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Esmaeily M, Kim Y. Four phospholipase A 2 genes encoded in the western flower thrips genome and their functional differentiation in mediating development and immunity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9766. [PMID: 38684777 PMCID: PMC11059263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are synthesized from phospholipids by the catalytic activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Even though several PLA2s are encoded in the genome of different insect species, their physiological functions are not clearly discriminated. This study identified four PLA2 genes encoded in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Two PLA2s (Fo-PLA2C and Fo-PLA2D) are predicted to be secretory while the other two PLA2s (Fo-PLA2A and Fo-PLA2B) are intracellular. All four PLA2 genes were expressed in all developmental stages, of which Fo-PLA2B and Fo-PLA2C were highly expressed in larvae while Fo-PLA2A and Fo-PLA2D were highly expressed in adults. Their expressions in different tissues were also detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. All four PLA2s were detected in the larval and adult intestines and the ovary. Feeding double-stranded RNAs specific to the PLA2 genes specifically suppressed the target transcript levels. Individual RNA interference (RNAi) treatments led to significant developmental retardation, especially in the treatments specific to Fo-PLA2B and Fo-PLA2D. The RNAi treatments also showed that Fo-PLA2B and Fo-PLA2C expressions were required for the induction of immune-associated genes, while Fo-PLA2A and Fo-PLA2D expressions were required for ovary development. These results suggest that four PLA2s are associated with different physiological processes by their unique catalytic activities and expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Esmaeily
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea.
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2
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Sullivan CF, Davari A, Kim JS, Parker BL, Skinner M. Evaluation of a guardian plant system to suppress Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in greenhouse ornamentals. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3559-3569. [PMID: 37194223 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western flower thrips (WFT), Franklinella occidentalis (Pergande), is an economically damaging pest of greenhouse ornamentals. A 'guardian plant system' (GPS) that targeted WFT was evaluated under controlled and commercial greenhouse conditions. This system used mycotized millet grains with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin applied to soil of potted marigolds, Tagetes patula (L.), combined with the foliar-dwelling predatory mite Neoseiulus (=Amblyseius) cucumeris (Oudemans) in slow-release sachets under controlled greenhouse conditions, and with the addition of a pheromone lure under commercial settings. RESULTS Significantly fewer WFT and less foliar damage on GPS was observed over the 10 and 12 weeks experimental periods compared to the untreated controls. Predatory mites were maintained up to 10 weeks with one release under controlled greenhouse conditions and 12 weeks with two releases in commercial greenhouses. In commercial greenhouses, greater numbers of WFT were found on marigolds than on crop plants within 1 m of the system. Fungal granules persisted for 12 weeks up to 2.5 × 105 CFU g-1 in the GPS soil. CONCLUSION The use of biological control agents to suppress WFT within a GPS could be a useful IPM strategy for greenhouse production. The marigold GPS attracted WFT which were suppressed primarily through predation by foliar-dwelling predatory mites and to a lesser extent, infection from conidia produced by the granular fungal formulation in the soil. Further investigations into system deployment and fungal granular application rates and new fungal formulations are suggested to improve system efficacy. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agrin Davari
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bruce L Parker
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Margaret Skinner
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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3
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Rodríguez D, Coy-Barrera E. Overview of Updated Control Tactics for Western Flower Thrips. INSECTS 2023; 14:649. [PMID: 37504655 PMCID: PMC10380671 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), broadly known as Western flower thrips (WFT), are currently one of the most critical pests worldwide in field and greenhouse crops, and their management is full of yet unsolved challenges derived from their high reproductive potential, cryptic habit, and ability to disperse. The control of this pest relies widely on chemical control, despite the propensity of the species to develop resistance. However, significant advances have been produced through biological and ethological control. Although there has recently been a remarkable amount of new information regarding the management of this pest worldwide, there is no critical analysis of recent developments and advances in the attractive control tactics for WFT, constituting the present compilation's aim. Hence, this narrative review provides an overview of effective control strategies for managing thrips populations. By understanding the pest's biology, implementing monitoring techniques, accurately identifying the species, and employing appropriate control measures, farmers and researchers can mitigate the WFT impact on agricultural production and promote sustainable pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodríguez
- Biological Control Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá 250247, Colombia
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá 250247, Colombia
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4
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Zhang MD, Wu SY, Yan JJ, Reitz S, Gao YL. Establishment of Beauveria bassiana as a fungal endophyte in potato plants and its virulence against potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:197-207. [PMID: 35499984 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, is the most damaging potato pest in the world and is difficult to control as the larvae are internal feeders in the foliage and tubers. Entomopathogenic fungi that colonize plants as endophytes have lethal and sublethal pathological effects on insect pests. We show that Beauveria bassiana colonizes the aerial parts of potato plants endophytically after inoculation through soil drenching. Endophytic B. bassiana persisted in potato foliage for more than 50 days postinoculation. Bioassays indicated that foliage of B. bassiana-inoculated potato plants were pathogenic against larvae of P. operculella. Sublethal experiments indicated that B. bassiana negatively affected the growth, development, and reproduction of P. operculella. Development experiments showed that the weight of P. operculella pupae reared on B. bassiana-colonized potato plants (4.25 mg) was significantly less than that of those reared on uninoculated control plants (8.89 mg). Compared with newly eclosed larvae fed on control plants, those fed on B. bassiana-inoculated plants had significantly lower survivorship, with only 17.8% developing to the adult stage. Oviposition of P. operculella females reared on B. bassiana endophytically colonized plants was significantly lower (35 eggs/female) than of those reared on uninoculated plants (115 eggs/female). This study demonstrates that endophytic B. bassiana can be a potential biological control agent for the control and management of P. operculella. Comparing pupal weights of P. operculella reared on potato plants inoculated with the B. bassiana strain GZGY-1-3 and on untreated control plants, pupae from the control plants were significantly heavier than those from treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stuart Reitz
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Malheur Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center of Excellence for Tuber and Root Crop Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Ahmed S, Roy MC, Choi D, Kim Y. HMG-Like DSP1 Mediates Immune Responses of the Western Flower Thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis) Against Beauveria bassiana, a Fungal Pathogen. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875239. [PMID: 35450074 PMCID: PMC9016178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Western flower thrips, Frankliella occidentalis, is a serious pest by directly infesting host crops. It can also give indirect damage to host crops by transmitting a plant virus called tomato spotted wilt virus. A fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, can infect thrips. It has been used as a biopesticide. However, little is known on the defense of thrips against this fungal pathogen. This study assessed the defense of thrips against the fungal infection with respect to immunity by analyzing immune-associated genes of F. occidentalis in both larvae and adults. Immunity-associated genes of western flower thrips were selected from three immunity steps: nonself recognition, mediation, and immune responses. For the pathogen recognition step, dorsal switch protein 1 (DSP1) was chosen. For the immune mediation step, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and prostaglandin E2 synthase were also selected. For the step of immune responses, two phenoloxidases (PO) genes and four proPO-activating peptidase genes involved in melanization against pathogens were chosen. Dual oxidase gene involved in the production of reactive oxygen species and four antimicrobial peptide genes for executing humoral immune responses were selected. All immunity-associated genes were inducible to the fungal infection. Their expression levels were induced higher in adults than in larvae by the fungal infections. However, inhibitor treatments specific to DSP1 or PLA2 significantly suppressed the inducible expression of these immune-associated genes, leading to significant enhancement of fungal pathogenicity. These results suggest that immunity is essential for thrips to defend against B. bassiana, in which DSP1 and eicosanoids play a crucial role in eliciting immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Miltan Chandra Roy
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Duyeol Choi
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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6
