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Al Faysal A, Cetinkaya A, Erdoğan T, Ozkan SA, Gölcü A. Comparative study of two MIP-based electrochemical sensors for selective detection and quantification of the antiretroviral drug lopinavir in human serum. Talanta 2025; 281:126791. [PMID: 39232252 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Thermal polymerization (TP) and electropolymerization (EP) are the two methods used in this study to explore the molecular imprinting process. To detect the antiviral medication lopinavir (LPV), an inhibitor of enzyme HIV-1 protease that is co-formulated with ritonavir (RTV) to extend its half-life in the body, with greater precision, these methods were merged with an electrochemical sensor. The sensors were created on glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) using TP with methacrylic acid (MAA) functional monomer and EP with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) functional monomer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical methods were utilized to examine the technical features of the suggested sensors. For both approaches, the necessary optimization investigations were carried out. Different LPV concentrations, ranging from 1.0 pM to 17.5 pM in drug solution and commercial human serum samples, were used to validate the analytical efficiency of the two sensors and compare their electroanalytical behaviour. For TP-LPV@MIP/GCE and EP-LPV@MIP/GCE, the corresponding limit of detection (LOD) was 2.68 × 10-13 M (0.169 pg mL-1) and 1.79 × 10-13 M (0.113 pg mL-1) in standard solutions, and 2.87 × 10-13 M (0.180 pg mL-1) and 2.91 × 10-13 M (0.183 pg mL-1) in serum samples. For the measurement of LPV in tablet form and serum samples, the proposed TP-LPV@MIP/GCE and EP-LPV@MIP/GCE sensors provide good recovery, demonstrating 99.85-101.16 % and 100.36-100.97 % recovery, respectively. The imprinting factor was utilized to demonstrate the selectivity of the suggested sensors by utilizing several anti-viral drugs that are structurally comparable to LPV. Additionally, the constructed sensors were examined for the potential impacts of interferences and the stability during the storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Faysal
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560, Turkiye
| | - Taner Erdoğan
- Kocaeli University, Kocaeli Vocational School, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Kocaeli, 41140, Turkiye
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560, Turkiye.
| | - Ayşegül Gölcü
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkiye.
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de Sousa Pinto M, Fontoura LGO, da Rosa Borges I, Vieira de Melo Bisneto A, Rosa de Oliveira G, Carneiro LC, Chen Chen L, Vieira de Moraes Filho A. Evaluation of infliximab-induced genotoxicity and possible action on BCL-2 and P53 genes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:752-761. [PMID: 38922576 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2368619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Although the last pandemic created an urgency for development of vaccines, there was a continuous and concerted effort to search for therapeutic medications among existing drugs with different indications. One of the medications of interest that underwent this change was infliximab (IFM). This drug is used as an anti-inflammatory, predominantly in patients with Crohn 's disease, colitis ulcerative, and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition to these patients, individuals infected with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) were administered this chimeric monoclonal antibody (IMF) to act as an immunomodulator for patients in the absence of comprehensive research. Consequently, the present study aimed to examine the genotoxic effects attributed to IFM treatment employing different assays in vivo using mouse Mus musculus. Therefore, IFM was found to induce genotoxic effects as evidenced by the comet assay but did not demonstrate genotoxic potential utilizing mouse bone marrow MN test. The results of evaluating the expression of the P53 and BCL-2 genes using RT-qPCR showed stimulation of expression of these genes at 24 hr followed by a decline at 48 hr. Although the comet assay provided positive results, it is noteworthy that based upon negative findings in the micronucleus test, the data did not demonstrate significant changes in the genetic material that might affect the therapeutic use of IFM. The stimulation of expression of P53 and BCL-2 genes at 24 hr followed by a decline at 48 hr suggest a transient, if any, effect on genetic material. However, there is still a need for more research to more comprehensively understand the genotoxic profile of this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murillo de Sousa Pinto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Health Assistance and Evaluation, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Alfredo Nasser University Center, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Abel Vieira de Melo Bisneto
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Lílian Carla Carneiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lee Chen Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Aroldo Vieira de Moraes Filho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Health Assistance and Evaluation, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Alfredo Nasser University Center, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Drakontaeidi A, Papanotas I, Pontiki E. Multitarget Pharmacology of Sulfur-Nitrogen Heterocycles: Anticancer and Antioxidant Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:898. [PMID: 39199144 PMCID: PMC11351258 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer and oxidative stress are interrelated, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) playing crucial roles in physiological processes and oncogenesis. Excessive ROS levels can induce DNA damage, leading to cancer, and disrupt antioxidant defenses, contributing to diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Antioxidant mechanisms include enzymes and small molecules that mitigate ROS damage. However, cancer cells often exploit oxidative conditions to evade apoptosis and promote tumor growth. Antioxidant therapy has shown mixed results, with timing and cancer-type influencing outcomes. Multifunctional drugs targeting multiple pathways offer a promising approach, reducing side effects and improving efficacy. Recent research focuses on sulfur-nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives for their dual antioxidant and anticancer properties, potentially enhancing therapeutic efficacy in oncology. The newly synthesized compounds often do not demonstrate both antioxidant and anticancer properties simultaneously. Heterocyclic rings are typically combined with phenyl groups, where hydroxy substitutions enhance antioxidant activity. On the other hand, electron-withdrawing substituents, particularly at the p-position on the phenyl ring, tend to enhance anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eleni Pontiki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (I.P.)
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Hoseininezhad-Namin MS, Rahimpour E, Jouyban A. Favipiravir, remdesivir, and lopinavir: metabolites, degradation products and their analytical methods. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:127-144. [PMID: 38445647 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2326415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. Several studies have suggested that antiviral drugs such as favipiravir (FAV), remdesivir (RDV), and lopinavir (LPV) may potentially prevent the spread of the virus in the host cells and person-to-person transmission. Simultaneously with the widespread use of these drugs, their stability and action mechanism studies have also attracted the attention of many researchers. This review focuses on the action mechanism, metabolites and degradation products of these antiviral drugs (FAV, RDV and LPV) and demonstrates various methods for their quantification and discrimination in the different biological samples. Herein, the instrumental methods for analysis of the main form of drugs or their metabolite and degradation products are classified into two types: optical and chromatography methods which the last one in combination with various detectors provides a powerful method for routine and stability analyses. Some representative studies are reported in this review and the details of them are carefully explained. It is hoped that this review will be a good guideline study and provide a better understanding of these drugs from the aspects investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Saleh Hoseininezhad-Namin
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Baudouin A, Guillemin MD, Rioufol C, Ranchon F, Parat S. [SARS-COV-2 pandemic: Involvement of the hospital pharmacist in securing patient care]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2023; 81:900-908. [PMID: 37086966 PMCID: PMC10118052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, hospital pharmacists supported the implementation of recommendations and ensured the safety of patient medication management. The aim of this study is to establish the interest of the involvement of the hospital pharmacist in this context by describing and comparing the activities carried out with patients with COVID-19 and those without. METHODS During the study period, data on clinical pharmacy activities with hospitalized patients were collected and analyzed: pharmaceutical analysis of prescriptions, participation in multi-professional consultation meetings (RCP) dedicated to COVID-19, and monitoring of adverse events. RESULTS The activities concerned 1483 patients, including 444 with COVID-19, resulting in 575 pharmaceutical interventions (PI). The main problems identified were overdoses, untreated indications, and drug-drug interactions (DDI). AMIs were significantly more common in patients with COVID-19, with 73.3% involving disease-specific therapies. Eleven PIs had a life-threatening impact, 189 a major impact. During the PCRs, 36 PIs were performed for 59% of the patients presented. A pharmacovigilance report was performed for a quarter of patients treated with hydroxychloroquine and 33% of patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the value of involving hospital pharmacists in the drug management of patients with COVID-19, particularly with the evolution of available therapies and the implementation of vaccination, in order to reduce the spread of SARS-COV2 and limit the appearance of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Baudouin
- Pharmacie à usage intérieur, hôpital Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Sud, 165, chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex, France.
| | - Marie-Delphine Guillemin
- Pharmacie à usage intérieur, hôpital Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Sud, 165, chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex, France
| | - Catherine Rioufol
- Pharmacie à usage intérieur, hôpital Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Sud, 165, chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex, France; EMR3738, université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Ranchon
- Pharmacie à usage intérieur, hôpital Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Sud, 165, chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex, France; EMR3738, université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Parat
- Pharmacie à usage intérieur, hôpital Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Sud, 165, chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex, France
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Talukder P, Saha A, Roy S, Ghosh G, Roy DD, Barua S. Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment: A New Challenge. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:3653-3670. [PMID: 36961509 PMCID: PMC10037400 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is a new disease and our knowledge is limited; day in and day out more and more interesting yet diverse observations are reported by the different research groups from different corners of the world. So, there is an urgent requirement of the invention of some effective and efficient drugs that can carry out the end of the deadly viral infection. Throughout the world, there have been many efforts carried out in different labs to invent such a drug and also identifying any pre-existing drugs which can carry out the killing of the virus. In this review, an effort has been made to understand the potential drugs which can be used against the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. Again, the strategies on the current and the future drug discovery mechanisms against the SARS-CoV-2 are also mentioned. The different drugs made and the drugs re-used and also the drugs which are in the making process in different research laboratories across the world are also mentioned. To combat this unexpected crisis, we still need some more efforts from the different scientific communities around the world for finding a cure against this viral infection and this is needed to be done for the prevention of more loss of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Talukder
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India.
