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Lee WH, Najjar SM, Kahn CR, Hinds TD. Hepatic insulin receptor: new views on the mechanisms of liver disease. Metabolism 2023; 145:155607. [PMID: 37271372 PMCID: PMC10330768 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over 65 % of people with obesity display the metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which can manifest as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. The development and progression of MAFLD involve hepatic insulin resistance and reduced insulin clearance. This review discusses the relationships between altered insulin signaling, hepatic insulin resistance, and reduced insulin clearance in the development of MAFLD and how this provides the impetus for exploring the use of insulin sensitizers to curb this disease. The review also explores the role of the insulin receptor in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells and how it signals in metabolic and end-stage liver diseases. Finally, we discuss new research findings that indicate that advanced hepatic diseases may be an insulin-sensitive state in the liver and deliberate whether insulin sensitizers should be used to manage late-stage liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Hsin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sonia M Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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2
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Jayanti S, Dalla Verde C, Tiribelli C, Gazzin S. Inflammation, Dopaminergic Brain and Bilirubin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11478. [PMID: 37511235 PMCID: PMC10380707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a well-known neurotransmitter due to its involvement in Parkinson's disease (PD). Dopamine is not only involved in PD but also controls multiple mental and physical activities, such as the pleasure of food, friends and loved ones, music, art, mood, cognition, motivation, fear, affective disorders, addiction, attention deficit disorder, depression, and schizophrenia. Dopaminergic neurons (DOPAn) are susceptible to stressors, and inflammation is a recognized risk for neuronal malfunctioning and cell death in major neurodegenerative diseases. Less is known for non-neurodegenerative conditions. Among the endogenous defenses, bilirubin, a heme metabolite, has been shown to possess important anti-inflammatory activity and, most importantly, to prevent DOPAn demise in an ex vivo model of PD by acting on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). This review summarizes the evidence linking DOPAn, inflammation (when possible, specifically TNFα), and bilirubin as an anti-inflammatory in order to understand what is known, the gaps that need filling, and the hypotheses of anti-inflammatory strategies to preserve dopamine homeostasis with bilirubin included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Jayanti
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16915, Indonesia
| | - Camilla Dalla Verde
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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3
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Badmus OO, Kipp ZA, Bates EA, da Silva AA, Taylor LC, Martinez GJ, Lee WH, Creeden JF, Hinds TD, Stec DE. Loss of hepatic PPARα in mice causes hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R81-R95. [PMID: 37212551 PMCID: PMC10292975 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00057.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The leading cause of death in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the mechanisms are unknown. Mice deficient in hepatocyte proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) (PparaHepKO) exhibit hepatic steatosis on a regular chow diet, making them prone to manifesting NAFLD. We hypothesized that the PparaHepKO mice might be predisposed to poorer cardiovascular phenotypes due to increased liver fat content. Therefore, we used PparaHepKO and littermate control mice fed a regular chow diet to avoid complications with a high-fat diet, such as insulin resistance and increased adiposity. After 30 wk on a standard diet, male PparaHepKO mice exhibited elevated hepatic fat content compared with littermates as measured by Echo MRI (11.95 ± 1.4 vs. 3.74 ± 1.4%, P < 0.05), hepatic triglycerides (1.4 ± 0.10 vs. 0.3 ± 0.01 mM, P < 0.05), and Oil Red O staining, despite body weight, fasting blood glucose, and insulin levels being the same as controls. The PparaHepKO mice also displayed elevated mean arterial blood pressure (121 ± 4 vs. 108 ± 2 mmHg, P < 0.05), impaired diastolic function, cardiac remodeling, and enhanced vascular stiffness. To determine mechanisms controlling the increase in stiffness in the aorta, we used state-of-the-art PamGene technology to measure kinase activity in this tissue. Our data suggest that the loss of hepatic PPARα induces alterations in the aortas that reduce the kinase activity of tropomyosin receptor kinases and p70S6K kinase, which might contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD-induced CVD. These data indicate that hepatic PPARα protects the cardiovascular system through some as-of-yet undefined mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunto O Badmus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Zachary A Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Evelyn A Bates
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Lucy C Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Genesee J Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Wang-Hsin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Justin F Creeden
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
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Vitek L, Hinds TD, Stec DE, Tiribelli C. The physiology of bilirubin: health and disease equilibrium. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:315-328. [PMID: 36828710 PMCID: PMC10023336 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin has several physiological functions, both beneficial and harmful. In addition to reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities, bilirubin has potent immunosuppressive effects associated with long-term pathophysiological sequelae. It has been recently recognized as a hormone with endocrine actions and interconnected effects on various cellular signaling pathways. Current studies show that bilirubin also decreases adiposity and prevents metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. All in all, the physiological importance of bilirubin is only now coming to light, and strategies for increasing plasma bilirubin levels to combat chronic diseases are starting to be considered. This review discusses the beneficial effects of increasing plasma bilirubin, incorporates emerging areas of bilirubin biology, and provides key concepts to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Vitek
