1
|
Grisolia JC, Santos LA, Dias NA, Malaquias LCC, Burger E. Low-level LASER therapy accelerates fungal lesions cicatrization by increasing the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1295-1307. [PMID: 38806861 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis with serious clinical consequences in which the use of antifungal drugs requires long-term treatment. Therefore, we studied the effect of low-level LASER therapy (LLLT) to evaluate its prospects as a complementary treatment for PCM and improve the clinical response to the disease. OBJECTIVES Our study focused on the resolution of lesions caused by fungal infection using a subcutaneous air pouch model of infection. METHODS We evaluated cell profile and cytokines, fungi viability, and the presence of fibroblasts and fibrocytes at the site of infection. Inoculation of P. brasiliensis (Pb) was performed using a subcutaneous air pouch model and the LLLT irradiation was performed on alternate days on the rear paws of mice for 10 days, after which the cells from the air pouch were collected and analyzed. RESULTS In animals irradiated with LLLT, the influx of cells to the air pouch was reduced, but they were more activated and produced pro-inflammatory (IL-12, IL-17 and TNF-α) and neutrophil (PMN) activating cytokines (IL-8, GM-CSF and γ-IFN). A better resolution of the infection, evidenced by the reduction in the number of viable fungi with preserved morphology in the air pouch, and an increase in the number of fibrocytes, indicating a healing profile were also observed. CONCLUSION LLLT decreased the influx of PMN, but those presents were highly activated, with increased fungicidal activity. LLLT irradiation also resulted in earlier cicatrization at the site of infection, leading to a better outcome of the infection. These data are favorable to the use of LLLT as a complementary therapy in PCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Caravita Grisolia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas UNIFAL-MG, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil.
| | - Lauana Aparecida Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas UNIFAL-MG, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Nayara Andrade Dias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas UNIFAL-MG, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cosme Cotta Malaquias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas UNIFAL-MG, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas UNIFAL-MG, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santos AS, Costa VAF, Freitas VAQ, Dos Anjos LRB, de Almeida Santos ES, Arantes TD, Costa CR, de Sene Amâncio Zara AL, do Rosário Rodrigues Silva M, Neves BJ. Drug to genome to drug: a computational large-scale chemogenomics screening for novel drug candidates against sporotrichosis. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01406-x. [PMID: 38888692 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is recognized as the predominant subcutaneous mycosis in South America, attributed to pathogenic species within the Sporothrix genus. Notably, in Brazil, Sporothrix brasiliensis emerges as the principal species, exhibiting significant sapronotic, zoonotic and enzootic epidemic potential. Consequently, the discovery of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of sporotrichosis is imperative. The present study is dedicated to the repositioning of pharmaceuticals for sporotrichosis therapy. To achieve this goal, we designed a pipeline with the following steps: (a) compilation and preparation of Sporothrix genome data; (b) identification of orthologous proteins among the species; (c) identification of homologous proteins in publicly available drug-target databases; (d) selection of Sporothrix essential targets using validated genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; (e) molecular modeling studies; and (f) experimental validation of selected candidates. Based on this approach, we were able to prioritize eight drugs for in vitro experimental validation. Among the evaluated compounds, everolimus and bifonazole demonstrated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.5 µg/mL and 4.0 µg/mL, respectively. Subsequently, molecular docking studies suggest that bifonazole and everolimus may target specific proteins within S. brasiliensis- namely, sterol 14-α-demethylase and serine/threonine-protein kinase TOR, respectively. These findings shed light on the potential binding affinities and binding modes of bifonazole and everolimus with their probable targets, providing a preliminary understanding of the antifungal mechanism of action of these compounds. In conclusion, our research advances the understanding of the therapeutic potential of bifonazole and everolimus, supporting their further investigation as antifungal agents for sporotrichosis in prospective hit-to-lead and preclinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Santana Santos
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Laura Raniere Borges Dos Anjos
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Thales Domingos Arantes
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Carolina Rodrigues Costa
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura de Sene Amâncio Zara