| | - Arunima Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Sohini Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Gargi Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Debshikha Dutta Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Snejuti Barua
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
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7
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Paramythiotis D, Karlafti E, Veroplidou K, Fafouti M, Kaiafa G, Netta S, Michalopoulos A, Savopoulos C. Drug-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081398. [PMID: 37189499 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a systemic disease that affects not only the respiratory system, but also other systems, including gastrointestinal. A great number of different drugs have been used on hospitalized patients for the management of COVID-19, and acute pancreatitis (AP) has been reported as a complication or side effect of these drugs. The development of drug-induced acute pancreatitis (DIAP) follows a complex of pathophysiological mechanisms, and particular risk factors play a key role. Diagnosis of DIAP depends on specific criteria, and based on these, a drug may be characterized as having a definite, probable or possible connection with AP. The aim of this review is to present the medications that are used for COVID-19 management and are associated with AP in hospitalized patients. The list of these drugs mainly includes corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antiviral agents, antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, estrogens and anesthetic agents. Moreover, the prevention of the development of DIAP is vital, especially for critically ill patients who may receive multiple drugs. DIAP management is mainly non-invasive and the first step concerns the exception of the suspicious drug from patients therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paramythiotis
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Karlafti
- Emergency Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Veroplidou
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Fafouti
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Kaiafa
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Smaro Netta
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Michalopoulos
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Savopoulos
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Sanyaolu A, Marinkovic A, Abbasi AF, Prakash S, Patidar R, Desai P, Williams M, Jan A, Hamdy K, Solomon R, Balendra V, Ansari M, Shazley O, Khan N, Annan R, Dixon Y, Okorie C, Antonio A. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the liver. World J Virol 2023; 12:109-121. [PMID: 37033147 PMCID: PMC10075054 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been numerous concerns about the disease and how it affects the human body since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic began in December 2019. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver is being carefully investigated due to an increase in individuals with hepatitis and other liver illnesses, such as alcoholic liver disease. Additionally, the liver is involved in the metabolism of numerous drugs used to treat comorbidities and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Determining how SARS-CoV-2 affects the liver and what factors place individuals with COVID-19 at a higher risk of developing liver problems are the two main objectives of this study. This evaluation of the literature included research from three major scientific databases. To provide an update on the current impact of COVID-19 on the liver, data was collected and relevant information was incorporated into the review. With more knowledge about the effect of the disease on the liver, better management and therapeutics can be developed, and education can ultimately save lives and reduce the long-term impact of the pandemic on our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Sanyaolu
- Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria, Abuja 0000, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Aleksandra Marinkovic
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter 2640 0000, Anguilla
| | - Abu Fahad Abbasi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, IL 60153, United States
| | - Stephanie Prakash
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter 2640 0000, Anguilla
| | - Risha Patidar
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter 2640 0000, Anguilla
| | - Priyank Desai
- Department of Basic Medical Science, American University of Saint Vincent School of Medicine, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0000, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
| | - Martina Williams
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter 2640 0000, Anguilla
| | - Abdul Jan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon 0000, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Kareem Hamdy
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter 2640 0000, Anguilla
| | - Rachael Solomon
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Caribbean Medical University School of Medicine, Willemstad 0000, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles
| | - Vyshnavy Balendra
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter 2640 0000, Anguilla
| | - Maaz Ansari
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter 2640 0000, Anguilla
| | - Omar Shazley
- Basic Medical Science, Saint James School of Medicine, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0000, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
| | - Nasar Khan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon 0000, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Rochelle Annan
- University of Health Sciences Antigua School of Medicine, Piccadilly, St. John's Antigua
| | - Yashika Dixon
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon 0000, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chuku Okorie
- Department of Science, Union County College, Plainfield, New Jersey, NJ 07016, United States
| | - Afolabi Antonio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lloydminster Regional Hospital, Lloydminster S9V 1Y5, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Dofuor AK, Quartey NKA, Osabutey AF, Boateng BO, Lutuf H, Osei JHN, Ayivi-Tosuh SM, Aiduenu AF, Ekloh W, Loh SK, Opoku MJ, Aidoo OF. The Global Impact of COVID-19: Historical Development, Molecular Characterization, Drug Discovery and Future Directions. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2023; 16:2632010X231218075. [PMID: 38144436 PMCID: PMC10748929 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x231218075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, an outbreak of a respiratory disease called the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a new coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2, an encapsulated positive-stranded RNA virus, spread worldwide with disastrous consequences for people's health, economies, and quality of life. The disease has had far-reaching impacts on society, including economic disruption, school closures, and increased stress and anxiety. It has also highlighted disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, with marginalized communities disproportionately affected by the SARS-CoV-2. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild to severe. There is presently no effective cure. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in developing COVID-19 vaccine for different therapeutic targets. For instance, scientists developed multifold vaccine candidates shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak after Pfizer and AstraZeneca discovered the initial COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines reduce disease spread, severity, and mortality. The addition of rapid diagnostics to microscopy for COVID-19 diagnosis has proven crucial. Our review provides a thorough overview of the historical development of COVID-19 and molecular and biochemical characterization of the SARS-CoV-2. We highlight the potential contributions from insect and plant sources as anti-SARS-CoV-2 and present directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Belinda Obenewa Boateng
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Hanif Lutuf
- Crop Protection Division, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kade, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selina Mawunyo Ayivi-Tosuh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Albert Fynn Aiduenu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ekloh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Seyram Kofi Loh
- Department of Built Environment, School of Sustainable Development, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Maxwell Jnr Opoku
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
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Patel M, Mazumder R, Mishra R, Kant Kaushik K. Potential of Nanotechnology-based Formulations in Combating Pulmonary Infectious Diseases: A Current Scenario. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3413-3427. [PMID: 36397631 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221116143138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary microbial infection is mainly caused by microbes like atypical bacteria, viruses, and fungi, on both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. One of the demands of the present is the use of nanotechnology-based treatments to fight various lung infections. AIM The main aim of the study is to explore all pulmonary infectious diseases and to compare the advanced and novel treatment approaches with the conventional methods which are available to treat infections. METHODS This work sheds light on pulmonary infectious diseases with their conventional and present treatment approaches along with a focus on the advantageous roles of nano-based formulations. In the literature, it has been reported that the respiratory system is the key target of various infectious diseases which gives rise to various challenges in the treatment of pulmonary infections. RESULTS The present review article describes the global situation of pulmonary infections and the different strategies which are available for their management, along with their limitations. The article also highlights the advantages and different examples of nanoformulations currently combating the limitations of conventional therapies. CONCLUSION The content of the present article further reflects on the summary of recently published research and review works on pulmonary infections, conventional methods of treatment with their limitations, and the role of nano-based approaches to combat the existing infectious diseases which will jointly help the researchers to produce effective drug formulations with desired pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Patel
- Pharmacy Institute, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201 306, India
| | - Rupa Mazumder
- Pharmacy Institute, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201 306, India
| | - Rakhi Mishra
- Pharmacy Institute, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201 306, India
| | - Kamal Kant Kaushik
- Pharmacy Institute, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201 306, India
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Cheng Q, Zhao G, Chen J, Jia Q, Fang Z. Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for severe COVID-19 patients: An updated network meta-analysis of 48 randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30998. [PMID: 36254081 PMCID: PMC9575403 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there has been little agreement on what drug is the "best" drug for treating severe COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of different medications available at present for severe COVID-19. METHODS We searched databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to February 28, 2022, with no language restrictions, of medications recommended for patients (aged 16 years or older) with severe COVID-19 infection. We extracted data on trials and patient characteristics, and the following primary outcomes: all-cause mortality (ACM), and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). RESULTS We identified 4021 abstracts and of these included 48 RCTs comprising 9147 participants through database searches and other sources. For decrease in ACM, we found that ivermectin/doxycycline, C-IVIG (i.e., a hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 intravenous immunoglobulin), methylprednisolone, interferon-beta/standard-of-care (SOC), interferon-beta-1b, convalescent plasma, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, immunoglobulin gamma, high dosage sarilumab (HS), auxora, and imatinib were effective when compared with placebo or SOC group. We found that colchicine and interferon-beta/SOC were only associated with the TEAEs of severe COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION This study suggested that ivermectin/doxycycline, C-IVIG, methylprednisolone, interferon-beta/SOC, interferon-beta-1b, convalescent plasma (CP), remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, immunoglobulin gamma, HS, auxora, and imatinib were efficacious for treating severe COVID-19 patients. We found that most medications were safe in treating severe COVID-19. More large-scale RCTs are still needed to confirm the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Cheng
