitaglione P. Food bioactive peptides: functionality beyond bitterness. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae008. [PMID: 38350613 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste is an aversive taste because it is unconsciously associated with toxic compounds. However, a considerable variability in bitter sensitivity exists in those who have the genetic polymorphism for bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs). Besides the oral cavity, TAS2Rs are present in many body tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract; therefore, they are crucial players both in the gustatory/hedonic system and in the homeostatic system, triggering numerous biological responses, including adipogenesis, carcinogenesis, or immunity. Bitter-tasting compounds are widely distributed in plant and animal foods and belong to many chemical classes. In this study, the evidence was reviewed on bitter peptides, considering the food sources, their formation in food under different processing and storage conditions and in the gastrointestinal tract during digestion, as well as their biological activities. Bitterness associated with peptides is due to the presence of hydrophobic amino acids in the C-terminus. The current literature mainly explores the enzymes and hydrolysis conditions, with the aim of reducing the formation of bitter peptides in hydrolysate preparation or food. Few studies highlight the bioactivity (namely, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant, or immunity boosting), besides the bitterness. However, encapsulation of bitter peptides has been tentatively used to develop antihypertensive and antidiabetic supplements. In the era of personalized nutrition and precision medicine, the evidence available suggests the opportunity to use bitter bioactive peptides as functional ingredients in food. Such types of food may modulate a plethora of physiological mechanisms by targeting TAS2Rs in the gastrointestinal tract, thus modulating appetite sensations or gastrointestinal motility and discomfort according to individual nutritional needs and goals. More studies are needed to optimize the technological strategies to target TAS2Rs by bitter bioactive peptides, improve their stability in food, and validate the biological efficacy through well-designed in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tagliamonte
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Veronica Oliviero
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Lu P, Simas TAM, Delpapa E, ZhuGe R. Bitter taste receptors in the reproductive system: Function and therapeutic implications. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31179. [PMID: 38219077 PMCID: PMC10922893 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 taste receptors (TAS2Rs), traditionally known for their role in bitter taste perception, are present in diverse reproductive tissues of both sexes. This review explores our current understanding of TAS2R functions with a particular focus on reproductive health. In males, TAS2Rs are believed to play potential roles in processes such as sperm chemotaxis and male fertility. Genetic insights from mouse models and human polymorphism studies provide some evidence for their contribution to male infertility. In female reproduction, it is speculated that TAS2Rs influence the ovarian milieu, shaping the functions of granulosa and cumulus cells and their interactions with oocytes. In the uterus, TAS2Rs contribute to uterine relaxation and hold potential as therapeutic targets for preventing preterm birth. In the placenta, they are proposed to function as vigilant sentinels, responding to infection and potentially modulating mechanisms of fetal protection. In the cervix and vagina, their analogous functions to those in other extraoral tissues suggest a potential role in infection defense. In addition, TAS2Rs exhibit altered expression patterns that profoundly affect cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis in reproductive cancers. Notably, TAS2R agonists show promise in inducing apoptosis and overcoming chemoresistance in these malignancies. Despite these advances, challenges remain, including a lack of genetic and functional studies. The application of techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated endonuclease 9 gene editing could provide deeper insights into TAS2Rs in reproduction, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies for reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological System, UMass Chan Medical School, 363 Plantation St., Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Moore Simas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMass Chan Medical School/UMass Memorial Health, Memorial Campus 119 Belmont St., Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Delpapa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMass Chan Medical School/UMass Memorial Health, Memorial Campus 119 Belmont St., Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ronghua ZhuGe
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological System, UMass Chan Medical School, 363 Plantation St., Worcester, MA, USA
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Bloxham CJ, Hulme KD, Fierro F, Fercher C, Pegg CL, O'Brien SL, Foster SR, Short KR, Furness SGB, Reichelt ME, Niv MY, Thomas WG. Cardiac human bitter taste receptors contain naturally occurring variants that alter function. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115932. [PMID: 37989413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2R) are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that enable humans to detect aversive and toxic substances. The ability to discern bitter compounds varies between individuals and is attributed mainly to naturally occurring T2R polymorphisms. T2Rs are also expressed in numerous non-gustatory tissues, including the heart, indicating potential contributions to cardiovascular physiology. In this study. T2Rs that have previously been identified in human cardiac tissues (T2Rs - 10, 14, 30, 31, 46 and 50) and their naturally occurring polymorphisms were functionally characterised. The ligand-dependent signaling responses of some T2R variants were completely abolished (T2R30 Leu252 and T2R46 Met228), whereas other receptor variants had moderate changes in their maximal response, but not potency, relative to wild type. Using a cAMP fluorescent biosensor, we reveal the productive coupling of T2R14, but not the T2R14 Phe201 variant, to endogenous Gαi. Modeling revealed that these variants resulted in altered interactions that generally affected ligand binding (T2R30 Leu252) or Gα protein interactions (T2R46 Met228 and T2R14 Phe201), rather than receptor structural stability. Interestingly, this study is the first to show a difference in signaling for T2R50 Tyr203 (rs1376251) which has been associated with cardiovascular disease. The observation of naturally occurring functional variation in the T2Rs with the greatest expression in the heart is important, as their discovery should prove useful in deciphering the role of T2Rs within the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Katina D Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Fierro
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christian Fercher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Cassandra L Pegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa E Reichelt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
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Zheng Z, Li X, Chen G, Chen J, Zhu X, Teng Y. Transcriptome analyses reveal new insights on key determinants of perineural invasion in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1109710. [PMID: 37799274 PMCID: PMC10548129 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1109710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is a pathological feature of many cancers associated with poor outcomes, metastases, and recurrence. In relation to ovarian cancer (OC), there is no information about PNI's role and mechanisms. Our study found that patients with PNI-positive symptoms had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) time than patients with PNI-negative symptoms. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that PNI represented a substantial independent prognostic factor in OC patients. At the transcriptome level, it is noteworthy that PNI positivity was negatively correlated with the degree of infiltration of immune killer cells in OC tumor tissues, including macrophage, central memory CD4 T-cell, natural killer cells, monocyte, and central memory CD4 T-cell. The results of this study revealed that TAS2Rs proteins were markedly upregulated in PNI-positive OC tissues and predicted poor prognoses. Moreover, Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the TAS2R10 protein was associated with poor prognoses and PNI in OC. Consequently, we found for the first time that PNI was a powerful predictor of poor prognosis in OC and analyzed its expression pattern and some preliminary biochemical characterization, providing new clues for guiding clinical prevention and treatment of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yincheng Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chandrasekaran S, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Germinated chickpea protein ficin hydrolysate and its peptides inhibited glucose uptake and affected the bitter receptor signaling pathway in vitro. Food Funct 2023; 14:8467-8486. [PMID: 37646191 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01408h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate germinated chickpea protein hydrolysate (GCPH) in vitro for its effect on markers of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and bitter taste receptor expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Protein hydrolysate was obtained using ficin, and the resulting peptides were sequenced using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Caco-2 cells were used to determine glucose uptake and extra-oral bitter receptor activation. Three peptides, VVFW, GEAGR, and FDLPAL, were identified in legumin. FDLPAL was the most potent peptide in molecular docking studies with a DPP-IV energy of affinity of -9.8 kcal mol-1. GCPH significantly inhibited DPP-IV production by Caco-2 cells (IC50 = 2.1 mM). Glucose uptake was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (IC25 = 2.0 mM). A negative correlation was found between glucose uptake and PLCβ2 expression in Caco-2 cells (R value, -0.62). Thus, GCPH has the potential to be commercialized as a functional ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhiksha Chandrasekaran
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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14
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Talmon M, Massara E, Quaregna M, De Battisti M, Boccafoschi F, Lecchi G, Puppo F, Bettega Cajandab MA, Salamone S, Bovio E, Boldorini R, Riva B, Pollastro F, Fresu LG. Bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) 46 in human skeletal muscle: expression and activity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1205651. [PMID: 37771728 PMCID: PMC10522851 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1205651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors are involved not only in taste perception but in various physiological functions as their anatomical location is not restricted to the gustatory system. We previously demonstrated expression and activity of the subtype hTAS2R46 in human airway smooth muscle and broncho-epithelial cells, and here we show its expression and functionality in human skeletal muscle cells. Three different cellular models were used: micro-dissected human skeletal tissues, human myoblasts/myotubes and human skeletal muscle cells differentiated from urine stem cells of healthy donors. We used qPCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis to evaluate gene and protein hTAS2R46 expression. In order to explore receptor activity, cells were incubated with the specific bitter ligands absinthin and 3ß-hydroxydihydrocostunolide, and calcium oscillation and relaxation were evaluated by calcium imaging and collagen assay, respectively, after a cholinergic stimulus. We show, for the first time, experimentally the presence and functionality of a type 2 bitter receptor in human skeletal muscle cells. Given the tendentially protective role of the bitter receptors starting from the oral cavity and following also in the other ectopic sites, and given its expression already at the myoblast level, we hypothesize that the bitter receptor can play an important role in the development, maintenance and in the protection of muscle tissue functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Erika Massara
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Quaregna
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marta De Battisti
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Lecchi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Federico Puppo
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Enrica Bovio
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Riva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia G. Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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15
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Navarro-Dorado J, Climent B, López-Oliva ME, Pilar Martínez M, Hernández-Martín M, Agis-Torres Á, Recio P, Victoria Barahona M, Benedito S, Fernandes VS, Hernández M. The bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) agonist denatonium promotes a strong relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115754. [PMID: 37597814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) are found in numerous extra-oral tissues, including smooth muscle (SM) cells in both vascular and visceral tissues. Upon activation, TAS2R stimulate the relaxation of the SM. Nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway is involved in penile erection, and type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitors, a cGMP-specific hydrolase are used as first-line treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED). Nevertheless, PDE5 inhibitors are ineffective in a considerable number of patients, prompting research into alternative pharmacological targets for ED. Since TAS2R agonists regulate SM contractility, this study investigates the role of TAS2Rs in rat corpus cavernosum (CC). We performed immunohistochemistry to detect TAS2R10, isometric force recordings for TAS2R agonists denatonium and chloroquine, the slow-release H2S donor GYY 4137, the NO donor SNAP, the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol and electrical field stimulation (EFS), as well as measurement of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production. The immunofluorescence staining indicated that TAS2R10 was broadly expressed in the CC SM and to some extent in the nerve fibers. Denatonium, chloroquine, SNAP, and isoproterenol cause potent dose-dependent SM relaxations. H2S production was decreased by NO and H2S synthase inhibitors, while it was enhanced by denatonium. In addition, denatonium increased the relaxations induced by GYY 4137 and SNAP but failed to modify EFS- and isoproterenol-induced responses. These results suggest neuronal and SM TAS2R10 expression in the rat CC, where denatonium induces a strong SM relaxation per se and promotes the H2S- and NO-mediated inhibitory gaseous neurotransmission. Thus, TAS2R10 might represent a valuable therapeutic target in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Navarro-Dorado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Climent
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elvira López-Oliva
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Martínez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Hernández-Martín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Agis-Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Paz Recio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Barahona
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Benedito
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Vítor S Fernandes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Medardo Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Descamps-Solà M, Vilalta A, Jalsevac F, Blay MT, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Pinent M, Beltrán-Debón R, Terra X, Ardévol A. Bitter taste receptors along the gastrointestinal tract: comparison between humans and rodents. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1215889. [PMID: 37712001 PMCID: PMC10498470 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1215889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) were thought to be located only in the mouth and to serve as sensors for nutrients and harmful substances. However, in recent years Tas2r have also been reported in extraoral tissues such as the skin, the lungs, and the intestine, where their function is still uncertain. To better understand the physiological role of these receptors, in this paper we focused on the intestine, an organ in which their activation may be similar to the receptors found in the mouth. We compare the relative presence of these receptors along the gastrointestinal tract in three main species of biomedical research (mice, rats and humans) using sequence homology. Current data from studies of rodents are scarce and while more data are available in humans, they are still deficient. Our results indicate, unexpectedly, that the reported expression profiles do not always coincide between species even if the receptors are orthologs. This may be due not only to evolutionary divergence of the species but also to their adaptation to different dietary patterns. Further studies are needed in order to develop an integrated vision of these receptors and their physiological functionality along the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, MoBioFood Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ximena Terra
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, MoBioFood Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