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Hinds TD, Stec DE, Tiribelli C. Powering the powerhouse: Heme oxygenase-1 regulates mitochondrial function in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13931. [PMID: 36622267 PMCID: PMC10877585 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Kipp ZA, Martinez GJ, Bates EA, Maharramov AB, Flight RM, Moseley HNB, Morris AJ, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Bilirubin Nanoparticle Treatment in Obese Mice Inhibits Hepatic Ceramide Production and Remodels Liver Fat Content. Metabolites 2023; 13:215. [PMID: 36837834 PMCID: PMC9965094 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that increasing plasma bilirubin levels might be useful for preventing and treating hepatic lipid accumulation that occurs with metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. We have previously demonstrated that mice with hyperbilirubinemia had significantly less lipid accumulation in a diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model. However, bilirubin's effects on individual lipid species are currently unknown. Therefore, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) to determine the hepatic lipid composition of obese mice with NAFLD treated with bilirubin nanoparticles or vehicle control. We placed the mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks and then treated them with bilirubin nanoparticles or vehicle control for 4 weeks while maintaining the HFD. Bilirubin nanoparticles suppressed hepatic fat content overall. After analyzing the lipidomics data, we determined that bilirubin inhibited the accumulation of ceramides in the liver. The bilirubin nanoparticles significantly lowered the hepatic expression of two essential enzymes that regulate ceramide production, Sgpl1 and Degs1. Our results demonstrate that the bilirubin nanoparticles improve hepatic fat content by reducing ceramide production, remodeling the liver fat content, and improving overall metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Genesee J. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Evelyn A. Bates
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Agil B. Maharramov
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Robert M. Flight
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Hunter N. B. Moseley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - David E. Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
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Suppressing Hepatic UGT1A1 Increases Plasma Bilirubin, Lowers Plasma Urobilin, Reorganizes Kinase Signaling Pathways and Lipid Species and Improves Fatty Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020252. [PMID: 36830621 PMCID: PMC9953728 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Several population studies have observed lower serum bilirubin levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Yet, treatments to target this metabolic phenotype have not been explored. Therefore, we designed an N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) labeled RNAi to target the enzyme that clears bilirubin from the blood, the UGT1A1 glucuronyl enzyme (GNUR). In this study, male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 60%) for 30 weeks to induce NAFLD and were treated subcutaneously with GNUR or sham (CTRL) once weekly for six weeks while continuing the HFD. The results show that GNUR treatments significantly raised plasma bilirubin levels and reduced plasma levels of the bilirubin catabolized product, urobilin. We show that GNUR decreased liver fat content and ceramide production via lipidomics and lowered fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. We performed extensive kinase activity analyses using our PamGene PamStation kinome technology and found a reorganization of the kinase pathways and a significant decrease in inflammatory mediators with GNUR versus CTRL treatments. These results demonstrate that GNUR increases plasma bilirubin and reduces plasma urobilin, reducing NAFLD and inflammation and improving overall liver health. These data indicate that UGT1A1 antagonism might serve as a treatment for NAFLD and may improve obesity-associated comorbidities.
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Flack KD, Vítek L, Fry CS, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Cutting edge concepts: Does bilirubin enhance exercise performance? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1040687. [PMID: 36713945 PMCID: PMC9874874 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise performance is dependent on many factors, such as muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular capacity, liver health, and metabolic flexibility. Recent studies show that plasma levels of bilirubin, which has classically been viewed as a liver dysfunction biomarker, are elevated by exercise training and that elite athletes may have significantly higher levels. Other studies have shown higher plasma bilirubin levels in athletes and active individuals compared to general, sedentary populations. The reason for these adaptions is unclear, but it could be related to bilirubin's antioxidant properties in response to a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that originates from mitochondria during exercise. However, the mechanisms of these are unknown. Current research has re-defined bilirubin as a metabolic hormone that interacts with nuclear receptors to drive gene transcription, which reduces body weight. Bilirubin has been shown to reduce adiposity and improve the cardiovascular system, which might be related to the adaption of bilirubin increasing during exercise. No studies have directly tested if elevating bilirubin levels can influence athletic performance. However, based on the mechanisms proposed in the present review, this seems plausible and an area to consider for future studies. Here, we discuss the importance of bilirubin and exercise and how the combination might improve metabolic health outcomes and possibly athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Correspondence: Kyle D. Flack Terry D. Hinds
| | - Libor Vítek
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David E. Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Correspondence: Kyle D. Flack Terry D. Hinds
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Kipp ZA, Xu M, Bates EA, Lee WH, Kern PA, Hinds TD. Bilirubin Levels Are Negatively Correlated with Adiposity in Obese Men and Women, and Its Catabolized Product, Urobilin, Is Positively Associated with Insulin Resistance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010170. [PMID: 36671031 PMCID: PMC9854555 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin levels in obese humans and rodents have been shown to be lower than in their lean counterparts. Some studies have proposed that the glucuronyl UGT1A1 enzyme that clears bilirubin from the blood increases in the liver with obesity. UGT1A1 clearance of bilirubin allows more conjugated bilirubin to enter the intestine, where it is catabolized into urobilin, which can be then absorbed via the hepatic portal vein. We hypothesized that when bilirubin levels are decreased, the urobilin increases in the plasma of obese humans, as compared to lean humans. To test this, we measured plasma levels of bilirubin and urobilin, body mass index (BMI), adiposity, blood glucose and insulin, and HOMA IR in a small cohort of obese and lean men and women. We found that bilirubin levels negatively correlated with BMI and adiposity in obese men and women, as compared to their lean counterparts. Contrarily, urobilin levels were positively associated with adiposity and BMI. Only obese women were found to be insulin resistant based on significantly higher HOMA IR, as compared to lean women. The urobilin levels were positively associated with HOMA IR in both groups, but women had a stronger linear correlation. These studies indicate that plasma urobilin levels are associated with obesity and its comorbidities, such as insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Evelyn A. Bates
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Wang-Hsin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Philip A. Kern
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Correspondence:
