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Tsai CY, Hong C, Hsu MY, Lai TT, Huang CW, Lu CY, Chen WL, Cheng CM. Fluorescence-based reagent and spectrum-based optical reader for lactoferrin detection in tears: differentiating Sjögren's syndrome from non-Sjögren's dry eye syndrome. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14505. [PMID: 38914667 PMCID: PMC11196714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Identification of an early biomarker and effective testing device to differentiate dry eye disease secondary to autoimmune disease (Sjögren's syndrome dry eye disease) from non-Sjögren's dry eye disease are prerequisites for appropriate treatment. We aimed to demonstrate the capacity of a new photo-detection device to evaluate tear lactoferrin levels as a tool for differentiating systemic conditions associated with dry eye disease. Patients with non-Sjögren's and Sjögren's syndrome dry eye disease (n = 54 and n = 52, respectively) and controls (n = 11) were enrolled. All participants completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. Tear collection was performed with Schirmer test, and tear break-up time was examined using a slit lamp. Tear lactoferrin was evaluated using our newly developed photo-detection device. The average lactoferrin concentration was significantly lower in samples from patients with non-Sjögren's dry eye disease (0.337 ± 0.227 mg/mL, n = 54) and Sjögren's syndrome dry eye disease (0.087 ± 0.010 mg/mL, n = 52) than in control samples (1.272 ± 0.54 mg/mL, n = 11) (p < 0.0001). Further, lactoferrin levels were lower in patients with Sjögren's syndrome dry eye disease than in those with non-Sjögren's dry eye disease (p < 0.001). Our cost-effective, antibody-free, highly sensitive photo-detection device for evaluating tear lactoferrin levels can assist ophthalmologists in differentiating different types of dry eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Min-Yen Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Ting Lai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yo Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Guangfu Rd., East Dist., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
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Kirsanova IV, Kolesnikov AV, Shchulkin AV, Abalenikhina YV, Erokhina PD, Yakusheva EN. The effect of lactoferin on the free radical and cytokine status of cornea in the experimental thermal burn. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2024; 70:168-175. [PMID: 38940206 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20247003168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The free radical and cytokine statuses of the cornea during its thermal burn and the possibility of its correction by lactoferrin have been studied in Soviet Chinchilla rabbits. The development of a corneal thermal burn was accompanied by the development of oxidative stress (increased levels of TBA-reactive substances and carbonyl derivatives of proteins, decreased activity of SOD and GPx enzymes) and a pronounced inflammatory reaction with increased levels of TNF-1α, IL-10, TGF-1β. The use of lactoferrin had a pronounced therapeutic effect, which was manifested by accelerated healing, prevention of the development of complications (corneal perforations), a decrease in the severity of oxidative stress, an increase in the concentrations of TNF-1α (in the early stages), IL-10 (in the later stages), TGF-1β (throughout the experiment). At the same time, by the end of regeneration more severe corneal opacification was recognized compared to the control group. This may be associated with an increased level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, especially TGF-1β.