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinglin Cheng, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 568 Mingshi Road, Hangzhou 310021, China (e-mail: )
| | - Gang Zhao
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfang Chen
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingjun Jia
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Fang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Karam MM, Baki JA, Al-Hajje A, Sraj M, Awada S, Salameh P, Ajrouche R. Willingness to Pay for a Coronavirus Vaccine and Its Associated Determinants in Lebanon. Value Health Reg Issues 2022; 30:18-25. [PMID: 35033800 PMCID: PMC8757721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical vaccine and its associated determinants among the Lebanese general population during one of the peak episodes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Lebanon. METHODS An online survey was developed and delivered to the Lebanese general population. The questionnaire included the participants' sociodemographic characteristics, financial situation, attitude toward vaccination, and WTP for the hypothetical vaccine. The study was based on the contingent valuation method. RESULTS Among 500 individuals solicited, 352 individuals agreed to participate (participation rate = 70.4%); among them, 66% were between 18 and 45 years old, and 54% were women. Notably, 78.1% of the respondents were ready to pay for this hypothetical vaccine even if the vaccine will not be covered. The maximum WTP of the Lebanese population was approximately $60 ± $66 (range $3-$500) after excluding extreme values in the sensitivity analysis and ranged between $3 and $500. WTP was associated with the severity of COVID-19 (P<.001), the education level (P=.001), and the place to live during the lockdown (P=.045). There was an association between family income and WTP (P=.004) with a weak correlation. CONCLUSIONS The WTP was comparable with other studies and highly associated with the level of education, the household income, living in the city during the lockdown, and the perceived severity of COVID-19. These findings can help in understanding COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and WTP in Lebanon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Michelle Karam
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jwana Abdel Baki
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amal Al-Hajje
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Sraj
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Awada
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology - Lebanon (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roula Ajrouche
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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13
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The impact of SARS-CoV-2 treatment on the cardiovascular system: an updated review. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1143-1151. [PMID: 35701719 PMCID: PMC9196858 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major global health problem. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and exhibits pulmonary and extrapulmonary effects, including cardiovascular involvement. There are several attempts to identify drugs that could treat COVID-19. Moreover, many patients infected with COVID-19 have underlying diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. These patients are more likely to develop severe illnesses and would require optimized treatment strategies. The current study gathered information from various databases, including relevant studies, reviews, trials, or meta-analyses until April 2022 to identify the impact of SARS-CoV-2 treatment on the cardiovascular system. Studies have shown that the prognosis of patients with underlying cardiovascular disease is worsened by COVID-19, with some COVID-19 medications interfering with the cardiovascular system. The COVID-19 treatment strategy should consider many factors and parameters to avoid medication-induced cardiac injury, mainly in elderly patients. Therefore, this article provides a synthesis of evidence on the impact of different COVID-19 medications on the cardiovascular system and related disease conditions.
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14
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Dzinamarira T, Murewanhema G, Chitungo I, Ngara B, Nkambule SJ, Madziva R, Herrera H, Mukwenha S, Cuadros DF, Iradukunda PG, Mashora M, Tungwarara N, Rwibasira GN, Musuka G. Risk of mortality in HIV-infected COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:654-661. [PMID: 35617829 PMCID: PMC9110010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between HIV infection and COVID-19 clinical outcomes remains a significant public health research problem. We aimed to determine the association of HIV comorbidity with COVID-19 mortality. METHODS We searched PubMed, Google Scholar and World Health Organization library databases for relevant studies. All searches were conducted from 1st to 7th December 2021. Title, abstract and full text screening was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The relative risk of mortality in HIV-infected COVID-19 patients was computed using a random-effects model. All analyses were performed using Meta and Metasens statistical packages available in R version 4.2.1 software package. The quality of included studies was assessed using the GRADE approach, Egger's test was employed to determine the risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 16 studies were included in this review. Among the COVID-19 patients with HIV infection, the mortality rate due to COVID-19 was 7.97% (4 287/53,801), and among the COVID-19 patients without HIV infection, the mortality rate due to COVID-19 was 0.69% (127, 961/18, 513, 747). In the random effects model, we found no statistically significant relative risk of mortality in HIV-infected COVID-19 patients (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.86-1.32). The between-studies heterogeneity was substantial (I2 = 91%, P < 0.01), while the risk of publication bias was not significant. CONCLUSION Findings did not link HIV infection with an increased risk of COVID-19 mortality. Our results add to the conflicting data on the relationship between COVID-19 and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Dzinamarira
- School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; ICAP at Columbia University, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Grant Murewanhema
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
| | - Itai Chitungo
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Bernard Ngara
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sphamandla Josias Nkambule
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nigel Tungwarara
- Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, South Africa
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15
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A Fair and Safe Usage Drug Recommendation System in Medical Emergencies by a Stacked ANN. ALGORITHMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/a15060186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The importance of online recommender systems for drugs, medical professionals, and hospitals is growing. Today, the majority of people use online consultations for drug recommendations for all types of health issues. Emergencies such as pandemics, floods, or cyclones can be helped by the medical recommender system. In the era of machine learning (ML), recommender systems produce more accurate, quick, and reliable clinical predictions with minimal costs. As a result, these systems maintain better performance, integrity, and privacy of patient data in the decision-making process and provide precise information at any time. Therefore, we present drug recommender systems with a stacked artificial neural network (ANN) model to improve the fairness and safety of treatment for infectious diseases. To reduce side effects, drugs are recommended based on a patient’s previous health profile, lifestyle, and habits. The proposed system produced results with 97.5% accuracy. A system such as this could be useful in recommending safe medicines to patients, especially during health emergencies.
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16
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Debnath SK, Debnath M, Srivastava R, Omri A. Drugs repurposing for SARS-CoV-2: new insight of COVID-19 druggability. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1187-1204. [PMID: 35615888 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2082944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ongoing epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) creates a massive panic worldwide due to the absence of effective medicines. Developing a new drug or vaccine is time-consuming to pass safety and efficacy testing. Therefore, repurposing drugs have been introduced to treat COVID-19 until effective drugs are developed. AREA COVERED A detailed search of repurposing drugs against SARS-CoV-2 was carried out using the PubMed database, focusing on articles published 2020 years onward. A different class of drugs has been described in this article to target hosts and viruses. Based on the previous pandemic experience of SARS-CoV and MERS, several antiviral and antimalarial drugs are discussed here. This review covers the failure of some repurposed drugs that showed promising activity in the earlier CoV-pandemic but were found ineffective against SARS-CoV-2. All these discussions demand a successful drug development strategy for screening and identifying an effective drug for better management of COVID-19. The drug development strategies described here will serve a new scope of research for academicians and researchers. EXPERT OPINION Repurposed drugs have been used since COVID-19 to eradicate disease propagation. Drugs found effective for MERS and SARS may not be effective against SARS-CoV-2. Drug libraries and artificial intelligence are helpful tools to screen and identify different molecules targeting viruses or hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Kumar Debnath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Monalisha Debnath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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17
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Wong CKH, Low MCH, Kwok ACY, Lui AYC, Lau KTK, Au ICH, Xiong X, Chung MSH, Kwan MYW, Lau EHY, Cowling BJ. Slower Recovery with Early Lopinavir/Ritonavir use in Pediatric COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study. Paediatr Drugs 2022; 24:269-280. [PMID: 35428969 PMCID: PMC9012665 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-022-00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There was initially insufficient understanding regarding suitable pharmacological treatment for pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r) was originally used for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. It was also used in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) with positive results. Nonetheless, results from recent randomized controlled trials and observational studies on COVID-19 patients were unfavorable. We sought to evaluate the clinical outcomes associated with early treatment with LPV/r for pediatric COVID-19 patients. STUDY DESIGN A total of 933 COVID-19 patients aged ≤ 18 years were admitted between 21 January 2020 and 31 January 2021 in Hong Kong. Exposure was receiving LPV/r within the first two days of admission. Time to clinical improvement, hospital discharge, seroconversion and hyperinflammatory syndrome, cumulative costs, and hospital length of stay were assessed. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard and linear models were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of time-to-event and continuous outcomes, respectively. RESULTS LPV/r users were associated with longer time to clinical improvement (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.38-0.70; p < 0.001), hospital discharge (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.38-0.70; p < 0.001) and seroconversion (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.43-0.80; p < 0.001) when compared with controls. LPV/r users were also associated with prolonged hospital length of stay (6.99 days, 95% CI 6.23-7.76; p < 0.001) and higher costs at 30 days (US$11,709 vs US$8270; p < 0.001) as opposed to controls. CONCLUSION Early treatment with LPV/r for pediatric COVID-19 patients was associated with longer time to clinical improvement. Our study advocates the recommendation against LPV/r use for pediatric patients across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos K H Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 1-01, 1/F, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Marshall C H Low