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Cao F, Ding Q, Zhuge H, Lai S, Chang K, Le C, Yang G, Valencak TG, Li S, Ren D. Lactobacillus plantarum ZJUIDS14 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice in association with modulation in the gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1071284. [PMID: 36698477 PMCID: PMC9868733 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This present study was designed to explore the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum ZJUIDS14 against Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in a high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced C57BL/6 mice model. The probiotic (109 CFU/every other day) was administered by oral gavage for 12 weeks. We found that L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 intervention significantly alleviated HFD related hepatic steatosis, liver damage, insulin resistance, and increased hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPAR-α) while stimulating the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 improved mitochondrial function as reflected by an increase in dynamin related protein 1 (DRP1) and a decrease of proteins associated with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) after the treatment. Additionally, mice from the L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 group had a restored intestinal flora and homeostasis involving Coprostanoligenes group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, Allobaculum, Ruminiclostridium 1, and Roseburia. Meanwhile, these five genera exhibited a significant (negative or positive) association with ileum inflammation mRNA levels and SCFA contents, by Spearman's correlation analysis. In general, our data demonstrated that L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 mitigates hepatic steatosis and liver damage induced by HFD. Specifically, they strengthened the integrity of the intestinal barrier, regulated gut microbiota, and improved mitochondrial function. Our data provide an experimental basis for L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 as a promising candidate to prevent NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiwei Cao
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinchao Ding
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhuge
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanglei Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaixin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Le
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guorong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Teresa G. Valencak
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Songtao Li,
| | - Daxi Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Daxi Ren,
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Athanassiadou V, Plavoukou S, Grapsa E, Detsika MG. The Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 as an Immunomodulator in Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122454. [PMID: 36552662 PMCID: PMC9774641 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein heme oxygenase (HO)-1 has been implicated in the regulations of multiple immunological processes. It is well known that kidney injury is affected by immune mechanisms and that various kidney-disease forms may be a result of autoimmune disease. The current study describes in detail the role of HO-1 in kidney disease and provides the most recent observations of the effect of HO-1 on immune pathways and responses both in animal models of immune-mediated disease forms and in patient studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Athanassiadou
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Stella Plavoukou
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Grapsa
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria G. Detsika
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10675 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Heme Oxygenase-1 and Blood Bilirubin Are Gradually Activated by Oral D-Glyceric Acid. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122319. [PMID: 36552529 PMCID: PMC9774343 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that small doses of oral D-glyceric acid (DGA) activate mitochondrial metabolism and reduce inflammation among 50-60-year-old healthy volunteers. The present results with the same small doses reveal that after a 4-day DGA regimen, a dose of DGA activated the HO-1 pathway acutely, while enhanced inflammatory status after the 4-day DGA regimen seemed to be able to downregulate the HO-1 pathway in non-acute measurement. Blood bilirubin was strongly upregulated towards the end of the altogether 21-day study period with positive associations towards improved inflammation and reduced blood triglycerides. After the 4-day DGA regimen, hepatic inflow of blood bilirubin with albumin as the carrier was clearly upregulated in the lower-aerobic-capacity persons. At the same time also, blood triglycerides were down, pointing possibly to the activation of liver fatty acid oxidation. The combination of activated aerobic energy metabolism with transient HO-1 pathway activation and the upregulation of blood bilirubin may reduce the risks of chronic diseases, especially in aging. Furthermore, there exist certain diseases with unsatisfactorily-met medical needs, such as fatty and cholestatic liver diseases, and Parkinson's disease, that can be possibly ameliorated with the whole-body mechanism of the action of the DGA regimen.
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Creeden JF, Kipp ZA, Xu M, Flight RM, Moseley HNB, Martinez GJ, Lee W, Alganem K, Imami AS, McMullen MR, Roychowdhury S, Nawabi AM, Hipp JA, Softic S, Weinman SA, McCullumsmith R, Nagy LE, Hinds TD. Hepatic kinome atlas: An in-depth identification of kinase pathways in liver fibrosis of humans and rodents. Hepatology 2022; 76:1376-1388. [PMID: 35313030 PMCID: PMC9489820 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Resolution of pathways that converge to induce deleterious effects in hepatic diseases, such as in the later stages, have potential antifibrotic effects that may improve outcomes. We aimed to explore whether humans and rodents display similar fibrotic signaling networks. APPROACH AND RESULTS We assiduously mapped kinase pathways using 340 substrate targets, upstream bioinformatic analysis of kinase pathways, and over 2000 random sampling iterations using the PamGene PamStation kinome microarray chip technology. Using this technology, we characterized a large number of kinases with altered activity in liver fibrosis of both species. Gene expression and immunostaining analyses validated many of these kinases as bona fide signaling events. Surprisingly, the insulin receptor emerged as a considerable protein tyrosine kinase that is hyperactive in fibrotic liver disease in humans and rodents. Discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase, activated by collagen that increases during fibrosis, was another hyperactive protein tyrosine kinase in humans and rodents with fibrosis. The serine/threonine kinases found to be the most active in fibrosis were dystrophy type 1 protein kinase and members of the protein kinase family of kinases. We compared the fibrotic events over four models: humans with cirrhosis and three murine models with differing levels of fibrosis, including two models of fatty liver disease with emerging fibrosis. The data demonstrate a high concordance between human and rodent hepatic kinome signaling that focalizes, as shown by our network analysis of detrimental pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish a comprehensive kinase atlas for liver fibrosis, which identifies analogous signaling events conserved among humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F. Creeden
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOhioUSA
| | - Zachary A. Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Robert M. Flight
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiochemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Resource Center for Stable Isotope Resolved MetabolomicsUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Hunter N. B. Moseley
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiochemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Resource Center for Stable Isotope Resolved MetabolomicsUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Institute for Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Center for Clinical and Translational ScienceUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Genesee J. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Wang‐Hsin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Khaled Alganem