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Alkhulaifi MM, Alosaimi MM, Khan MS, Tabrez S, Shaik GM, Alokail MS, Hassan MA, Awadalla ME, Husain FM. Assessment of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Potential of Lactoferrin Extracted from Camel Milk. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:1464-1480. [PMID: 37418128 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein present in mammalian milk. It possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and several biological functions. Owing to the current trend of increasing antibiotic resistance, our study was designed to purify lactoferrin from camel milk colostrum using cation exchange chromatography on the SP-Sepharose high-performance column. The purity and molecular weight of lactoferrin were checked by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The chromatogram of the purification procedure illustrated a single peak corresponding to lactoferrin, while the SDS-PAGE revealed 78 kDa molecular weight protein. Furthermore, lactoferrin protein and its hydrolysate form were assessed for its antimicrobial potential. The highest inhibitory effect of whole lactoferrin at the concentration (4 mg/ml) was observed against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. aureus, while 10 mg/ml concentration was effective against K. pneumonia, and 27 mg/ml was potent against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, P. aeruginosa. Likewise, MRSA was more sensitive toward iron-free lactoferrin (2 mg/ml) and hydrolyzed lactoferrin (6 mg/ml). The tested lactoferrin forms showed variability in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) among tested bacteria. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis images revealed distortions of the bacterial cells exposed to lactoferrin. The antibiofilm effect differed depending on the concentration and the type of the bacteria; biofilm inhibition ranged from 12.5 to 91.3% in the tested pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the anticancer activity of lactoferrin forms exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell line (A549).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M Alkhulaifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Malak M Alosaimi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gouse M Shaik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Hassan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muawiya E Awadalla
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Food and Nutrition, Department of Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Yang CJ, Anand A, Huang CC, Lai JY. Unveiling the Power of Gabapentin-Loaded Nanoceria with Multiple Therapeutic Capabilities for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25118-25135. [PMID: 38051575 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye (DE) disease, which is primarily linked to aqueous deficiency, is an escalating health issue worldwide, mainly due to the widespread use of electronic devices. The major obstacles in DE pharmacotherapy include insufficient therapeutic efficacy and low ocular bioavailability. This study presents the development of a ceria-based nanosystem to carry gabapentin (GBT), aiming to offer comprehensive relief from DE symptoms. We prepared multifunctional nanoceria capped with thiolated gelatin followed by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, yielding a nanocarrier with desirable biocompatibility and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, antiapoptotic, and neuronal protective activities. Specifically, the highly abundant thiol groups on gelatin increased the cellular uptake of the nanocarrier by 2.3-fold and its mucin-binding efficiency by 10-fold, thereby extending ocular retention and amplifying therapeutic activity. Moderate cross-linking of the thiolated gelatin not only enhanced the ocular bioavailability of the nanoceria but also provided slow, degradation-controlled release of GBT to promote the lacrimal stimulation to restore the tear film. In a rabbit model of DE, topical administration of our GBT/nanoceria nanoformulation resulted in comprehensive alleviation of symptoms, including repairing corneal epithelial damage, preserving corneal nerve density, and stimulating tear secretion, demonstrating superior performance in comparison to the free drug. These results underscore the safety and potential of this innovative nanoformulation for DE pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Anisha Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yang Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Kawahara A. Treatment of Dry Eye Disease (DED) in Asia: Strategies for Short Tear Film Breakup Time-Type DED. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2591. [PMID: 38004570 PMCID: PMC10674215 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder in which tear fluid homeostasis is lost, resulting in increased tear film osmolarity and ocular surface irritation. In Asia, the short tear film breakup time-type DED, which has become a global problem in recent years, is common. While the mainstay of DED treatment in the West is the suppression of inflammation, the first goal of treatment is the stabilization of the tear film in Asia. To date, artificial tears and steroid eye drops have been the main treatment for DED. However, artificial tears require frequent administration of eye drops and thus pose adherence problems, while steroids have problems with side-effects (cataracts, increased intraocular pressure). This review evaluates the new generation therapies in Asia based on what is known about them and demonstrates that they are more effective for DED than traditional therapies such as artificial tears and steroids. Based on considerations, it is proposed that the optimal treatment for the short tear film breakup time-type DED is the initial application of mucin-secretion-enhancing eye drops (long-acting diquafosol) and oral supplements; and if additional treatment is needed, cyclosporine eye drops and the adjunctive therapies presented in this review are added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawahara
- Yoshida Eye Hospital, 2-31-8, Hondori, Hakodate 041-0851, Hokkaido, Japan