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Wu M, Dong Y, Zhang Q, Li S, Chang L, Loiacono FV, Ruf S, Zhang J, Bock R. Efficient control of western flower thrips by plastid-mediated RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120081119. [PMID: 35380896 PMCID: PMC9169809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastid-mediated RNA interference (PM-RNAi) has emerged as a promising strategy for pest control. Expression from the plastid genome of stable double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeted against essential insect genes can effectively control some herbivorous beetles, but little is known about the efficacy of the transplastomic approach in other groups of pest insects, especially nonchewing insects that do not consume large amounts of leaf material. Here we have investigated the susceptibility of the western flower thrip (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis), a notorious pest in greenhouses and open fields, to PM-RNAi. We show that WFTs ingest chloroplasts and take up plastid-expressed dsRNAs. We generated a series of transplastomic tobacco plants expressing dsRNAs and hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs) targeted against four essential WFT genes. Unexpectedly, we discovered plastid genome instability in transplastomic plants expressing hpRNAs, suggesting that dsRNA cassettes are preferable over hpRNA cassettes when designing PM-RNAi strategies. Feeding studies revealed that, unlike nuclear transgenic plants, transplastomic plants induced a potent RNAi response in WFTs, causing efficient suppression of the targeted genes and high insect mortality. Our study extends the application range of PM-RNAi technology to an important group of nonchewing insects, reveals design principles for the construction of dsRNA-expressing transplastomic plants, and provides an efficient approach to control one of the toughest insect pests in agriculture and horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department III, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ling Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - F. Vanessa Loiacono
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department III, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department III, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ralph Bock
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department III, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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7
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Davari A, Parker BL, Sullivan CF, Ghalehgolabbehbahani A, Skinner M. Biological control of Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis using a self-sustaining granular fungal treatment. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 111:1-6. [PMID: 34134799 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops worldwide, causing extensive damage by direct feeding of the crop and transmitting economically important viruses. Despite the successes of biocontrol agents to control WFT, more efficient and cost-effective ways must be found to encourage grower adoption of integrated pest management. A sustainable fungal treatment was developed to preserve fungal inoculum in potting soil and reduce thrips populations. Combining cooked, oven-dried millet with BotaniGard® (a commercial form of Beauveria bassiana strain GHA) to potting soil increased spore production and persistence of the fungus in the soil. In treated pots with millet, spore concentrations were 3-4 times greater after 30 days compared with spore yields at 10 days. The number of WFT adults was significantly lower in the marigold pots treated with GHA mix + millet than untreated controls, 12% and 10% in treated pots and 70% and 68% in untreated pots in sterile and non-sterile soil, respectively. Incorporation of millet in the potting mix enhanced the effect of the fungal treatments by providing a nutritive substrate on which the fungus could become established. This method is relatively inexpensive and easy for growers to use in greenhouses because granular formulations of B. bassiana are not commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agrin Davari
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT05405-0105, USA
| | - Bruce L Parker
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT05405-0105, USA
| | - Cheryl Frank Sullivan
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT05405-0105, USA
| | | | - Margaret Skinner
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT05405-0105, USA
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8
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Marciano AF, Mascarin GM, Franco RFF, Golo PS, Jaronski ST, Fernandes ÉKK, Bittencourt VREP. Innovative granular formulation of Metarhizium robertsii microsclerotia and blastospores for cattle tick control. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4972. [PMID: 33654152 PMCID: PMC7925645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus poses a serious threat to the cattle industry, resulting in economic losses aggravated by tick resistance to chemical acaricides. Strains of Metarhizium spp., a well-known group of entomopathogenic fungi, can contribute to managing this ectoparasite. We explored two novel granular, microsclerotia- or blastospores-based formulations of Metarhizium robertsii for R. microplus control under semi-field conditions. Fungal persistence in soil was also observed for 336 days. The experiment used pots of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk grass, treated with 0.25 or 0.5 mg of granular formulation/cm2 (25 or 50 kg/ha) applied to the soil surface prior to transferring engorged tick females onto the treated soil. The fungal granules yielded more conidia with subsequent sporulation under controlled indoor conditions than in the outdoor environment, where the levels of fungus rapidly declined over time. Metarhizium-root colonization ranged from 25 to 66.7% depending on the propagule and rate. Fungal formulations significantly reduced the number of tick larvae during the humid season, reaching at least 64.8% relative efficacy. Microsclerotia or blastospores-granular formulations of M. robertsii can reduce the impact of R. microplus, and thus prove to be a promising tool in the control of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Felipe Marciano
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, 13918-110, Brazil.
