1
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Khan Z, Saphala A, Kartmann S, Koltay P, Zengerle R, Amft O, Shu Z. Hybrid Printing of Conductive Traces from Bulk Metal for Digital Signals in Intelligent Devices. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:750. [PMID: 38930721 PMCID: PMC11205658 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we explore multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) for conductive trace printing using molten metal microdroplets on polymer substrates to enhance digital signal transmission. Investigating microdroplet spread informs design rules for adjacent trace printing. We studied the effects of print distance on trace morphology and resolution, noting that printing distance showed almost no change in the printed trace pitch. Crosstalk interference between adjacent signal traces was analyzed across frequencies and validated both experimentally and through simulation; no crosstalk was visible for printed traces at input frequencies below 600 kHz. Moreover, we demonstrate printed trace reliability against thermal shock, whereby no discontinuation in conductive traces was observed. Our findings establish design guidelines for MMAM electronics, advancing digital signal transmission capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Khan
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Addythia Saphala
- Intelligent Embedded Systems Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kartmann
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Amft
- Intelligent Embedded Systems Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zhe Shu
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Yang W, Guo Z, Zhao X, Zhang X, List-Kratochvil EJW. Insight into the Types of Alkanolamines on the Properties of Copper(II) Formate-Based Conductive Ink. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7095-7105. [PMID: 38511863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Conductive inks are one of the most important functional materials for printed flexible electronic devices, and their properties determine the methods of subsequent patterning and metallization. In comparison with copper nanoparticle or nanowire inks, copper particle-free inks employing copper(II) formate (Cuf) as a precursor have attracted the interest of researchers due to their flexibility in preparation, excellent stability, and lower conversion temperature. Alkanolamines can provide Cuf with excellent solubility in alcohols while being less toxic and having a certain reducibility, making them preferable ligands in comparison with aliphatic amines and pyridine. However, there have been few studies on the effects of the alkanolamine types on the performance of Cuf inks. Also, the decomposition mechanism of copper-alkanolamine complex inks is not clear. In this work, different kinds of alkanolamines were chosen as ligands to formulate Cuf inks to address the mentioned issues. The influences of amine types on the stability, wettability, thermal decomposition behavior, and electrical performance of the formulated Cuf particle-free inks were investigated in detail. The results show that the utilization of alkanolamines could provide Cuf with excellent solubility in alcohols, resulting in an ink with good stability and favorable wetting properties. The thermal decomposition temperature and electrical performance of the formulated copper ink are largely dependent on the amine used. When amines with a longer carbon chain and more branches were utilized to prepare the ink, a decreased decomposition temperature was observed on the derived inks because of the steric hindrance effect. Copper films with good morphology and conductivity could be obtained at low temperatures by selecting the appropriate alkanolamine. Copper particle-free conductive ink from 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol demonstrated better morphology and electrical performance (16.09 μΩ·cm) and was successfully used for conductive circuits by direct-writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Yang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao City 125105, China
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Zihao Guo
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao City 125105, China
| | - Xun Zhao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao City 125105, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao City 125105, China
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 14109, Germany
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3
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Naderi-Samani E, Razavi RS, Nekouee K, Naderi-Samani H. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles for use in conductive inks by chemical reduction method. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20548. [PMID: 37822640 PMCID: PMC10562916 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the chemical reduction method was applied to synthesize silver nanoparticles used to prepare conductive inks. The two variables of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized mole in the 0.01-0.03 mol range and hydrazine reducing mole in the 0.1-0.5 mol range, along with constants such as precursor mole (silver nitrate), complexing mole (ethylene diamine) and solvent mole (water), were used. Nine random samples proposed by the Design Expert software were examined and studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were then used to characterize and evaluate the synthesized nanoparticles. According to the results obtained by XRD, FE-SEM and TEM analyses, the sample with 0.025 mol and 0.3 mol PVP had the minimum size of silver nanoparticles, which was around 20 nm, so it was chosen as the optimal sample for further research. The conductive ink was also prepared with the optimal sample of silver nanoparticles in 40% by weight and then characterized and evaluated by applying ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), FE-SEM and electrical conductivity analysis. Finally, conductive ink was applied to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) substrates. The surface electrical resistance of conductive ink on PET and ABS substrates was then measured at about 6.4 Ω and 2.2 Ω, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Naderi-Samani
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Technologies, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Iran
| | - Reza Shoja Razavi
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Technologies, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Iran
| | - Khanali Nekouee
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Technologies, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Iran
| | - Hamed Naderi-Samani
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Technologies, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Iran
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4
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Ha H, Suryaprabha T, Choi C, Chandio ZA, Kim B, Lim S, Cheong JY, Hwang B. Recent research trends in textile-based temperature sensors: a mini review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:422001. [PMID: 37473742 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ace913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the current state of research on textile-based temperature sensors is explored by focusing on their potential use in various applications. The textile-based sensors show various advantages including flexibility, conformability and seamlessness for the wearer. Integration of the textile-based sensors into clothes or fabric-based products enables continuous and sensitive monitoring of change in temperature, which can be used for various medical and fitness applications. However, there are lacks of comprehensive review on the textile-based temperature sensors. This review introduces various types of textile-based temperature sensors, including resistive, thermoelectric and fibre-optical sensors. In addition, the challenges that need to be addressed to fully realise their potential, which include improving sensitivity and accuracy, integrating wireless communication capabilities, and developing low-cost fabrication techniques. The technological advances in textile-based temperature sensors to overcome the limitations will revolutionize wearable devices requiring function of temperature monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heebo Ha