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Gao M, Zhao L, Liang R, Zhu Q, Zhao Q, Kong X. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical 0.05% Cyclosporine Eye Drops (II) in the Treatment of Dry Eye Associated with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:1662-1668. [PMID: 35914303 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2094812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops (II) for the treatment of primary Sjögren's syndrome-associated dry eye (PSSDE). METHODS Sixty patients with PSSDE were randomly divided into three groups, received treatment with 0.05% cyclosporine (C group), artificial tears (S group) or their combination (CS group). The evaluation indicators were evaluated at baseline and at weeks 2, 4 and 12. RESULTS The symptoms of C and CS groups were reduced significantly. The signs [schirmer I test (F = 4.838, p = .011), ocular staining score (F = 7.961, p = .001) and tear break-up time (F = 9.283, p < .001)] were significantly different between S and C groups as well as S and CS groups. The tear meniscus height (F = 3.197, p = .048) was significantly different between S and CS groups. No serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION 0.05% cyclosporine is an effective and safe treatment for patients with PSSDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ran Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaodan Kong
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Lin Y, Zhang Y, Shi K, Wu H, Ou S. Advances in clinical examination of lacrimal gland. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1257209. [PMID: 37720501 PMCID: PMC10501785 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1257209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the lacrimal gland is located in the socket of the frontal bone above the outer orbital area. As an essential part of the eye surface, the gland is fixed to the orbital periosteum by connective tissue. The lacrimal gland passes through the outer tendon membrane, which divides the gland into larger orbital and minor eyelid glands. The lacrimal glands are the main contributors to tear film. They secrete electrolytes, proteins, and water to help nourish and protect the eye's surface. Furthermore, clinically, lacrimal glands are associated with a variety of inflammatory reactions and immune factors and are also vulnerable sites for tumors. Changes in tear gland morphology or secretory function affect tear film stability and tear secretion quality. Various technological devices have been developed and applied to lacrimal glands. This article systematically reviewed the clinical examination of the lacrimal gland to help inform personalized strategies for the diagnosis of lacrimal gland-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huping Wu
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shangkun Ou
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Alhalwani AY, Davey RL, Repine JE, Huffman JA. L-ergothioneine reduces nitration of lactoferrin and loss of antibacterial activity associated with nitrosative stress. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101447. [PMID: 36942322 PMCID: PMC10023959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant protein that occurs naturally in mammals, most notably in exocrine gland tissues and fluids, such as in the eye. Nitrosative stress can promote changes to tyrosine and other amino acid residues of the protein, which also reduces the activity of LF. l-ergothioneine (ET) is a potent anti-inflammatory antioxidant present in the eye and other tissues through nutrition or supplementation and that may play a role in the prevention or treatment of a variety of diseases. Here we investigated the ability of ET to reduce 3-nitrotyrosine (NTyr) formation using two separate substrates, with the goal of determining whether ET can protect the antibacterial function of LF and other proteins when exposed separately to peroxynitrite and tetranitromethane as nitrating reagents. Native human LF was used as a simple protein substrate, and lamb corneal lysate was chosen as one example of mammalian tissue with a more complex mixture of proteins and other biomolecules. Nitration was monitored by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as sandwich (nitrated LF) and direct NTyr (corneal lysate) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). We found that pretreatment with ET reduced chemical modification of both native LF and corneal lysate samples and loss of antibacterial LF function due to exposure to the nitrating reagents. These initial results suggest that ET, raised to sufficiently elevated levels, could be tailored as a therapeutic agent to reduce effects of nitrosative stress on LF and in turn sustain the protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Y. Alhalwani
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachel L. Davey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
| | - John E. Repine
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - J. Alex Huffman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Giannaccare G, Comis S, Jannuzzi V, Camposampiero D, Ponzin D, Cambria S, Santocono M, Pallozzi Lavorante N, Del Noce C, Scorcia V, Traverso CE, Vagge A. Effect of Liposomal-Lactoferrin-Based Eye Drops on the Conjunctival Microflora of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:1315-1326. [PMID: 36826753 PMCID: PMC10011268 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postoperative endophthalmitis is typically caused by the patient's conjunctival bacterial flora. Povidone iodine solution (5%) is used perioperatively to obtain periocular and ocular antisepsis. However, an adjunctive prophylaxis procedure could further help control the conjunctival microbial load. Considering the increase in antibiotic resistance, a progressive shift toward alternative methods would be desirable. Somilux® eye drops (Alfa Intes, lactoferrin-based eye drops) are medical devices containing liposomal lactoferrin (LF). This study evaluates the effects on conjunctival microflora of LF-based eye drops used in the preoperative phase in patients scheduled for cataract surgery. METHODS LF-based eye drops or a vehicle solution (water solution) were instilled 4 times a day starting 3 days before cataract surgery. Before the therapy (T0) and at the time of surgery (T1), a conjunctival swab was performed in both eyes and processed to detect microbial growth, microbiological isolation, and species identification. The outcome was the quantification and characterization