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Najihah AZ, Hassan MZ, Ismail Z. Current trend on preparation, characterization and biomedical applications of natural polysaccharide-based nanomaterial reinforcement hydrogels: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132411. [PMID: 38821798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The tunable properties of hydrogels have led to their widespread use in various biomedical applications such as wound treatment, drug delivery, contact lenses, tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting. Among these applications, natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels, which are fabricated from materials like agarose, alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, cellulose, pectin and chondroitin sulfate, stand out as preferred choices due to their biocompatibility and advantageous fabrication characteristics. Despite the inherent biocompatibility, polysaccharide-based hydrogels on their own tend to be weak in physiochemical and mechanical properties. Therefore, further reinforcement in the hydrogel is necessary to enhance its suitability for specific applications, ensuring optimal performance in diverse settings. Integrating nanomaterials into hydrogels has proven effective in improving the overall network and performance of the hydrogel. This approach also addresses the limitations associated with pure hydrogels. Next, an overview of recent trends in the fabrication and applications of hydrogels was presented. The characterization of hydrogels was further discussed, focusing specifically on the reinforcement achieved with various hydrogel materials used so far. Finally, a few challenges associated with hydrogels by using polysaccharide-based nanomaterial were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Najihah
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Zaki Hassan
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zarini Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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2
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Tamo AK. Nanocellulose-based hydrogels as versatile materials with interesting functional properties for tissue engineering applications. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38805188 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has emerged as a remarkable field aiming to restore or replace damaged tissues through the use of biomimetic constructs. Among the diverse materials investigated for this purpose, nanocellulose-based hydrogels have garnered attention due to their intriguing biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and sustainability. Over the past few years, numerous research works have been published focusing on the successful use of nanocellulose-based hydrogels as artificial extracellular matrices for regenerating various types of tissues. The review emphasizes the importance of tissue engineering, highlighting hydrogels as biomimetic scaffolds, and specifically focuses on the role of nanocellulose in composites that mimic the structures, properties, and functions of the native extracellular matrix for regenerating damaged tissues. It also summarizes the types of nanocellulose, as well as their structural, mechanical, and biological properties, and their contributions to enhancing the properties and characteristics of functional hydrogels for tissue engineering of skin, bone, cartilage, heart, nerves and blood vessels. Additionally, recent advancements in the application of nanocellulose-based hydrogels for tissue engineering have been evaluated and documented. The review also addresses the challenges encountered in their fabrication while exploring the potential future prospects of these hydrogel matrices for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France
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3
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Li Y, Chu C, Chen C, Sun B, Wu J, Wang S, Ding W, Sun D. Quaternized chitosan/oxidized bacterial cellulose cryogels with shape recovery for noncompressible hemorrhage and wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121679. [PMID: 38171689 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Management of noncompressible torso hemorrhage is an urgent clinical requirement, desiring biomaterials with rapid hemostasis, anti-infection and excellent resilient properties. In this research, we have prepared a highly resilient cryogel with both hemostatic and antibacterial effects by chemical crosslinking and electrostatic interaction. The network structure crosslinked by quaternized chitosan and genipin was interspersed with oxidized bacterial cellulose after lyophilization. The as-prepared cryogel can quickly return to the original volume when soaking in water or blood. The appropriately sized pores in the cryogel help to absorb blood cells and further activate coagulation, while the quaternary ammonium salt groups on quaternized chitosan inhibit bacterial infections. Both cell and animal experiments showed that the cryogel was hypotoxic and could promote the regeneration of wound tissue. This research provides a new pathway for the preparation of double crosslinking cryogels and offers effective and safe biomaterials for the emergent bleeding management of incompressible wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Li