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 1-01, 1/F, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ashley C Y Kwok
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 1-01, 1/F, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Angel Y C Lui
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 1-01, 1/F, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kristy T K Lau
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 1-01, 1/F, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivan C H Au
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 1-01, 1/F, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Xiong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 1-01, 1/F, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matthew S H Chung
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 1-01, 1/F, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mike Y W Kwan
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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18
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Tejerina F, Catalan P, Rodriguez-Grande C, Adan J, Rodriguez-Gonzalez C, Muñoz P, Aldamiz T, Diez C, Perez L, Fanciulli C, Garcia de Viedma D. Post-COVID-19 syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in plasma, stool, and urine in patients with persistent symptoms after COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:211. [PMID: 35240997 PMCID: PMC8892394 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a paucity of knowledge on the long-term outcome in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We describe a cohort of patients with a constellation of symptoms occurring four weeks after diagnosis causing different degrees of reduced functional capacity. Although different hypothesis have been proposed to explain this condition like persistent immune activation or immunological dysfunction, to date, no physiopathological mechanism has been identified. Consequently, there are no therapeutic options besides symptomatic treatment and rehabilitation. Methods We evaluated patients with symptoms that persisted for at least 4 weeks after COVID-19. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected. Blood tests, including inflammatory markers, were conducted, and imaging studies made if deemed necessary. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in plasma, stool, and urine were performed. Patients were offered antiviral treatment (compassionate use). Results We evaluated 29 patients who reported fatigue, muscle pain, dyspnea, inappropriate tachycardia, and low-grade fever. Median number of days from COVID-19 to positive RT-PCR in extra-respiratory samples was 55 (39–67). Previous COVID-19 was mild in 55% of the cases. Thirteen patients (45%) had positive plasma RT-PCR results and 51% were positive in at least one RT-PCR sample (plasma, urine, or stool). Functional status was severely reduced in 48% of the subjects. Eighteen patients (62%) received antiviral treatment. Improvement was seen in most patients (p = 0.000) and patients in the treatment group achieved better outcomes with significant differences (p = 0.01). Conclusions In a cohort of COVID-19 patients with persistent symptoms, 45% of them have detectable plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Our results indicate possible systemic viral persistence in these patients, who may benefit of antiviral treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tejerina
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Catalan
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Grande
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Adan
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 46 C/Dr Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERES, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Aldamiz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Diez
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Perez
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Fanciulli
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dario Garcia de Viedma
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, 46 C/ Doctor Esquerdo, 28009, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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19
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An outlook on potential protein targets of COVID-19 as a druggable site. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10729-10748. [PMID: 35790657 PMCID: PMC9256362 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 which causes COVID-19 disease has started a pandemic episode all over the world infecting millions of people and has created medical and economic crisis. From December 2019, cases originated from Wuhan city and started spreading at an alarming rate and has claimed millions of lives till now. Scientific studies suggested that this virus showed genomic similarity of about 90% with SARS-CoV and is found to be more contagious as compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Since the pandemic, virus has undergone constant mutation and few strains have raised public concern like Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the structural features of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and host proteins as well as their mechanism of action. We have also elucidated the repurposed drugs that have shown potency to inhibit these protein targets in combating COVID-19. Moreover, the article discusses the vaccines approved so far and those under clinical trials for their efficacy against COVID-19. CONCLUSION Using cryo-electron microscopy or X-ray diffraction, hundreds of crystallographic data of SARS-CoV-2 proteins have been published including structural and non-structural proteins. These proteins have a significant role at different aspects in the viral machinery and presented themselves as potential target for drug designing and therapeutic interventions. Also, there are few host cell proteins which helps in SARS-CoV-2 entry and proteolytic cleavage required for viral infection.
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20
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Faour WH, Choaib A, Issa E, Choueiry FE, Shbaklo K, Alhajj M, Sawaya RT, Harhous Z, Alefishat E, Nader M. Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced kidney injury and current pharmacotherapies. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:39-56. [PMID: 34802072 PMCID: PMC8606168 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic created a worldwide debilitating health crisis with the entire humanity suffering from the deleterious effects associated with the high infectivity and mortality rates. While significant evidence is currently available online and targets various aspects of the disease, both inflammatory and noninflammatory kidney manifestations secondary to COVID-19 infection are still largely underrepresented. In this review, we summarized current knowledge about COVID-19-related kidney manifestations, their pathologic mechanisms as well as various pharmacotherapies used to treat patients with COVID-19. We also shed light on the effect of these medications on kidney functions that can further enhance renal damage secondary to the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam H Faour
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Ali Choaib
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Elio Issa
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Francesca El Choueiry
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Khodor Shbaklo
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Maryline Alhajj
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Ramy Touma Sawaya
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Harhous
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Moni Nader
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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21
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Mule S, Singh A, Greish K, Sahebkar A, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Drug repurposing strategies and key challenges for COVID-19 management. J Drug Target 2021; 30:413-429. [PMID: 34854327 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.2013852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a clinical outcome of viral infection emerged due to strain of beta coronavirus which attacks the type-2 pneumocytes in alveoli via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. There is no satisfactory drug developed against 'SARS-CoV2', highlighting an immediate necessity chemotherapeutic repurposing plan COVID-19. Drug repurposing is a method of selection of approved therapeutics for new use and is considered to be the most effective drug finding strategy since it includes less time and cost to obtain treatment compared to the de novo drug acquisition process. Several drugs such as hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, teicoplanin, darunavir, ritonavir, nitazoxanide, chloroquine, tocilizumab and favipiravir (FPV) showed their activity against 'SARS-CoV2' in vitro. This review has emphasized on repurposing of drugs, and biologics used in clinical set up for targeting COVID-19 and to evaluate their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety with their future aspect. The key benefit of drug repurposing is the wealth of information related to its safety, and easy accessibility. Altogether repurposing approach allows access to regulatory approval as well as reducing sophisticated safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Mule
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Ajit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Khaled Greish
- Nanomedicine Unit, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine and Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
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22
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Jose PMM, Paola ZS, Eduardo DG, Arturo SMMO, Fernando BG. A case of coinfection of a pediatric patient with acute SARS-COV-2 with MIS-C and severe DENV-2 in Mexico: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1072. [PMID: 34663252 PMCID: PMC8521498 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 cases have been increasing since the epidemic started. One of the major concerns is how clinical symptomatology would behave after coinfection with another virus. Case presentation In this case report, a pediatric native patient from Estado de Mexico (EDOMEX), MEX had severe DENV-2 and acute SARS-CoV-2 at the same time. The clinical features were severe thrombocytopenia, secondary septic shock, cerebral edema, pericardial effusion, fluid overload that exhibited bipalpebral edema in all four extremities, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), coronary artery ectasia (CAE), multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), and probable COVID-19 pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that triggered patient intubation. The patient presented unusual symptomatology according to the literature. After 15 days of intubation and 15 more days under surveillance, he was released without respiratory sequelae and without treatment after major clinical improvement. Conclusion The aim of this manuscript is to present clinical challenges that coinfection may cause in pediatric patients, even though COVID-19 in children does not tend to be as severe as in other sectors of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perez-Mendez Maria Jose
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Mexico, CDMX, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública del Estado de México, Tollocan S/N Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180, Toluca,, Mexico
| | - Zarate-Segura Paola
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Mexico, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Davila-Gonzalez Eduardo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública del Estado de México, Tollocan S/N Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180, Toluca,, Mexico
| | - Servin-Monroy Monroy Osvaldo Arturo
- Departamento de Epidemiología del Instituto de Seguridad Social del Estado de México y Municipios, ISSEMyM, Av. Hidalgo Pte. No. 600, Col. La Merced, 50080, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Bastida-Gonzalez Fernando
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública del Estado de México, Tollocan S/N Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180, Toluca,, Mexico.
