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Sendi M, Fu Z, Harnett N, van Rooij S, Vergara V, Pizzagalli D, Daskalakis N, House S, Beaudoin F, An X, Neylan T, Clifford G, Jovanovic T, Linnstaedt S, Germine L, Bollen K, Rauch S, Haran J, Storrow A, Lewandowski C, Musey P, Hendry P, Sheikh S, Jones C, Punches B, Swor R, Gentile N, Murty V, Hudak L, Pascual J, Seamon M, Harris E, Chang A, Pearson C, Peak D, Merchant R, Domeier R, Rathlev N, O'Neil B, Sergot P, Sanchez L, Bruce S, Sheridan J, Harte S, Kessler R, Koenen K, McLean S, Stevens J, Calhoun V, Ressler K. Brain dynamics reflecting an intra-network brain state is associated with increased posttraumatic stress symptoms in the early aftermath of trauma. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4004473. [PMID: 38496567 PMCID: PMC10942549 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4004473/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the association between brain dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) and current/future posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom severity, and the impact of sex on this relationship. By analyzing 275 participants' dFNC data obtained ~2 weeks after trauma exposure, we noted that brain dynamics of an inter-network brain state link negatively with current (r=-0.179, pcorrected= 0.021) and future (r=-0.166, pcorrected= 0.029) PTS symptom severity. Also, dynamics of an intra-network brain state correlated with future symptom intensity (r = 0.192, pcorrected = 0.021). We additionally observed that the association between the network dynamics of the inter-network brain state with symptom severity is more pronounced in females (r=-0.244, pcorrected = 0.014). Our findings highlight a potential link between brain network dynamics in the aftermath of trauma with current and future PTSD outcomes, with a stronger protective effect of inter-network brain states against symptom severity in females, underscoring the importance of sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zening Fu
- d Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Beaudoin
- The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospital
| | - Xinming An
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Thomas Neylan
- San Francisco VA Healthcare System; University of California San Francisco
| | - Gari Clifford
- Emory University School of Medicine; Georgia Institute of Technology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Haran
- University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brittany Punches
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine & University of Cincinnati College of Nursing
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose Pascual
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulina Sergot
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vince Calhoun
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University and Georgia State University
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Qi P, Huang M, Ren X, Zhai Y, Qiu C, Zhu H. Identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to post-traumatic stress disorder due to traumatic brain injury. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:44. [PMID: 38212778 PMCID: PMC10782540 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disease state that has an unclear pathogenesis, imposes a substantial burden on individuals and society. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most significant triggers of PTSD. Identifying biomarkers associated with TBI-related PTSD will help researchers to uncover the underlying mechanism that drives disease development. Furthermore, it remains to be confirmed whether different types of traumas share a common mechanism of action. METHODS For this study, we screened the eligible data sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, obtained differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through analysis, conducted functional enrichment analysis on the DEGs in order to understand their molecular mechanisms, constructed a PPI network, used various algorithms to obtain hub genes, and finally evaluated, validated, and analyzed the diagnostic performance of the hub genes. RESULTS A total of 430 upregulated and 992 down-regulated differentially expressed genes were extracted from the TBI data set. A total of 1919 upregulated and 851 down-regulated differentially expressed genes were extracted from the PTSD data set. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes had biological functions linked to molecular regulation, cell signaling transduction, cell metabolic regulation, and immune response. After constructing a PPI network and introducing algorithm analysis, the upregulated hub genes were identified as VNN1, SERPINB2, and ETFDH, and the down-regulated hub genes were identified as FLT3LG, DYRK1A, DCN, and FKBP8. In addition, by comparing the data with patients with other types of trauma, it was revealed that PTSD showed different molecular processes that are under the influence of different trauma characteristics and responses. CONCLUSIONS By exploring the role of different types of traumas during the pathogenesis of PTSD, its possible molecular mechanisms have been revealed, providing vital information for understanding the complex pathways associated with TBI-related PTSD. The data in this study has important implications for the design and development of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods needed to treat and manage PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qi
- Department of Emergency, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Mengjie Huang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xuewen Ren
- Department of Emergency, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhai
- Department of Emergency, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Emergency, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Ahsan A, Nadeem A, Habib A, Basaria AAA, Tariq R, Raufi N. Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth: a neglected cause. Front Glob Womens Health 2023; 4:1273519. [PMID: 38130709 PMCID: PMC10733854 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2023.1273519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth is a significant mental health risk for women globally. However, it remains a neglected cause, particularly in low-income countries like Pakistan. This paper explores the unique challenges faced by women in such settings, including limited access to healthcare and social support, cultural norms, and stigma surrounding mental health. The diagnosis and causes of postpartum PTSD are discussed, along with its effects on both mothers and their infants. The lack of awareness and training among healthcare professionals in recognizing and treating postpartum PTSD is highlighted as a major barrier to adequate care. To address these challenges, the paper proposes a comprehensive approach, including raising public awareness, providing mental health support and resources, and integrating postpartum mental health into medical education. Trauma-focused therapies are recommended for effective treatment. The paper concludes with the need for more research in low-income countries and emphasizes the importance of understanding and supporting women with postpartum PTSD to improve their well-being and maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areeba Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ashna Habib