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengnan Chu
- Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuntao Chen
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bianjing Sun
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic (Burn) Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Weiwei Ding
- Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongping Sun
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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4
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Chang SH, Jampang AOA. Enhanced adsorption selectivity of Au(III) over Cu(II) from acidic chloride solutions by chitosan/palm kernel fatty acid distillate/magnetite nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126491. [PMID: 37625756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop a modified chitosan adsorbent with enhanced adsorption selectivity for Au(III) over Cu(II) from acidic chloride solutions using low-cost and green raw materials. Various adsorbents, i.e., chitosan powder, chitosan microbeads, chitosan/palm kernel fatty acid distillate (PKFAD) microcomposites, magnetite nanoparticles, and chitosan/PKFAD/magnetite nanocomposites (CPMNs), were first evaluated for their ability to adsorb Au(III) and Cu(II) from single- and binary-metal solutions across different pH levels, followed by parametric analysis of Au(III) and Cu(II) adsorption from binary- and multi-metal solutions onto CPMNs, Au(III) desorption from Au(III)-loaded CPMNs, and reusability of CPMNs. Finally, Au(III)-loaded CPMNs were characterized with SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, and XPS to confirm the proposed adsorption mechanisms. Among all the adsorbents studied, CPMNs exhibited outstanding performance in adsorbing Au(III) from an equimolar binary Au(III)-Cu(II) solution, achieving the highest equilibrium adsorption capacity of 0.479 mmol/g (94.4 mg/g) without reaching saturation. Under optimal adsorption conditions of pH 3, 1 g/L CPMN dosage, and 90 min contact time, CPMNs adsorbed 96 % of Au(III) with a selectivity over Cu(II) exceeding 99 %. CPMNs demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining over 80 % adsorption and desorption efficiencies for 5 cycles. The proposed adsorption mechanisms of CPMNs for Au(III) encompass electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, solvation, and reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Hua Chang
- Waste Management and Resource Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Annestasia Ollat Anak Jampang
- Waste Management and Resource Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia
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5
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Zagoskin YD, Sergeeva YE, Fomina YS, Sukhinov DV, Malakhov SN, Osidak EO, Khramtsova EA, Gotovtsev PM, Chvalun SN, Grigoriev TE. Porous Polylactide Microparticles as Effective Fillers for Hydrogels. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:565. [PMID: 38132504 PMCID: PMC10741550 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High-strength composite hydrogels based on collagen or chitosan-genipin were obtained via mixing using highly porous polylactide (PLA) microparticles with diameters of 50-75 µm and porosity values of over 98%. The elastic modulus of hydrogels depended on the filler concentration. The modulus increased from 80 kPa to 400-600 kPa at a concentration of porous particles of 12-15 wt.% and up to 1.8 MPa at a filling of 20-25 wt.% for collagen hydrogels. The elastic modulus of the chitosan-genipin hydrogel increases from 75 kPa to 900 kPa at a fraction of particles of 20 wt.%. These elastic modulus values cover a range of strength properties from connective tissue to cartilage tissue. It is important to note that the increase in strength in this case is accompanied by a decrease in the density of the material, that is, an increase in porosity. PLA particles were loaded with C-phycocyanin and showed an advanced release profile up to 48 h. Thus, composite hydrogels mimic the structure, biomechanics and release of biomolecules in the tissues of a living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy D. Zagoskin
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.Z.); (Y.E.S.); (Y.S.F.); (D.V.S.); (S.N.M.); (S.N.C.); (T.E.G.)
| | - Yana E. Sergeeva
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.Z.); (Y.E.S.); (Y.S.F.); (D.V.S.); (S.N.M.); (S.N.C.); (T.E.G.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Yuliya S. Fomina
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.Z.); (Y.E.S.); (Y.S.F.); (D.V.S.); (S.N.M.); (S.N.C.); (T.E.G.)
| | - Daniil V. Sukhinov
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.Z.); (Y.E.S.); (Y.S.F.); (D.V.S.); (S.N.M.); (S.N.C.); (T.E.G.)
| | - Sergey N. Malakhov
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.Z.); (Y.E.S.); (Y.S.F.); (D.V.S.); (S.N.M.); (S.N.C.); (T.E.G.)
| | - Egor O. Osidak
- Imtek Ltd., 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Khramtsova
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pavel M. Gotovtsev
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.Z.); (Y.E.S.); (Y.S.F.); (D.V.S.); (S.N.M.); (S.N.C.); (T.E.G.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Sergei N. Chvalun
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.Z.); (Y.E.S.); (Y.S.F.); (D.V.S.); (S.N.M.); (S.N.C.); (T.E.G.)