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Rao GK, Gowthami B, Naveen NR, Samudrala PK. An updated review on potential therapeutic drug candidates, vaccines and an insight on patents filed for COVID-19. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100063. [PMID: 34870158 PMCID: PMC8498785 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 was recognized in December 2019 in China and as of October5th, the pandemic was swept through 216 countries and infected around 34,824,108 individuals, thus posing an unprecedented threat to world's health and economy. Several researchers reported that, a significant mutation in membrane proteins and receptor binding sites of preceding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) to turned as novel SARS-CoV-2 virus and disease was named as COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019). Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment available for COVID-19 patients. The lessons learned from the past management of SARS-CoV and other pandemics, have provided some insights to treat COVID-19. Currently, therapies like anti-viral treatment, immunomodulatory agents, plasma transfusion and supportive intervention etc., are using to treat the COVID-19. Few of these were proven to provide significant therapeutic benefits in treating the COVID-19, however no drug is approved by the regulatory agencies. As the fatality rate is high in patients with comorbid conditions, we have also enlightened the current in-line treatment therapies and specific treatment strategies in comorbid conditions to combat the emergence of COVID-19. In addition, pharmaceutical, biological companies and research institutions across the globe have begun to develop thesafe and effective vaccine for COVID-19. Globally around 170 teams of researchers are racing to develop the COVID-19 vaccine and here we have discussed about their current status of development. Furthermore, recent patents filed in association with COVID-19 was elaborated. This can help many individuals, researchers or health workers, in applying these principles for diagnosis/prevention/management/treatment of the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.S.N. Koteswara Rao
- College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
| | - Buduru Gowthami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Annamacharya College of Pharmacy, New Boyanapalli, Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh 516126, India
| | - N. Raghavendra Naveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G.Nagar, Karnataka, 571448, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Samudrala
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534202, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ogunyemi OM, Gyebi GA, Ibrahim IM, Olaiya CO, Ocheje JO, Fabusiwa MM, Adebayo JO. Dietary stigmastane-type saponins as promising dual-target directed inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 proteases: a structure-based screening. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33380-33398. [PMID: 35497510 PMCID: PMC9042289 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of COVID-19 vaccines, at present, there is still no approved antiviral drug against the pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases (S-3CLpro) and papain-like protease (S-PLpro) are essential for the viral proliferation cycle, hence attractive drug targets. Plant-based dietary components that have been extensively reported for antiviral activities may serve as cheap sources of preventive nutraceuticals and/or antiviral drugs. A custom-made library of 176 phytochemicals from five West African antiviral culinary herbs was screened for potential dual-target-directed inhibitors of S-3CLpro and S-PLpro in silico. The docking analysis revealed fifteen steroidal saponins (FSS) from Vernonia amygdalina with the highest binding tendency for the active sites of S-3CLpro and S-PLpro. In an optimized docking analysis, the FSS were further docked against four equilibrated conformers of the S-3CLpro and S-PLpro. Three stigmastane-type steroidal saponins (vernonioside A2, vernonioside A4 and vernonioside D2) were revealed as the lead compounds. These compounds interacted with the catalytic residues of both S-3CLpro and S-PLpro, thereby exhibiting dual inhibitory potential against these SARS-CoV-2 cysteine proteases. The binding free energy calculations further corroborated the static and optimized docking analysis. The complexed proteases with these promising phytochemicals were stable during a full atomistic MD simulation while the phytochemicals exhibited favourable physicochemical and ADMET properties, hence, recommended as promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludare M Ogunyemi
- Human Nutraceuticals and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Salem University Lokoja Nigeria
- Nutritional and Industrial Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Gideon A Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University P.M.B 005, Karu Nasarawa Nigeria +234-7063983652
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Charles O Olaiya
- Nutritional and Industrial Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Joshua O Ocheje
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Akwa Nigeria
| | - Modupe M Fabusiwa
- Human Nutraceuticals and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Salem University Lokoja Nigeria
| | - Joseph O Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin Ilorin Nigeria
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25
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Jahan R, Paul AK, Bondhon TA, Hasan A, Jannat K, Mahboob T, Nissapatorn V, Pereira MDL, Wiart C, Wilairatana P, Rahmatullah M. Zingiber officinale: Ayurvedic Uses of the Plant and In Silico Binding Studies of Selected Phytochemicals With Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211031766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the large number of plants that are part of the Ayurvedic system of medicine in India and Bangladesh, Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), or ginger in English, holds a special place and is often referred to as “Mahaushadha” (great medicine) and “Vishvabhesaja” (worldwide or universal herb) to signify its special status. The plant and particularly its rhizomes are used both in the raw and dry form for the relief of a multitude of disorders. Since a number of these disorders occur in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it was of interest to perform in silico studies (molecular docking) to evaluate the binding affinities of a number of constituents of Zingiber officinale with the 3C-like protease or main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, which plays an essential role in the cleavage of viral polyproteins and subsequent viral replication. Our studies indicated that 2 of the compounds present in ginger, namely, chlorogenic acid and hesperidin, had high binding affinities for Mpro with predicted binding energies of −7.5 and −8.3 kcal/mol. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional interactions also showed that, while chlorogenic acid interacts with one of the His41 amino acids of the catalytic dyad of Mpro, hesperidin interacts with the other amino acid Cys145, which can account for their predicted high binding energies and, therefore, possibly can inhibit Mpro activity. Taken together, our findings indicate that ginger, besides alleviating the symptoms induced by SARS-CoV-2, may also play a role in inhibiting the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rownak Jahan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alok K. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tohmina A. Bondhon
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anamul Hasan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khoshnur Jannat
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tooba Mahboob
- School of Allied Health Sciences, World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), and Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), and Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Maria de L. Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Christophe Wiart
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Hossain MJ, Jannat T, Brishty SR, Roy U, Mitra S, Rafi MO, Islam MR, Nesa ML, Islam MA, Emran TB. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Antiviral Drugs in the Extended Use against COVID-19: What We Know So Far. BIOLOGICS 2021; 1:252-284. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics1020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Human beings around the globe have been suffering from a devastating novel pandemic and public health emergency, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), for more than one and a half years due to the deadly and highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection worldwide. Notably, no effective treatment strategy has been approved for the complete recovery of COVID-19 patients, though several vaccines have been rolled out around the world upon emergency use authorization. After the emergence of the COVID-19 outbreak globally, plenty of clinical investigations commenced to screen the safety and efficacy of several previously approved drugs to be repurposed against the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen. This concise review aims at exploring the current status of the clinical efficacy and safety profile of several antiviral medications for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and other respiratory complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The paper covers all kinds of human studies (January 2020 to June 2021) except case reports/series to highlight the clear conclusion based on the current clinical evidence. Among the promising repositioned antivirals, remdesivir has been recommended in critical conditions to mitigate the fatality rate and improve clinical conditions. In addition, boosting the immune system is believed to be beneficial in treating COVID-19 patients, so interferon type I might exert immunomodulation through its antiviral effects by stimulating interferon-stimulated gene (ISG). However, more extensive clinical studies covering all ethnic groups globally are warranted based on current data to better understand the clinical efficacy of the currently proposed repurposed drugs against COVID-19.
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Kumar V, Singh J, Hasnain SE, Sundar D. Possible Link between Higher Transmissibility of Alpha, Kappa and Delta Variants of SARS-CoV-2 and Increased Structural Stability of Its Spike Protein and hACE2 Affinity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9131. [PMID: 34502041 PMCID: PMC8431609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in December 2019 has caused a global pandemic. The rapid mutation rate in the virus has created alarming situations worldwide and is being attributed to the false negativity in RT-PCR tests. It has also increased the chances of reinfection and immune escape. Recently various lineages namely, B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.1 (Kappa), B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.617.3 have caused rapid infection around the globe. To understand the biophysical perspective, we have performed molecular dynamic simulations of four different spikes (receptor binding domain)-hACE2 complexes, namely wildtype (WT), Alpha variant (N501Y spike mutant), Kappa (L452R, E484Q) and Delta (L452R, T478K), and compared their dynamics, binding energy and molecular interactions. Our results show that mutation has caused significant increase in the binding energy between the spike and hACE2 in Alpha and Kappa variants. In the case of Kappa and Delta variants, the mutations at L452R, T478K and E484Q increased the stability and intra-chain interactions in the spike protein, which may change the interaction ability of neutralizing antibodies to these spike variants. Further, we found that the Alpha variant had increased hydrogen interaction with Lys353 of hACE2 and more binding affinity in comparison to WT. The current study provides the biophysical basis for understanding the molecular mechanism and rationale behind the increase in the transmissivity and infectivity of the mutants compared to wild-type SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Kumar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; (V.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Jasdeep Singh
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; (V.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Seyed E. Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; (V.K.); (J.S.)
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201301, India
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; (V.K.); (J.S.)