of the local microbial flora before and after using LF-based or vehicle-based eye drops. Safety of the treatments was also evaluated. RESULTS 88 eyes of 44 patients (mean [± SD] age 75 [± 12.6] years) were enrolled. At baseline, 54 conjunctival swabs showed only saprophytic flora, 27 showed only potential pathogenic flora, and seven showed both of them. LF-based eye drops reduced the proportion of potentially pathogenic bacteria (36% at T0 vs. 9% at T1, p = 0.008) compared with the vehicle (41% at T0 vs. 55% at T1, p = 0.302) without altering the physiological ocular microbial composition. No adverse events have been reported. CONCLUSION Our findings provide a novel contribution to the scientific knowledge on the role of LF in the ophthalmic field, supporting the use of LF-based eye drops as a safe and selective treatment to improve the ocular surface physiological defenses and control the bacterial ocular surface contamination prior to cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Sofia Comis
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | | | | | - Diego Ponzin
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Pallozzi Lavorante
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Genova, DiNOGMI, Clinica Oculistica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Del Noce
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Genova, DiNOGMI, Clinica Oculistica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Scorcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo E Traverso
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Genova, DiNOGMI, Clinica Oculistica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldo Vagge
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Genova, DiNOGMI, Clinica Oculistica, Genoa, Italy
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Regueiro U, López-López M, Varela-Fernández R, Otero-Espinar FJ, Lema I. Biomedical Applications of Lactoferrin on the Ocular Surface. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030865. [PMID: 36986726 PMCID: PMC10052036 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a first-line defense protein with a pleiotropic functional pattern that includes anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumoral properties. Remarkably, this iron-binding glycoprotein promotes iron retention, restricting free radical production and avoiding oxidative damage and inflammation. On the ocular surface, LF is released from corneal epithelial cells and lacrimal glands, representing a significant percentage of the total tear fluid proteins. Due to its multifunctionality, the availability of LF may be limited in several ocular disorders. Consequently, to reinforce the action of this highly beneficial glycoprotein on the ocular surface, LF has been proposed for the treatment of different conditions such as dry eye, keratoconus, conjunctivitis, and viral or bacterial ocular infections, among others. In this review, we outline the structure and the biological functions of LF, its relevant role at the ocular surface, its implication in LF-related ocular surface disorders, and its potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxía Regueiro
- Corneal Neurodegeneration Group (RENOIR), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maite López-López
- Corneal Neurodegeneration Group (RENOIR), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Varela-Fernández
- Corneal Neurodegeneration Group (RENOIR), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Otero-Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Institute of Materials (iMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.O.-E.); (I.L.)
| | - Isabel Lema
- Corneal Neurodegeneration Group (RENOIR), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Galician Institute of Ophthalmology (INGO), Conxo Provincial Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.O.-E.); (I.L.)
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Lectin-Based Affinity Enrichment and Characterization of N-Glycoproteins from Human Tear Film by Mass Spectrometry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020648. [PMID: 36677706 PMCID: PMC9864693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The glycosylation of proteins is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTMs) and plays important regulatory functions in diverse biological processes such as protein stability or cell signaling. Accordingly, glycoproteins are also a consistent part of the human tear film proteome, maintaining the proper function of the ocular surface and forming the first defense barrier of the ocular immune system. Irregularities in the glycoproteomic composition of tear film might promote the development of chronic eye diseases, indicating glycoproteins as a valuable source for biomarker discovery or drug target identification. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a lectin-based affinity method for the enrichment and concentration of tear glycoproteins/glycopeptides and to characterize their specific N-glycosylation sites by high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). For method development and evaluation, we first accumulated native glycoproteins from human tear sample pools and assessed the enrichment efficiency of different lectin column systems by 1D gel electrophoresis and specific protein stainings (Coomassie and glycoproteins). The best-performing multi-lectin column system (comprising the four lectins ConA, JAC, WGA, and UEA I, termed 4L) was applied to glycopeptide enrichment from human tear sample digests, followed by MS-based detection and localization of their specific N-glycosylation sites. As the main result, our study identified a total of 26 N glycosylation sites of 11 N-glycoproteins in the tear sample pools of healthy individuals (n = 3 biological sample pools). Amongst others, we identified tear film proteins lactotransferrin (N497 and N642, LTF), Ig heavy chain constant α-1 (N144 and 340, IGHA1), prolactin-inducible protein (N105, PIP), and extracellular lacritin (N105, LACRT) as highly reliable and significant N glycoproteins, already associated with the pathogenesis of various chronic eye diseases such as dry eye syndrome (DES). In conclusion, the results of the present study will serve as an important tear film N-glycoprotein catalog for future studies focusing on human tear film and ocular surface-related inflammatory diseases.