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chunghyeon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Zubair Ahmed Chandio
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Byungjin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooman Lim
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Cheong
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Byungil Hwang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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5
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Apostolakis A, Barmpakos D, Pilatis A, Belessi V, Pagonis DN, Jaber F, Aidinis K, Kaltsas G. Study of Single and Multipass f-rGO Inkjet-Printed Structures with Various Concentrations: Electrical and Thermal Evaluation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2058. [PMID: 36850655 PMCID: PMC9959197 DOI: 10.3390/s23042058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a derivative of graphene, which has been widely used as the conductive pigment of many water-based inks and is recognized as one of the most promising graphene-based materials for large-scale and low-cost production processes. In this work, we evaluate a custom functionalised reduced graphene oxide ink (f-rGO) via inkjet-printing technology. Test line structures were designed and fabricated by the inkjet printing process using the f-rGO ink on a pretreated polyimide substrate. For the electrical characterisation of these devices, two-point (2P) and four-point (4P) probe measurements were implemented. The results showed a major effect of the number of printed passes on the resulting resistance for all ink concentrations in both 2P and 4P cases. Interesting results can be extracted by comparing the obtained multipass resistance values that results to similar effective concentration with less passes. These measurements can provide the ground to grasp the variation in resistance values due to the different ink concentrations, and printing passes and can provide a useful guide in achieving specific resistance values with adequate precision. Accompanying topography measurements have been conducted with white-light interferometry. Furthermore, thermal characterisation was carried out to evaluate the operation of the devices as temperature sensors and heaters. It has been found that ink concentration and printing passes directly influence the performance of both the temperature sensors and heaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Apostolakis
- microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Barmpakos
- microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Aggelos Pilatis
- microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
- Department of Naval Architecture, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Belessi
- Department of Graphic Design and Visual Communication, Graphic Arts Technology Study Direction, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Fadi Jaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Konstantinos Aidinis
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Grigoris Kaltsas
- microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
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Al-Qahtani AM, Ali S, Khan A, Bermak A. Performance Optimization of Wearable Printed Human Body Temperature Sensor Based on Silver Interdigitated Electrode and Carbon-Sensing Film. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1869. [PMID: 36850466 PMCID: PMC9964601 DOI: 10.3390/s23041869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The human body's temperature is one of the most important vital markers due to its ability to detect various diseases early. Accurate measurement of this parameter has received considerable interest in the healthcare sector. We present a novel study on the optimization of a temperature sensor based on silver interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and carbon-sensing film. The sensor was developed on a flexible Kapton thin film first by inkjet printing the silver IDEs, followed by screen printing a sensing film made of carbon black. The IDE finger spacing and width of the carbon film were both optimized, which considerably improved the sensor's sensitivity throughout a wide temperature range that fully covers the temperature of human skin. The optimized sensor demonstrated an acceptable temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 3.93 × 10-3 °C-1 for temperature sensing between 25 °C and 50 °C. The proposed sensor was tested on the human body to measure the temperature of various body parts, such as the forehead, neck, and palm. The sensor showed a consistent and reproducible temperature reading with a quick response and recovery time, exhibiting adequate capability to sense skin temperatures. This wearable sensor has the potential to be employed in a variety of applications, such as soft robotics, epidermal electronics, and soft human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M. Al-Qahtani
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
| | - Shawkat Ali
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Khan
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
| | - Amine Bermak
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
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7
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Lepak-Kuc S, Nowicki Ł, Janczak D, Jakubowska M. The Influence of the Matrix Selection and the Unification Process on the Key Parameters of the Conductive Graphene Layers on a Flexible Substrate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1238. [PMID: 36770245 PMCID: PMC9921362 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Screen-printed graphene layers on flexible substrates are one of the most advanced printed electronics developments of recent years. Obtaining thin, flexible, highly conductive components, whose applications are increasingly directed towards biomedical engineering and even medicine, requires an in-depth understanding of the correct choice of materials and procedures. Our work was aimed at investigating the influence of homogenisation in the triple rolling process over pastes dedicated to the screen printing technology, on their rheological parameters and the properties of the prints. The effect of selecting a suitable polymer matrix and different packing of graphene flakes was evaluated. Several studies were carried out, which can provide an excellent knowledge base in the context of graphene screen-printing pastes. Paste rheology, printability, path thickness, sheet resistance and adhesion to the substrate were investigated. Selected layers were also subjected to SEM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lepak-Kuc
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Sw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Nowicki
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Sw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Janczak
