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Sublette ME, Daray FM, Ganança L, Shaikh SR. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the neurobiology of major depressive disorder and suicide risk. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:269-286. [PMID: 37993501 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are obtained from diet or derived from essential shorter-chain fatty acids, and are crucial for brain development and functioning. Fundamentally, LC-PUFAs' neurobiological effects derive from their physicochemical characteristics, including length and double bond configuration, which differentiate LC-PUFA species and give rise to functional differences between n(omega)-3 and n-6 LC-PUFAs. LC-PUFA imbalances are implicated in psychiatric disorders, including major depression and suicide risk. Dietary intake and genetic variants in enzymes involved in biosynthesis of LC-PUFAs from shorter chain fatty acids influence LC-PUFA status. Domains impacted by LC-PUFAs include 1) cell signaling, 2) inflammation, and 3) bioenergetics. 1) As major constituents of lipid bilayers, LC-PUFAs are determinants of cell membrane properties of viscosity and order, affecting lipid rafts, which play a role in regulation of membrane-bound proteins involved in cell-cell signaling, including monoaminergic receptors and transporters. 2) The n-3:n-6 LC-PUFA balance profoundly influences inflammation. Generally, metabolic products of n-6 LC-PUFAs (eicosanoids) are pro-inflammatory, while those of n-3 LC-PUFAs (docosanoids) participate in the resolution of inflammation. Additionally, n-3 LC-PUFAs suppress microglial activation and the ensuing proinflammatory cascade. 3) N-3 LC-PUFAs in the inner mitochondrial membrane affect oxidative stress, suppressing production of and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), with neuroprotective benefits. Until now, this wealth of knowledge about LC-PUFA biomechanisms has not been adequately tapped to develop translational studies of LC-PUFA clinical effects in humans. Future studies integrating neurobiological mechanisms with clinical outcomes may suggest ways to identify depressed individuals most likely to respond to n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation, and mechanistic research may generate new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Federico Manuel Daray
- University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Licínia Ganança
- Clínica Universitária de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Nutritional Obesity Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Lazzarin T, Martins D, Ballarin RS, Monte MG, Minicucci MF, Polegato BF, Zornoff L. The Role of Omega-3 in Attenuating Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure through the Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2067. [PMID: 38136187 PMCID: PMC10741242 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is defined as molecular, cellular, and interstitial changes that manifest clinically as alterations in the size, shape, and function of the heart. Despite the pharmacological approaches, cardiac remodeling-related mortality rates remain high. Therefore, other therapeutic options are being increasingly studied. This review highlights the role of omega-3 as an adjunctive therapy to attenuate cardiac remodeling, with an emphasis on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonardo Zornoff
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18600-000, Brazil; (T.L.); (D.M.); (R.S.B.); (M.G.M.); (M.F.M.); (B.F.P.)
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3
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Miralles-Pérez B, Méndez L, Nogués MR, Sánchez-Martos V, Fortuño-Mar À, Ramos-Romero S, Hereu M, Medina I, Romeu M. Effects of a Fish Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Rats. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100555. [PMID: 34677454 PMCID: PMC8539050 DOI: 10.3390/md19100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with a lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is easily oxidized, leading to cellular damage. The present study examined the effects of an increased concentration of DHA in fish oil (80% of total fatty acids) on cardiometabolic risk factors and oxidative stress compared to coconut oil, soybean oil, and fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA in a balanced ratio. Forty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplemented with corresponding oil for 10 weeks. Supplementation with the fish oil containing 80% DHA decreased plasma fat, plasma total cholesterol and muscle fat compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. Increasing concentrations of DHA induced incorporation of DHA and EPA in cell membranes and tissues along with a decrease in ω-6 arachidonic acid. The increase in DHA promoted lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and antioxidant response. Taken together, the increased concentration of DHA in fish oil reduced fat accumulation compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. This benefit was accompanied by high lipid peroxidation and subsequent protein carbonylation in plasma and in liver. In our healthy framework, the slightly higher carbonylation found after receiving fish oil containing 80% DHA might be a protecting mechanism, which fit with the general improvement of antioxidant defense observed in those rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Miralles-Pérez
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group (NFOC-SALUT), Pharmacology Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (V.S.-M.); (M.R.)