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12
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Recent Advances in Hydrogels for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120816. [PMID: 36547340 PMCID: PMC9778550 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is the most common clinical ocular surface disease. Given its multifactorial etiology, no consensus has been reached on the diagnosis criteria for dry eye disease. Topical drug administration remains the mainstay of treatment but is limited to the rapid clearance from the eye surface. To address these problems, hydrogel-based materials were designed to detect biomarkers or act as drug delivery systems by taking advantage of their good biocompatibility, excellent physical and mechanical properties, and long-term implant stability. Biosensors prepared using biocompatible hydrogels can be sensitive in diagnosing DED, and the designed hydrogels can also improve the drug bioavailability and retention time for more effective and long-term treatment. This review summarizes recent advances in the use of hydrogels for diagnosing and treating dry eye, aiming to provide a novel reference for the eventual clinical translation of hydrogels in the context of dry eye disease.
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13
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Innate immunity dysregulation in aging eye and therapeutic interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101768. [PMID: 36280210 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of eye diseases increases considerably with age, resulting in significant vision impairment. Although the pathobiology of age-related eye diseases has been studied extensively, the contribution of immune-related changes due to aging remains elusive. In the eye, tissue-resident cells and infiltrating immune cells regulate innate responses during injury or infection. But due to aging, these cells lose their protective functions and acquire pathological phenotypes. Thus, dysregulated ocular innate immunity in the elderly increases the susceptibility and severity of eye diseases. Herein, we emphasize the impact of aging on the ocular innate immune system in the pathogenesis of infectious and non-infectious eye diseases. We discuss the role of age-related alterations in cellular metabolism, epigenetics, and cellular senescence as mechanisms underlying altered innate immune functions. Finally, we describe approaches to restore protective innate immune functions in the aging eye. Overall, the review summarizes our current understanding of innate immune functions in eye diseases and their dysregulation during aging.
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14
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Zauli G, AlHilali S, Al-Swailem S, Secchiero P, Voltan R. Therapeutic potential of the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 in counteracting SARS-CoV-2 infection of the eye through p53 activation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:902713. [PMID: 35911386 PMCID: PMC9329687 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.902713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic, most of the published data has concentrated on the respiratory signs and symptoms of Covid-19 infection, underestimating the presence and importance of ocular manifestations, such as conjunctivitis, usually reported in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. With the present review we intend to resume the ocular involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the recent discoveries about the different cell types and tissues of the eye that can be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2 and propagate the infection. Moreover, reviewing literature data about p53 expression in normal and diseased eye tissues, we hypothesize that the pleiotropic protein p53 present at high levels in cornea, conjunctiva and tear film might play a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since p53 can be easily up-regulated by using small molecule non-genotoxic inhibitors of MDM2, we propose that topical use of Nutlin-3, the prototype member of MDM2 inhibitors, might protect the anterior surface of the eye from SARS-CoV-2 infection, reducing the spreading of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Giorgio Zauli
| | - Sara AlHilali
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Swailem
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Varela-Fernández R, García-Otero X, Díaz-Tomé V, Regueiro U, López-López M, González-Barcia M, Isabel Lema M, Otero-Espinar FJ. Mucoadhesive PLGA Nanospheres and Nanocapsules for Lactoferrin Controlled Ocular Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040799. [PMID: 35456633 PMCID: PMC9029159 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: the present work describes the preparation, characterization and optimization of eight types of PLGA-based nanosystems (nanospheres and nanocapsules) as innovative mucoadhesive drug delivery systems of lactoferrin, in order to achieve a preclinical consistent base as an alternative pharmacological treatment to different ocular syndromes and diseases. Methods: All different nanoparticles were prepared via two modified nanoprecipitation techniques, using a three-component mixture of drug/polymer/surfactant (Lf/PLGA/Poloxamer), as a way to overcome the inherent limitations of conventional PLGA NPs. These modified polymeric nanocarriers, intended for topical ophthalmic administration, were subjected to in vitro characterization, surface modification and in vitro and in vivo assessments. Results: An appropriate size range, uniform size distribution and negative ζ potential values were obtained for all types of formulations. Lactoferrin could be effectively included into all types of nanoparticles with appropriate encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity values. A greater, extended, and controlled delivery of Lf from the polymeric matrix was observed through the in vitro release studies. No instability or cytotoxicity was proved for all the formulations by means of organotypic models. Additionally, mucoadhesive in vitro and in vivo experiments show a significant increase in the residence time of the nanoparticles in the eye surface. Conclusions: all types of prepared PLGA nanoparticles might be a potential alternative for the topical ophthalmic administration of lactoferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Varela-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.V.-F.); (X.G.-O.); (V.D.-T.)