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17
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Bonomini F. Antioxidants and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12832. [PMID: 37629013 PMCID: PMC10454148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its global prevalence are increasingly becoming serious worldwide risks [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonomini
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-030-371-7477
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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18
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Kouakou YI, Lee RJ. Interkingdom Detection of Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Molecules by Mammalian Taste Receptors. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1295. [PMID: 37317269 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter and sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (known as T2Rs and T1Rs, respectively) were originally identified in type II taste cells on the tongue, where they signal perception of bitter and sweet tastes, respectively. Over the past ~15 years, taste receptors have been identified in cells all over the body, demonstrating a more general chemosensory role beyond taste. Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate gut epithelial function, pancreatic β cell secretion, thyroid hormone secretion, adipocyte function, and many other processes. Emerging data from a variety of tissues suggest that taste receptors are also used by mammalian cells to "eavesdrop" on bacterial communications. These receptors are activated by several quorum-sensing molecules, including acyl-homoserine lactones and quinolones from Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, competence stimulating peptides from Streptococcus mutans, and D-amino acids from Staphylococcus aureus. Taste receptors are an arm of immune surveillance similar to Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors. Because they are activated by quorum-sensing molecules, taste receptors report information about microbial population density based on the chemical composition of the extracellular environment. This review summarizes current knowledge of bacterial activation of taste receptors and identifies important questions remaining in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yobouet Ines Kouakou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Jia F, Ji R, Qiao G, Sun Z, Chen X, Zhang Z. Amarogentin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and attenuates neointimal hyperplasia via AMPK activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166667. [PMID: 36906074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies validated the expression of extraoral bitter taste receptors and established the importance of regulatory functions that are associated with various cellular biological processes of these receptors. However, the importance of bitter taste receptors' activity in neointimal hyperplasia has not yet been recognized. The bitter taste receptors activator amarogentin (AMA) is known to regulate a variety of cellular signals, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), STAT3, Akt, ERK, and p53, which are associated with neointimal hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study assessed the effects of AMA on neointimal hyperplasia and explored the potential underlying mechanisms. RESULTS No cytotoxic concentration of AMA significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of VSMCs induced by serum (15 % FBS) and PDGF-BB. In addition, AMA significantly inhibited neointimal hyperplasia of the cultured great saphenous vein in vitro and ligated mouse left carotid arteries in vivo, while the inhibitory effect of AMA on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs was mediated via the activation of AMPK-dependent signaling, which could be blocked via AMPK inhibition. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that AMA inhibited the proliferation and migration of VSMCs and attenuated neointimal hyperplasia, both in ligated mice carotid artery and cultured saphenous vein, which was mediated via a mechanism that involved AMPK activation. Importantly, the study highlighted the potential of AMA to be explored as a new drug candidate for neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Jia
- Department of Aortic Surgery, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Henan, China; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China; Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Qiao
- Department of Aortic Surgery, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Henan, China; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Zhigang Sun
- Department of Aortic Surgery, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Henan, China; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Xiaosan Chen
- Department of Aortic Surgery, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Henan, China; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Department of Aortic Surgery, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Henan, China; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China.
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20
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Lee SH, Ko HM, Jee W, Kim H, Chung WS, Jang HJ. Isosinensetin Stimulates Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion via Activation of hTAS2R50 and the G βγ-Mediated Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043682. [PMID: 36835092 PMCID: PMC9959872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are G protein-coupled receptors localized in the taste buds of the tongue. They may also be present in non-lingual organs, including the brain, lung, kidney, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Recent studies on bitter taste receptor functions have suggested TAS2Rs as potential therapeutic targets. The human bitter taste receptor subtype hTAS2R50 responds to its agonist isosinensetin (ISS). Here, we demonstrated that, unlike other TAS2R agonists, isosinensetin activated hTAS2R50 as well as increased Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion through the Gβγ-mediated pathway in NCI-H716 cells. To confirm this mechanism, we showed that ISS increased intracellular Ca2+ and was suppressed by the IP3R inhibitor 2-APB as well as the PLC inhibitor U73122, suggesting that TAS2Rs alters the physiological state of enteroendocrine L cells in a PLC-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ISS upregulated proglucagon mRNA and stimulated GLP-1 secretion. ISS-mediated GLP-1 secretion was suppressed in response to small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Gα-gust and hTAS2R50 as well as 2-APB and U73122. Our findings improved the understanding of how ISS modulates GLP-1 secretion and indicates the possibility of using ISS as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyeon Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Ko
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Wona Jee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsuk Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Chung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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21
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Wang X, Wang L, Xia M, Teng F, Chen X, Huang R, Zhou J, Xiao J, Zhai L. Variations in the TAS2R38 gene among college students in Hubei. Hereditas 2022; 159:46. [PMID: 36529808 PMCID: PMC9762079 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bitter taste receptor gene TAS2R38 is a member of the human TAS2R gene family. Polymorphisms in TAS2R38 affect the ability to taste the bitterness of phenylthiourea (PTC) compounds, thus affecting an individual's food preference and health status. METHODS We investigated polymorphisms in the TAS2R38 gene and the sensitivity to PTC bitterness among healthy Chinese college students in Hubei province. The association of TAS2R38 polymorphisms and PTC sensitivity with body mass index (BMI), food preference, and health status was also analyzed. A total of 320 healthy college students were enrolled (male: 133, female: 187; aged 18-23 years). The threshold value method was used to measure the perception of PTC bitterness, and a questionnaire was used to analyze dietary preferences and health status. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze polymorphisms at three common TAS2R38 loci (rs713598, rs1726866, and rs10246939). RESULTS In our study population, 65.00% of individuals had medium sensitivity to the bitterness of PTC; in contrast, 20.94% were highly sensitive to PTC bitterness, and 14.06% were not sensitive. For the TAS2R38 gene, the PAV/PAV and PAV/AAI diplotypes were the most common (42.19% and 40.63%, respectively), followed by the homozygous AVI/AVI (8.75%) and PAV/AVI (5.00%) diplotypes. CONCLUSION There was a significant correlation between the sensitivity to PTC bitterness and sex, but there was no correlation between the common diplotypes of TAS2R38 and gender. Polymorphisms in the TAS2R38 gene were associated with the preference for tea, but not with one's native place, BMI, health status, or other dietary preferences. There was no significant correlation between the perception of PTC bitterness and one's native place, BMI, dietary preference, or health status. We hope to find out the relationship between PTC sensitivity and TAS2R38 gene polymorphisms and dietary preference and health status of Chinese population through this study, providing relevant guidance and suggestions for dietary guidance and prevention of some chronic diseases in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Lin Wang