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Rabeea Tariq
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nahid Raufi
- Department of Medicine, Kabul Medical University, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Glazebrook AJ, Shakespeare-Finch J, Andrew B, van der Meer J. Posttraumatic growth EEG neuromarkers: translational neural comparisons with resilience and PTSD in trauma-exposed healthy adults. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2272477. [PMID: 37965734 PMCID: PMC10653763 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2272477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Supporting wellbeing beyond symptom reduction is necessary in trauma care. Research suggests increased posttraumatic growth (PTG) may promote wellbeing more effectively than posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom reduction alone. Understanding neurobiological mechanisms of PTG would support PTG intervention development. However, most PTG research to-date has been cross-sectional data self-reported through surveys or interviews.Objective: Neural evidence of PTG and its coexistence with resilience and PTSD is limited. To advance neural PTG literature and contribute translational neuroscientific knowledge necessary to develop future objectively measurable neural-based PTG interventions.Method: Alpha frequency EEG and validated psychological inventories measuring PTG, resilience, and PTSD symptoms were collected from 30 trauma-exposed healthy adults amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. EEG data were collected using custom MNE-Python software, and a wireless OpenBCI 16-channel dry electrode EEG headset. Psychological inventory scores were analysed in SPSS Statistics and used to categorise the EEG data. Power spectral density analyses, t-tests and ANOVAs were conducted within EEGLab to identify brain activity differentiating high and low PTG, resilience, and PTSD symptoms.Results: Higher PTG was significantly differentiated from low PTG by higher alpha power in the left centro-temporal brain area around EEG electrode C3. A trend differentiating high PTG from PTSD was also indicated in this same location. Whole-scalp spectral topographies revealed alpha power EEG correlates of PTG, resilience and PTSD symptoms shared limited, but potentially meaningful similarities.Conclusion: This research provides the first comparative neural topographies of PTG, resilience and PTSD symptoms in the known literature. Results provide objective neural evidence supporting existing theory depicting PTG, resilience and PTSD as independent, yet co-occurring constructs. PTG neuromarker alpha C3 significantly delineated high from low PTG and warrants further investigation for potential clinical application. Findings provide foundation for future neural-based interventions and research for enhancing PTG in trauma-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- AJ Glazebrook
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jane Shakespeare-Finch
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brooke Andrew
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Johan van der Meer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Nashwan AJ, Gharib S, Alhadidi M, El-Ashry AM, Alamgir A, Al-Hassan M, Khedr MA, Dawood S, Abufarsakh B. Harnessing Artificial Intelligence: Strategies for Mental Health Nurses in Optimizing Psychiatric Patient Care. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2023; 44:1020-1034. [PMID: 37850937 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2023.2263579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review explores the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on mental health nursing, particularly in enhancing psychiatric patient care. AI technologies present new strategies for early detection, risk assessment, and improving treatment adherence in mental health. They also facilitate remote patient monitoring, bridge geographical gaps, and support clinical decision-making. The evolution of virtual mental health assistants and AI-enhanced therapeutic interventions are also discussed. These technological advancements reshape the nurse-patient interactions while ensuring personalized, efficient, and high-quality care. The review also addresses AI's ethical and responsible use in mental health nursing, emphasizing patient privacy, data security, and the balance between human interaction and AI tools. As AI applications in mental health care continue to evolve, this review encourages continued innovation while advocating for responsible implementation, thereby optimally leveraging the potential of AI in mental health nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulqadir J Nashwan
- Nursing Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suzan Gharib
- Nursing Department, Al-Khaldi Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Majdi Alhadidi
- Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | | | | | - Shaimaa Dawood
- Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Skolariki K, Vrahatis AG, Krokidis MG, Exarchos TP, Vlamos P. Assessing and Modelling of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Using Molecular and Functional Biomarkers. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1050. [PMID: 37626936 PMCID: PMC10451531 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychological disorder that develops following exposure to traumatic events. PTSD is influenced by catalytic factors such as dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neurotransmitter imbalances, and oxidative stress. Genetic variations may act as important catalysts, impacting neurochemical signaling, synaptic plasticity, and stress response systems. Understanding the intricate gene networks and their interactions is vital for comprehending the underlying mechanisms of PTSD. Focusing on the catalytic factors of PTSD is essential because they provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of the disorder. By understanding these factors and their interplay, researchers may uncover potential targets for interventions and therapies, leading to more effective and personalized treatments for individuals with PTSD. The aforementioned gene networks, composed of specific genes associated with the disorder, provide a comprehensive view of the molecular pathways and regulatory mechanisms involved in PTSD. Through this study valuable insights into the disorder's underlying mechanisms and opening avenues for effective treatments, personalized interventions, and the development of biomarkers for early detection and monitoring are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marios G. Krokidis
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (K.S.); (A.G.V.); (T.P.E.); (P.V.)