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOhioUSA
| | - Ali S. Imami
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOhioUSA
| | - Megan R. McMullen
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Atta M. Nawabi
- Division of Transplant and HepatobiliaryDepartment of SurgeryThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | | | - Samir Softic
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Steven A. Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver CenterUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Robert McCullumsmith
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOhioUSA
- Neurosciences InstituteProMedicaToledoOhioUSA
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCenter for Liver Disease ResearchCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes CenterUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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14
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Ghajar-Rahimi G, Traylor AM, Mathew B, Bostwick JR, Nebane NM, Zmijewska AA, Esman SK, Thukral S, Zhai L, Sambandam V, Cowell RM, Suto MJ, George JF, Augelli-Szafran CE, Agarwal A. Identification of Cytoprotective Small-Molecule Inducers of Heme-Oxygenase-1. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1888. [PMID: 36290611 PMCID: PMC9598442 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major public health concern with significant morbidity and mortality and no current treatments beyond supportive care and dialysis. Preclinical studies have suggested that heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of heme, has promise as a potential therapeutic target for AKI. Clinical trials involving HO-1 products (biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and iron), however, have not progressed beyond the Phase ½ level. We identified small-molecule inducers of HO-1 that enable us to exploit the full therapeutic potential of HO-1, the combination of its products, and yet-undefined effects of the enzyme system. Through cell-based, high-throughput screens for induction of HO-1 driven by the human HO-1 promoter/enhancer, we identified two novel small molecules and broxaldine (an FDA-approved drug) for further consideration as candidate compounds exhibiting an Emax ≥70% of 5 µM hemin and EC50 <10 µM. RNA sequencing identified shared binding motifs to NRF2, a transcription factor known to regulate antioxidant genes, including HMOX1. In vitro, the cytoprotective function of the candidates was assessed against cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. In vivo, delivery of a candidate compound induced HO-1 expression in the kidneys of mice. This study serves as the basis for further development of small-molecule HO-1 inducers as preventative or therapeutic interventions for a variety of pathologies, including AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelare Ghajar-Rahimi
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Amie M. Traylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Bini Mathew
- Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | | | | | - Anna A. Zmijewska
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Stephanie K. Esman
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Saakshi Thukral
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Ling Zhai
- Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | | | - Rita M. Cowell
- Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | | | - James F. George
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | | | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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15
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Mitigation of Cadmium Toxicity through Modulation of the Frontline Cellular Stress Response. STRESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses2030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant of public health significance worldwide. Diet is the main Cd exposure source in the non-occupationally exposed and non-smoking populations. Metal transporters for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and manganese (Mn) are involved in the assimilation and distribution of Cd to cells throughout the body. Due to an extremely slow elimination rate, most Cd is retained by cells, where it exerts toxicity through its interaction with sulfur-containing ligands, notably the thiol (-SH) functional group of cysteine, glutathione, and many Zn-dependent enzymes and transcription factors. The simultaneous induction of heme oxygenase-1 and the metal-binding protein metallothionein by Cd adversely affected the cellular redox state and caused the dysregulation of Fe, Zn, and copper. Experimental data indicate that Cd causes mitochondrial dysfunction via disrupting the metal homeostasis of this organelle. The present review focuses on the adverse metabolic outcomes of chronic exposure to low-dose Cd. Current epidemiologic data indicate that chronic exposure to Cd raises the risk of type 2 diabetes by several mechanisms, such as increased oxidative stress, inflammation, adipose tissue dysfunction, increased insulin resistance, and dysregulated cellular intermediary metabolism. The cellular stress response mechanisms involving the catabolism of heme, mediated by heme oxygenase-1 and -2 (HO-1 and HO-2), may mitigate the cytotoxicity of Cd. The products of their physiologic heme degradation, bilirubin and carbon monoxide, have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.
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16
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Ma C, Han L, Zhu Z, Heng Pang C, Pan G. Mineral metabolism and ferroptosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115242. [PMID: 36084708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. Minerals including iron, copper, zinc, and selenium, fulfil an essential role in various biochemical processes. Moreover, the identification of ferroptosis and cuproptosis further underscores the importance of intracellular mineral homeostasis. However, perturbation of minerals has been frequently reported in patients with NAFLD and related diseases. Interestingly, studies have attempted to establish an association between mineral disorders and NAFLD pathological features, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory response, and fibrogenesis. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current understanding of mineral metabolism (i.e., absorption, utilization, and transport) and mineral interactions in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. More importantly, this review highlights potential therapeutic strategies, challenges, future directions for targeting mineral metabolism in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Han
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheying Zhu
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Cheng Heng Pang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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17
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Molecular mechanisms of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1347-1366. [PMID: 36148775 PMCID: PMC9508552 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a condition of fat accumulation in the liver in combination with metabolic dysfunction in the form of overweight or obesity and insulin resistance. It is also associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hepatic lipid metabolism is regulated by a combination of the uptake and export of fatty acids, de novo lipogenesis, and fat utilization by β-oxidation. When the balance between these pathways is altered, hepatic lipid accumulation commences, and long-term activation of inflammatory and fibrotic pathways can progress to worsen the liver disease. This review discusses the details of the molecular mechanisms regulating hepatic lipids and the emerging therapies targeting these pathways as potential future treatments for MAFLD.
