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López-Belmonte Ó, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Gay A, Cuenca-Fernández F, Arellano R, Cejuela R. Swimming Performance in Elite Triathletes: Comparison Between Open Water and Pool Conditions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14702. [PMID: 39044665 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare performance, kinematic, and physiological variables between open water and pool swimming conditions in elite triathletes and to examine the associations between conditions on these variables. Fourteen elite triathletes (10 males and 4 females [23.4 ± 3.8 years]) performed two 1500-m swimming tests in open water and in a 25-m pool. Swimming speed, stroke rate (SR), length (SL) and index (SI), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations [La-], and end-exercise oxygen uptake (EEV̇O2) were assessed in both conditions. Lower SL and SI and higher SR were obtained in open water compared with pool swimming (p < 0.05). Moreover, kinematic variables changed as a function of distance in both conditions (p < 0.05). No differences were found in the main physiological variables (HR, [La-], and EEV̇O2) between conditions. Respiratory exchange ratio presented lower values in open water than in pool conditions (p < 0.05), while time constant was higher in open water (p = 0.032). The fastest triathletes in open water obtained the best performance in the pool (r = 0.958; p < 0.001). All kinematic variables, HR and peak [La-] presented positive associations between conditions (r > 0.6; p < 0.05). Despite physiological invariance, triathletes and coaches should monitor specific open water training to adapt their swimming technique to the competitive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar López-Belmonte
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Gay
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Roberto Cejuela
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Bouvet A, Pla R, Delhaye E, Nicolas G, Bideau N. Profiles of stroke regulations discriminate between finishing positions during international open water races. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1309-1316. [PMID: 37824415 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2268902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify stroke regulation profiles and tipping-points in stroke regulation timing during international open water races according to performance level. Twelve elite or world-class swimmers were analysed during 18 international races. Stroke rate and jerk cost were computed cycle-to-cycle using an Inertial Measurement Unit and regulations profiles fitted using polynomials. We performed two-ways mixed-ANOVA to compare stroke kinematics among race segments and performance groups (G1 -fastest- to G3 -slowest-). Swimmers displayed specific regulation profiles (i.e., J-shape with end-spurt, J-shape without end-spurt and reverse L-shape for stroke rate and U-shape, reverse J-shape and reverse L-shape for jerk cost, for respectively G1, G2 and G3) with significant effect of race segment on stroke kinematics for G1 and G2. We highlighted tipping-points in stroke regulations profiles (TP1 and TP2) at respectively 30% and 75% of the race with greater magnitude in G1 than G2. TP1 reflects the end of a stroke economy period (0-30%) and TP2 the end of a progressive increase in stroke kinematics (30-75%) towards end-spurt (75-100%). Open water races follow a high-grading dynamics requiring biomechanical regulations along the race. Targeting stroke rate reserve and management of stroke smoothness should be considered during training of open water swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bouvet
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
- CREST (Center for Research in Economics and Statistics), ENSAI, Bruz, France
| | - Robin Pla
- French Swimming Federation, Clichy, France
- IRMES-URP 7329, Institut de Recherche Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Delhaye
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Nicolas
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Bideau
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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López-Belmonte Ó, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Gay A, Cuenca-Fernández F, Mujika I, Arellano R. Analysis of pacing and kinematics in 3000 m freestyle in elite level swimmers. Sports Biomech 2023:1-17. [PMID: 36866783 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2184418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine elite swimmers' pacing strategy in the 3000 m event and to analyse the associated performance variability and pacing factors. Forty-seven races were performed by 17 male and 13 female elite swimmers in a 25 m pool (20.7 ± 2.9 years; 807 ± 54 FINA points). Lap performance, clean swim velocity (CSV), water break time (WBT), water break distance (WBD), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were analysed including and excluding the first (0-50 m) and last lap (2950-3000 m). The most common pacing strategy adopted was parabolic. Lap performance and CSV were faster in the first half of the race compared to the second half (p < 0.001). WBT, WBD, SL and SI were reduced (p < 0.05) in the second half compared to the first half of the 3000 m when including and excluding the first and last laps for both sexes. SR increased in the second half of the men's race when the first and last laps were excluded. All studied variables showed significant variation between the two halves of the 3000 m, the highest variation being obtained in WBT and WBD, suggesting that fatigue negatively affected swimming kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar López-Belmonte
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Gay