| | - Timofei E. Grigoriev
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.Z.); (Y.E.S.); (Y.S.F.); (D.V.S.); (S.N.M.); (S.N.C.); (T.E.G.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
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6
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Do NHN, Huynh TNA, Le TX, Ha AC, Le PK. Encapsulation of Triphasia trifolia extracts by pH and thermal dual-sensitive chitosan hydrogels for controlled release. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121264. [PMID: 37659803 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have developed varied delivery systems incorporating natural compounds to improve the limitations of plant extracts for clinical use while enabling their controlled release at treatment sites. For the first time, ethanolic limeberry extract (Triphasia trifolia) has been successfully encapsulated in thermo-sensitive chitosan hydrogels by a facile in situ loading. The extract-incorporated chitosan hydrogels have a pH value of nearly 7.00, gelation temperatures in the range of 37-38 °C, and exhibit an open-cell porous structure, thus allowing them to absorb and retain 756 % of their mass in water. The in vitro extract release from the hydrogels is driven by both temperature and pH, resulting in more than 70 % of the initial extract being released within the first 24 h. Although the release half-life of hydrogels at pH 7.4 is longer, their release capacity is higher than that at pH 6.5. Upon a 2 °C increase in temperature, the time to release 50 % initial extract is sharply reduced by 20-40 %. The release kinetics from the hydrogels mathematically demonstrated that diffusion is a prominent driving force over chitosan relaxation. Consequently, the developed hydrogels encapsulating the limeberry extract show their heat and pH sensitivity in controlled release for treating chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga H N Do
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuan N A Huynh
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tien X Le
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Anh C Ha
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phung K Le
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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7
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Martínez-Blanco Á, Noé S, Carreras-Vidal L, Otero J, Gavara N. Cryosectioning of Hydrogels as a Reliable Approach to Increase Yield and Further Tune Mechanical Properties. Gels 2023; 9:834. [PMID: 37888407 PMCID: PMC10606893 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogels have emerged as promising materials in tissue engineering. The steps to produce dECM hydrogels containing the bioactive epitopes found in the native matrix are often laborious, including the initial harvesting and decellularization of the animal organ. Furthermore, resulting hydrogels often exhibit weak mechanical properties that require the use of additional crosslinkers such as genipin to truly simulate the mechanical properties of the desired study tissue. In this work, we have developed a protocol to readily obtain tens of thin dECM hydrogel cryosections attached to a glass slide as support, to serve as scaffolds for two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. Following extensive atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based mechanical characterization of dECM hydrogels crosslinked with increasing genipin concentrations (5 mM, 10 mM, and 20 mM), we provide detailed protocol recommendations for achieving dECM hydrogels of any biologically relevant stiffness. Given that our protocol requires hydrogel freezing, we also confirm that the approach taken can be further used to increase the mechanical properties of the scaffold in a controlled manner exhibiting twice the stiffness in highly crosslinked arrays. Finally, we explored the effect of ethanol-based short- and long-term sterilization on dECM hydrogels, showing that in some situations it may give rise to significant changes in hydrogel mechanical properties that need to be taken into account in experimental design. The hydrogel cryosections produced were shown to be biocompatible and support cell attachment and spreading for at least 72 h in culture. In brief, our proposed method may provide several advantages for tissue engineering: (1) easy availability and reduction in preparation time, (2) increase in the total hydrogel volume eventually used for experiments being able to obtain 15-22 slides from a 250 µL hydrogel) with a (3) reduction in scaffold variability (only a 17.5 ± 9.5% intraslide variability provided by the method), and (4) compatibility with live-cell imaging techniques or further cell characterization of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- África Martínez-Blanco
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Á.M.-B.); (S.N.); (L.C.-V.); (J.O.)
| | - Sergio Noé
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Á.M.-B.); (S.N.); (L.C.-V.); (J.O.)
| | - Lourdes Carreras-Vidal
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Á.M.-B.); (S.N.); (L.C.-V.); (J.O.)
| | - Jorge Otero
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Á.M.-B.); (S.N.); (L.C.-V.); (J.O.)
- The Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Gavara
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Á.M.-B.); (S.N.); (L.C.-V.); (J.O.)