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18
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Antioxidant Therapy Significantly Attenuates Hepatotoxicity following Low Dose Exposure to Microcystin-LR in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081625. [PMID: 36009344 PMCID: PMC9404967 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown in a murine model of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) that chronic, low-dose exposure to the Harmful Algal Bloom cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR), resulted in significant hepatotoxicity including micro-vesicular lipid accumulation, impaired toxin metabolism as well as dysregulation of the key signaling pathways involved in inflammation, immune response and oxidative stress. On this background we hypothesized that augmentation of hepatic drug metabolism pathways with targeted antioxidant therapies would improve MC-LR metabolism and reduce hepatic injury in NAFLD mice exposed to MC-LR. We chose N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 40 mM), a known antioxidant that augments the glutathione detoxification pathway and a novel peptide (pNaKtide, 25 mg/kg) which is targeted to interrupting a specific Src-kinase mediated pro-oxidant amplification mechanism. Histological analysis showed significant increase in hepatic inflammation in NAFLD mice exposed to MC-LR which was attenuated on treatment with both NAC and pNaKtide (both p ≤ 0.05). Oxidative stress, as measured by 8-OHDG levels in urine and protein carbonylation in liver sections, was also significantly downregulated upon treatment with both antioxidants after MC-LR exposure. Genetic analysis of key drug transporters including Abcb1a, Phase I enzyme-Cyp3a11 and Phase II metabolic enzymes-Pkm (Pyruvate kinase, muscle), Pklr (Pyruvate kinase, liver, and red blood cell) and Gad1 (Glutamic acid decarboxylase) was significantly altered by MC-LR exposure as compared to the non-exposed control group (all p ≤ 0.05). These changes were significantly attenuated with both pNaKtide and NAC treatment. These results suggest that MC-LR metabolism and detoxification is significantly impaired in the setting of NAFLD, and that these pathways can potentially be reversed with targeted antioxidant treatment.
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19
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Canesin G, Feldbrügge L, Wei G, Janovicova L, Janikova M, Csizmadia E, Ariffin J, Hedblom A, Herbert ZT, Robson SC, Celec P, Swanson KD, Nasser I, Popov YV, Wegiel B. Heme oxygenase-1 mitigates liver injury and fibrosis via modulation of LNX1/Notch1 pathway in myeloid cells. iScience 2022; 25:104983. [PMID: 36093061 PMCID: PMC9450142 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of resident macrophages (Mϕ) and hepatic stellate cells is a key event in chronic liver injury. Mice with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; Hmox1)-deficient Mϕ (LysM-Cre:Hmox1 flfl ) exhibit increased inflammation, periportal ductular reaction, and liver fibrosis following bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver injury and increased pericellular fibrosis in NASH model. RiboTag-based RNA-sequencing profiling of hepatic HO-1-deficient Mϕ revealed dysregulation of multiple genes involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism, regulation of oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix turnover. Among these genes, ligand of numb-protein X1 (LNX1) expression is strongly suppressed in HO-1-deficient Mϕ. Importantly, HO-1 and LNX1 were expressed by hepatic Mϕ in human biliary and nonbiliary end-stage cirrhosis. We found that Notch1 expression, a downstream target of LNX1, was increased in LysM-Cre:Hmox1 flfl mice. In HO-1-deficient Mϕ treated with heme, transient overexpression of LNX1 drives M2-like Mϕ polarization. In summary, we identified LNX1/Notch1 pathway as a downstream target of HO-1 in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Canesin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linda Feldbrügge
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Guangyan Wei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Lubica Janovicova
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Janikova
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Juliana Ariffin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andreas Hedblom
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zachary T. Herbert
- Molecular Biology Core Facilities, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kenneth D. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Imad Nasser
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yury V. Popov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Barbara Wegiel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Corresponding author
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20
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Stec DE, Tiribelli C, Badmus OO, Hinds TD. Novel Function for Bilirubin as a Metabolic Signaling Molecule: Implications for Kidney Diseases. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:945-953. [PMID: 36128497 PMCID: PMC9438427 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000062022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin is the end product of the catabolism of heme via the heme oxygenase pathway. Heme oxygenase generates carbon monoxide (CO) and biliverdin from the breakdown of heme, and biliverdin is rapidly reduced to bilirubin by the enzyme biliverdin reductase (BVR). Bilirubin has long been thought of as a toxic product that is only relevant to health when blood levels are severely elevated, such as in clinical jaundice. The physiologic functions of bilirubin correlate with the growing body of evidence demonstrating the protective effects of serum bilirubin against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Although the correlative evidence suggests a protective effect of serum bilirubin against many diseases, the mechanism by which bilirubin offers protection against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remains unanswered. We recently discovered a novel function for bilirubin as a signaling molecule capable of activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) transcription factor. This review summarizes the new finding of bilirubin as a signaling molecule and proposes several mechanisms by which this novel action of bilirubin may protect against cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | | | - Olufunto O. Badmus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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21
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Heme Oxygenase-1: An Anti-Inflammatory Effector in Cardiovascular, Lung, and Related Metabolic Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030555. [PMID: 35326205 PMCID: PMC8944973 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme system catabolizes heme to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin-IXα (BV), which is reduced to bilirubin-IXα (BR) by biliverdin reductase (BVR). HO activity is represented by two distinct isozymes, the inducible form, HO-1, and a constitutive form, HO-2, encoded by distinct genes (HMOX1, HMOX2, respectively). HO-1 responds to transcriptional activation in response to a wide variety of chemical and physical stimuli, including its natural substrate heme, oxidants, and phytochemical antioxidants. The expression of HO-1 is regulated by NF-E2-related factor-2 and counter-regulated by Bach-1, in a heme-sensitive manner. Additionally, HMOX1 promoter polymorphisms have been associated with human disease. The induction of HO-1 can confer protection in inflammatory conditions through removal of heme, a pro-oxidant and potential catalyst of lipid peroxidation, whereas iron released from HO activity may trigger ferritin synthesis or ferroptosis. The production of heme-derived reaction products (i.e., BV, BR) may contribute to HO-dependent cytoprotection via antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Additionally, BVR and BR have newly recognized roles in lipid regulation. CO may alter mitochondrial function leading to modulation of downstream signaling pathways that culminate in anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory effects. This review will present evidence for beneficial effects of HO-1 and its reaction products in human diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic conditions, including diabetes and obesity, as well as acute and chronic diseases of the liver, kidney, or lung. Strategies targeting the HO-1 pathway, including genetic or chemical modulation of HO-1 expression, or application of BR, CO gas, or CO donor compounds show therapeutic potential in inflammatory conditions, including organ ischemia/reperfusion injury. Evidence from human studies indicate that HO-1 expression may represent a biomarker of oxidative stress in various clinical conditions, while increases in serum BR levels have been correlated inversely to risk of CVD and metabolic disease. Ongoing human clinical trials investigate the potential of CO as a therapeutic in human disease.