| | - Renato Felipe Ferreira Franco
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Silva Golo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | | | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
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Stephan D, Bernhardt T, Buranjadze M, Seib C, Schäfer J, Maguire N, Pelz J. Development of a fluid-bed coating process for soil-granule-based formulations of Metarhizium brunneum, Cordyceps fumosorosea or Beauveria bassiana. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:307-320. [PMID: 32989893 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Granule-based products of solid state fermented micro-organisms are available for biocontrol. Because liquid fermentation has several advantages, we investigated fluid-bed coating with liquid fermented biomass. METHODS AND RESULTS Biomass containing mycelium or mycelium and submerged spores of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium brunneum, Cordyceps fumosorosea and Beauveria bassiana were produced in liquid culture, separated and different biomass concentrations were adjusted. Based on the examined thermo-tolerance, we defined fluid-bed coating adjustments and investigated granule colonization and sporulation on granules. Granule colonization depended on the biomass concentration and strain. For C. fumosorosea and B. bassiana, concentrations of 0·003%dry weight resulted in nearly 100% granule colonization, for M. brunneum with concentrations of 0·7%dry weight in only 50%. The conidiation on granules in sterile soil was highly influenced by the moisture content. Because the granule colonization of M. brunneum was unsatisfactory, we pre-coated nutrients followed by coating with biomass, submerged spores or conidia. Malt extract had a positive effect on the granule colonization for biomass and submerged spores. Furthermore, aerial conidia can also be coated. CONCLUSIONS Fluid-bed coating of fungal biomass is suitable for the development of granules. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THIS STUDY With this technology, cost-efficient biocontrol products can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephan
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Bernhardt
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Buranjadze
- Agricultural University of Georgia, University Campus at Digomi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - C Seib
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Schäfer
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - N Maguire
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Pelz
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Darmstadt, Germany
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Amobonye A, Bhagwat P, Pandey A, Singh S, Pillai S. Biotechnological potential of Beauveria bassiana as a source of novel biocatalysts and metabolites. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1019-1034. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1805403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Amobonye
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prashant Bhagwat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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11
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He Z, Guo J, Reitz SR, Lei Z, Wu S. A global invasion by the thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis: Current virus vector status and its management. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:626-645. [PMID: 31453663 PMCID: PMC7318653 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is among the most economically important agricultural pests globally, attacking a wide range of vegetable and horticultural crops. In addition to causing extensive crop damage, the species is notorious for vectoring destructive plant viruses, mainly belonging to the genera Orthotospovirus, Ilarvirus, Alphacarmovirus and Machlomovirus. Once infected by orthotospoviruses, thrips can remain virulent throughout their lifespan and continue transmitting viruses to host plants when and wherever they feed. These irruptive viral outbreaks in crops will permanently disrupt functional integrated pest management systems, and typically require a remedial treatment involving insecticides, contributing to further development of insecticide resistance. To mitigate against this continuing cycle, the most effective management is early and comprehensive surveillance of the pest species and recognition of plant viruses in the field. This review provides information on the pest status of F. occidentalis, discusses the current global status of the viruses vectored by this thrip species, examines the mechanisms involved in transmitting virus-induced diseases by thrips, and reviews different management strategies, highlighting the potential management tactics developed for various cropping systems. The early surveillance and the utilization of potential methods for control of both F. occidentalis and viruses are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- School of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jing‐Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Stuart R. Reitz
- Malheur Experiment StationOregon State UniversityOntarioORUSA
| | - Zhong‐Ren Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sheng‐Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Ge W, Du G, Zhang L, Li Z, Xiao G, Chen B. The Time-Concentration-Mortality Responses of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, to the Synergistic Interaction of Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium flavoviride, Insecticides, and Diatomaceous Earth. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020093. [PMID: 32024074 PMCID: PMC7073766 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest which is harmful to many cash crops globally and resistant to various insecticides. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), as biological control agents, have demonstrated a good control effect on WFT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic and pathogenicity efficacy of the fungal strain Metarhizium flavoviride WSWL51721 when distributed with diatomaceous earth (DE) and the active ingredient imidacloprid using four bioassay methods against adult and second instar larvae of WFT. The data of the four bioassays have been fitted to the time–concentration–mortality (TCM) model. The corrected mortality ranges of WFT adults were 75–100%, 82.69–100%, 78.85–100%, and 92.31–100%, and the corrected mortality ranges of WFT second instar larvae were 72.22–100%, 85.19–100%, 77.77–100%, and 100% in the four bioassays at concentrations of 1.2 × 106 to 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, respectively. At 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) had the shortest median lethal time (LT50), compared with that of assay 1 (M. flavoviride alone) for adults at 2.26 d, 2.06 d, and 1.53 d, and second instar larvae at 2.45 d, 1.70 d, and 1.41 d, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) in the four bioassays decreased within 3–10 days of inoculation. On the third day, it was found that the lowest median lethal concentrations in assays 2, 3, and 4 were 1.58 × 107, 1.13 × 107, and 3.39 × 106 conidia/mL, respectively, which were significantly different from that in assay 1 for the adults. For the second instar larvae, assays 2, 3, and 4 also had the lowest lethal concentrations and were significantly different from those of assay 1. There were significant differences in sporulation between adults and second instar larvae under the four bioassays. Our results indicate that assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) demonstrate synergistic effects on the control of both adult and second instar larvae of WFT under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guangzu Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
- International Cooperation and exchange Department, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guanli Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (G.X.); (B.C.); Tel.: +86-138-8821-7416 (G.X.); +86-137-0887-6067 (B.C.)
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.X.); (B.C.); Tel.: +86-138-8821-7416 (G.X.); +86-137-0887-6067 (B.C.)
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