| | - Lucía Méndez
- Chemistry of Marine Products, Department of Food Technology, Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (L.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Maria Rosa Nogués
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group (NFOC-SALUT), Pharmacology Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (V.S.-M.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-75-9355
| | - Vanessa Sánchez-Martos
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group (NFOC-SALUT), Pharmacology Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (V.S.-M.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Sara Ramos-Romero
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avd/Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Hereu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.H.)
| | - Isabel Medina
- Chemistry of Marine Products, Department of Food Technology, Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (L.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Marta Romeu
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group (NFOC-SALUT), Pharmacology Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (V.S.-M.); (M.R.)
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4
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Macartney MJ, Peoples GE, McLennan PL. Cardiac contractile dysfunction, during and following ischaemia, is attenuated by low-dose dietary fish oil in rats. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4495-4503. [PMID: 34120245 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Supplementing animal diets with high-dose fish oil, rich in long chain omega-3 (ω-3) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), enhances cardiac contractile efficiency and attenuates dysfunction, attributable to ischaemia. However, it remains unclear whether smaller doses, equivalent to what is achievable via regular fish consumption in the human diet, offer similar protection. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (12-15w) rats were fed isoenergetic diets (ad libitum) containing 10% fat by weight (22% energy) for 4-5w. Control diet (CON) contained 5.5% beef tallow; 2.5% ω-6 sunflower seed oil; 2% olive oil. Fish oil diets included high-DHA tuna oil exchanged for olive oil to provide 0.32% (FO1; human equivalent EPA + DHA 570 mg/d) or 1.25% (FO2; equivalent EPA + DHA 2.3 g/d) wt/wt dose of fish oil. Anaesthetised rats (pentobarbital: 60 mg/kg i.p.) were subjected to 45 min coronary artery occlusion then reperfusion in vivo as a whole animal model of regional myocardial ischaemia, with left ventricular haemodynamic function measured by conductance catheter. RESULTS Ischaemia-induced reductions in rate pressure product recovered faster in the FO2 group and post-ischaemic left ventricular pressure-volume loop integrity (shifted downwards and right in CON) was partially protected in both fish oil groups. CONCLUSION Ischaemia-induced contractile dysfunction in rats is limited from fish oil doses equivalent to regular consumption of fish in the human diet. These observations highlight plausible and clinically relevant physiological changes that rationalise nutritional conditioning of the heart with DHA for on-going cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Macartney
- Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. .,Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Gregory E Peoples
- Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Peter L McLennan
- Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Li G, Li Y, Xiao B, Cui D, Lin Y, Zeng J, Li J, Cao MJ, Liu J. Antioxidant Activity of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Its Regulatory Roles in Mitochondria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1647-1655. [PMID: 33497204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are single-electron-bearing oxidation-reduction products that are mainly produced in mitochondria. Excessive ROS accumulation may lead to oxidative damage. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential component of brain phospholipids and is mainly derived from the diet. Its antioxidant activities have been extensively studied. However, its regulatory roles in mitochondria and the underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated. In this study, the DHA's effect on cellular antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial functions was examined in HepG2 cells. The results showed that 100 μM DHA decreased cellular and mitochondrial ROS levels to 75.2 ± 9.4% (P < 0.05) and 55.1 ± 1.4% (P < 0.01), respectively. It also increased the total antioxidant capacity by 55.6 ± 0.1 and 49.2 ± 1.1% (P < 0.05), based on ABTS and FRAP assay results, respectively. Consistently, it increased the activities and gene expression of major antioxidant enzymes by at least 35 and 40% (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, DHA promoted mitochondrial functions and biogenesis. These data suggested that DHA's antioxidant activity can be attributed to its enhancement of mitochondrial functions and biogenesis. This study may shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying DHA's function in improving resistance to and relieving the symptoms of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Marine Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Marine Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Baoping Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Marine Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Dongyue Cui
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Marine Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Lin
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Marine Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zeng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Marine Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Marine Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Marine Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
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6
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Yamagata K. Prevention of Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease by n-3 Fatty Acids-Inhibiting Action on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3652-3666. [PMID: 32242776 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials have shown the protective effect of n-3 fatty acids against cardiovascular disease (CVD). The effect of n-3 fatty acids on vascular endothelial cells indicates their possible role in CVD prevention. OBJECTIVE Here, we describe the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on endothelial dysfunction-caused by inflammation and oxidative stress-and their role in the development of CVD. METHODS We reviewed epidemiological studies done on n-3 fatty acids in CVD. The effect of DHA and EPA on vascular endothelial cells was examined with regard to changes in various markers, such as arteriosclerosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, using cell and animal models. RESULTS Epidemiological studies revealed that dietary intake of EPA and DHA was associated with a reduced risk of various CVDs. EPA and DHA inhibited various events involved in arteriosclerosis development by preventing oxidative stress and inflammation associated with endothelial cell damage. In particular, EPA and DHA prevented endothelial cell dysfunction mediated by inflammatory responses and oxidative stress induced by events related to CVD. DHA and EPA also increased eNOS activity and induced nitric oxide production. CONCLUSION The effects of DHA and EPA on vascular endothelial cell damage and dysfunction may involve the induction of nitric oxide, in addition to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. n-3 fatty acids inhibit endothelial dysfunction and prevent arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the intake of n-3 fatty acids may prevent CVDs, like myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University (UNBS), Kanagawa, Japan
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7
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Macartney MJ, Peoples GE, McLennan PL. Cardiac Arrhythmia Prevention in Ischemia and Reperfusion by Low-Dose Dietary Fish Oil Supplementation in Rats. J Nutr 2020; 150:3086-3093. [PMID: 32886112 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementing animal diets with fish oil increases myocardial omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [ω-3 (n-3) PUFA], lowers heart rate, and prevents malignant cardiac arrhythmias. In contrast to epidemiological reports, results of some human clinical trials and of unphysiologically high doses employed in animal studies call into question the application of dietary ω-3 PUFA for cardioprotection. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that low ω-3 PUFA dietary thresholds for myocardial incorporation in rats, equivalent in dose to what humans derive from eating fish, can reduce heart rate and arrhythmia vulnerability. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (12-15 wk old) were fed isoenergetic diets containing 10% fat for 4-5 wk. The control diet (CON) contained 5.5% beef tallow, 2.5% sunflower seed oil, and 2% olive oil. Fish oil diets contained high-DHA tuna oil, exchanged for olive oil: 0.31% [fish oil group 1 (FO1)] (human equivalent EPA + DHA 570 mg/d); 1.25% [fish oil group 2 (FO2)] (equivalent EPA + DHA 2.3 g/d). Anaesthetized rats (pentobarbital, 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally) were subjected in vivo to 15-min cardiac ischemia by left coronary artery occlusion and then reperfusion, with arrhythmias detected by electrocardiogram. RESULTS Fish oil dose dependently modulated myocardial membrane fatty acids (DHA mean ± SEM: CON, 5.0 ± 0.2%; FO1, 13.1 ± 0.9%; FO2, 18.3 ± 0.4%; n = 4-5; P-trend < 0.001 ANOVA); resting heart rate (CON, 453 ± 6; FO1, 432 ± 4; FO2, 422 ± 5 bpm; n = 15-18; P-trend < 0.001); reduced ventricular fibrillation (VF) (CON, 89%; FO1, 60%; P = 0.052; FO2, 50%; n = 15-18; P = 0.013 chi square); and total arrhythmia severity (arrhythmia score: CON, 6.1 ± 0.4; FO1, 4.6 ± 0.5; FO2, 3.1 ± 0.7; n = 15-18; P-trend < 0.01) during ischemia and reperfusion (VF: Con, 86%; FO1, 22% P = 0.011; FO2, 8% P = 0.001; n = 7-12); (arrhythmia score: CON, 4.6 ± 0.3; FO1, 3.1 ± 0.3; FO2, 1.3 ± 0.3; n = 7-12; P-trend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Ventricular arrhythmias were prevented and heart rate was slowed by lower ω-3 PUFA intake in rats than previously reported, equivalent to human fish consumption and associated with increased myocardial DHA. The efficacy of low-dose fish oil demonstrates biological plausibility for nutritional ω-3 fatty acid-mediated cardioprotection and suggests that effectiveness in human clinical trials may be obscured by failure to exclude fish eaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Macartney
- Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Gregory E Peoples
- Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Peter L McLennan
- Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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de Salazar L, Contreras C, Torregrosa-García A, Luque-Rubia AJ, Ávila-Gandía V, Domingo JC, López-Román FJ. Oxidative Stress in Endurance Cycling Is Reduced Dose-Dependently after One Month of Re-Esterified DHA Supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111145. [PMID: 33218112 PMCID: PMC7698918 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation can reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress generated during long aerobic exercise, with the minimum dose yet to be elucidated for physically active subjects. In this study, we performed a dose finding with re-esterified DHA in triglyceride form in a randomized double-blind parallel trial at different doses (350, 1050, 1750, and 2450 mg a day) for 4 weeks in males engaged in regular cycling (n = 100, 7.6 ± 3.7 h/week). The endogenous antioxidant capacity of DHA was quantified as a reduction in the levels of the oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) recollected in 24-h urine samples after 90 min of constant load cycling before and after intervention. To ascertain incorporation of DHA, erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition was compared along groups. We found a dose-dependent antioxidant capacity of DHA from 1050 mg with a trend to neutralization for the highest dose of 2450 mg (placebo: n = 13, F = 0.041; 350 mg: n = 10, F = 0.268; 1050 mg: n = 11, F = 7.112; 1750 mg: n = 12, F = 9.681; 2450 mg: n = 10, F = 15.230). In the erythrocyte membrane, the re-esterified DHA increased DHA and omega-3 percentage and decreased omega 6 and the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, while Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and PUFA remained unchanged. Supplementation of re-esterified DHA exerts a dose-dependent endogenous antioxidant property against moderate-intensity long-duration aerobic exercise in physically active subjects when provided at least 1050 mg a day for 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia de Salazar
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe (Murcia), Spain; (L.d.S.); (A.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (F.J.L.-R.)
| | - Carlos Contreras
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe (Murcia), Spain; (L.d.S.); (A.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (F.J.L.-R.)
| | - Antonio Torregrosa-García
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe (Murcia), Spain; (L.d.S.); (A.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (F.J.L.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio J. Luque-Rubia
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe (Murcia), Spain; (L.d.S.); (A.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (F.J.L.-R.)
| | - Vicente Ávila-Gandía
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe (Murcia), Spain; (L.d.S.); (A.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (F.J.L.-R.)