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22
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Antioxidants as Immunomodulators in Exercise: Implications for Heme Oxygenase and Bilirubin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020179. [PMID: 35204062 PMCID: PMC8868548 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is commonly prescribed as a lifestyle treatment for chronic metabolic diseases as it functions as an insulin sensitizer, cardio-protectant, and essential lifestyle tool for effective weight maintenance. Exercise boosts the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent transient oxidative damage, which also upregulates counterbalancing endogenous antioxidants to protect from ROS-induced damage and inflammation. Exercise elevates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and biliverdin reductase A (BVRA) expression as built-in protective mechanisms, which produce the most potent antioxidant, bilirubin. Together, these mitigate inflammation and adiposity. Moderately raising plasma bilirubin protects in two ways: (1) via its antioxidant capacity to reduce ROS and inflammation, and (2) its newly defined function as a hormone that activates the nuclear receptor transcription factor PPARα. It is now understood that increasing plasma bilirubin can also drive metabolic adaptions, which improve deleterious outcomes of weight gain and obesity, such as inflammation, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The main objective of this review is to describe the function of bilirubin as an antioxidant and metabolic hormone and how the HO-1-BVRA-bilirubin-PPARα axis influences inflammation, metabolic function and interacts with exercise to improve outcomes of weight management.
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23
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Liang C, Yu Z, Bai L, Hou W, Tang S, Zhang W, Chen X, Hu Z, Duan Z, Zheng S. Association of Serum Bilirubin With Metabolic Syndrome and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:869579. [PMID: 35937795 PMCID: PMC9346511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.869579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the leading chronic diseases worldwide. There are still many controversies about the association between serum bilirubin and MetS or NAFLD. This study aims to evaluate the association of serum total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL) with MetS and NAFLD. METHODS Multiple databases were searched for relevant studies until November 2021. Randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional and cohort studies evaluating the association between serum bilirubin levels and MetS or NAFLD were included. RESULTS Twenty-four cross-sectional and cohort studies with 101, 517 participants were finally analyzed. Fifteen studies and 6 studies evaluated the association between bilirubin and MetS or NAFLD in health screening population, respectively, while 3 studies evaluated the association between bilirubin and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in NAFLD patients. Random effect model analysis showed the inverse association between TBIL and MetS in male (95%CI=0.71-0.96) and gender-neutral (95%CI=0.61-0.91) group. However, no significant association was found in females. Notably, the inverse association between DBIL and MetS was noticed in male (95%CI=0.36-0.75), female (95%CI=0.16-0.58) and gender-neutral population (95%CI=0.67-0.92). IBIL level was inversely associated with MetS in females (95%CI=0.52-0.96), whereas no statistical correlation presented in males. TBIL was not statistically correlated with NAFLD in gender-neutral or male subgroup. Similarly, there were no association between DBIL or IBIL and NAFLD in gender-neutral subgroup. However, the negative correlation between DBIL and NAFLD existed in males (95%CI=0.76-0.96). In NAFLD patients, IBIL analysis showed an inverse association with NASH (95%CI=0.01-0.12). CONCLUSION Serum TBIL and DBIL levels, especially DBIL levels, assume an inverse correlation with MetS in healthy population. Serum IBIL is inversely associated with the onset and degree of NASH in NAFLD patients. Exogenous bilirubin supplement may be a potential strategy to assist in lowering the risk of developing MetS and NAFLD. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42021293349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- First Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Fourth Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hou
- First Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Tang
- First Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- First Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- First Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Hu
- First Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Fourth Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- First Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes: the PHIGNA-DM2 study. NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:1012-1018. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.03969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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25
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Hinds TD, Kipp ZA, Xu M, Yiannikouris FB, Morris AJ, Stec DF, Wahli W, Stec DE. Adipose-Specific PPARα Knockout Mice Have Increased Lipogenesis by PASK-SREBP1 Signaling and a Polarity Shift to Inflammatory Macrophages in White Adipose Tissue. Cells 2021; 11:4. [PMID: 35011564 PMCID: PMC8750478 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor PPARα is associated with reducing adiposity, especially in the liver, where it transactivates genes for β-oxidation. Contrarily, the function of PPARα in extrahepatic tissues is less known. Therefore, we established the first adipose-specific PPARα knockout (PparaFatKO) mice to determine the signaling position of PPARα in adipose tissue expansion that occurs during the development of obesity. To assess the function of PPARα in adiposity, female and male mice were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) or normal chow for 30 weeks. Only the male PparaFatKO animals had significantly more adiposity in the inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) with HFD, compared to control littermates. No changes in adiposity were observed in female mice compared to control littermates. In the males, the loss of PPARα signaling in adipocytes caused significantly higher cholesterol esters, activation of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), and a shift in macrophage polarity from M2 to M1 macrophages. We found that the loss of adipocyte PPARα caused significantly higher expression of the Per-Arnt-Sim kinase (PASK), a kinase that activates SREBP-1. The hyperactivity of the PASK-SREBP-1 axis significantly increased the lipogenesis proteins fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) and raised the expression of genes for cholesterol metabolism (Scarb1, Abcg1, and Abca1). The loss of adipocyte PPARα increased Nos2 in the males, an M1 macrophage marker indicating that the population of macrophages had changed to proinflammatory. Our results demonstrate the first adipose-specific actions for PPARα in protecting against lipogenesis, inflammation, and cholesterol ester accumulation that leads to adipocyte tissue expansion in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA; (Z.A.K.); (M.X.); (F.B.Y.)