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Zahraa Talib Khudhair, Shihab MS, Hamah-Ameen B. Drugs that Might Be Possibly Used for Treatment of COVID-19 Patients. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021; 47:789-804. [PMID: 34456540 PMCID: PMC8380022 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The drug development process for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the research process to create a preventive vaccine or therapeutic prescription drug to relieve the severity of 2019-2020 (COVID-19). In different stages of preclinical or clinical research, several hundred special scientific research centers, research organizations, and health agencies have developed and tried enormous numbers of vaccine candidates and new drugs for COVID-19 disease. In order to identify new therapies against COVID-19, several clinical trials have been in progress worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Salih Shihab
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, 10001 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Baram Hamah-Ameen
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, 46001 Sulaimaneyah, Iraq
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M Mansour S, N Shamma R, A Ahmed K, A Sabry N, Esmat G, A Mahmoud A, Maged A. Safety of inhaled ivermectin as a repurposed direct drug for treatment of COVID-19: A preclinical tolerance study. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108004. [PMID: 34333358 PMCID: PMC8299187 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell cultures has been shown to be inhibited by ivermectin. However, ivermectin's low aqueous solubility and bioavailability hinders its application in COVID-19 treatment. Also, it has been suggested that best outcomes for this medication can be achieved via direct administration to the lung. Objectives This study aimed at evaluating the safety of a novel ivermectin inhalable formulation in rats as a pre-clinical step. Methods Hydroxy propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was used to formulate readily soluble ivermectin lyophilized powder. Adult male rats were used to test lung toxicity for ivermectin-HP-β-CD formulations in doses of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg for 3 successive days. Results The X-ray diffraction for lyophilized ivermectin-HP-β-CD revealed its amorphous structure that increased drug aqueous solubility 127-fold and was rapidly dissolved within 5 s in saline. Pulmonary administration of ivermectin-HP-β-CD in doses of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg showed dose-dependent increase in levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-13 and ICAM-1 as well as gene expression of MCP-1, protein expression of PIII-NP and serum levels of SP-D paralleled by reduction in IL-10. Moreover, lungs treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) revealed mild histopathological alterations, while severe pulmonary damage was seen in rats treated with ivermectin at doses of 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg. However, ivermectin-HP-β-CD formulation administered in doses of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg revealed safety profiles. Conclusion The safety of inhaled ivermectin-HP-β-CD formulation is dose-dependent. Nevertheless, use of low doses (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) could be considered as a possible therapeutic regimen in COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab N Shamma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Nirmeen A Sabry
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Gamal Esmat
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Azza A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Maged
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Factory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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30
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Ben-Zuk N, Dechtman ID, Henn I, Weiss L, Afriat A, Krasner E, Gal Y. Potential Prophylactic Treatments for COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:1292. [PMID: 34372498 PMCID: PMC8310088 DOI: 10.3390/v13071292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern at the end of January 2020 and a pandemic two months later. The virus primarily spreads between humans via respiratory droplets, and is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can vary in severity, from asymptomatic or mild disease (the vast majority of the cases) to respiratory failure, multi-organ failure, and death. Recently, several vaccines were approved for emergency use against SARS-CoV-2. However, their worldwide availability is acutely limited, and therefore, SARS-CoV-2 is still expected to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the upcoming year. Hence, additional countermeasures are needed, particularly pharmaceutical drugs that are widely accessible, safe, scalable, and affordable. In this comprehensive review, we target the prophylactic arena, focusing on small-molecule candidates. In order to consolidate a potential list of such medications, which were categorized as either antivirals, repurposed drugs, or miscellaneous, a thorough screening for relevant clinical trials was conducted. A brief molecular and/or clinical background is provided for each potential drug, rationalizing its prophylactic use as an antiviral or inflammatory modulator. Drug safety profiles are discussed, and current medical indications and research status regarding their relevance to COVID-19 are shortly reviewed. In the near future, a significant body of information regarding the effectiveness of drugs being clinically studied for COVID-19 is expected to accumulate, in addition to information regarding the efficacy of prophylactic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Ben-Zuk
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Ido-David Dechtman
- The Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Military Post 02149, Israel;
- Pulmonology Department, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, 62 Halochamim Street, Holon 5822012, Israel
| | - Itai Henn
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Libby Weiss
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Amichay Afriat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Esther Krasner
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Yoav Gal
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel
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Meini S. Re: "Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk COVID-19 Patients That Should Be Ramped up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic Crisis". Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:1434-1435. [PMID: 33324973 PMCID: PMC7799266 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Meini
- Internal Medicine Unit. Felice Lotti Hospital, Pontedera; Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, Pisa, Italy
- Corresponding to: Simone Meini (e-mail: )
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Alam S, Kamal TB, Sarker MMR, Zhou JR, Rahman SMA, Mohamed IN. Therapeutic Effectiveness and Safety of Repurposing Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19: Position Standing in 2021. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659577. [PMID: 34220503 PMCID: PMC8243370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, transmitted by SARS-CoV-2, is one of the most serious pandemic situations in the history of mankind, and has already infected a huge population across the globe. This horrendously contagious viral outbreak was first identified in China and within a very short time it affected the world's health, transport, economic, and academic sectors. Despite the recent approval of a few anti-COVID-19 vaccines, their unavailability and insufficiency along with the lack of other potential therapeutic options are continuing to worsen the situation, with valuable lives continuing to be lost. In this situation, researchers across the globe are focusing on repurposing prospective drugs and prophylaxis such as favipiravir, remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, lopinavir-ritonavir, azithromycin, doxycycline, ACEIs/ARBs, rivaroxaban, and protease inhibitors, which were preliminarily based on in vitro and in vivo pharmacological and toxicological study reports followed by clinical applications. Based on available preliminary data derived from limited clinical trials, the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and USFDA also recommended a few drugs to be repurposed i.e., hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and favipiravir. However, World Health Organization later recommended against the use of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of COVID-19 infections. Combining basic knowledge of viral pathogenesis and pharmacodynamics of drug molecules as well as in silico approaches, many drug candidates have been investigated in clinical trials, some of which have been proven to be partially effective against COVID-19, and many of the other drugs are currently under extensive screening. The repurposing of prospective drug candidates from different stages of evaluation can be a handy wellspring in COVID-19 management and treatment along with approved anti-COVID-19 vaccines. This review article combined the information from completed clinical trials, case series, cohort studies, meta-analyses, and retrospective studies to focus on the current status of repurposing drugs in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S. M. Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sajjad H, Majeed M, Imtiaz S, Siddiqah M, Sajjad A, Din M, Ali M. Origin, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Options for SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021; 76:2655-2673. [PMID: 34092799 PMCID: PMC8170627 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging viral infections are among the greatest challenges in the public health sector in the twenty-first century. Among these, most of the viruses jump from other species of animals to humans called zoonotic viruses. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), by crossing species-barrier, has infected the human population for the third time in the current century and has caused the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) . Mutation and adaptation for years have greatly influenced the co-evolution and existence of coronaviruses and their possible hosts including humans. The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in China thrust coronaviruses into the limelight and shocked the world. Presently, no coronavirus vaccines are clinically available to combat the virus's devastating effects. To counter the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is therefore important to understand the complex nature of coronaviruses and their clinical attributes. SARS and MERS outbreaks had ultimately led to socio-economic deprivation in the previous decades. In addressing the recent disastrous situation, the COVID-19 pandemic still needs some lessons from prior experience. In this review, we have highlighted the chronological order of coronavirus strains, their genomic features, the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2, and its disastrous repercussions on the world. We have also suggested some therapeutic options that could be effective against the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humna Sajjad
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saiqa Imtiaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mariyam Siddiqah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anila Sajjad
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Misbahud Din
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Chemotherapy vs. Immunotherapy in combating nCOVID19: An update. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:649-658. [PMID: 34020832 PMCID: PMC8130497 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nCOVID-19 pandemic initiated its course of contagion from the city of Wuhan and now it has spread all over the globe. SARS-CoV-2 is the causative virus and the infection as well as its symptoms are distributed across the multi-organ perimeters. Interactions between the host and virus governs the induction of ‘cytokine storm’ resulting various immunopathological consequences leading to death. Till now it has caused tens of millions of casualties and yet no credible cure has emerged to vision. This article presents a comprehensive overview on the two most promising remedial approaches that are being attempted for the management, treatment, and plausible cure of nCOVID-19. In this context, chemotherapeutic approach primarily aims to interrupt the interactions between the host and the virus causing inhibition of its entry into the host cell and/or its proliferation and suppressing the inflammatory milieu in the infected patients. On the other side, immunotherapeutic approaches aim to modulate the host immunity by fine tuning the inflammatory signaling cascades to achieve phylaxis from the virus and restoring immune-homeostasis. Considering most of the path-breaking findings, combinatorial therapy involving of chemotherapeutics as well as vaccine could usher to be a hope for all of us to eradicate the crisis
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Inhibition of interferon-stimulated gene 15 and lysine 48-linked ubiquitin binding to the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease by small molecules: In silico studies. Chem Phys Lett 2021; 771:138468. [PMID: 33716308 PMCID: PMC7938750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) is a suitable target for drug development, and its deubiquitinating and deISGylating activities have also been reported. In this study, molecular docking was used to investigate the binding properties of a selection of dietary compounds and naphthalene-based inhibitors to the previously characterised binding site of GRL-0617. The structures of the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV PLpro in complex with interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and lysine 48 (K48)-linked diubiquitin were utilised. To predict whether compounds could potentially interfere with the binding of these cellular modifiers, docking was conducted in the absence and presence of ISG15 and K48-linked diubiquitin.