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XXiangyang Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, 441003 Xiangyang, China
| | - Mengwei Xia
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Feng Teng
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Rufeng Huang
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Juan Xiao
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Lihong Zhai
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
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22
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Luongo FP, Passaponti S, Haxhiu A, Raeispour M, Belmonte G, Governini L, Casarini L, Piomboni P, Luddi A. Bitter Taste Receptors and Endocrine Disruptors: Cellular and Molecular Insights from an In Vitro Model of Human Granulosa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415540. [PMID: 36555195 PMCID: PMC9779643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that interfere with the synthesis, transport and binding action of hormones responsible for reproduction and homeostasis. Some EDCs compounds are activators of Taste bitter Receptors, a subclass of taste receptors expressed in many extraoral locations, including sperm and follicular somatic cells. This makes TAS2Rs attractive molecules to study and investigate to shed light on the effect of EDCs on female reproduction and fertility. This study aims to assess the effect of selected EDCs [namely Biochanin A (BCA), caffeine, Daidzein, Genistein and Isoflavone] on hGL5, an immortalized cell line exhibiting characteristics coherent with primary follicular granulosa cells. After demonstrating that this model expresses all the TAS2Rs (TAS2R3, TAS2R4, TAS2R14, TAS2R19, TAS2R43) specifically expressed by the primary human granulosa cells, we demonstrated that BCA and caffeine significantly affect mitochondrial footprint and intracellular lipid content, indicating their contribution in steroidogenesis. Our results showed that bitter taste receptors may be involved in steroidogenesis, thus suggesting an appealing mechanism by which these compounds affect the female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paola Luongo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sofia Passaponti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alesandro Haxhiu
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maryam Raeispour
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Belmonte
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Governini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Piomboni
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577586632
| | - Alice Luddi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
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23
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Dubovski N, Fierro F, Margulis E, Ben Shoshan-Galeczki Y, Peri L, Niv MY. Taste GPCRs and their ligands. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 193:177-193. [PMID: 36357077 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Taste GPCRs are expressed in taste buds on the tongue and play a key role in food choice and consumption. They are also expressed extra-orally, with various physiological roles that are currently under study. Unraveling the roles of these receptors relies on the knowledge of their ligands. Combining sensory, cell-based and computational approaches enabled the discovery of numerous agonists and several antagonists. Here we provide a short overview of taste receptor families, main recent methods for ligands discovery, and current sources of information about known ligands. The future directions that are likely to impact the taste GPCR field include focus on ligand interactions with naturally occurring polymorphisms, as well as harnessing the power of CryoEM and of multiple signaling readout techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Dubovski
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fabrizio Fierro
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eitan Margulis
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaron Ben Shoshan-Galeczki
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lior Peri
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Masha Y Niv
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Peng S, Li J, Huo M, Cao Y, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Qiao Y. Identification of the material basis of the medicinal properties in Curcuma Longa L. to enhance targeted clinical application. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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25
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Sakellakis M. Orphan receptors in prostate cancer. Prostate 2022; 82:1016-1024. [PMID: 35538397 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of new cellular receptors has been increasing rapidly. A receptor is called "orphan" if an endogenous ligand has not been identified yet. METHODS Here we review receptors that contribute to prostate cancer and are considered orphan or partially orphan. This means that the full spectrum of their endogenous ligands remains unknown. RESULTS The orphan receptors are divided into two major families. The first group includes G protein-coupled receptors. Most are orphan olfactory receptors. OR51E1 inhibits cell proliferation and induces senescence in prostate cancer. OR51E2 inhibits prostate cancer growth, but promotes invasiveness and metastasis. GPR158, GPR110, and GPCR-X play significant roles in prostate cancer development and progression. However, GPR160 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The other major subset of orphan receptors are nuclear receptors. Receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα) inhibits tumor growth, but RORγ stimulates androgen receptor signaling. PXR contributes to metabolic deactivation of androgens and inhibits cell proliferation. TLX has protumorigenic effects in prostate cancer, while its knockdown triggers cellular senescence and growth arrest. Estrogen-related receptor ERRγ can inhibit tumor growth but ERRα is protumorigenic. Dax1 and short heterodimeric partner are also inhibitory in prostate cancer. CONCLUSION There is a "zoo" of relatively underappreciated orphan receptors that play key roles in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Sakellakis
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Center, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Cilia Stimulatory and Antibacterial Activities of T2R Bitter Taste Receptor Agonist Diphenhydramine: Insights into Repurposing Bitter Drugs for Nasal Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040452. [PMID: 35455449 PMCID: PMC9025516 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T2R bitter taste receptors in airway motile cilia increase ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and nitric oxide (NO) production. Polymorphisms in some T2Rs are linked to disease outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and cystic fibrosis (CF). We examined the expression of cilia T2Rs during the differentiation of human nasal epithelial cells grown at air–liquid interface (ALI). The T2R expression increased with differentiation but did not vary between CF and non-CF cultures. Treatment with Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin decreased the expression of diphenhydramine-responsive T2R14 and 40, among others. Diphenhydramine increased both NO production, measured by fluorescent dye DAF-FM, and CBF, measured via high-speed imaging. Increases in CBF were disrupted after flagellin treatment. Diphenhydramine impaired the growth of lab and clinical strains of P. aeruginosa, a major pathogen in CF and CF-related CRS. Diphenhydramine impaired biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa, measured via crystal violet staining, as well as the surface attachment of P. aeruginosa to CF airway epithelial cells, measured using colony-forming unit counting. Because the T2R agonist diphenhydramine increases NO production and CBF while also decreasing bacterial growth and biofilm production, diphenhydramine-derived compounds may have potential clinical usefulness in CF-related CRS as a topical therapy. However, utilizing T2R agonists as therapeutics within the context of P. aeruginosa infection may require co-treatment with anti-inflammatories to enhance T2R expression.