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Zachary A. Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA; (Z.A.K.); (M.X.); (F.B.Y.)
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA; (Z.A.K.); (M.X.); (F.B.Y.)
| | - Frederique B. Yiannikouris
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA; (Z.A.K.); (M.X.); (F.B.Y.)
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA;
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Donald F. Stec
- Small Molecule NMR Facility Core, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore 308232, Singapore;
- Toxalim Research Center in Food Toxicology (UMR 1331), INRAE, ENVT, INP—PURPAN, UPS, Université de Toulouse, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David E. Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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26
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Guo C, Zhang C, Xia Z, Song B, Hu W, Cui Y, Xue Y, Xia M, Xu D, Zhang S, Fang J. Nano-designed CO donor ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via macrophage manipulation. J Control Release 2021; 341:566-577. [PMID: 34864115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible interstitial pulmonary disease due to chronic inflammatory responses. The prognosis of IPF is very poor, however, the therapeutic options are very limited. Previously we developed a polymeric micellar drug delivery system of carbon monoxide (CO) that is a pivotal anti-inflammatory gaseous molecule, i.e., SMA/CORM2, which exhibited therapeutic potentials against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis and acetaminophen (APAP) induced liver injury. Along this line, here we investigate the applicability of SMA/CORM2 on IPF using a bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Severe inflammation and the consequent pulmonary fibrosis were triggered by BLM, whereas SMA/CORM2 treatment remarkably suppressed the inflammation progression and ameliorated the formation of fibrosis. CO is the effector molecule of SMA/CORM2, which exerted the therapeutic/protective effect mostly through suppressing the reprogramming of anti-inflammatory macrophages as revealed by the decreased expressions of CD206 and arginase-1 that were remarkably upregulated by BLM exposure. The suppression of macrophage polarization accompanied the downregulated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its target molecule heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), suggesting a HIF-1α/HO-1 pathway for modulating macrophage reprogramming. As the downstream event of anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization, the alveolar epithelial to mesenchymal transition that is the major source of myofibroblast, the hallmark of IPF, was significantly suppressed by SMA/CORM2 via a TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathway. Compared to native CORM2 of equivalent dose, SMA/CROM2 exhibited a much better protective effect indicating its superior bioavailability as an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect-based nanomedicine. We thus anticipate the application of SMA/CORM2 as a therapeutic candidate for IPF as well as other inflammatory diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Zhengmei Xia
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Bingdong Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Weirong Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yanni Xue
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mizhen Xia
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; School of Public Health and Health Management, Anhui Medical College, No. 632 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
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27
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Zehfus LR, Gillespie ZE, Almendáriz-Palacios C, Low NH, Eskiw CH. Haskap Berry Phenolic Subclasses Differentially Impact Cellular Stress Sensing in Primary and Immortalized Dermal Fibroblasts. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102643. [PMID: 34685623 PMCID: PMC8534008 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that dietary phenolics from fruits are of significant importance to human health. Unfortunately, there is minimal published data on how differences in phenolic structure(s) impact biological pathways at cellular and molecular levels. We observed that haskap berry extracts isolated with ethanol:formic acid:water or phenolic subclass fractions separated using different concentrations of ethanol (40% and 100%) impacted cell growth in a positive manner. All fractions and extracts significantly increased population doubling times. All extracts and fractions reduced intracellular free radicals; however, there were differences in these effects, indicating different abilities to scavenge free radicals. The extracts and fractions also exhibited differing impacts on transcripts encoding the antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD1, GPX1, GSS and HMOX1) and the phosphorylation state of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). We further observed that extracts and fractions containing different phenolic structures had divergent impacts on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). siRNA-mediated knockdown of SIRT1 transcripts demonstrated that this enzyme is key to eliciting haskap phenolic(s) impact on cells. We postulate that phenolic synergism is of significant importance when evaluating their dietary impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily R. Zehfus
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (L.R.Z.); (C.A.-P.); (N.H.L.)
| | - Zoe E. Gillespie
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Carla Almendáriz-Palacios
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (L.R.Z.); (C.A.-P.); (N.H.L.)
| | - Nicholas H. Low
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (L.R.Z.); (C.A.-P.); (N.H.L.)