- Postgraduate Program in Health Technology Assistance and Assessment (PPG-AAS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sousa YV, Santiago MG, de Souza BM, Keller KM, Oliveira CSF, Mendoza L, Vilela RVR, Goulart GAC. Itraconazole in human medicine and veterinary practice. J Mycol Med 2024; 34:101473. [PMID: 38493607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Diagnosis and management of fungal infections are challenging in both animals and humans, especially in immunologically weakened hosts. Due to its broad spectrum and safety profile when compared to other antifungals, itraconazole (ITZ) has been widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of fungal infections, both in human and veterinary medicine. The dose and duration of management depend on factors such as the type of fungal pathogen, the site of infection, sensitivity to ITZ, chronic stages of the disease, the health status of the hosts, pharmacological interactions with other medications and the therapeutic protocol used. In veterinary practice, ITZ doses generally vary between 3 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, once or twice a day. In humans, doses usually vary between 100 and 400 mg/day. As human and veterinary fungal infections are increasingly associated, and ITZ is one of the main medications used, this review addresses relevant aspects related to the use of this drug in both clinics, including case reports and different clinical aspects available in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamara V Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marie G Santiago
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bianca M de Souza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Kelly M Keller
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Camila S F Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Leonel Mendoza
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Raquel V R Vilela
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gisele A C Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carnero LCG, Dos Reis TF, Diehl C, de Castro PA, Pontes L, Pinzan CF, Goldman GH. Milteforan, a promising veterinary commercial product against feline sporotrichosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580352. [PMID: 38405873 PMCID: PMC10888911 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, the cutaneous mycosis most commonly reported in Latin America, is caused by the Sporothrix clinical clade species, including Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto. In Brazil, S. brasiliensis represents a vital health threat to humans and domestic animals due to its zoonotic transmission. Itraconazole, terbinafine, and amphotericin B are the most used antifungals for treating sporotrichosis. However, many strains of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii have shown resistance to these agents, highlighting the importance of finding new therapeutic options. Here, we demonstrate that milteforan, a commercial veterinary product against dog leishmaniasis whose active principle is miltefosine, is a possible therapeutic alternative for the treatment of sporotrichosis, as observed by its fungicidal activity in vitro against different strains of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii, and by its antifungal activity when used to treat infected epithelial cells and macrophages. Our results suggest milteforan as a possible alternative to treat feline sporotrichosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C García Carnero
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thaila F Dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Diehl
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alves de Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lais Pontes
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Figueiredo Pinzan
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu YY, Song Y, Guan MQ, Yang L, Chen RL, Shi Y, Cui Y, Li SS. Hyperthermia is a promising potential adjunct to treating sporotrichosis: A refractory case of HIV sporotrichosis and in vitro experiments on Sporothrix spp. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13671. [PMID: 37897073 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthermia is a common monotherapy for sporotrichosis, but only in patients with special conditions, such as pregnancy and nursing. However, hyperthermia has not been used more widely for sporotrichosis in clinical practice. PATIENTS/METHODS An HIV-positive adult male with lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix globosa that did not respond to conventional itraconazole therapy lasting >2 months received adjunctive therapy with local hyperthermia. To simulate the effects of heat exposure on the growth and morphology of Sporothrix spp. in vitro, S. globosa, S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis were exposed to intermittent heat (42°C) for 1 h a day for 7 or 28 days and observed under transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Itraconazole combined with local hyperthermia significantly improved the lesions, and the patient was successfully cured of sporotrichosis, with no recurrence after 2 years of follow-up. Cultures of Sporothrix spp. treated with 7 days of daily heat exposure in vitro showed obvious decreases in colony diameters, but not numbers, compared with untreated cultures (p < .001). After 28 days of heat exposure in vitro, Sporothrix spp. were unable to thrive (p < .001), and ultrastructural alterations, including loose cell wall structure, incomplete cell membrane, disrupted vacuoles and fragmented nuclei, were noticeable. CONCLUSIONS Our case findings and in vitro experiments on Sporothrix spp., together with a literature review of previous sporotrichosis cases, suggest that hyperthermia has a clinical role as a treatment adjunct. Large-scale clinical trials are required to examine the utility of hyperthermia in various forms of cutaneous sporotrichosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng-Qi Guan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yang