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Jiménez-Alfageme R, Domínguez R, Sanchez-Oliver AJ, Tapia-Castillo P, Martínez-Sanz JM, Sospedra I. Analysis of the Consumption of Sports Supplements in Open Water Swimmers According to the Competitive Level. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245211. [PMID: 36558370 PMCID: PMC9783229 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports supplements (SS) are widely consumed by many types of athletes to improve their performance. These SS are classified according to their level of scientific evidence, by the ABCD system from the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). In open water swimming, their use may be necessary due to the physiological challenges posed by this sport discipline. However, there is currently little literature on the use of SS in open water swimmers. The aim of this work is to analyze the pattern of consumption of SS by open water swimmers, by studying the differences according to the competitive level (regional vs. national). METHODS Descriptive and cross-sectional study on the consumption and use of SS by federated open water swimmers in Spain in the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. The data were collected through a validated questionnaire. RESULTS 79.5% of the participants consumed SS, with significant differences according to their level, being higher in athletes at the national level. The most-consumed SS by the swimmers studied were sports drinks, energy bars, caffeine, vitamin C, and vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that the consumption of SS in open water swimmers was high, and of the five most-consumed SS, four of them belonged to the category of greatest scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Jiménez-Alfageme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Gasteiz—EUNEIZ, La Biosfera Ibilbidea, 6, 01013 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, Brazil
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Sanchez-Oliver
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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Petrigna L, Karsten B, Delextrat A, Pajaujiene S, Mani D, Paoli A, Palma A, Bianco A. An updated methodology to estimate critical velocity in front crawl swimming: A scoping review. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rodríguez-Adalia L, Veiga S, del Cerro JS, González-Ravé JM. Older or Wiser? Age and Experience Trends in 20 Years of Olympic and World Swimming Championships Open Water 10-km Races. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6040089. [PMID: 34842749 PMCID: PMC8628946 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present research were to estimate the age of peak performance (APP) and to examine the role of previous experience at the world-level open water race performances. Finishing positions and age of swimmers (639 females and 738 males) in the 10-km events of World Championship (WCH) and Olympic Games (OG) from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the official results websites. Years of previous experience were computed using the number of previous participations in WCH or OG. APP was estimated using quadratic models of the 10th percentile top race positions and resulted in 28.94 years old for males (R2 = 0.551) and 27.40 years old for females (R2 = 0.613). Regression analysis revealed an improvement of 1.36 or 8.19 finishing positions for each additional year of age or experience, respectively (R2 = 0.157). However, significant differences (p < 0.001) between age and experience showed that the swimmer's age became less relevant for performance as years of experience increased. These results, in terms of age, are in line with other mass-start disciplines of similar duration (≈2 h) and, in terms of experience, confirm the importance of previous participation in improving tactical decision making during open water races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodríguez-Adalia
- Catalonian Swimming Federation, Diputació St., 237, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Carlos III Avenue, 45008 Toledo, Spain
| | - Santiago Veiga
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Martin Fierro St., 28024 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-616001963
| | | | - José M. González-Ravé
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Carlos III Avenue, 45008 Toledo, Spain;
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Origin of the Fastest 5 km, 10 km and 25 km Open-Water Swimmers-An Analysis from 20 Years and 9819 Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111369. [PMID: 34769884 PMCID: PMC8583531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In elite pool swimmers competing at world class level, mainly athletes from the United States of America and Australia are dominating. Little is known, however, for the nationality of dominating swimmers in elite open-water long-distance swimming races such as the official FINA races over 5 km, 10 km and 25 km-held since 2000. The aim of this study was to investigate the participation and performance trends by nationality of these elite open-water swimmers. Race results from all female and male swimmers competing in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km FINA races between 2000 and 2020 were analyzed. A total of 9819 swimmers competed between 2000 and 2020 in these races. The five countries that figure most times among the top ten in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km races over the years were Italy, Germany, Russia, Brazil and the Netherlands. In 10 km races, considering the all the athletes from each country, male athletes from Germany, Italy, and France presented faster race times than the other countries. In 10 km, female athletes presented no significant difference among the countries. In 5 and 25 km races, there were no differences between countries, for male and female athletes. Moreover, comparing only the 10 best results (top 10) from each country, there were no differences between countries in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km, for male and female athletes. Men were faster than women for all three distances. In summary, male swimmers from Europe (i.e., Germany, Italy, France) are dominating the 10 km FINA races. In the 5 km and 25 km FINA races, there is no dominating nationality, but among the top five countries in the top 10 over the years, three are European countries.