- The Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Forero JC, Carvajal K, Guzmán F, Acevedo C, Osses N, Santana P. Use of Chitosan from Southern King Crab to Develop Films Functionalized with RGD Peptides for Potential Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:323. [PMID: 37504211 PMCID: PMC10807027 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Southern King Crab (SKC) represents an important fishery resource that has the potential to be a natural source of chitosan (CS) production. In tissue engineering, CS is very useful to generate biomaterials. However, CS has a lack of signaling molecules that facilitate cell-substrate interaction. Therefore, RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) peptides corresponding to the main integrin recognition site in extracellular matrix proteins have been used to improve the CS surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro cell adhesion and proliferation of CS films synthesized from SKC shell wastes functionalized with RGD peptides. The FTIR spectrum of CS isolated from SKC shells (SKC-CS) was comparable to commercial CS. Thermal properties of films showed similar endothermic peaks at 53.4 and 53.0 °C in commercial CS and SKC-CS, respectively. The purification and molecular masses of the synthesized RGD peptides were confirmed using HPLC and ESI-MS mass spectrometry, respectively. Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells showed higher adhesion on SKC-CS (1% w/v) film when it was functionalized with linear RGD peptides. In contrast, a cyclic RGD peptide showed similar adhesion to control peptide (RDG), but the highest cell proliferation was after 48 h of culture. This study shows that functionalization of SKC-CS films with linear or cyclic RGD peptides are useful to improve effects on cell adhesion or cell proliferation. Furthermore, our work contributes to knowledge of a new source of CS to synthesize constructs for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Forero
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2580022, Chile;
| | - Karina Carvajal
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile;
| | - Cristian Acevedo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
| | - Nelson Osses
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Paula Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile
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Thirupathi K, Raorane CJ, Ramkumar V, Ulagesan S, Santhamoorthy M, Raj V, Krishnakumar GS, Phan TTV, Kim SC. Update on Chitosan-Based Hydrogels: Preparation, Characterization, and Its Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Applications. Gels 2022; 9:gels9010035. [PMID: 36661802 PMCID: PMC9858335 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a prominent biopolymer in research for of its physicochemical properties and uses. Each year, the number of publications based on chitosan and its derivatives increases. Because of its comprehensive biological properties, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and tissue regeneration activities, chitosan and its derivatives can be used to prevent and treat soft tissue diseases. Furthermore, chitosan can be employed as a nanocarrier for therapeutic drug delivery. In this review, we will first discuss chitosan and chitosan-based hydrogel polymers. The structure, functionality, and physicochemical characteristics of chitosan-based hydrogels are addressed. Second, a variety of characterization approaches were used to analyze and validate the physicochemical characteristics of chitosan-based hydrogel materials. Finally, we discuss the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal uses of supramolecular chitosan-based hydrogels. This review study can be used as a base for future research into the production of various types of chitosan-based hydrogels in the antibacterial and antifungal fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokila Thirupathi
- Department of Physics, Sri Moogambigai College of Arts and Science for Women, Palacode 636808, India
| | | | - Vanaraj Ramkumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Selvakumari Ulagesan
- Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (T.T.V.P.); (S.-C.K.)
| | - Gopal Shankar Krishnakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Applied Biomaterials Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore 641004, India
| | - Thi Tuong Vy Phan
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Hai Chau, Danang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Hai Chau, Danang 550000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (T.T.V.P.); (S.-C.K.)
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (T.T.V.P.); (S.-C.K.)
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Inthamat P, Lee YS, Boonsiriwit A, Siripatrawan U. Improving moisture barrier and functional properties of active film from genipin‐crosslinked chitosan/astaxanthin film by heat curing. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patthrare Inthamat
- Program in Biotechnology Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Youn Suk Lee
- Department of Packaging Yonsei University Wonju 220‐710 South Korea
| | - Athip Boonsiriwit
- Department of Packaging Yonsei University Wonju 220‐710 South Korea
- Rattanakosin International College of Creative Entrepreneurship (RICE) Rajamagala University of Technology Rattanakosin Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Ubonrat Siripatrawan
- Department of Food Technology Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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Lazaridou M, Nanaki S, Zamboulis A, Papoulia C, Chrissafis K, Klonos PA, Kyritsis A, Vergkizi-Nikolakaki S, Kostoglou M, Bikiaris DN. Super absorbent chitosan-based hydrogel sponges as carriers for caspofungin antifungal drug. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120925. [PMID: 34303816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel chitosan copolymers (CS-g-SBMA) grafted with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (SBMA) in various molar ratio 1.5:1, 5:1, 11.5:1 and 20:1, were synthesized in the present study. SBMA was selected as zwitterion molecule showing promising antibacterial properties. Grafted chitosan derivatives were fully characterized for their successful synthesis by NMR and FT-IR, for their crystallinity by XRD showing reduced crystallinity compared to CS alone. Furthermore, swelling studies were conducted with the grafted derivatives showing extensive swelling capacity (maximum degree of swelling up to 1800%) and water absorption was studied with differential scanning calorimetry and equilibrium water adsorption/desorption isotherms were analyzed. Caspofungin, a novel antifungal drug, was used to prepare a double-acting system, with both antibacterial and antifungal properties, proper for topical use. Drug loaded hydrogels were prepared with 10, 20 and 30 wt% drug content and the loaded hydrogels were fully characterized while antimicrobial studies showed enhanced properties. Caspofungin in vitro release showed an initial burst effect followed by a diffusion process while data analysis verified the initial burst release followed by a quasi Fickian diffusion-driven sustained release. Enhance antimicrobial properties was also observed in caspofungin-loaded hydrogels showing the successful fulfill of our scope; an amphiphilic system having great potential for the development of patches with inherent antimicrobial properties and prolonged antifungal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lazaridou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stavroula Nanaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Zamboulis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Chrysanthi Papoulia