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Sw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jakubowska
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Sw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Tousignant MN, Lin ZS, Brusso J, Lessard BH. Interfacial Ultraviolet Cross-Linking of Green Bilayer Dielectrics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3680-3688. [PMID: 36603855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste is a growing challenge which needs to be addressed through the integration of high-performance sustainable materials. Green dielectric polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) have favorable electrical properties but are challenging to integrate into thin film electronics due to their physical properties. For example, PVA suffers from poor film formation and is hygroscopic. Bilayer dielectrics with interfacial cross-linking can enable the use of high-performance PVA with favorable surface chemistry by using a hydrophobic poly(caprolactone) (PCL) layer. In this study, we developed a benzodioxinone-terminated PCL layer, which can be UV cross-linked to the hydroxy groups of the PVA dielectric. This air-stable UV-cross-linking PCL dielectric was able to effectively cross-link with PVA, leading to high-performance capacitors and single-walled carbon nanotube-based thin film transistors. This UV cross-linking PCL dielectric led to significant improvements in shelf-life, ease of processing, and similar device performance compared to our previously reported thermally cross-linking PCL layer. The UV cross-linking at the interface between these bilayers can allow for the integration of high-speed roll-to-roll processing, which enables low-cost, sustainable, and high-performance electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu N Tousignant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, OntarioK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zheng Sonia Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, OntarioK1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, OntarioK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jaclyn Brusso
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, OntarioK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, OntarioK1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Avenue, Ottawa, OntarioK1N 6N5, Canada
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9
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Chandrasekaran S, Jayakumar A, Velu R. A Comprehensive Review on Printed Electronics: A Technology Drift towards a Sustainable Future. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4251. [PMID: 36500874 PMCID: PMC9740290 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Printable electronics is emerging as one of the fast-growing engineering fields with a higher degree of customization and reliability. Ironically, sustainable printing technology is essential because of the minimal waste to the environment. To move forward, we need to harness the fabrication technology with the potential to support traditional process. In this review, we have systematically discussed in detail the various manufacturing materials and processing technologies. The selection criteria for the assessment are conducted systematically on the manuscript published in the last 10 years (2012-2022) in peer-reviewed journals. We have discussed the various kinds of printable ink which are used for fabrication based on nanoparticles, nanosheets, nanowires, molecular formulation, and resin. The printing methods and technologies used for printing for each technology are also reviewed in detail. Despite the major development in printing technology some critical challenges needed to be addressed and critically assessed. One such challenge is the coffee ring effect, the possible methods to reduce the effect on modulating the ink environmental condition are also indicated. Finally, a summary of printable electronics for various applications across the diverse industrial manufacturing sector is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Chandrasekaran
- Center for System Design, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chennai Institute of Technology, Kundrathur, Chennai 600069, India
| | - Arunkumar Jayakumar
- Green Vehicle Technology Research Centre, Department of Automobile Engineering, SRM-Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Rajkumar Velu
- Additive Manufacturing Research Laboratory (AMRL), Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu 181221, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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10
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Inkjet Printing of Electrodes on Electrospun Micro- and Nanofiber Hydrophobic Membranes for Flexible and Smart Textile Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225043. [PMID: 36433170 PMCID: PMC9697924 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for smart textile and sensor applications, the interest in printed electronics is rising. In this study, we explore the applicability of electrospun membranes, characterized by high porosity and hydrophobicity, as potential substrates for printed electronics. The two most common inks, silver and carbon, were used in inkjet printing to create a conductive paths on electrospun membranes. As substrates, we selected hydrophobic polymers, such as polyimide (PI), low- and high-molecular-weight poly (vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (PVB) and polystyrene (PS). Electrospinning of PI and PVB resulted in nanofibers in the range of 300-500 nm and PVB and PS microfibers (1-5 μm). The printed patterns were investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and resistance measurements. To verify the biocompatibility of printed electrodes on the membranes, an indirect cytotoxicity test with cells (MG-63) was performed. In this research, we demonstrated good printability of silver and carbon inks on flexible PI, PVB and PS electrospun membranes, leading to electrodes with excellent conductivity. The cytotoxicity study indicated the possibility of using manufactured printed electronics for various sensors and also as topical wearable devices.
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11
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Ahn JH, Kim HN, Cho JY, Kim JH, Lee CY. Evaluation of Temperature Sensors for Detection of Heat Sources Using Additive Printing Method. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8308. [PMID: 36366003 PMCID: PMC9654087 DOI: 10.3390/s22218308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing is an efficient technique for printing multiple sensors in a multifaceted area. It can be applied to various fields according to the shape of the printing result and the algorithm employed. In this study, temperature sensors capable of detecting heat sources were fabricated. Inks suitable for EHD inkjet printing were produced, and optimal parameters for printing were determined. Printing was performed using the corresponding parameters, and various printing results were obtained. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to confirm the temperature measurement characteristics of the results and the tolerance of the sensor. Grid-type sensors were fabricated based on the results, and the sensor characteristics were confirmed in an orthogonal form. Heat was applied to arbitrary positions. Resistance to changes due to heat was measured, and the location at which the heat was generated was detected by varying the change in resistance. Through this study, efficient heat control can be achieved, as the location of the heat source can be identified quickly.