- Clinical Neurosciences Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (U.R.); (M.L.-L.)
| | - Xurxo García-Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.V.-F.); (X.G.-O.); (V.D.-T.)
- Molecular Imaging Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Victoria Díaz-Tomé
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.V.-F.); (X.G.-O.); (V.D.-T.)
| | - Uxía Regueiro
- Clinical Neurosciences Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (U.R.); (M.L.-L.)
| | - Maite López-López
- Clinical Neurosciences Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (U.R.); (M.L.-L.)
| | - Miguel González-Barcia
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - María Isabel Lema
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Ophthalmology Area, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.I.L.); (F.J.O.-E.)
| | - Francisco Javier Otero-Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.V.-F.); (X.G.-O.); (V.D.-T.)
- Institute of Materials Imatus, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Paraquasil Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.I.L.); (F.J.O.-E.)
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16
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Jones G, Lee TJ, Glass J, Rountree G, Ulrich L, Estes A, Sezer M, Zhi W, Sharma S, Sharma A. Comparison of Different Mass Spectrometry Workflows for the Proteomic Analysis of Tear Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2307. [PMID: 35216421 PMCID: PMC8875482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tear film is a multi-layer fluid that covers the corneal and conjunctival epithelia of the eye and provides lubrication, nutrients, and protection from the outside environment. Tear fluid contains a high concentration of proteins and has thus been recognized as a potential source of biomarkers for ocular disorders due to its proximity to disease sites on the ocular surface and the non-invasive nature of its collection. This is particularly true in the case of dry eye disease, which directly impacts the tear film and its components. Proteomic analysis of tear fluid is challenging mainly due to the wide dynamic range of proteins and the small sample volumes. However, recent advancements in mass spectrometry have revolutionized the field of proteomics enabling unprecedented depth, speed, and accuracy, even with small sample volumes. In this study using the Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer, we compared four different mass spectrometry workflows for the proteomic analysis of tear fluid collected via Schirmer strips. We were able to establish a method of in-strip protein digestion that identified >3000 proteins in human tear samples from 11 healthy subjects. Our method offers a significant improvement in the number of proteins identified compared to previously reported methods without pooling samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Jones
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Joshua Glass
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Grace Rountree
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lane Ulrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Amy Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mary Sezer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Connell S, Kawashima M, Nakamura S, Imada T, Yamamoto H, Tsubota K, Fukuda S. Lactoferrin Ameliorates Dry Eye Disease Potentially through Enhancement of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production by Gut Microbiota in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212384. [PMID: 34830266 PMCID: PMC8624394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein found at high concentrations within exocrine secretions, including tears. Low levels of lactoferrin have been implicated in the loss of tear secretion and ageing. Furthermore, lactoferrin possesses a range of functionalities, including anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to modulate the gut microbiota. Expanding evidence demonstrates a crucial role of the gut microbiota in immune regulation and development. The specific composition of bacterial species of the gut has a profound influence on local and systemic inflammation, leading to a protective capacity against a number of inflammatory diseases, potentially by the induction of regulatory immune cells. In this study, we demonstrated that oral administration of lactoferrin maintains tear secretion in a restraint and desiccating stress induced mouse model of dry eye disease. Furthermore, we revealed that lactoferrin induces the reduction of inflammatory cytokines, modulates gut microbiota, and induces short-chain fatty acid production. Whereas, the antibiotic vancomycin abrogates the effects of lactoferrin on dry eye disease and significantly reduces short-chain fatty acid concentrations. Therefore, this protective effect of LF against a mice model of DED may be explained by our observations of an altered gut microbiota and an enhanced production of immunomodulatory short-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Connell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (S.C.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (T.I.)
| | - Motoko Kawashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (S.C.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (T.I.)
| | - Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (S.C.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (T.I.)
| | - Toshihiro Imada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (S.C.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (T.I.)
| | - Hiromitsu Yamamoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka 997-0052, Yamagata, Japan;
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (S.C.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (T.I.)