| | | | - Francisco Javier López-Román
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe (Murcia), Spain; (L.d.S.); (A.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (F.J.L.-R.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
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DHA Supplementation Attenuates MI-Induced LV Matrix Remodeling and Dysfunction in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7606938. [PMID: 32832005 PMCID: PMC7424392 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7606938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to scar development and malfunction. The marine omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are mediating cardioprotection and improving clinical outcomes in patients with heart disease. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation prior to LAD occlusion-induced myocardial injury (MI) confers cardioprotection in mice. Methods C57BL/6N mice were placed on DHA or control diets (CD) beginning 7 d prior to 60 min LAD occlusion-induced MI or sham surgery. The expression of inflammatory mediators was measured via RT-qPCR. Besides FACS analysis for macrophage quantification and subtype evaluation, macrophage accumulation as well as collagen deposition was quantified in histological sections. Cardiac function was assessed using a pressure-volume catheter for up to 14 d. Results DHA supplementation significantly attenuated the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) (2.3 ± 0.4 CD vs. 1.4 ± 0.3 DHA) after LAD occlusion. Furthermore, TNF-α (4.0 ± 0.6 CD vs. 1.5 ± 0.2 DHA), IL-1β (60.7 ± 7.0 CD vs. 11.6 ± 1.9 DHA), and IL-10 (223.8 ± 62.1 CD vs. 135.5 ± 38.5 DHA) mRNA expression increase was diminished in DHA-supplemented mice after 72 h reperfusion. These changes were accompanied by a less prominent switch in α/β myosin heavy chain isoforms. Chemokine mRNA expression was stronger initiated (CCL2 6 h: 32.8 ± 11.5 CD vs. 78.8 ± 13.6 DHA) but terminated earlier (CCL2 72 h: 39.5 ± 7.8 CD vs. 8.2 ± 1.9 DHA; CCL3 72 h: 794.3 ± 270.9 CD vs. 258.2 ± 57.8 DHA) in DHA supplementation compared to CD mice after LAD occlusion. Correspondingly, DHA supplementation was associated with a stronger increase of predominantly alternatively activated Ly6C-positive macrophage phenotype, being associated with less collagen deposition and better LV function (EF 14 d: 17.6 ± 2.6 CD vs. 31.4 ± 1.5 DHA). Conclusion Our data indicate that DHA supplementation mediates cardioprotection from MI via modulation of the inflammatory response with timely and attenuated remodeling. DHA seems to attenuate MI-induced cardiomyocyte injury partly by transient PPAR-α downregulation, diminishing the need for antioxidant mechanisms including mitochondrial function, or α- to β-MHC isoform switch.
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Oppedisano F, Macrì R, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Carresi C, Maiuolo J, Bosco F, Nucera S, Caterina Zito M, Guarnieri L, Scarano F, Nicita C, Coppoletta AR, Ruga S, Scicchitano M, Mollace R, Palma E, Mollace V. The Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of n-3 PUFAs: Their Role in Cardiovascular Protection. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090306. [PMID: 32854210 PMCID: PMC7554783 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 18, 20 or 22 carbon atoms, which have been found able to counteract cardiovascular diseases. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in particular, have been found to produce both vaso- and cardio-protective response via modulation of membrane phospholipids thereby improving cardiac mitochondrial functions and energy production. However, antioxidant properties of n-3 PUFAs, along with their anti-inflammatory effect in both blood vessels and cardiac cells, seem to exert beneficial effects in cardiovascular impairment. In fact, dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFAs has been demonstrated to reduce oxidative stress-related mitochondrial dysfunction and endothelial cell apoptosis, an effect occurring via an increased activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. On the other hand, n-3 PUFAs have been shown to counteract the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both vascular tissues and in the myocardium, thereby restoring vascular reactivity and myocardial performance. Here we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 PUFAs in vascular and cardiac tissues and their implication in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oppedisano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Federica Scarano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Caterina Nicita
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
In the search for biomarkers and modifiable risk factors for suicide, lipid status has garnered considerable interest, although the lipid-suicide connection is not without controversy. Major categories of lipids that have been reported as germane to suicide include sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Research concerning lipid effects on mood and suicide risk includes epidemiologic approaches, cohort studies, and clinical trials. In general, current evidence suggests that higher n-3 relative to n-6 PUFA intake may have beneficial effects on depression and suicide risk, particularly in women, while low cholesterol may be detrimental in both sexes. Additionally, low estrogen in women has been associated with suicide attempts, whereas high androgen loads may contribute to the higher suicide completion rate in men. Basic and translational research provides strong evidence for several potential mechanisms that have been implicated in depression and suicide. Firstly, PUFAs, cholesterol, and estrogen can interact to influence structure and function of membrane microdomains ("lipid rafts"), with potential regulatory effects on inflammation and signal transduction, including monoaminergic signaling. Secondly, PUFAs bind to and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression, with resultant effects on inflammation and bioenergetics. Thirdly, PUFAs are both a target for and a hormetic regulator of oxidative stress. Critical to a greater understanding of lipid status as a suicide risk predictor and treatment target will be studies that map genomic and phenotypic characteristics of individuals whose emotional state is affected most by lipid status. Also important will be a more nuanced understanding of lipid-lipid interactions and the differential roles of lipid subclasses on suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Dick MF, Guglielmo CG. Flight muscle protein damage during endurance flight is related to energy expenditure but not dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in a migratory bird. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/5/jeb187708. [PMID: 30824569 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.187708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Migration poses many physiological challenges for birds, including sustaining high intensity aerobic exercise for hours or days. A consequence of endurance flight is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS production may be influenced by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which, although prone to oxidative damage, may limit mitochondrial ROS production and increase antioxidant capacity. We examined how flight muscles manage oxidative stress during flight, and whether dietary long-chain PUFA influence ROS management or damage. Yellow-rumped warblers were fed diets low in PUFA, or high in long-chain n-3 or n-6 PUFA. Flight muscle was sampled from birds in each diet treatment at rest or immediately after flying for up to a maximum of 360 min in a wind tunnel. Flight increased flight muscle superoxide dismutase activity but had no effect on catalase activity. The ratio of glutathione to glutathione disulphide decreased during flight. Oxidative protein damage, indicated by protein carbonyls, increased with flight duration (Pearson r=0.4). Further examination of just individuals that flew for 360 min (N=15) indicates that oxidative damage was related more to total energy expenditure (Pearson r=0.86) than to flight duration itself. This suggests that high quality individuals with higher flight efficiency have not only lower energy costs but also potentially less oxidative damage to repair after arrival at the destination. No significant effects of dietary long-chain PUFA were observed on antioxidants or damage. Overall, flight results in oxidative stress and the degree of damage is likely driven more by energy costs than fatty acid nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag F Dick
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Christopher G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
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13
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Sullivan EM, Pennington ER, Green WD, Beck MA, Brown DA, Shaikh SR. Mechanisms by Which Dietary Fatty Acids Regulate Mitochondrial Structure-Function in Health and Disease. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:247-262. [PMID: 29767698 PMCID: PMC5952932 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy-producing organelles within a cell. Furthermore, mitochondria have a role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and proper calcium concentrations, building critical components of hormones and other signaling molecules, and controlling apoptosis. Structurally, mitochondria are unique because they have 2 membranes that allow for compartmentalization. The composition and molecular organization of these membranes are crucial to the maintenance and function of mitochondria. In this review, we first present a general overview of mitochondrial membrane biochemistry and biophysics followed by the role of different dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in modulating mitochondrial membrane structure-function. We focus extensively on long-chain n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and their underlying mechanisms of action. Finally, we discuss implications of understanding molecular mechanisms by which dietary n-3 fatty acids target mitochondrial structure-function in metabolic diseases such as obesity, cardiac-ischemia reperfusion injury, obesity, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and select cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Madison Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Edward Ross Pennington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - William D Green
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Melinda A Beck
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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14
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Ghasemi Fard S, Wang F, Sinclair AJ, Elliott G, Turchini GM. How does high DHA fish oil affect health? A systematic review of evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1684-1727. [PMID: 29494205 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1425978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of fish oil, and its omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content, have attracted much scientific attention in the last four decades. Fish oils that contain higher amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), in a distinctive ratio of 18/12, are typically the most abundantly available and are commonly studied. Although the two fatty acids have traditionally been considered together, as though they were one entity, different physiological effects of EPA and DHA have recently been reported. New oils containing a higher quantity of DHA compared with EPA, such as fractionated and concentrated fish oil, tuna oil, calamari oil and microalgae oil, are increasingly becoming available on the market, and other oils, including those extracted from