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12
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Barandun G, Gonzalez-Macia L, Lee HS, Dincer C, Güder F. Challenges and Opportunities for Printed Electrical Gas Sensors. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2804-2822. [PMID: 36131601 PMCID: PMC9623589 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Printed electrical gas sensors are a low-cost, lightweight, low-power, and potentially disposable alternative to gas sensors manufactured using conventional methods such as photolithography, etching, and chemical vapor deposition. The growing interest in Internet-of-Things, smart homes, wearable devices, and point-of-need sensors has been the main driver fueling the development of new classes of printed electrical gas sensors. In this Perspective, we provide an insight into the current research related to printed electrical gas sensors including materials, methods of fabrication, and applications in monitoring food quality, air quality, diagnosis of diseases, and detection of hazardous gases. We further describe the challenges and future opportunities for this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giandrin Barandun
- Imperial
College London, Department of Bioengineering,
Royal School of Mines, SW7
2AZ London, United Kingdom
- BlakBear,
Ltd, 7-8 Child’s
Place, SW5 9RX London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Macia
- Imperial
College London, Department of Bioengineering,
Royal School of Mines, SW7
2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Seok Lee
- Imperial
College London, Department of Bioengineering,
Royal School of Mines, SW7
2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT
Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University
of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Firat Güder
- Imperial
College London, Department of Bioengineering,
Royal School of Mines, SW7
2AZ London, United Kingdom
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13
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Giasafaki D, Mitzithra C, Belessi V, Filippakopoulou T, Koutsioukis A, Georgakilas V, Charalambopoulou G, Steriotis T. Graphene-Based Composites with Silver Nanowires for Electronic Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193443. [PMID: 36234570 PMCID: PMC9565487 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene/metal nanocomposites have shown a strong potential for use in electronic applications. In particular, the combination of silver nanowires (AgNWs) with graphene derivatives leads to the formation of an efficient conductive network, thus improving the electrical properties of a composite. This work focused on developing highly conductive hydrophilic hybrids of simultaneously functionalized and reduced graphene oxide (f-rGO) and AgNWs in different weight ratios by following two different synthetic routes: (a) the physical mixture of f-rGO and AgNWs, and (b) the in situ reduction of GO in the presence of AgNWs. In addition, the role of AgNWs in improving the electrical properties of graphene derivatives was further examined by mixing AgNWs with a hybrid of few-layered graphene with functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FLG/MWNT-f-OH). The studied materials showed a remarkable improvement in the overall electrical conductivity due to the synergistic effect of their components, which was proportional to the percentage of Ag and dependent on the procedure of the hybrid formation. One of the f-rGO/AgNWs composites was also selected for the preparation of gravure printing inks that were tested to determine their rheological and printing properties. All of the f-rGO/AgNWs composites were shown to be very promising materials for use as conductive inks for flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Giasafaki
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Christina Mitzithra
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Belessi
- Department of Graphic Design and Visual Communication, Graphic Arts Technology Study Direction, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
- Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Materials, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Egaleo, Greece
| | - Theodora Filippakopoulou
- Department of Graphic Design and Visual Communication, Graphic Arts Technology Study Direction, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Theodore Steriotis
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
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14
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Ye X, Ge L, Jiang T, Guo H, Chen B, Liu C, Hayashi K. Fully Inkjet-Printed Chemiresistive Sensor Array Based on Molecularly Imprinted Sol-Gel Active Materials. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1819-1828. [PMID: 35731925 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of chemiresistive sensors by inkjet printing is recognized as a breakthrough in gas-sensing applications. One challenge of this technology, however, is how to enhance the cross-selectivity of the sensor array. Herein, we present a ketjen black (KB) ink and molecularly imprinted sol-gel (MISG) inks to support the fabrication of a fully inkjet-printed chemiresistive sensor array, enabling the highly accurate recognition of volatile organic acids (VOAs) on the molecular level. The MISG/KB sensor array was prepared on a glossy photographic paper with a three-layer structure: a circuit layer by a commercial silver ink, a conductive layer by a KB ink, and an active selective layer by MISG inks imprinted by different templates. Hexanoic acid (HA), heptanoic acid, and octanoic acid were used as templates to prepare the MISGs and as targets to evaluate the detection and discrimination performance of the sensor array. Three resultant MISG/KB sensors exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity to VOA vapors. The limit of detection and imprinting factor were 0.018 ppm and 7.82, respectively, for HA-MISG/KB sensors to the corresponding target. With linear discriminant analysis of the gas responses, the MISG/KB sensor array can realize high discrimination to VOAs in single and binary mixtures. Furthermore, the proposed sensor array showed strong sensor robustness with excellent consistency, durability, bending, and humidity resistance. This work developed a fully inkjet-printed chemiresistive sensor array, enabling the realization of high cross-selectivity detection, achieving low-cost, scalable, and highly reproducible sensor fabrication, moving it closer to reliable, commercial, and wearable multi-analyte human body odor analysis potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ye