- Instrument Center, State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui-Li Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Galván-Hernández AK, Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Duncker I, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Mora-Montes HM. Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant Sporothrix Species by Human Granulocytes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:986. [PMID: 37888242 PMCID: PMC10607474 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous mycosis that affects humans and animals and has a worldwide distribution. This infection is mainly caused by Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. Current research about anti-Sporothrix immunity has been mainly focused on S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, using different types of human or animal immune cells. Granulocytes are a group of cells relevant for cytokine production, with the capacity for phagocytosis and the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Considering their importance, this study aimed to compare the capacity of human granulocytes to stimulate cytokines, uptake, and form NETs when interacting with different Sporothrix species. We found that conidia, germlings, and yeast-like cells from S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis, and S. globosa play an important role in the interaction with these immune cells, establishing morphology- and species-specific cytokine profiles. S. brasil-iensis tended to stimulate an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, whilst the other two species had a proinflammatory one. S. globosa cells were the most phagocytosed cells, which occurred through a dectin-1-dependent mechanism, while the uptake of S. brasiliensis mainly occurred via TLR4 and CR3. Cell wall N-linked and O-linked glycans, along with β-1,3-glucan, played a significant role in the interaction of these Sporothrix species with human granulocytes. Finally, this study indicates that conidia and yeast-like cells are capable of inducing NETs, with the latter being a better stimulant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the cytokine profiles produced by human granulocytes interacting with Sporothrix cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana K. Galván-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Mor. 62209, Mexico;
| | - José A. Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hatinguais R, Leaves I, Brown GD, Brown AJP, Brock M, Peres da Silva R. CRISPR-based tools for targeted genetic manipulation in pathogenic Sporothrix species. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0507822. [PMID: 37707447 PMCID: PMC10581184 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05078-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is an emerging fungal pathogen frequently associated with zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis by contaminated cats. Within 25 years, the disease has spread not only throughout Brazil but now to neighboring countries in Latin America. Thermo-dimorphism, melanin, glycans, adhesins, and secreted vesicles have been associated with the ability of Sporothrix species to cause disease in the mammalian host. Although certain virulence factors have been proposed as potential determinants for sporotrichosis, the scarcity of molecular tools for performing reverse genetics in Sporothrix has significantly impeded the dissection of mechanisms underlying the disease. Here, we demonstrate that PEG-mediated protoplast transformation is a powerful method for heterologous gene expression in S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii, and S. chilensis. Combined with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, this transformation protocol enabled the deletion of the putative DHN-melanin synthase gene pks1, which is a proposed virulence factor of Sporothrix species. To improve in locus integration of deletion constructs, we deleted the KU80 homolog that is critical for non-homologous end-joining DNA repair. The use of Δku80 strains from S. brasiliensis enhanced homologous-directed repair during transformation resulting in increased targeted gene deletion in combination with CRISPR/Cas9. In conclusion, our CRISPR/Cas9-based transformation protocol provides an efficient tool for targeted gene manipulation in Sporothrix species. IMPORTANCE Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis is a disease that requires long periods of treatment and is rapidly spreading across Latin America. The virulence of this fungus and the surge of atypical and more severe presentations of the disease raise the need for an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sporotrichosis, as well as the development of better diagnostics and antifungal therapies. By developing molecular tools for accurate genetic manipulation in Sporothrix, this study addresses the paucity of reliable and reproducible tools for stable genetic engineering of Sporothrix species, which has represented a major obstacle for studying the virulence determinants and their roles in the establishment of sporotrichosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remi Hatinguais