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7
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Bonifacio MA, Mariggiò MA. New Trends in Pathology: From Cell Morphology to Molecular Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11743. [PMID: 37511502 PMCID: PMC10380677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
After Rudolf Virchow's pioneering works, technological advances boosted the scientific interest in this research field, which nowadays is still far from extinguished [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Addolorata Bonifacio
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Addolorata Mariggiò
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
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8
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Zhu Z, Huang X, Du M, Wu C, Fu J, Tan W, Wu B, Zhang J, Liao ZB. Recent advances in the role of miRNAs in post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2630-2644. [PMID: 37340171 PMCID: PMC10615752 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is usually considered a psychiatric disorder upon emotional trauma. However, with the rising number of conflicts and traffic accidents around the world, the incidence of PTSD has skyrocketed along with traumatic brain injury (TBI), a complex neuropathological disease due to external physical force and is also the most common concurrent disease of PTSD. Recently, the overlap between PTSD and TBI is increasingly attracting attention, as it has the potential to stimulate the emergence of novel treatments for both conditions. Of note, treatments exploiting the microRNAs (miRNAs), a well-known class of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have rapidly gained momentum in many nervous system disorders, given the miRNAs' multitudinous and key regulatory role in various biological processes, including neural development and normal functioning of the nervous system. Currently, a wealth of studies has elucidated the similarities of PTSD and TBI in pathophysiology and symptoms; however, there is a dearth of discussion with respect to miRNAs in both PTSD and TBI. In this review, we summarize the recent available studies of miRNAs in PTSD and TBI and discuss and highlight promising miRNAs therapeutics for both conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuekang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Mengran Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chenrui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiayuanyuan Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Weilin Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Biying Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Z B Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Mavrenkova PV, Khlebnikova NN, Alchinova IB, Demorzhi MS, Shoibonov BB, Karganov MY. Effects of Maternal Separation and Subsequent Stress on Behaviors and Brain Monoamines in Rats. Brain Sci 2023; 13:956. [PMID: 37371434 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity can induce maladaptive behaviors and increase risk for affective disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, and vulnerability to stress in adulthood. Deprivation of maternal care interrupts brain development through the disturbance of various neurotransmitters, however, the details remain unclear. The features of the symptoms of disorders are largely determined by early stress protocol, genetic characteristics (line), and the sex of the animals. The purpose of current study was (1) to assess behavioral changes in adult Wistar rats of both sexes after early life stress; (2) to determine the levels of monoamines in brain structures involved in the motor, emotional, and social reactions in rats aged 1 and 2 months; and (3) to determine the level of monoamines after physical or emotional stress in adult rats. The rat pups were separated from their dams and isolated from siblings in tight boxes at a temperature of 22-23 °C for 6 h during postnatal days 2-18. The data were processed predominantly using two-way analysis of variance and the Newman-Keys test as the post hoc analysis. The adult rats demonstrated an increase in motor activity and aggressiveness and a decrease in levels of anxiety and sociability. Behavioral disturbances were accompanied by region-, sex-, and age-dependent changes in the levels of monoamines and their metabolites. The dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems were found to be sensitive to psycho-emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina V Mavrenkova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Khlebnikova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina B Alchinova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina S Demorzhi
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Batozhab B Shoibonov
- P. K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu Karganov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
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Wang J, Jia K, Guo Q, Liu J, Cai J, Shen Y, Su G, Chen X, Lin J, Fang D. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Is Associated with Elevated Plasma Cholesterol in Female TT Homozygotes of LDLR rs5925. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109016. [PMID: 37240367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanism of inconsistent relationships between plasma lipid profiles and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reported before, we hypothesized that interplays might exist between PTSD and a variation of rs5925 at low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene on plasma lipid profiles. To test our hypothesis, we analyzed the plasma lipid profiles of 709 high school pupils with various genotypes of LDLR rs5925 and with or without PTSD. The results demonstrated that PTSD prevalence in the C allele carriers was higher than that in the TT homozygotes regardless of gender. The C allele carriers had higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ratios of TC to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) and LDL-C/HDL-C than the TT homozygotes in the male controls, and only higher TC in the female controls, but no differences in the male or female PTSD subjects. PTSD increased TC in the female TT homozygotes but not in the female C allele carriers. PTSD increased TC/HDL-C in the male TT homozygotes but not in the C allele carriers. These results suggest interactions between PTSD and LDLR rs5925 on plasma lipid profiles, which may be among the explanations for previously reported inconsistent relationships between LDLR rs5925 or PTSD and plasma lipid profiles, and facilitate the development of precision medicine interferences in hypercholesterolemia in individuals with different genetic backgrounds and psychiatric status. Psychiatric care or drug supplement may particularly be needed by female hypercholesterolemic subjects with the TT genotype of LDLR rs5925 in Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kexin Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiwei Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiajing Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yilin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guoming Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dingzhi Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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