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Lingpu Ge
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tianshu Jiang
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hao Guo
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Chuanjun Liu
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Research Laboratory, U.S.E. Co., Ltd., Tokyo 150-0013, Japan
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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15
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Saita S, Takeda SI, Kawasaki H. Hansen Solubility Parameter Analysis on Dispersion of Oleylamine-Capped Silver Nanoinks and their Sintered Film Morphology. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122004. [PMID: 35745345 PMCID: PMC9230637 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing stabilizers and solvents is crucial for obtaining highly dispersed nanoparticle inks. Generally, nonpolar (hydrophobic) ligand-stabilized nanoparticles show superior dispersibility in nonpolar solvents, whereas polar ligand (hydrophilic)-stabilized nanoparticles exhibit high dispersibility in polar solvents. However, these properties are too qualitative to select optimum stabilizers and solvents for stable nanoparticle inks, and researchers often rely on their experiences. This study presents a Hansen solubility parameter (HSP)-based analysis of the dispersibility of oleylamine-capped silver nanoparticle (OAm-Ag NP) inks for optimizing ink preparation. We determined the HSP sphere of the OAm-Ag NPs, defined as the center coordinate, and the interaction radius in 3D HSP space. The solvent’s HSP inside the HSP sphere causes high dispersibility of the OAm-Ag NPs in the solvent. In contrast, the HSPs outside the sphere resulted in low dispersibility in the solvent. Thus, we can quantitatively predict the dispersibility of the OAm-Ag NPs in a given solvent using the HSP approach. Moreover, the HSP sphere method can establish a correlation between the dispersibility of the particles in inks and the sintered film morphology, facilitating electronic application of the nanoparticle inks. The HSP method is also helpful for optimizing stabilizers and solvents for stable nanoparticle inks in printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Saita
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan;
| | - Shin-ichi Takeda
- Takeda Colloid Techno-Consulting Co., Ltd., Osaka 564-0051, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.-i.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan;
- Correspondence: (S.-i.T.); (H.K.)
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16
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Chen Z, Gengenbach U, Liu X, Scholz A, Zimmermann L, Aghassi-Hagmann J, Koker L. An Automated Room Temperature Flip-Chip Mounting Process for Hybrid Printed Electronics. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040583. [PMID: 35457888 PMCID: PMC9028054 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Printing technology and mounting technology enable the novel field of hybrid printed electronics. To establish a hybrid printed system, one challenge is that the applied mounting process meets the requirements of functional inks and substrates. One of the most common requirements is low process temperature. Many functional inks and substrates cannot withstand the high temperatures required by traditional mounting processes. In this work, a standardized interconnection and an automated bump-less flip-chip mounting process using a room temperature curing conductive adhesive are realised. With the proposed process, the conductive adhesive selected for the standardized interconnection can be dispensed uniformly, despite its increase of viscosity already during pot time. Electrical and mechanical performance of the interconnection are characterized by four terminal resistance measurement and shear test. The herein proposed automated process allows for fabrication of hybrid printed devices in larger batch sizes than manual assembly processes used beforehand and thus, more comprehensive evaluation of device parameters. This is successfully demonstrated in a first application, a novel hybrid printed security device. The room temperature mounting process eliminates any potentially damaging thermal influence on the performance of the printed circuits that might result from other assembly techniques like soldering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Chen
- Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (U.G.); (X.L.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulrich Gengenbach
- Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (U.G.); (X.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Xinnan Liu
- Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (U.G.); (X.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Alexander Scholz
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.A.-H.)
| | - Lukas Zimmermann
- Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft für angewandte Forschung e.V., Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 10, 78052 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany;
| | - Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.A.-H.)
| | - Liane Koker
- Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (U.G.); (X.L.); (L.K.)