genetically modified oilseed crops, soon to come. This systematic review focuses on the effects of high DHA fish oils on various human health conditions, such as the heart and cardiovascular system, the brain and visual function, inflammation and immune function and growth/Body Mass Index. Although inconclusive results were reported in several instances, and inconsistent outcomes observed in others, current data provides substantiated evidence in support of DHA being a beneficial bioactive compound for heart, cardiovascular and brain function, with different, and at times complementary, effects compared with EPA. DHA has also been reported to be effective in slowing the rate of cognitive decline, while its possible effects on depression disorders are still unclear. Interestingly, gender- and age- specific divergent roles for DHA have also been reported. This review provides a comprehensive collection of evidence and a critical summary of the documented physiological effects of high DHA fish oils for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Ghasemi Fard
- a School of Medicine, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,b Nu-Mega Ingredients Pty Ltd , Altona North , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Fenglei Wang
- c Department of Food Science and Nutrition , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- a School of Medicine, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,e Department of Nutrition , Dietetics and Food, Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - Glenn Elliott
- b Nu-Mega Ingredients Pty Ltd , Altona North , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Giovanni M Turchini
- d School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
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Baseline Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Memory Changes in Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treated Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2017; 2017:3674371. [PMID: 29230323 PMCID: PMC5688343 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3674371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated whether pretreatment oxidative stress, measured by lipid hydroperoxides (LPH), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), 8-isoprostane (8-ISO), and malondialdehyde (MDA), was associated with improvement in immediate recall among n-3 PUFA-treated coronary artery disease patients. Methods This was a secondary analysis of the CAROTID trial (NCT00981383). Composite immediate recall, measured using the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition, and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, was assessed. LPH, 4-HNE, 8-ISO, MDA, and n-3 PUFA concentrations were analysed from fasting blood. Patients then received either n-3 PUFA treatment or placebo for 12 weeks, after which composite immediate recall was reassessed. Linear regression was used to investigate relationships between lipid peroxidation markers and changes in composite immediate recall in each treatment group. Results Eighty-five patients (age = 61.1 ± 8.5, 77% male, mean years of education = 15.3 ± 3.4) were included (n = 46 placebo, n = 39 n-3 PUFA). After adjusting for multiple comparisons and potential confounders, greater baseline concentrations of LPH (β = 0.45, p = .002) and 4-HNE (β = 0.38, p = .005) were associated with greater improvement in composite immediate recall among n-3 PUFA-treated patients. No other associations were observed. Conclusions N-3 PUFA treatment may be more likely to improve immediate recall in patients with greater oxidative stress.
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16
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Peoples GE, McLennan PL. Dietary fish oil delays hypoxic skeletal muscle fatigue and enhances caffeine-stimulated contractile recovery in the rat in vivo hindlimb. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:613-620. [PMID: 28177707 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen efficiency influences skeletal muscle contractile function during physiological hypoxia. Dietary fish oil, providing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reduces the oxygen cost of muscle contraction. This study used an autologous perfused rat hindlimb model to examine the effects of a fish oil diet on skeletal muscle fatigue during an acute hypoxic challenge. Male Wistar rats were fed a diet rich in saturated fat (SF), long-chain (LC) n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA), or LC n-3 PUFA DHA from fish oil (FO) (8 weeks). During anaesthetised and ventilated conditions (normoxia 21% O2 (SaO2-98%) and hypoxia 14% O2 (SaO2-89%)) the hindlimb was perfused at a constant flow and the gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus muscle bundle was stimulated via sciatic nerve (2 Hz, 6-12V, 0.05 ms) to established fatigue. Caffeine (2.5, 5, 10 mM) was supplied to the contracting muscle bundle via the arterial cannula to assess force recovery. Hypoxia, independent of diet, attenuated maximal twitch tension (normoxia: 82 ± 8; hypoxia: 41 ± 2 g·g-1 tissue w.w.). However, rats fed FO sustained higher peak twitch tension compared with the SF and n-6 PUFA groups (P < 0.05), and the time to decline to 50% of maximum twitch tension was extended (SF: 546 ± 58; n-6 PUFA: 522 ± 58; FO: 792 ± 96 s; P < 0.05). In addition, caffeine-stimulated skeletal muscle contractile recovery was enhanced in the FO-fed animals (SF: 41 ± 3; n-6 PUFA: 40 ± 4; FO: 52 ± 7% recovery; P < 0.05). These results support a physiological role of DHA in skeletal muscle membranes when exposed to low-oxygen stress that is consistent with the attenuation of muscle fatigue under physiologically normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Peoples
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter L McLennan
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia
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