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Hendel SK, Kellermann L, Hausmann A, Bindslev N, Jensen KB, Nielsen OH. Tuft Cells and Their Role in Intestinal Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822867. [PMID: 35237268 PMCID: PMC8884241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interests in intestinal epithelial tuft cells, their basic physiology, involvement in immune responses and relevance for gut diseases, have increased dramatically over the last fifteen years. A key discovery in 2016 of their close connection to helminthic and protozoan infection has further spurred the exploration of these rare chemosensory epithelial cells. Although very sparse in number, tuft cells are now known as important sentinels in the gastrointestinal tract as they monitor intestinal content using succinate as well as sweet and bitter taste receptors. Upon stimulation, tuft cells secrete a broad palette of effector molecules, including interleukin-25, prostaglandin E2 and D2, cysteinyl leukotriene C4, acetylcholine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and β-endorphins, some of which with immunomodulatory functions. Tuft cells have proven indispensable in anti-helminthic and anti-protozoan immunity. Most studies on tuft cells are based on murine experiments using double cortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) as a marker, while human intestinal tuft cells can be identified by their expression of the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme. So far, only few studies have examined tuft cells in humans and their relation to gut disease. Here, we present an updated view on intestinal epithelial tuft cells, their physiology, immunological hub function, and their involvement in human disease. We close with a discussion on how tuft cells may have potential therapeutic value in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kjærgaard Hendel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sebastian Kjærgaard Hendel,
| | - Lauge Kellermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Bindslev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Bak Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Kour A, Niranjan SK, Malayaperumal M, Surati U, Pukhrambam M, Sivalingam J, Kumar A, Sarkar M. Genomic Diversity Profiling and Breed-Specific Evolutionary Signatures of Selection in Arunachali Yak. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020254. [PMID: 35205299 PMCID: PMC8872319 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arunachali yak, the only registered yak breed of India, is crucial for the economic sustainability of pastoralist Monpa community. This study intended to determine the genomic diversity and to identify signatures of selection in the breed. Previously available double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing data of Arunachali yak animals was processed and 99,919 SNPs were considered for further analysis. The genomic diversity profiled based on nucleotide diversity, π (π = 0.041 in 200 bp windows), effective population size, Ne (Ne = 83) and Runs of homozygosity (ROH) (predominance of shorter length ROHs) was found to be optimum. Subsequently, 207 regions were identified to be under selective sweeps through de-correlated composite of multiple signals (DCMS) statistic which combined three individual test statistics viz. π, Tajima’s D and |iHS| in non-overlapping 100 kb windows. Mapping of these regions revealed 611 protein-coding genes including KIT, KITLG, CDH12, FGG, FGA, FGB, PDGFRA, PEAR1, STXBP3, olfactory receptor genes (OR5K3, OR5H6 and OR1E1) and taste receptor genes (TAS2R1, TAS2R3 and TAS2R4). Functional annotation highlighted that biological processes like platelet aggregation and sensory perception were the most overrepresented and the associated regions could be considered as breed-specific signatures of selection in Arunachali yak. These findings point towards evolutionary role of natural selection in environmental adaptation of Arunachali yak population and provide useful insights for pursuing genome-wide association studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneet Kour
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang 790101, Arunachal Pradesh, India; (M.P.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Saket Kumar Niranjan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; (S.K.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Mohan Malayaperumal
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; (M.M.); (U.S.)
| | - Utsav Surati
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; (M.M.); (U.S.)
| | - Martina Pukhrambam
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang 790101, Arunachal Pradesh, India; (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Amod Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; (S.K.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang 790101, Arunachal Pradesh, India; (M.P.); (M.S.)
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Kon M, Ishikawa T, Ohashi Y, Yamada H, Ogasawara M. Epigallocatechin gallate stimulated histamine production and downregulated histamine H1 receptor in oral cancer cell lines expressing histidine decarboxylase. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:120-130. [PMID: 35031480 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased histamine production and the overexpression of receptors (H1R∼H4R) has been reported in several tumors. The effects of TGFβ1 and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on histamine synthesizing enzymes (HDCs), and the histamine transporter systems and receptors were investigated in this study. METHODS Four oral cancer cell lines (HSC2, HSC3, HSC4, and SAS) were treated with or without TGFβ1 or EGCG for 24 h. The expression levels of HDC, SLC22A3, H1R∼H4R, and TAS2R14 were investigated by Western blotting. Histamine concentrations were determined using the enzyme immune assay. Bitter taste receptor (TAS2R14 and TAS2R39) mRNAs were investigated by RT-PCR. RESULTS Varying expression levels of HDC, SLC22A3, H1R∼H4R, and TAS2R14 were observed in the four cell lines, where histamine concentrations were found to be ∼500 fmol/ml in cell culture media and induced 2-2.5 times higher amounts of histamine following EGCG treatment. TGFβ1 increased HDC expression in three cell lines, SLC22A3 expression in three cell lines, H1R expression in two cell lines, H2R expression in three cell lines, H3R expression in three cell lines, and H4R expression in three cell lines. EGCG decreased HDC expression in all four cell lines, SLC22A3 expression in three expression, H1R expression in all four cell lines, H2R expression in two cell lines, H3R expression in three cell lines, and H4R expression in two cell lines. CONCLUSIONS EGCG upregulated histamine production and decreased the expression level of H1R in the oral cancer cell lines. It might prove useful for cancer therapy during histamine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kon
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan; Division of Bioregulatory Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Taichi Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yu Ohashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masahito Ogasawara
- Division of Bioregulatory Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan.