| | - Christopher H. Eskiw
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (L.R.Z.); (C.A.-P.); (N.H.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +306-966-2454
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28
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Stec DE, Wegiel B, Hinds TD. Editorial: Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, Transcription Factors, and Assimilation of Signal Transduction Pathways in Obesity-Related Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:759468. [PMID: 34557106 PMCID: PMC8452909 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.759468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Barbara Wegiel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Abstract
Significance: As the central metabolic organ, the liver is exposed to a variety of potentially cytotoxic, proinflammatory, profibrotic, and carcinogenic stimuli. To protect the organism from these deleterious effects, the liver has evolved a number of defense systems, which include antioxidant substrates and enzymes, anti-inflammatory tools, enzymatic biotransformation systems, and metabolic pathways. Recent Advances: One of the pivotal systems that evolved during phylogenesis was the heme catabolic pathway. Comprising the important enzymes heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase, this complex pathway has a number of key functions including enzymatic activities, but also cell signaling, and DNA transcription. It further generates two important bile pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin, as well as the gaseous molecule carbon monoxide. These heme degradation products have potent antioxidant, immunosuppressive, and cytoprotective effects. Recent data suggest that the pathway participates in the regulation of metabolic and hormonal processes implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic and other diseases. Critical Issues: This review discusses the impact of the heme catabolic pathway on major liver diseases, with particular focus on the involvement of cellular targeting and signaling in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Future Directions: To utilize the biological consequences of the heme catabolic pathway, several unique therapeutic strategies have been developed. Research indicates that pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and lifestyle modifications positively affect the pathway, delivering potentially long-term clinical benefits. However, further well-designed studies are needed to confirm the clinical benefits of these approaches. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 734-752.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Vítek
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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30
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Sorrenti V, D’Amico AG, Barbagallo I, Consoli V, Grosso S, Vanella L. Tin Mesoporphyrin Selectively Reduces Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cell Line A549 Proliferation by Interfering with Heme Oxygenase and Glutathione Systems. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060917. [PMID: 34205698 PMCID: PMC8235249 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to maintain redox homeostasis, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) increases the activation of many antioxidant systems, including the heme-oxygenase (HO) system. The overexpression of HO-1 has been often associated with chemoresistance and tumor aggressiveness. Our results clearly showed an overexpression of the HO-1 protein in A549 NSCLC cell lines compared to that in non-cancerous cells. Thus, we hypothesized that "off-label" use of tin mesoporphyrin, a well-known HO activity inhibitor clinically used for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, has potential use as an anti-cancer agent. The pharmacological inhibition of HO activity caused a reduction in cell proliferation and migration of A549. SnMP treatment caused an increase in oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the depletion of glutathione (GSH) content. To support these data, Western blot analysis was performed to analyze glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), TP53-induced glycolysis and the apoptosis regulator (TIGAR), and the glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit, as they represent the main regulators of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and glutathione synthesis, respectively. NCI-H292, a subtype of the NSCLC cell line, did not respond to SnMP treatment, possibly due to low basal levels of HO-1, suggesting a cellular-dependent antitumorigenic effect. Altogether, our results suggest HO activity inhibition may represent a potential target for selective chemotherapy in lung cancer subtypes.
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Stec DE, Abraham NG. Pharmacological and Clinical Significance of Heme Oxygenase-1. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060854. [PMID: 34071751 PMCID: PMC8227735 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- Correspondence: (D.E.S.); (N.G.A.); Tel.: +1-914-594-3121 (N.G.A.)
| | - Nader G. Abraham
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
- Correspondence: (D.E.S.); (N.G.A.); Tel.: +1-914-594-3121 (N.G.A.)
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Gordon DM, Hong SH, Kipp ZA, Hinds TD. Identification of Binding Regions of Bilirubin in the Ligand-Binding Pocket of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-A (PPARalpha). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102975. [PMID: 34067839 PMCID: PMC8157031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has shown that bilirubin has a hormonal function by binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), a nuclear receptor that drives the transcription of genes to control adiposity. Our previous in silico work predicted three potential amino acids that bilirubin may interact with by hydrogen bonding in the PPARα ligand-binding domain (LBD), which could be responsible for the ligand-induced function. To further reveal the amino acids that bilirubin interacts with in the PPARα LBD, we harnessed bilirubin’s known fluorescent properties when bound to proteins such as albumin. Our work here revealed that bilirubin interacts with threonine 283 (T283) and alanine 333 (A333) for ligand binding. Mutational analysis of T283 and A333 showed significantly reduced bilirubin binding, reductions of 11.4% and 17.0%, respectively. Fenofibrate competitive binding studies for the PPARα LBD showed that bilirubin and fenofibrate possibly interact with different amino acid residues. Furthermore, bilirubin showed no interaction with PPARγ. This is the first study to reveal the amino acids responsible for bilirubin binding in the ligand-binding pocket of PPARα. Our work offers new insight into the mechanistic actions of a well-known molecule, bilirubin, and new fronts into its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M. Gordon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (D.M.G.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Stephen H. Hong
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (D.M.G.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Zachary A. Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA;
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 760 Press Avenue, Healthy Kentucky Research Building, Lexington, KY 40508, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Heme Oxygenase-1 Signaling and Redox Homeostasis in Physiopathological Conditions. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040589. [PMID: 33923744 PMCID: PMC8072688 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme-oxygenase is the enzyme responsible for degradation of endogenous iron protoporphyirin heme; it catalyzes the reaction’s rate-limiting step, resulting in the release of carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous ions, and biliverdin (BV), which is successively reduced in bilirubin (BR) by biliverdin reductase. Several studies have drawn attention to the controversial role of HO-1, the enzyme inducible isoform, pointing out its implications in cancer and other diseases development, but also underlining the importance of its antioxidant activity. The contribution of HO-1 in redox homeostasis leads to a relevant decrease in cells oxidative damage, which can be reconducted to its cytoprotective effects explicated alongside other endogenous mechanisms involving genes like TIGAR (TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator), but also to the therapeutic functions of heme main transformation products, especially carbon monoxide (CO), which has been shown to be effective on GSH levels implementation sustaining body’s antioxidant response to oxidative stress. The aim of this review was to collect most of the knowledge on HO-1 from literature, analyzing different perspectives to try and put forward a hypothesis on revealing yet unknown HO-1-involved pathways that could be useful to promote development of new therapeutical strategies, and lay the foundation for further investigation to fully understand this important antioxidant system.
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