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Panagiotis A Klonos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Souzan Vergkizi-Nikolakaki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Margaritis Kostoglou
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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12
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Nunes YL, de Menezes FL, de Sousa IG, Cavalcante ALG, Cavalcante FTT, da Silva Moreira K, de Oliveira ALB, Mota GF, da Silva Souza JE, de Aguiar Falcão IR, Rocha TG, Valério RBR, Fechine PBA, de Souza MCM, Dos Santos JCS. Chemical and physical Chitosan modification for designing enzymatic industrial biocatalysts: How to choose the best strategy? Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:1124-1170. [PMID: 33864867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the most abundant natural polymer worldwide, and due to its inherent characteristics, its use in industrial processes has been extensively explored. Because it is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, hydrophilic, cheap, and has good physical-chemical stability, it is seen as an excellent alternative for the replacement of synthetic materials in the search for more sustainable production methodologies. Thus being, a possible biotechnological application of Chitosan is as a direct support for enzyme immobilization. However, its applicability is quite specific, and to overcome this issue, alternative pretreatments are required, such as chemical and physical modifications to its structure, enabling its use in a wider array of applications. This review aims to present the topic in detail, by exploring and discussing methods of employment of Chitosan in enzymatic immobilization processes with various enzymes, presenting its advantages and disadvantages, as well as listing possible chemical modifications and combinations with other compounds for formulating an ideal support for this purpose. First, we will present Chitosan emphasizing its characteristics that allow its use as enzyme support. Furthermore, we will discuss possible physicochemical modifications that can be made to Chitosan, mentioning the improvements obtained in each process. These discussions will enable a comprehensive comparison between, and an informed choice of, the best technologies concerning enzyme immobilization and the application conditions of the biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Luck Nunes
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lima de Menezes
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Isamayra Germano de Sousa
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Katerine da Silva Moreira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455760, CE, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Barros de Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455760, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly Ferreira Mota
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - José Erick da Silva Souza
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Italo Rafael de Aguiar Falcão
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Thales Guimaraes Rocha
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberta Bussons Rodrigues Valério
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pierre Basílio Almeida Fechine
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristiane Martins de Souza
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - José C S Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455760, CE, Brazil.
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13
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Affes S, Aranaz I, Acosta N, Heras Á, Nasri M, Maalej H. Chitosan derivatives-based films as pH-sensitive drug delivery systems with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:730-742. [PMID: 33836191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize chitosan (Ch)-based films incorporated with varying molecular weight (Mw) and acetylation degree (AD) chitosan-depolymerization-products (CDP), to be applied as drug delivery materials. As compared to Ch-film, optical and antioxidant potentials of Ch/CDP-based films were improved, particularly using low Mw and AD-CDP. Whereas, films water resistance, mechanical and antibacterial properties increased as CDP-Mw increased and AD decreased. For the thermal and swelling behaviors, better values were obtained using higher Mw and AD-CDP. Further, to assess their in vitro ciprofloxacin (CFX)-release behavior, loaded-CFX Ch/CDP-based films, crosslinked using glutaraldehyde, were prepared. Expect of elongation at break, crosslinked CFX-loaded films showed increased optical, water resistance, tensile strength and thermal properties, as compared to unloaded films. The CFX-release profiles indicated that a slower and sustained release was observed, particularly when using lower Mw and AD-CDP, and mainly for the crosslinked films during 48 h. These films can release CFX for up to 54% in 6 and 24 h, at pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. Through this study, novel biodegradable, swellable and pH-sensitive crosslinked Ch/CDP-based films may be considered as suitable and promising drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Affes
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia.
| | - Inmaculada Aranaz
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pluridisciplinar Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Niuris Acosta
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pluridisciplinar Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Heras
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pluridisciplinar Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Moncef Nasri
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Hana Maalej
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science of Gabes, University of Gabes, Omar Ibn Khattab Street, Gabes 6029, Tunisia.