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Leaves
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Brock
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Peres da Silva
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Legabão BC, Galinari CB, Santos RSD, Bruschi ML, Gremião IDF, Boechat JS, Pereira SA, Malacarne LC, Caetano W, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Svidzinski TIE. In vitro antifungal activity of curcumin mediated by photodynamic therapy on Sporothrix brasiliensis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103659. [PMID: 37336466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporothrix brasiliensis is a pathogenic dimorphic fungus that affects humans and animals causing sporotrichosis. The treatment of this disease with conventional antifungals commonly results in therapeutic failures and resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of curcumin (CUR) mediated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) in its pure state and incorporated into pharmaceutical formulation in gel form, on the filamentous and yeast forms of S. brasiliensis. METHODS Cells from both forms of the fungus were treated with pure curcumin (PDT-CUR). For this, CUR concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 50 μM were incubated for 15 min and then irradiated with blue LED at 15 J/cm². Similarly, it was performed with PDT-CUR-gel, at lower concentration with fungistatic action. After, a qualitative and quantitative (colony forming units (CFU)) analysis of the results was performed. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry. Results PDT with 0.78 μM of CUR caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in cells of the filamentous and yeast form, 1.38 log10 and 1.18 log10, respectively, in comparison with the control. From the concentration of 1.56 μM of CUR, there was a total reduction in the number of CFU (≥ 3 log10). The PDT-CUR-gel, in relation to its base without CUR, presented a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of 0.83 log10 for the filamentous form and for the yeast form, 0.72 log10. ROS release was detected after the PDT-CUR assay, showing that this may be an important pathway of death caused by photoinactivation. Conclusion PDT-CUR has an important in vitro antifungal action against S. brasiliensis strains in both morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Cipulo Legabão
- Graduate Student (Master's), Biosciences and Pathophysiology Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Camila Barros Galinari
- Postgraduate student (PhD), Biosciences and Pathophysiology Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Said Dos Santos
- Postgraduate student (PhD), R & D Laboratory of Drug Distribution Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Professor, Drug Distribution Systems R&D Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of clinical Research Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Sepúlveda Boechat
- Laboratory of clinical Research Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antônio Pereira
- Laboratory of clinical Research Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Wilker Caetano
- Professor, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Bonfim-Mendonça
- Professor, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, block T20 room 203, Maringá CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Terezinha I E Svidzinski
- Professor, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, block T20 room 203, Maringá CEP: 87020-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Corrêa-Junior D, de Andrade IB, Alves V, Avellar-Moura I, Rodrigues-Alves T, de Souza Rabello VB, de S Araújo GR, Borba-Santos LP, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Almeida-Paes R, Frases S. Metabolic Plasticity and Virulence-Associated Factors of Sporothrix brasiliensis Strains Related to Familiar Outbreaks of Cat-to-Human Transmitted Sporotrichosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:724. [PMID: 37504713 PMCID: PMC10381138 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is the main agent of zoonotic sporotrichosis transmitted by domestic cats in South America. In humans, sporotrichosis commonly presents with cutaneous or lymphocutaneous lesions, and in cats, with multiple ulcerated skin lesions associated with enlarged lymph nodes and respiratory signs. Fungal virulence factors may affect the clinical presentation of the mycoses. Sporothrix spp. present some virulence factors. This study aims to compare 24 S. brasiliensis strains from 12 familiar outbreaks of cat-to-human transmitted sporotrichosis. Fungal growth in different substrates, thermotolerance, resistance to oxidative stress, and production of enzymes were evaluated. An invertebrate model of experimental infection was used to compare the virulence of the strains. The strains grew well on glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine but poorly on lactate. Their thermotolerance was moderate to high. All strains were susceptible to hydrogen peroxide, and the majority produced hemolysins but not phospholipase and esterase. There was no significant difference in the putative virulence-associated factors studied among the different hosts. Moreover, strains isolated from a human and a cat from four familiar outbreaks presented a very similar profile of expression of these factors, reinforcing the zoonotic transmission of S. brasiliensis in Brazil and demonstrating the plasticity of this species in the production of virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Corrêa-Junior