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Case Study: Comparison of Swimsuits and Wetsuits Through Biomechanics and Energetics in Elite Female Open Water Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:130-136. [PMID: 34343967 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The authors investigated how the Arena Powerskin R-EVO Closed Back swimsuit and Arena Carbon Triwetsuit (full-sleeve wetsuit), both approved by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) regulations, affect biomechanics and energetics of 3 elite female open water (OW) swimmers at maximal and 4 submaximal swimming intensities. METHODS Three elite female OW swimmers (OW1 = 24 y, 1.64 m, 60 kg; OW2 = 23 y, 1.69 m, 65 kg; OW3 = 27 y, 1.63 m, 64.5 kg) were tested 1 week prior to a FINA/CNSG (China National Sports Group) Marathon Swim World Series event and 40 days before the 18th FINA World Championships 2019. Each OW swimmer completed 2 identical testing sessions, one with a swimsuit and other with a wetsuit, involving shoulder flexion power output assessed from medicine-ball throw, maximal performance and drag coefficient assessment, and an incremental intermittent swim test at 4 different relative intensities. RESULTS Estimated peak oxygen uptake was 4.4 L·min-1 for OW1, 5.6 L·min-1 for OW2, and 5.0 L·min-1 for OW3. Despite a distinct behavior observed on index of coordination for OW3, a null index of synchronization, increased stroke rate (mean difference = 2%-8%), reduced drag factor (minimum = -14%; maximum = -30%), lower energy cost (mean difference = -2% to -6%), and faster performance (mean difference = 2% to 3%) were observed with the wetsuit compared with swimsuit for all elite OW swimmers. CONCLUSION The wetsuit enhances submaximal swimming performance, and this increase is dependent on the OW swimmer's characteristics. The higher stroke rate and lower stroke length detected with wetsuit could be related to movement constraints imposed by the suit.
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Rodríguez L, Veiga S, García I, González-Ravé JM. Stroking Rates of Open Water Swimmers during the 2019 FINA World Swimming Championships. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136850. [PMID: 34202341 PMCID: PMC8296886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to examine the stroking rate (SR) values of successful and non-successful swimmers in the 10 km and 25 km races of the FINA 2019 World Swimming Championships. Data from 175 participants (95 men and 80 female) were classified according to their finishing positions. There were no meaningful differences in the overall SR values displayed by successful or non-successful participants during the 10 km and 25 km open water races of the FINA 2019 World Swimming Championships. However, there were changes in the SR throughout the races that depended on the swimmer’s performance group and gender. Successful swimmers in the 10 km event typically displayed even SR in the first 5 km but, unlike the remaining performance groups, increased their SR at some point in the second 5 km of the race. In the 25 km race, successful female swimmers presented an even SR profile for most of the race, whereas successful males presented a more variable profile. Nevertheless, no relationships between partial or average SR and finishing positions occurred, either in the 10 km or in the 25 km race. Changes in the SR values should be included in the race plan of open water swimmers according to tactical and pacing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodríguez
- Catalonian Swimming Federation, Diputació St., 237, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Carlos III Avenue, 45008 Toledo, Spain
| | - Santiago Veiga
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Martin Fierro St., 28024 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-616001963
| | - Iker García
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- High Performance Center, Alcalde Barnils, Av. 3-5, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08174 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M González-Ravé
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Carlos III Avenue, 45008 Toledo, Spain;
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Baldassarre R, Ieno C, Bonifazi M, Di Castro A, Gianfelici A, Piacentini MF. Carbohydrate supplementation during a simulated 10-km open water swimming race: effects on physiological, perceptual parameters and performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:390-398. [PMID: 33487101 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1880644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test the effect of carbohydrate ingestion, simulating a 10-km open water race competition on energy cost (Csw), perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), stroke rate (SR) and performance. We hypothesized that carbohydrate ingestion would reduce Csw and RPE in elite open water swimmers (OW-swimmers) and improve performance. Eight elite OW-swimmers swam for 3 × 30 min with 20-s of interval necessary to collect data in the swimming flume at a pre-set pace corresponding to their 10-km race pace, followed by a time to exhaustion test (TTE) at 100% of the peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak). During the set, OW-swimmers ingested 45-g of carbohydrates (CHO) in 550-mL of water (8% solution) during each of the two intervals or a placebo solution (PLA). HR, RPE, V̇O2 and SR were measured. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normal distribution of data. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and t-test was performed (p < 0.05). A significant difference emerged in TTE between the trials (169.00 ± 91.06 s in CHO; 102.31 ± 57.47 s in PLA). HR, RPE and SR increased during the TTE but did not differ between trials. Csw did not show a significant main effect between the two conditions and in time course in both conditions. CHO ingestion significantly increased TTE at 100% of V̇O2peak after 90-min of swimming at 10-km race pace. These findings indicate that CHO intake during a 10-km open water swimming competition should have a beneficial impact on performance in the final part of the race.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian Ieno