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17
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Inam AKMS, Angeli MAC, Douaki A, Shkodra B, Lugli P, Petti L. An Aptasensor Based on a Flexible Screen-Printed Silver Electrode for the Rapid Detection of Chlorpyrifos. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072754. [PMID: 35408368 PMCID: PMC9003324 DOI: 10.3390/s22072754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we propose a novel disposable flexible and screen-printed electrochemical aptamer-based sensor (aptasensor) for the rapid detection of chlorpyrifos (CPF). To optimize the process, various characterization procedures were employed, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Initially, the aptasensor was optimized in terms of electrolyte pH, aptamer concentration, and incubation time for chlorpyrifos. Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor showed a wide linear range from 1 to 105 ng/mL with a calculated limit of detection as low as 0.097 ng/mL and sensitivity of 600.9 µA/ng. Additionally, the selectivity of the aptasensor was assessed by identifying any interference from other pesticides, which were found to be negligible (with a maximum standard deviation of 0.31 mA). Further, the stability of the sample was assessed over time, where the reported device showed high stability over a period of two weeks at 4 °C. As the last step, the ability of the aptasensor to detect chlorpyrifos in actual samples was evaluated by testing it on banana and grape extracts. As a result, the device demonstrated sufficient recovery rates, which indicate that it can find application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. M. Sarwar Inam
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (A.K.M.S.I.); (A.D.); (B.S.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Martina Aurora Costa Angeli
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (A.K.M.S.I.); (A.D.); (B.S.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ali Douaki
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (A.K.M.S.I.); (A.D.); (B.S.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Bajramshahe Shkodra
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (A.K.M.S.I.); (A.D.); (B.S.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (A.K.M.S.I.); (A.D.); (B.S.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Luisa Petti
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (A.K.M.S.I.); (A.D.); (B.S.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
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18
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Pereira N, Rezende N, Cunha THR, Barboza APM, Silva GG, Lippross D, Neves BRA, Chacham H, Ferlauto AS, Lacerda RG. Aerosol-Printed MoS 2 Ink as a High Sensitivity Humidity Sensor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9388-9396. [PMID: 35356695 PMCID: PMC8945157 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is attractive for use in next-generation nanoelectronic devices and exhibits great potential for humidity sensing applications. Herein, MoS2 ink was successfully prepared via a simple exfoliation method by sonication. The structural and surface morphology of a deposited ink film was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The aerosol-printed MoS2 ink sensor has high sensitivity, with a conductivity increase by 6 orders of magnitude upon relative humidity increase from 10 to 95% at room temperature. The sensor also has fast response/recovery times and excellent repeatability. Possible mechanisms for the water-induced conductivity increase are discussed. An analytical model that encompasses two ionic conduction regimes, with a percolation transition to an insulating state below a low humidity threshold, describes the sensor response successfully. In conclusion, our work provides a low-cost and straightforward strategy for fabricating a high-performance humidity sensor and fundamental insights into the sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuma
M. Pereira
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-90, Brazil
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-90, Brazil
- Centro
de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno/UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, BHtec, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31310-260, Brazil
| | - Natália
P. Rezende
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-90, Brazil
- Centro
de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno/UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, BHtec, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31310-260, Brazil
| | - Thiago H. R. Cunha
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-90, Brazil
- Centro
de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno/UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, BHtec, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31310-260, Brazil
| | - Ana P. M. Barboza
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Glaura G. Silva
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-90, Brazil
- Centro
de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno/UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, BHtec, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31310-260, Brazil
| | - Daniel Lippross
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-90, Brazil
| | - Bernardo R. A. Neves
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-90, Brazil
| | - Hélio Chacham
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-90, Brazil
| | - Andre S. Ferlauto
- Centro
de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno/UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, BHtec, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31310-260, Brazil
- Centro
de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São
Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Lacerda
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-90, Brazil
- Centro
de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno/UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, BHtec, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31310-260, Brazil
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19
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Use of Nanocellulose to Produce Water-Based Conductive Inks with Ag NPs for Printed Electronics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062946. [PMID: 35328367 PMCID: PMC8955796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for more sustainable printed electronics has emerged in the past years. Due to this, the use of nanocellulose (NC) extracted from cellulose has recently been demonstrated to provide interesting materials such as functional inks and transparent flexible films due to its properties. Its high specific surface area together with the high content of reactive hydroxyl groups provide a highly tailorable surface chemistry with applications in ink formulations as a stabilizing, capping, binding and templating agent. Moreover, NC mechanical, physical and thermal properties (high strength, low porosity and high thermal stability, respectively) provide an excellent alternative for the currently used plastic films. In this work, we present a process for the production of water-based conductive inks that uses NC both as a template for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) formation and as an ink additive for ink formulation. The new inks present an electrical conductivity up to 2 × 106 S/m, which is in the range of current commercially available conductive inks. Finally, the new Ag NP/NC-based conductive inks have been tested to fabricate NFC antennas by screen-printing onto NC-coated paper, demonstrating to be operative.