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Overview of COVID-19 Disease: Virology, Epidemiology, Prevention Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccines. Biologics 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses belong to the “Coronaviridae family”, which causes various diseases, from the common cold to SARS and MERS. The coronavirus is naturally prevalent in mammals and birds. So far, six human-transmitted coronaviruses have been discovered. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, and fatigue, but in acute cases, the disease can lead to severe shortness of breath, hypoxia, and death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the three main transmission routes, such as droplet and contact routes, airborne transmission and fecal and oral for COVID-19, have been identified. So far, no definitive curative treatment has been discovered for COVID-19, and the available treatments are only to reduce the complications of the disease. According to the World Health Organization, preventive measures at the public health level such as quarantine of the infected person, identification and monitoring of contacts, disinfection of the environment, and personal protective equipment can significantly prevent the outbreak COVID-19. Currently, based on the urgent needs of the community to control this pandemic, the BNT162b2 (Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), CoronaVac (Sinovac), Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research, and Development), BBIBP-CorV (Sinofarm), and AZD1222 (The University of Oxford; AstraZeneca) vaccines have received emergency vaccination licenses from health organizations in vaccine-producing countries. Vasso Apostolopoulos, Majid Hassanzadeganroudsari
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Wu L, Zheng Y, Liu J, Luo R, Wu D, Xu P, Wu D, Li X. Comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of LPV/r drugs in the treatment of SARS and MERS to provide potential treatment options for COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10833-10852. [PMID: 33879634 PMCID: PMC8109137 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experienced an outbreak that expanded worldwide. Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), which is used effectively for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus infections, was applied for COVID-19 treatment given similarities in the molecular structures of these viruses. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir antiviral treatment in patients with SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. After registration with INPLASY, a search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Cochrane Library, WanFang Data, China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) and other databases for all relevant literature on lopinavir/ritonavir treatment of SARS, MERS and COVID-19. The Cochrane Collaboration's bias risk assessment tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) were used to evaluate the quality of the literature, and RevMan 5.3 software was used to evaluate the relevant outcome indicators of the efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of COVID-19. A total of 18 eligible studies (including randomized controlled studies, cohort studies, and case-control studies) were retrieved and included with a total of 2273 patients. The lopinavir/ritonavir group exhibited an increased nucleic acid conversion rate (P=0.004), higher virus clearance rate (P<0.0001), lower mortality rate (P=0.002), and reduced incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (P=0.02) compared with the control group. No significant benefit in the improvement rate of chest CT (P=0.08) or incidence of adverse events (P=0.45) was noted. The lopinavir/ritonavir group had a lower incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (P=0.02). According to the clinical prognostic results, the incidence of adverse events between the two groups was not statistically significant (P<0.0001). The efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of patients with SARS, MERS and COVID-19 was significantly better than that of the control. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse events did not significantly increase. Lopinavir/ritonavir is effective in the treatment of COVID-19, and this combination should be further assessed in RCT studies. In addition, when we analyzed the differences in age and sex, we found that the differences were statistically significant in the safety and effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with COVID-19, and both of these factors played a significant role in the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusheng Wu
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuzhen Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Jixian Liu
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruixing Luo
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Dingwang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Da Wu
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
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Franklyne JS, Gopinath PM, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Nanoemulsions: The rising star of antiviral therapeutics and nanodelivery system-current status and prospects. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 54:101458. [PMID: 33814954 PMCID: PMC8007535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions (NEs) of essential oil (EO) have significant potential to target microorganisms, especially viruses. They act as a vehicle for delivering antiviral drugs and vaccines. Narrowing of drug discovery pipeline and the emergence of new viral diseases, especially, coronavirus disease, have created a niche to use NEs for augmenting currently available therapeutic options. Published literature demonstrated that EOs have an inherent broad spectrum of activity across bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The emulsification process significantly improved the efficacy of the active ingredients in the EOs. This article highlights the research findings and patent developments in the last 2 years especially, in EO antiviral activity, antiviral drug delivery, vaccine delivery, viral resistance development, and repurposing EO compounds against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, 32014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Deinhardt-Emmer S, Wittschieber D, Sanft J, Kleemann S, Elschner S, Haupt KF, Vau V, Häring C, Rödel J, Henke A, Ehrhardt C, Bauer M, Philipp M, Gaßler N, Nietzsche S, Löffler B, Mall G. Early postmortem mapping of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in patients with COVID-19 and the correlation with tissue damage. eLife 2021; 10:e60361. [PMID: 33781385 PMCID: PMC8009677 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations indicate that COVID-19 is a systemic disease. An investigation of the viral distribution within the human body and its correlation with tissue damage can aid in understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We present a detailed mapping of the viral RNA in 61 tissues and organs of 11 deceased patients with COVID-19. The autopsies were performed within the early postmortem interval (between 1.5 and 15 hr, mean: 5.6 hr) to minimize the bias due to viral RNA and tissue degradation. Very high viral loads (>104copies/ml) were detected in most patients' lungs, and the presence of intact viral particles in the lung tissue could be verified by transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, viral RNA was detected throughout various extrapulmonary tissues and organs without visible tissue damage. The dissemination of SARS-CoV-2-RNA throughout the body supports the hypothesis that there is a maladaptive host response with viremia and multiorgan dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliane Sanft
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Sandra Kleemann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Stefan Elschner
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | | | - Vanessa Vau
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Clio Häring
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Andreas Henke
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Mike Philipp
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Greiz General HospitalGreizGermany
| | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Section of Surgical Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Gita Mall
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
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40
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Habler K, Brügel M, Teupser D, Liebchen U, Scharf C, Schönermarck U, Vogeser M, Paal M. Simultaneous quantification of seven repurposed COVID-19 drugs remdesivir (plus metabolite GS-441524), chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, favipiravir and azithromycin by a two-dimensional isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method in human serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 196:113935. [PMID: 33548872 PMCID: PMC7843035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present COVID-19 pandemic has prompted worldwide repurposing of drugs. The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a two-dimensional isotope-dilution liquid chromatrography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) method for accurate quantification of remdesivir and its active metabolite GS-441524, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, favipiravir and azithromycin in serum; drugs that have gained attention for repurposing in the treatment of COVID-19. METHODS Following protein precipitation, samples were separated with a two-dimensional ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (2D-UHPLC) setup, consisting of an online solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to an analytical column. For quantification, stable isotope-labelled analogues were used as internal standards for all analytes. The method was validated on the basis of the European Medicines Agency bioanalytical method validation protocol. RESULTS Detuning of lopinavir and ritonavir allowed simultaneous quantification of all analytes with different concentration ranges and sensitivity with a uniform injection volume of 5 μL. The method provided robust validation results with inaccuracy and imprecision values of ≤ 9.59 % and ≤ 11.1 % for all quality controls. CONCLUSION The presented method is suitable for accurate and simultaneous quantification of remdesivir, its metabolite GS-441525, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, favipiravir and azithromycin in human serum. The quantitative assay may be an efficient tool for the therapeutic drug monitoring of these potential drug candidates in COVID-19 patients in order to increase treatment efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Habler
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Brügel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Liebchen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Scharf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Ulf Schönermarck
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vogeser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Paal
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
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Birkhoelzer SM, Cowan E, Guha K. COVID-19: treatments and the potential for cardiotoxicity. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY 2021; 28:7. [PMID: 35747481 PMCID: PMC8822515 DOI: 10.5837/bjc.2021.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of medications including antimalarial preparations (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine), macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin) and the interleukin-6 inhibitor (tocilizumab) may be effective in treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Such agents may be associated with cardiotoxicity, and the purpose of this brief review is to draw attention to potential areas of pharmacovigilance. These include prolongation of the QT-interval and the development of occult cardiomyopathy. Alternatively, some of the agents seem to have minimal impact on the cardiovascular system. The review highlights the need for an ongoing evaluation of such agents within carefully constructed clinical trials with embedded attention to cardiovascular safety. The reason to be cautious when evaluating curative or symptomatic treatments is the fact that SARS-CoV-2 has affected large segments of the population, with disproportionate mortality rates within certain subgroups. Some of the enhanced mortality may reflect inherent cardiovascular disease risk factors related to acute COVID-19 infection. It is hoped that the review will stimulate a greater awareness of potential cardiovascular side effects and encourage reporting of those in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Maria Birkhoelzer
- Cardiology Registrar Department of Cardiology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Southwick Hill Road, Cosham, Portsmouth, PO6 3LY
| | - Elena Cowan
- Cardiology Research Fellow Department of Cardiology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Southwick Hill Road, Cosham, Portsmouth, PO6 3LY
| | - Kaushik Guha
- Consultant Cardiologist and Heart Failure Specialist Department of Cardiology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Southwick Hill Road, Cosham, Portsmouth, PO6 3LY
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Manafi N, Ghiasvand F. Reply to the letter to the editor "Azithromycin, treatment in COVID-19". Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 57:106279. [PMID: 33476734 PMCID: PMC7816577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Manafi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, school of Medicine, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ghiasvand
- Liver Transplantation Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14197-33141, Iran.
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ElBagoury M, Tolba MM, Nasser HA, Jabbar A, Elagouz AM, Aktham Y, Hutchinson A. The find of COVID-19 vaccine: Challenges and opportunities. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:389-416. [PMID: 33647555 PMCID: PMC7773313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a novel corona virus, causing COVID-19 with Flu-like symptoms is the first alarming pandemic of the third millennium. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to beta coronavirus as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Pandemic COVID-19 owes devastating mortality and destructively exceptional consequences on Socio-Economics life around the world. Therefore, the current review is redirected to the scientific community to owe comprehensive visualization about SARS-CoV-2 to tackle the current pandemic. As systematically shown through the current review, it indexes unmet medical problem of COVID-19 in view of public health and vaccination discovery for the infectious SARS-CoV-2; it is currently under-investigational therapeutic protocols, and next possible vaccines. Furthermore, the review extensively reports the precautionary measures to achieve" COVID-19/Flatten the curve". It is concluded that vaccines formulation within exceptional no time in this pandemic is highly recommended, via following the same protocols of previous pandemics; MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and excluding some initial steps of vaccination development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan ElBagoury
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; The Student Science and Technology Online Research Coop, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mahmoud M Tolba
- Pharmaceutical division, ministry of health and population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah A Nasser
- Microbiology and Public Health Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Punjab Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M Elagouz
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Yahia Aktham
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- The Student Science and Technology Online Research Coop, Ontario, Canada; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Shariare MH, Parvez MAK, Karikas GA, Kazi M. The growing complexity of COVID-19 drug and vaccine candidates: challenges and critical transitions. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:214-220. [PMID: 33493917 PMCID: PMC7833287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has nowadays affected almost all our societies and global health systems. The latest deadly pandemic has heavily influenced both life and livelihood worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is the causative organism of COVID-19, that is spreading and infecting significantly higher compared to other coronavirus, due to its constant mutation characteristics. At present although several extensive clinical trials are ongoing, neither approved drug therapy nor any vaccine are available to safely fight SARS-CoV-2. However, a progressive race among numerous research groups to discover a radical cure for the COVID-19 is under way. This review aims to provide an updated insight of the current research, development and trials on repurposing existing drugs and preventive intervention for COVID-19, along with the related issues, complexities and challenges, especially after the observed high transmissibility lately.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Anowar Khasru Parvez
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Treasurer, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh
| | - George A Karikas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutics, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA.