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka 997-0052, Yamagata, Japan;
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (S.F.)
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18
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Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease that represents one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice. Traditional diagnostic tests for DED, such as subjective questionnaires, tear film break-up time and the Schirmer test, are often associated with poor reproducibility and reliability, which make the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of the disease challenging. New advances in imaging technologies enable objective and reproducible measurements of DED parameters, thus making the diagnosis a multimodal imaging-based process. The aim of this review is to summarize all the current and emerging diagnostic tools available for the diagnosis and monitoring of DED, such as non-invasive tear breakup time, thermography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, meibography, interferometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, and optical quality assessment. Although there is not a gold standard imaging technique, new multi-imaging-integrated devices are precious instruments to help clinicians to better cope with the diagnostic complexity of DED.
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19
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Development of Lactoferrin-Loaded Liposomes for the Management of Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Inflammation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101698. [PMID: 34683990 PMCID: PMC8539938 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a high prevalent multifactorial disease characterized by a lack of homeostasis of the tear film which causes ocular surface inflammation, soreness, and visual disturbance. Conventional ophthalmic treatments present limitations such as low bioavailability and side effects. Lactoferrin (LF) constitutes a promising therapeutic tool, but its poor aqueous stability and high nasolacrimal duct drainage hinder its potential efficacy. In this study, we incorporate lactoferrin into hyaluronic acid coated liposomes by the lipid film method, followed by high pressure homogenization. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. Cytotoxicity and ocular tolerance were assayed both in vitro and in vivo using New Zealand rabbits, as well as dry eye and anti-inflammatory treatments. LF loaded liposomes showed an average size of 90 nm, monomodal population, positive surface charge and a high molecular weight protein encapsulation of 53%. Biopharmaceutical behaviour was enhanced by the nanocarrier, and any cytotoxic effect was studied in human corneal epithelial cells. Developed liposomes revealed the ability to reverse dry eye symptoms and possess anti-inflammatory efficacy, without inducing ocular irritation. Hence, lactoferrin loaded liposomes could offer an innovative nanotechnological tool as suitable approach in the treatment of DED.
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20
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Ponzini E, Ami D, Duse A, Santambrogio C, De Palma A, Di Silvestre D, Mauri P, Pezzoli F, Natalello A, Tavazzi S, Grandori R. Single-Tear Proteomics: A Feasible Approach to Precision Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10750. [PMID: 34639092 PMCID: PMC8509675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacrimal fluid is an attractive source of noninvasive biomarkers, the main limitation being the small sample amounts typically collected. Advanced analytical methods to allow for proteomics profiling from a few microliters are needed to develop innovative biomarkers, with attractive perspectives of applications to precision medicine. This work describes an effective, analytical pipeline for single-tear analysis by ultrahigh-resolution, shotgun proteomics from 23 healthy human volunteers, leading to high-confidence identification of a total of 890 proteins. Highly reproducible quantification was achieved by either peak intensity, peak area, or spectral counting. Hierarchical clustering revealed a stratification of females vs. males that did not emerge from previous studies on pooled samples. Two subjects were monitored weekly over 3 weeks. The samples clustered by withdrawal time of day (morning vs. afternoon) but not by follow-up week, with elevated levels of components of the immune system in the morning samples. This study demonstrates feasibility of single-tear quantitative proteomics, envisaging contributions of this unconventional body fluid to individualized approaches in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ponzini
- Materials Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (F.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (C.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Alessandro Duse
- Materials Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (F.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Carlo Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (C.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Antonella De Palma
- Institute of Technologies in Biomedicine, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy; (A.D.P.); (D.D.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute of Technologies in Biomedicine, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy; (A.D.P.); (D.D.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute of Technologies in Biomedicine, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy; (A.D.P.); (D.D.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Fabio Pezzoli
- Materials Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (F.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (C.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Silvia Tavazzi
- Materials Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (F.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (C.S.); (A.N.)