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20
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Dielectric, structural and mechanical properties of thermally aged biaxially oriented polymeric substrates for flexible electronics. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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De Vito-Francesco E, Farinelli A, Yang Q, Nagar B, Álvarez R, Merkoçi A, Knutz T, Haider A, Stach W, Ziegenbalg F, Allabashi R. An innovative autonomous robotic system for on-site detection of heavy metal pollution plumes in surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:122. [PMID: 35075508 PMCID: PMC8786775 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Smart monitoring has been studied and developed in recent years to create faster, cheaper, and more user-friendly on-site methods. The present study describes an innovative technology for investigative monitoring of heavy metal pollution (Cu and Pb) in surface water. It is composed of an autonomous surface vehicle capable of semiautonomous driving and equipped with a microfluidic device for detection of heavy metals. Detection is based on the method of square wave anodic stripping voltammetry using carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). The focus of this work was to validate the ability of the integrated system to perform on-site detection of heavy metal pollution plumes in river catchments. This scenario was simulated in laboratory experiments. The main performance characteristics of the system, which was evaluated based on ISO 15839 were measurement bias (Pb 75%, Cu 65%), reproducibility (in terms of relative standard deviation: Pb 11-18%, Cu 6-10%) and the limit of detection (4 µg/L for Pb and 7 µg/L for Cu). The lowest detectable change (LDC), which is an important performance characteristic for this application, was estimated to be 4-5 µg/L for Pb and 6-7 µg/L for Cu. The life span of an SPE averaged 39 measurements per day, which is considered sufficient for intended monitoring campaigns. This work demonstrated the suitability of the integrated system for on-site detection of Pb and Cu emissions from large and medium urban areas discharging into small water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta De Vito-Francesco
- Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alessandro Farinelli
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Ca Vignal 2, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Qiuyue Yang
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Bhawna Nagar
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 440, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Ruslan Álvarez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thorsten Knutz
- Go Systemelektronik GmbH, Falunerweg 1, 24109, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Stach
- Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Falko Ziegenbalg
- Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roza Allabashi
- Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Stanculescu A, Socol M, Rasoga O, Breazu C, Preda N, Stanculescu F, Socol G, Vacareanu L, Girtan M, Doroshkevich AS. Arylenevinylene Oligomer-Based Heterostructures on Flexible AZO Electrodes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7688. [PMID: 34947285 PMCID: PMC8709386 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the optical and electrical properties of flexible single and bi-layer organic heterostructures prepared by vacuum evaporation with a p-type layer of arylenevinylene oligomers, based on carbazole, 3,3' bis(N hexylcarbazole)vinylbenzene = L13, or triphenylamine, 1,4 bis [4 (N,N' diphenylamino)phenylvinyl] benzene = L78, and an n-type layer of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyrydil)21H,23H-porphyne = TPyP. Transparent conductor films of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) with high transparency, >90% for wavelengths > 400 nm, and low resistivity, between 6.9 × 10-4 Ω·cm and 23 × 10-4 Ω·cm, were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on flexible substrates of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The properties of the heterostructures based on oligomers and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) were compared, emphasizing the effect of the surface morphology. The measurements revealed a good absorption in the visible range of the PET/AZO/arylenevinylene oligomer/TPyP heterostructures and a typical injection contact behavior with linear (ZnPc, L78) or non-linear (L13) J-V characteristics in the dark, at voltages < 0.4 V. The heterostructure PET/AZO/L78/TPyP/Al showed a current density of ~1 mA/cm2 at a voltage of 0.3 V. The correlation between the roughness exponent, evaluated from the height-height correlation function, grain shape, and electrical behavior was analyzed. Consequently, the oligomer based on triphenylamine could be a promising replacement of donor ZnPc in flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Stanculescu
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Marcela Socol
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Oana Rasoga
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Carmen Breazu
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Nicoleta Preda
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Florin Stanculescu
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-11, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Gabriel Socol
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-36, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Loredana Vacareanu
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry, P. Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Girtan
- Laboratoire LPHIA, Université d’Angers, LUNAM 2, Bd. Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France;
| | - Aleksandr S. Doroshkevich
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie Str., 141980 Dubna, Russia;
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Perera MAN, Katz M, Häkkinen J, Godaliyadda R. Light-Based IoT: Developing a Full-Duplex Energy Autonomous IoT Node Using Printed Electronics Technology. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238024. [PMID: 34884028 PMCID: PMC8659868 DOI: 10.3390/s21238024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The light-based Internet of things (LIoT) concept defines nodes that exploit light to (a) power up their operation by harvesting light energy and (b) provide full-duplex wireless connectivity. In this paper, we explore the LIoT concept by designing, implementing, and evaluating the communication and energy harvesting performance of a LIoT node. The use of components based on printed electronics (PE) technology is adopted in the implementation, supporting the vision of future fully printed LIoT nodes. In fact, we envision that as PE technology develops, energy-autonomous LIoT nodes will be entirely printed, resulting in cost-efficient, flexible and highly sustainable connectivity solutions that can be attached to the surface of virtually any object. However, the use of PE technology poses additional challenges to the task, as the performance of these components is typically considerably poorer than that of conventional components. In the study, printed photovoltaic cells, printed OLEDs (organic light-emitting diodes) as well as printed displays are used in the node implementation. The dual-mode operation of the proposed LIoT node is demonstrated, and its communication performance in downlink and uplink directions is evaluated. In addition, the energy harvesting system’s behaviour is studied and evaluated under different illumination scenarios and based on the results, a novel self-operating limitation aware algorithm for LIoT nodes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Katz
- Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Juha Häkkinen
- Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Roshan Godaliyadda
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka;
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24
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Khan S, Ali S, Khan A, Wang B, Al-Ansari T, Bermak A. Substrate Treatment Evaluation and Their Impact on Printing Results for Wearable Electronics. FRONTIERS IN ELECTRONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/felec.2021.777434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a comparative study on the treatment techniques for flexible polymeric substrates and their impact on the printing results. Substrate treatments are central to optimization of the printing processes and a strict set of requirements are needed to achieve uniform and acceptable printing results. Therefore, this research is highlighting the most significant treatment methods used for fine-tuning the surface properties of different polymeric substrates. Besides the two commonly used treatment techniques of oxygen plasma and ultraviolet ozone, a new method of using surface cleaning liquid is applied for rapid treatment of polymeric substrates. Comparative study is carried out on the basis of cleaning steps required for substrate preparation, processing, robustness as well as on the final printed results on the substrates. All the three treatment techniques with similar processing protocol are applied on a single type of polyimide (PI) substrate. To further validate the applicability and manufacture of practical devices, the liquid cleaning method is also applied on Polyethylene terephthalate substrates for making proof-of-concept wearable temperature sensor. From the study it is concluded that the liquid surface cleaning method is advantageous in terms of easy processing, robustness and producing uniform printing results on diverse polymeric substrates.