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45
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Rezaee H, Pourkarim F, Pourtaghi‐Anvarian S, Entezari‐Maleki T, Asvadi‐Kermani T, Nouri‐Vaskeh M. Drug-drug interactions with candidate medications used for COVID-19 treatment: An overview. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00705. [PMID: 33421347 PMCID: PMC7796804 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-drug interaction (DDI) is a common clinical problem that has occurred as a result of the concomitant use of multiple drugs. DDI may occur in patients under treatment with medications used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; i.e., chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, tocilizumab, and remdesivir) and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions such as QT-prolongation, retinopathy, increased risk of infection, and hepatotoxicity. This review focuses on summarizing DDIs for candidate medications used for COVID-19 in order to minimize the adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Rezaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Fariba Pourkarim
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | | | - Taher Entezari‐Maleki
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Touraj Asvadi‐Kermani
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Masoud Nouri‐Vaskeh
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMAUniversal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERNTehranIran
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Vespa E, Pugliese N, Colapietro F, Aghemo A. Stay (GI) Healthy: COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Manifestations. TECHNIQUES AND INNOVATIONS IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 2021; 23:179-189. [PMID: 33521703 PMCID: PMC7825983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tige.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for COVID-19, whose clinical spectrum ranges widely, both in terms of severity and multi-organicity. SARS-CoV-2 mainly involves the respiratory tract, causing from a flu-like syndrome to interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although its entry receptor, angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2, is typically expressed in epithelial cells of the airways, extra-pulmonary involvement has been consistently demonstrated since the beginning of the outbreak. Gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19 may be explained by the abundant expression of ACE2 in the digestive tract. Moreover, not only COVID-19 patients often present with GI symptoms (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain) and liver tests abnormalities, but there are also data showing active viral replication in the GI tract and possible fecal-oral transmission. Aim of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding prevalence and clinical significance of GI involvement and liver abnormalities in patients with COVID-19, providing the reader with evidence-based recommendations on the management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Vespa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University,Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy,Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Pugliese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University,Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy,Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Colapietro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University,Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy,Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Aghemo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University,Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy,Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Alessio Aghemo, MD, PhD Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele – Milan, Italy; Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Cusinato J, Cau Y, Calvani AM, Mori M. Repurposing drugs for the management of COVID-19. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 31:295-307. [PMID: 33283567 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1861248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 represents a serious health issue worldwide, with more than 61 million cases and more than 1.4 million deaths since the beginning of the epidemic near the end of 2019. The scientific community strongly responded to this emergency situation with massive research efforts, mostly focused on diagnosis and clinical investigation of therapeutic solutions. In this scenario, drug repurposing played a crucial role in accelerating advanced clinical testing and shortening the time to access the regulatory review.Areas covered: This review covers the main and most successful drug repurposing approaches from a design, clinical, and regulatory standpoint. Available patents on repurposed drugs are also discussed.Expert opinion: Drug repurposing proved highly successful in response to the current pandemic, with remdesivir becoming the first specific antiviral drug approved for the treatment of COVID-19. In parallel, a number of drugs such as corticosteroids and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are used to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients, while clinical testing of additional therapeutic options is ongoing. It is reasonably expected that these research efforts will deliver optimized and specific therapeutic tools that will increase the preparedness of health systems to possible future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Cusinato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ylenia Cau
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Hospital Pharmacy School, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Calvani
- AOU Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Hospital Pharmacy, AOU Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Pan Y, Li Q, Yu X, Luo Q, Qin T, Xin N, Zhang Q, Li X, Du X, Zhao Q, Sun L. Retrospective analysis of the effect of current clinical medications and clinicopathological factors on viral shedding in COVID-19 patients. Biomed Rep 2020; 13:68. [PMID: 33194192 PMCID: PMC7657086 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors associated with prolonged shedding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to evaluate the effects of current clinical and clinicopathological factors on viral shedding in patients. A total of 186 COVID-19 inpatients were enrolled in this multicentre retrospective analysis. Detailed clinical data of each patient were collected, and the factors that affected the duration of viral shedding were retrospectively analysed. The median duration of viral shedding in the 186 COVID-19 patients was 13 days. The median duration of viral shedding was 12 days in non-severe patients, and 17 days in severe patients, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.001). Multi-factor regression analysis suggested that the onset-hospitalization interval [odds ratio (OR), 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-1.41; P<0.001] and comorbidity with a chronic disease (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.14-5.17; P=0.021) were independent risk factors for prolonged viral shedding, whereas lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) was an independent protective factor (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11-0.75; P=0.011). Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that the onset-drug interval was positively correlated with the duration of viral shedding (r=0.446; P<0.0001). Umifenovir, and low and short courses of glucocorticoids were not associated with prolonged viral shedding. The prolonged viral shedding was the initial causative factor of persistent aggravation of the patient's conditions. The interval between presentation of symptoms and hospitalization as well as complications with a comorbid chronic disease were independent risk factors for prolonged viral shedding. LPV/r shortened the duration of viral shedding, and the smaller the interval between presentation and LPV/r onset was, the faster viral shedding occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Qiankun Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Ningbo Xin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhengzhou Sixth People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xianyang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenqiu County People's Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan 466300, P.R. China
| | - Xinwei Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, Jiangsu 205011, P.R. China
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhengzhou Sixth People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Pecho-Silva S, Navarro-Solsol AC, Panduro-Correa V, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Arteaga-Livias K. Estudios “Solidaridad” a la medida de Latinoamérica. BIONATURA 2020; 5:1293-1294. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2020.05.04.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Desde que los primeros casos de la infección con el coronavirus del síndrome Respiratorio agudo severo por coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) fueron descritos en Wuhan, provincia de Hubei en China, comenzó una carrera contra reloj por la búsqueda de un tratamiento efectivo, que pueda disminuir la carga de morbimortalidad ocasionada por la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Muchos estudios fueron planteados para probar la conveniencia de múltiples drogas, tanto conocidas, como otras de reciente fabricación 1,2.
Uno de los hitos más importantes en este contexto fue el anuncio del estudio “Solidarity” por parte de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el cual se llevaría a cabo en algunos países de Europa. Debido a la importancia de este estudio muchos países que no fueron inicialmente considerados, fueron sumándose en el resto del mundo. El objetivo de este estudio era valorar distintos tratamientos propuestos y utilizados contra el COVID-19. Del mismo modo la Universidad de Oxford y los sistemas de salud del Reino Unido dieron inicio al estudio RECOVERY (Randomized Evaluation of COVid-19 Therapy) también con varios tratamientos a ser probados.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Maestría en Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú 3. Universidad Nacional de Ucayali. Pucallpa, Perú Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Kovy Arteaga-Livias
- Maestría en Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
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Wang J, Zhu X, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang W. Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine combined with routine western medicine for the asymptomatic novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A Bayesian network meta-analysis protocol. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21927. [PMID: 32871931 PMCID: PMC7458228 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of patients infected with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has exceeded 10 million in 2020, and a large proportion of them are asymptomatic. At present, there is still no effective treatment for this disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) shows a good therapeutic effect on COVID-19, especially for asymptomatic patients. According to the search results, we found that although there are many studies on COVID-19, there are no studies targeting asymptomatic infections. Therefore, we design a network meta-analysis (NMA) to evaluate the therapeutic effect of TCM on asymptomatic COVID-19. METHODS We will search Chinese and English databases to collect all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TCM combined with conventional western medicine or using only TCM to treat asymptomatic COVID-19 from December 2019 to July 2020. Then, two investigators will independently filter the articles, extract data, and evaluate the risk of bias. We will conduct a Bayesian NMA to evaluate the effects of different therapies. All data will be processed by Stata 16.0 and WinBUGS. RESULTS This study will evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments for asymptomatic COVID-19. The outcome indicators include the time when the nucleic acid turned negative, the proportion of patients with disease progression, changes in laboratory indicators, and the side effects of drugs. CONCLUSION This analysis will further improve the treatment of asymptomatic COVID-19. INPLASY REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY202070022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Wang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xue Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
| | - Yuying Sun
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Hedong District, Linyi City, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
| | - Wei Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
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