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Nakanekar A, Khobarkar P. Ayurveda treatment can be helpful in management of snoring, obesity and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100506. [PMID: 35065847 PMCID: PMC8814401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is responsible for proper metabolic balance. Disturbances in sleep causes insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and obesity through various pathways. Snoring is one of the important indicative symptoms of sleep apnoea that leads to disturbances in sleep. A 54-years old male patient was presented to Kayachikitsa casualty Government Ayurveda College Nagpur with complaints of snoring, difficulty in breathing while climbing stairs since 10 years. After evaluation he was diagnosed as obese with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM). Sleep study revealed presence of sleep apnoea. We treated this patient following the principle of VyadhiHetuSankar (∼one cause for many diseases). In such a case treatment of Hetu (∼cause of disease) can be principle of treatment. Snoring was subsided in patient after one -month of treatment. Significant reduction in HbA1c, fasting and post prandial blood glucose level were observed along with reduction in Lipid levels and BMI in three months. Ayurveda concepts can bring major breakthrough in treatment of metabolic disorders. Various Ayurvedic concepts of gut, lung endocrinal pathways and Agni (∼metabolic power) can generate future studies in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Nakanekar
- Department of Kayachikitsa Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, India.
| | - Punam Khobarkar
- Department of Kayachikitsa Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, India
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Qiao Y, Zhang Y, Peng S, Huo M, Li J, Cao Y, Chen Z. Property theory of Chinese materia medica: Clinical pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Jalševac F, Terra X, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Beltran-Debón R, Blay MT, Pinent M, Ardévol A. The Hidden One: What We Know About Bitter Taste Receptor 39. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:854718. [PMID: 35345470 PMCID: PMC8957101 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.854718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over thousands of years of evolution, animals have developed many ways to protect themselves. One of the most protective ways to avoid disease is to prevent the absorption of harmful components. This protective function is a basic role of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), a G protein-coupled receptor family, whose presence in extraoral tissues has intrigued many researchers. In humans, there are 25 TAS2Rs, and although we know a great deal about some of them, others are still shrouded in mystery. One in this latter category is bitter taste receptor 39 (TAS2R39). Besides the oral cavity, it has also been found in the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems. TAS2R39 is a relatively non-selective receptor, which means that it can be activated by a range of mostly plant-derived compounds such as theaflavins, catechins and isoflavones. On the other hand, few antagonists for this receptor are available, since only some flavones have antagonistic properties (all of them detailed in the document). The primary role of TAS2R39 is to sense the bitter components of food and protect the organism from harmful compounds. There is also some indication that this bitter taste receptor regulates enterohormones and in turn, regulates food intake. In the respiratory system, it may be involved in the congestion process of allergic rhinitis and may stimulate inflammatory cytokines. However, more thorough research is needed to determine the precise role of TAS2R39 in these and other tissues.
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Zehentner S, Reiner AT, Grimm C, Somoza V. The Role of Bitter Taste Receptors in Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5891. [PMID: 34885005 PMCID: PMC8656863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since it is known that bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are expressed and functionally active in various extra-oral cells, their genetic variability and functional response initiated by their activation have become of broader interest, including in the context of cancer. METHODS A systematic research was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant publications concerning the role of TAS2Rs in cancer. RESULTS While the findings on variations of TAS2R genotypes and phenotypes and their association to the risk of developing cancer are still inconclusive, gene expression analyses revealed that TAS2Rs are expressed and some of them are predominately downregulated in cancerous compared to non-cancerous cell lines and tissue samples. Additionally, receptor-specific, agonist-mediated activation induced various anti-cancer effects, such as decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as increased apoptosis. Furthermore, the overexpression of TAS2Rs resulted in a decreased tumour incidence in an in vivo study and TAS2R activation could even enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutics in vitro. Finally, higher expression levels of TAS2Rs in primary cancerous cells and tissues were associated with an improved prognosis in humans. CONCLUSION Since current evidence demonstrates a functional role of TAS2Rs in carcinogenesis, further studies should exploit their potential as (co-)targets of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Zehentner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.Z.); (A.T.R.)
| | - Agnes T. Reiner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.Z.); (A.T.R.)
| | - Christoph Grimm
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Department of General Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.Z.); (A.T.R.)
- Leibniz Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Chair of Nutritional Systems Biology, School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Thomas DC, Chablani D, Parekh S, Pichammal RC, Shanmugasundaram K, Pitchumani PK. Dysgeusia: A review in the context of COVID-19. J Am Dent Assoc 2021; 153:251-264. [PMID: 34799014 PMCID: PMC8595926 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Taste disorders in general, and dysgeusia in particular, are relatively common disorders that may be a sign of a more complex acute or chronic medical condition. During the COVID-19 pandemic, taste disorders have found their way into the realm of general as well as specialty dentistry, with significance in screening for patients who potentially may have the virus. Types of Studies Reviewed The authors searched electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) for studies focused on dysgeusia, ageusia, and other taste disorders and their relationship to local and systemic causes. Results The authors found pertinent literature explaining the normal physiology of taste sensation, proposals for suggested new tastes, presence of gustatory receptors in remote tissues of the body, and etiology and pathophysiology of taste disorders, in addition to the valuable knowledge gained about gustatory disorders in the context of COVID-19. Along with olfactory disorders, taste disorders are one of the earliest suggestive symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Conclusions Gustatory disorders are the result of local or systemic etiology or both. Newer taste sensations, such as calcium and fat tastes, have been discovered, as well as taste receptors that are remote from the oropharyngeal area. Literature published during the COVID-19 pandemic to date reinforces the significance of early detection of potential patients with COVID-19 by means of screening for recent-onset taste disorders. Practical Implications Timely screening and identification of potential gustatory disorders are paramount for the dental care practitioner to aid in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 and other serious systemic disorders.