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14
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Sahai N, Gogoi M, Tewari RP. 3D Printed Chitosan Composite Scaffold for Chondrocytes Differentiation. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 17:832-842. [PMID: 33334294 DOI: 10.2174/1573405616666201217112939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Our aim is to develop 3D printed chitosan-gelatin-alginate scaffolds using a costeffective in house designed 3D printer followed by its characterization. To observe chondrocyte differentiation on 3D printed scaffolds as part of scaffold application. BACKGROUND Cartilage is considered to be a significant tissue in humans. It is present in between the rib cage, the lobe of the ear, nasal septum in the form of hyaline cartilage, in between ribs costal cartilage, intervertebral discs in the form of fibrocartilage, meniscus, larynx, epiglottis and between various joints of bones. To replace or repair damaged tissues due to disorders or trauma, thousands of surgical procedures are performed daily. 3D printing plays a crucial role in the development of controlled porous architectures of scaffolds for cartilage tissue regeneration. Advancement in 3D printing technology like inkjet, micro- extrusion in 3D bioprinting, Laser-assisted 3D Bioprinting (LAB), stereolithography combination with biomaterials plays a crucial role in the quick development of patient-specific articulating cartilage when need in a short period frame. OBJECTIVE Our objective is to develop different compositions of chitosan-gelatin-alginate composite hydrogel scaffolds with controlled porosity and architectures with the application of 3D printing and observe the growth of cartilage on it. To achieve as proposed, an in-house 3D paste extruder printer was developed, which is capable of printing porous composite chitosan hydrogel scaffolds of desired architecture layer by layer. After the characterization of 3D printed chitosan composite scaffolds, the differentiation of chondrocyte was observed using hMSC. METHODS In present paper process for the development of chitosan-alginate-gelatin composite hydrogel, 3D printing, morphological characterization, and observation for differentiation of chondrocytes cells on 3D printed chitosan composite hydrogels is presented. The present study is divided into three parts: in first part development of composite chitosan-alginate-gelatin hydrogel with the utilization of in house customized assembled paste extruder based 3D printer, which is capable of printing chitosan composite hydrogels. In the second part, the characterization of 3D printed chitosan composite scaffolds hydrogel is performed for evaluating the morphological, mechanical, and physical properties. The prepared composite scaffolds were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM, swelling property, mechanical testing, porosity, etc. In the last part of the study, the differentiation of chondrocytes cells was observed with human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSC) on 3D printed scaffolds and showed positive results for the same. RESULTS Stereolithography (STL) files of 3D models for porous chitosan composite were developed using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and printed with a hydrogel flow rate within the range of 0.2-0.25 ml/min. The prepared scaffolds are highly porous, having optimum porosity, optimal mechanical strength to sustain the cartilage formation. The 3D printed chitosan composite scaffolds show supports for the differentiation of chondrocytes. The above study is helpful for in-vivo regeneration of cartilage for patients having related cartilage disorders. CONCLUSION This method helps in regeneration of degenerated cartilage for patient-specific and form above experiment we also concluded that 3D printed chitosan scaffold is best suited for the regeneration of chondrocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sahai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Manashjit Gogoi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Tewari
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Kildeeva N, Chalykh A, Belokon M, Petrova T, Matveev V, Svidchenko E, Surin N, Sazhnev N. Influence of Genipin Crosslinking on the Properties of Chitosan-Based Films. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1086. [PMID: 32397589 PMCID: PMC7285115 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a promising environment friendly active polymer packaging material due to its biodegradability, exceptional film forming capacity, great mechanical strength, appropriate barrier property along with intrinsic antioxidant and antimicrobial features. Bifunctional reagent was used for producing water insoluble chitosan films. Biopolymeric films crosslinked by Genipin (Gp), which is a reagent of natural origin, should have high potential in food packaging. The influence of the ratio of functional groups in the chitosan-Gp system on film absorption in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum, sorption, physical, and mechanical properties of the films has been studied. The degree of chitosan crosslinking in the films obtained from solutions containing Gp was estimated using the experimental data on film swelling and water vapor sorption isotherms. It is demonstrated that crosslinking with genipin improves swelling, water resistance, and mechanical properties of the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Kildeeva
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymer Materials and Nanocomposites, The Kosygin State University of Russia, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Anatoliy Chalykh
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.C.); (T.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Mariya Belokon
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymer Materials and Nanocomposites, The Kosygin State University of Russia, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.); (N.S.)
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana Petrova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.C.); (T.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Vladimir Matveev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.C.); (T.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Evgeniya Svidchenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikolay Surin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikita Sazhnev
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymer Materials and Nanocomposites, The Kosygin State University of Russia, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.); (N.S.)
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Development of reinforced chitosan/pectin scaffold by using the cellulose nanocrystals as nanofillers: An injectable hydrogel for tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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