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bonifazi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Italian Swimming Federation, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Castro
- Sport Science Institute, Italian National Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gianfelici
- Sport Science Institute, Italian National Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
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Pacing and Hazard Score of Elite Open Water Swimmers During a 5-km Indoor Pool Race. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:796-801. [PMID: 33578370 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The sensation of fatigue experienced at a certain point of the race is an important factor in the regulation of pacing. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is considered one of the main mediators utilized by athletes to modify pacing. The aim was to analyze the relationship between pacing and RPE of elite open water swimmers during national indoor pool championships. METHODS A total of 17 elite open water swimmers (males, n = 9; females, n = 8) agreed to provide RPE every 500 m during the finals of the national championships 5-km indoor pool race. Time splits, stroke rate, and RPE were collected every 500 m. The Hazard score was calculated by multiplying the momentary RPE by the remaining fraction of the race. Athletes were placed in one of two categories: medalists or nonmedalists. For all variables, separate mixed analysis of variances (P ≤ .05) with repeated measures were used considering the splits (ie, every 500 m) as within-subjects factor and the groups (ie, medalists and nonmedalists) as between-subjects factor. RESULTS Average swimming speed showed a significant main effect for split for both males and females (P < .001). A significant interaction was observed between average swimming speed and groups for females (P = .032). RPE increased in both groups (P < .001) with no difference observed between groups. However, the female nonmedalists showed a disproportionate nonlinear increase in RPE (5.20 [2.31]) halfway through the event that corresponded to the point where they started significantly decreasing speed. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show different pacing strategies adopted by medalists and nonmedalists despite a similar RPE.
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Zacca R, Neves V, da Silva Oliveira T, Soares S, Rama LMPL, de Souza Castro FA, Vilas-Boas JP, Pyne DB, Fernandes RJ. 5 km front crawl in pool and open water swimming: breath-by-breath energy expenditure and kinematic analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2005-2018. [PMID: 32591994 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breath-by-breath energy expenditure during open water swimming has not yet been explored in an ecological environment. This study aimed to investigate and compare energetics and kinematics of 5 km swimming, in both swimming pool and open water conditions. METHODS Through four independent studies, oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]2) kinetics, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([La-]) and glucose level (BGL), metabolic power ([Formula: see text]), energy cost (C) and kinematics were assessed during 5 km front crawl trials in a swimming pool and open water conditions. A total of 38 competitive open water swimmers aged 16-27 years volunteered for this four part investigation: Study A (pool, ten females, 11 males), Study B (pool, four females, six males), Study C (pool case study, one female) and Study D (open water, three females, four males). RESULTS In the swimming pool, swimmers started with an above average swimming speed (v), losing efficiency along the 5 km, despite apparent homeostasis for [La-], BGL, [Formula: see text]2, [Formula: see text] and C. In open water, swimmers started the 5 km with a below average v, increasing the stroke rate (SR) in the last 1000 m. In open water, [Formula: see text]2 kinetics parameters, HR, [La-], BGL, respiratory exchange ratio and C were affected by the v and SR fluctuations along the 5 km. CONCLUSIONS Small fluctuations were observed for energetic variables in both conditions, but changes in C were lower in swimming pool than in open water. Coaches should adjust the training plan accordingly to the specificity of open water swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zacca
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Ministry of Education of Brazil, CAPES Foundation, Brasilia, Brazil.
| | - Vânia Neves
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago da Silva Oliveira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Soares
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Flávio Antônio de Souza Castro
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Aquatic Sports Research Group (GPEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David B Pyne
- The University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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