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Kim M, Jee H, Lee J. Photo-Sintered Silver Thin Films by a High-Power UV-LED Module for Flexible Electronic Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2840. [PMID: 34835606 PMCID: PMC8621171 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent printed electronics technology, a photo-sintering technique using intense pulsed light (IPL) source has attracted attention, instead of conventional a thermal sintering process with long time and high temperature. The key principle of the photo-sintering process is the selective heating of a thin film with large light absorption coefficients, while a transparent substrate does not heat by the IPL source. Most research on photo-sintering has used a xenon flash lamp as a light source. However, the xenon flash lamp requires instantaneous high power and is unsuitable for large area applications. In this work, we developed a new photo-sintering system using a high-power ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) module. A LED light source has many merits such as low power consumption and potential large-scale application. The silver nanoparticles ink was inkjet-printed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and photo-sintered by the UV-LED module with the wavelength of 365 and 385 nm. The electrical resistivity as low as 5.44 × 10-6 Ω·cm (just about three times compared to value of bulk silver) was achieved at optimized photo-sintering conditions (wavelength of 365 nm and light intensity of 300 mW/cm2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaehyeong Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.K.); (H.J.)
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26
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Pad-Printing as a Fabrication Process for Flexible and Compact Multilayer Circuits. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206802. [PMID: 34696015 PMCID: PMC8541000 DOI: 10.3390/s21206802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a newly developed process for the fabrication of multilayer circuits based on the pad-printing technique. Even though the maturity level, in terms of accuracy, substrate type and print size of several printing industrial processes is relatively high, the fabrication complexity of multilayer printed electronics remains relatively high. Due to its versatility, the pad-printing technique allows the superposition of printed conductive and insulating layers. Compared to other printing processes, its main advantage is the ability to print on various substrates even on flexible, curved or irregular surfaces. Silver-based inks were used for the formulation of conductive layers while UV inks were employed to fulfil the functionality of the insulating layers. To demonstrate the functionality of the pad-printing results, a multilayer test pattern has been designed and printed on Kapton®. Furthermore, to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, a multilayer circuit composed of three stacked layers has been designed and printed on various substrates including Kapton®, paper and wood. This electronic circuit controls an array of LEDs through the manipulation of a two-key capacitive touch sensor. This study, allowed us to define recommendations for the different parameters leading to high printing quality. We expect a long-term beneficial impact of this study towards a low-cost, fast, and environmental-friendly production of printed electronics.
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27
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Influence of Structure and Composition of Woven Fabrics on the Conductivity of Flexography Printed Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183165. [PMID: 34578064 PMCID: PMC8473034 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The work is framed within Printed Electronics, an emerging technology for the manufacture of electronic products. Among the different printing methods, the roll-to-roll flexography technique is used because it allows continuous manufacturing and high productivity at low cost. Nevertheless, the incorporation of the flexography printing technique in the textile field is still very recent due to technical barriers such as the porosity of the surface, the durability and the ability to withstand washing. By using the flexography printing technique and conductive inks, different printings were performed onto woven fabrics. Specifically, the study is focused on investigating the influence of the structure of the woven fabric with different weave construction, interlacing coefficient, yarn number and fabric density on the conductivity of the printing. In the same way, the influence of the weft composition was studied by a comparison of different materials (cotton, polyester, and wool). Optical, SEM, color fastness to wash, color measurement using reflection spectrophotometer and multi-meter analyses concluded that woven fabrics have a lower conductivity due to the ink expansion through the inner part of the textile. Regarding weft composition, cotton performs worse due to the moisture absorption capacity of cellulosic fiber. A solution for improving conductivity on printed electronic textiles would be pre-treatment of the surface substrates by applying different chemical compounds that increase the adhesion of the ink, avoiding its absorption.
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