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Expression of Jejunal Taste Receptors in Women with Morbid Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072437. [PMID: 34371946 PMCID: PMC8308737 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient sensing plays important roles in promoting satiety and maintaining good homeostatic control. Taste receptors (TAS) are located through the gastrointestinal tract, and recent studies have shown they have a relationship with metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the jejunal expression of TAS1R2, TAS1R3, TAS2R14 and TAS2R38 in women with morbid obesity, first classified according to metabolic syndrome presence (MetS; n = 24) or absence (non-MetS; n = 45) and then classified according to hepatic histology as normal liver (n = 28) or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 41). Regarding MetS, we found decreased expression of TAS2R14 in MetS patients. However, when we subclassified patients according to liver histology, we did not find differences between groups. We found negative correlations between glucose levels, triglycerides and MetS with TAS1R3 expression. Moreover, TAS2R14 jejunal expression correlated negatively with the presence of MetS and ghrelin levels and positively with the jejunal Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-10 levels. Furthermore, TAS2R38 expression correlated negatively with TLR9 jejunal expression and IL-6 levels and positively with TLR4 levels. Our findings suggest that metabolic dysfunctions such as MetS trigger downregulation of the intestinal TASs. Therefore, taste receptors modulation could be a possible therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.
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Alfonso-Prieto M. Bitter Taste and Olfactory Receptors: Beyond Chemical Sensing in the Tongue and the Nose. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:343-352. [PMID: 34173018 PMCID: PMC8231087 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The Up-and-Coming-Scientist section of the current issue of the Journal of Membrane Biology features the invited essay by Dr. Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto, Assistant Professor at the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Germany, and the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Vogt Institute for Brain Research.
Dr. Alfonso-Prieto completed her doctoral degree in chemistry at the Barcelona Science Park, Spain, in 2009, pursued post-doctoral research in computational molecular sciences at Temple University, USA, and then, as a Marie Curie post-doctoral fellow at the University of Barcelona, worked on computations of enzyme reactions and modeling of photoswitchable ligands targeting neuronal receptors. In 2016, she joined the Institute for Advanced Science and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine at the FZJ, where she pursues research on modeling and simulation of chemical senses.
The invited essay by Dr. Alfonso-Prieto discusses state-of-the-art modeling of molecular receptors involved in chemical sensing – the senses of taste and smell. These receptors, and computational methods to study them, are the focus of Dr. Alfonso-Prieto’s research. Recently, Dr. Alfonso-Prieto and colleagues have presented a new methodology to predict ligand binding poses for GPCRs, and extensive computations that deciphered the ligand selectivity determinants of bitter taste receptors. These developments inform our current understanding of how taste occurs at the molecular level. Graphic Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany. .,Medical Faculty, Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Therapeutic potential of targeting intestinal bitter taste receptors in diabetes associated with dyslipidemia. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105693. [PMID: 34048925 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal release of incretin hormones after food intake promotes glucose-dependent insulin secretion and regulates glucose homeostasis. The impaired incretin effects observed in the pathophysiologic abnormality of type 2 diabetes have triggered the pharmacological development of incretin-based therapy through the activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, including GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors. In the light of the mechanisms involved in the stimulation of GLP-1 secretion, it is a fundamental question to explore whether glucose and lipid homeostasis can be manipulated by the digestive system in response to nutrient ingestion and taste perception along the gastrointestinal tract. While glucose is a potent stimulant of GLP-1 secretion, emerging evidence highlights the importance of bitter tastants in the enteroendocrine secretion of gut hormones through activation of bitter taste receptors. This review summarizes bitter chemosensation in the intestines for GLP-1 secretion and metabolic regulation based on recent advances in biological research of bitter taste receptors and preclinical and clinical investigation of bitter medicinal plants, including bitter melon, hops strobile, and berberine-containing herbs (e.g. coptis rhizome and barberry root). Multiple mechanisms of action of relevant bitter phytochemicals are discussed with the consideration of pharmacokinetic studies. Current evidence suggests that specific agonists targeting bitter taste receptors, such as human TAS2R1 and TAS2R38, may provide both metabolic benefits and anti-inflammatory effects with the modulation of the enteroendocrine hormone secretion and bile acid turnover in metabolic syndrome individuals or diabetic patients with dyslipidemia-related comorbidities.