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21
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Alpogan O, Karakucuk S. Lactoferrin: The Natural Protector of the Eye against Coronavirus-19. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 29:751-752. [PMID: 34255583 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1954202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus-19 (Covid-19), which has affected the whole world in a very short time, can infect the eye by using the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 receptor. Viral prevalence in the conjunctiva was reported to be between 3% and 16% in patients with Covid-19. Although Covid-19 has been reported to cause symptoms of conjunctivitis and rash in the eye, no complete evidence has yet been presented that the virus is transmitted from the eye. The low rate of PCR positivity in conjunctival swabs may be due to the effect of lactoferrin (LF), which is among the tear defense systems. LF, the natural protein found in tears, plays a major role in the eye's immune system. The antiviral effect of LF on the SARS-CoV pseudotype, which is in the same family as SARS-CoV-2, has been demonstrated in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksan Alpogan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Resarch Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sarper Karakucuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Acıbadem University Atakent Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to review the literature on the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on dry eye disease (DED). A literature search on dry eye and COVID-19 was performed. Most current studies focus on DED in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 or dry eye symptoms in random populations of students and medical staff. Real-world dry eye practices revealed a variety of responses, possibly related to local environmental factors and lifestyle. Patients recovered from COVID-19 warrant ocular surface surveillance for DED. Pandemic mitigation strategies including remote work/school/leisure and mask wearing affect dry eye practices globally. Heightened reiteration of dry eye management for environmental and behavioral modifications, visual display terminals, and mask wearing with attention to its effects on the ocular surface is increasingly important as this pandemic continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Koh
- Departments of Innovative Visual Science (S.K.), and Ophthalmology (S.K.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan ; and Department of Ophthalmology (M.K.R.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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23
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Armstrong L, Collin J, Mostafa I, Queen R, Figueiredo FC, Lako M. In the eye of the storm: SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication at the ocular surface? Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:976-986. [PMID: 33710758 PMCID: PMC8235146 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) first emerged in December 2019 and spread quickly causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Recent single cell RNA‐Seq analyses have shown the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry factors in the human corneal, limbal, and conjunctival superficial epithelium, leading to suggestions that the human ocular surface may serve as an additional entry gateway and infection hub for SARS‐CoV‐2. In this article, we review the ocular clinical presentations of COVID‐19 and the features of the ocular surface that may underline the overall low ocular SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We critically evaluate the studies performed in nonhuman primates, ex vivo organ culture ocular models, stem cell derived eye organoids and the differences in infection efficiency observed in different parts of human ocular surface epithelium. Finally, we highlight the additional work that needs to be carried out to understand the immune response of the ocular surface to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which can be translated into prophylactic treatments that may be applied to other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Armstrong
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Joseph Collin
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Islam Mostafa
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Rachel Queen
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Francisco C Figueiredo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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Tear Proteomics Study of Dry Eye Disease: Which Eye Do You Adopt as the Representative Eye for the Study? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010422. [PMID: 33401599 PMCID: PMC7796155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies about dry eye disease (DED) chose unilateral eye for investigation and drew conclusions based on monocular results, whereas most studies involving tear proteomics were based on the results of pooling tears from a group of DED patients. Patients with DED were consecutively enrolled for binocular clinical tests, tear biochemical markers of DED, and tear proteome. We found that bilateral eyes of DED patients may have similar but different ocular surface performance and tear proteome. Most ocular surface homeostatic markers and tear biomarkers were not significantly different in the bilateral eyes of DED subjects, and most clinical parameters and tear biomarkers were correlated significantly between bilateral eyes. However, discrepant binocular presentation in the markers of ocular surface homeostasis and the associations with tear proteins suggested that one eye’s performance cannot represent that of the other eye or both eyes. Therefore, in studies for elucidating tear film homeostasis of DED, we may lose some important messages hidden in the fellow eye if we collected clinical and proteomic data only from a unilateral eye. For mechanistic studies, it is recommended that researchers collect tear samples from the eye with more severe DED under sensitive criteria for identifying the more severe eye and evaluating the tear biochemical and proteomic markers with binocular concordance drawn in prior binocular studies.
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