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Dong X, Liang Q, Li J, Feng P. Positive selection drives the evolution of a primate bitter taste receptor gene. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5459-5467. [PMID: 34026020 PMCID: PMC8131804 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste perception is important in food choice of animals, and it is mediated by bitter taste receptor (T2R) containing three regions: extracellular regions (ECs), transmembrane regions (TMs), and intracellular regions (ICs). It is hypothesized that ECs, TMs, and ICs are under different selective pressures, with ECs being unstable while TMs and ICs being constrained. To test this hypothesis, we examined the selective pressures on one of the bitter taste receptor genes-T2R1 and its different areas from 35 primates and found that T2R1 was under neutral evolution but with some positively selected sites in it. Further analyses suggested that TMs, ICs, and the concatenated transmembrane region TM1237 were under purifying selection; in contrast, extracellular regions, the first and second extracellular loop (EL1, EL2), were subject to positive selection with several positively selected sites in them. Therefore, this study supported the above-mentioned hypothesis. The reason why EL1 and EL2 of T2R1 have positively selected sites is probably due to their participation in forming the cap-like structure involved in ligand binding. Positive selection acts as a driving force of the T2R1 functional differentiation and confers the ability to discern various bitter substances for primates, which could help them to adapt to the changing environment during the evolutionary course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University)Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Qiufang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University)Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Jiaping Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University)Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Ping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University)Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
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Zhang Q, Jiang H, Liu M, Li X, Zhou M, Lyu Y, Huang J, Chen S, Wang L. Therapeutic effects of quinine in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:313. [PMID: 34240224 PMCID: PMC7974254 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that seriously affects quality of life. Quinine is a bitter taste receptor agonist that exhibits antimalarial effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the therapeutic effects of quinine in AD‑like mice. AD was induced with 2,4‑dinitrochlorobenzene, and the mice were treated with 10 mg/kg quinine for 1, 4 and 7 days. A total of 60 BALB/c mice were divided into the following groups: Healthy, AD‑like, AD‑like + quinine and healthy + quinine, with 1, 4 and 7 days groups for each treatment. Blood was extracted from all mice and ELISA was performed to detect immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. H&E‑stained tissue sections were prepared from skin lesions on the backs of the mice and pathological changes were observed. Cytokines were detected via ELISA, and the filaggrin (FLG) and kallikrein‑7 (KLK7) proteins were detected via western blotting and immunohistochemistry. IKKα and NF‑κB mRNA were analyzed via reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. Quinine ameliorated skin damage in the AD‑like mice, reduced IgE expression in the blood, inhibited expression of IKKα and NF‑κB, reduced cytokine secretion, reduced KLK7 expression, reduced scratching frequency, increased FLG expression and repaired the skin barrier. These results suggested that quinine exhibited therapeutic effects in AD‑like mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Dinitrochlorobenzene/toxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- I-kappa B Kinase/genetics
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Kallikreins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha/genetics
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Quinine/pharmacology
- Quinine/therapeutic use
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Hongjing Jiang
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Miao Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xinchen Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Murong Zhou
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Center for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Yansi Lyu
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Jingkai Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Si Chen
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
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Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE. The taste of neuroinflammation: Molecular mechanisms linking taste sensing to neuroinflammatory responses. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105557. [PMID: 33737243 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates a critical role of neuroinflammatory response as an underlying pathophysiological process in several central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms that trigger neuroinflammatory processes are not fully known. The discovery of bitter taste receptors in regions other than the oral cavity substantially increased research interests on their functional roles in extra-oral tissues. It is now widely accepted that bitter taste receptors, for instance, in the respiratory, intestinal, reproductive and urinary tracts, are crucial not only for sensing poisonous substances, but also, act as immune sentinels, mobilizing defense mechanisms against pathogenic aggression. The relatively recent discovery of bitter taste receptors in the brain has intensified research investigation on the functional implication of cerebral bitter taste receptor expression. Very recent data suggest that responses of bitter taste receptors to neurotoxins and microbial molecules, under normal condition, are necessary to prevent neuroinflammatory reactions. Furthermore, emerging data have revealed that downregulation of key components of the taste receptor signaling cascade leads to increased oxidative stress and inflammasome signaling in neurons that ultimately culminate in neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that link taste receptor mediated surveillance of the extracellular milieu to neuroinflammatory responses are not completely understood. This review integrates new data on the molecular mechanisms that link bitter taste receptor sensing to neuroinflammatory responses. The role of bitter taste receptor-mediated sensing of toxigenic substances in brain disorders is also discussed. The therapeutic significance of targeting these receptors for potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Modulation of Food Intake by Differential TAS2R Stimulation in Rat. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123784. [PMID: 33321802 PMCID: PMC7762996 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic surgery modulates the enterohormone profile, which leads, among other effects, to changes in food intake. Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) have been identified in the gastrointestinal tract and specific stimulation of these has been linked to the control of ghrelin secretion. We hypothesize that optimal stimulation of TAS2Rs could help to modulate enteroendocrine secretions and thus regulate food intake. To determine this, we have assayed the response to specific agonists for hTAS2R5, hTAS2R14 and hTAS2R39 on enteroendocrine secretions from intestinal segments and food intake in rats. We found that hTAS2R5 agonists stimulate glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK), and reduce food intake. hTAS2R14 agonists induce GLP1, while hTASR39 agonists tend to increase peptide YY (PYY) but fail to reduce food intake. The effect of simultaneously activating several receptors is heterogeneous depending on the relative affinity of the agonists for each receptor. Although detailed mechanisms are not clear, bitter compounds can stimulate differentially enteroendocrine secretions that modulate food intake in rats.
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Rhyu MR, Kim Y, Misaka T. Suppression of hTAS2R16 Signaling by Umami Substances. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197045. [PMID: 32987926 PMCID: PMC7582725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between umami and bitter taste has long been observed in human sensory studies and in neural responses in animal models, however, the molecular mechanism for their action has not been delineated. Humans detect diverse bitter compounds using 25-30 members of the type 2 taste receptor (TAS2R) family of G protein-coupled receptor. In this study, we investigated the putative mechanism of antagonism by umami substances using HEK293T cells expressing hTAS2R16 and two known probenecid-insensitive mutant receptors, hTAS2R16 N96T and P44T. In wild type receptor, Glu-Glu, inosine monophosphate (IMP), and l-theanine behave as partial insurmountable antagonists, and monosodium glutamate (MSG) acts as a surmountable antagonist in comparison with probenecid as a full insurmountable antagonist. The synergism with IMP of umami substances still stands in the suppression of hTAS2R16 signaling. In mutagenesis analysis, we found that Glu-Glu, MSG, and l-theanine share at least one critical binding site on N96 and P44 with probenecid. These results provide the first evidence for a direct binding of umami substances to the hTAS2R16 through the probenecid binding pocket on the receptor, resulting in the suppression of bitterness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Ra Rhyu
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9268; Fax: +82-63-219-9876
| | - Yiseul Kim
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea;
| | - Takumi Misaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
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