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Alves
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Igor Avellar-Moura
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Tânia Rodrigues-Alves
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Glauber R de S Araújo
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luana Pereira Borba-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Duncker I, Gómez-Gaviria M, Mora-Montes HM. Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant Sporothrix Species by Human Mononuclear Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040448. [PMID: 37108903 PMCID: PMC10146672 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a human and animal fungal infection distributed worldwide that is caused by the thermodimorphic species of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade, which includes Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Sporothrix globosa. The cell wall composition and the immune response against the Sporothrix species have been studied mainly in S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii, whilst little is known about the S. globosa cell wall and the immune response that its components trigger. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the cell wall composition of S. globosa in three morphologies (germlings, conidia, and yeast-like cells) and the differences in cytokine production when human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) interact with these morphotypes, using S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis as a comparison. We found that S. globosa conidia and yeast-like cells have a higher cell wall chitin content, while all three morphologies have a higher β-1,3-glucan content, which was found most exposed at the cell surface when compared to S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis. In addition, S. globosa has lower levels of mannose- and rhamnose-based glycoconjugates, as well as of N- and O-linked glycans, indicating that this fungal cell wall has species-specific proportions and organization of its components. When interacting with PBMCs, S. brasiliensis and S. globosa showed a similar cytokine stimulation profile, but with a higher stimulation of IL-10 by S. globosa. Additionally, when the inner cell wall components of S. globosa were exposed at the surface or N- and O-glycans were removed, the cytokine production profile of this species in its three morphotypes did not significantly change, contrasting with the S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis species that showed different cytokine profiles depending on the treatment applied to the walls. In addition, it was found that the anti-inflammatory response stimulated by S. globosa was dependent on the activation of dectin-1, mannose receptor, and TLR2, but not TLR4. All of these results indicate that the cell wall composition and structure of the three Sporothrix species in the three morphologies are different, affecting their interaction with human PBMCs and generating species-specific cytokine profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mor., Mexico
| | - Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pinto-Almazán R, Sandoval-Navarro KA, Damián-Magaña EJ, Arenas R, Fuentes-Venado CE, Zárate-Segura PB, Martínez-Herrera E, Rodríguez-Cerdeira C. Relationship of Sporotrichosis and Infected Patients with HIV-AIDS: An Actual Systematic Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040396. [PMID: 37108851 PMCID: PMC10143772 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection that can affect both humans and animals, caused by a species of thermo-dimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. This pathology can be acquired by subcutaneous traumatic inoculation through contact with contaminated plants, soil or decomposing organic matter, and/or by inhalation of conidia. The infection can progress to chronic skin infection, or it can even spread to blood vessels, lymph, muscles, bones, and other organs, such as the lungs and nervous system. Those disseminated types are usually associated with cellular immunodeficiency and infection by inhalation, which explains why people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) get infected in such a manner. This virus changes the natural history of sporotrichosis, producing a greater fungal load. Methods: The search was carried out in three databases: Pubmed, Scopus, and Scielo. Eligible articles were considered as those that described sporotrichosis in patients infected with HIV-AIDS, as well as case series. Results: A total of 24 articles were selected, with a sum of 37 patients with sporotrichosis and HIV infection. Of these patients, 31 came from Brazil, two from the United States, one from South Africa, one from Bangladesh, and two from an unspecified region. Regarding epidemiology, a predominance of the male sex was found in 28 of the 37 cases (75.6%), while nine were female (24.3%). Conclusions: Sporotrichosis infection continues to present in a more severe and disseminated way among HIV-positive subjects with lower CD4+ counts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (R.P.-A.); (C.E.F.-V.); (P.B.Z.-S.)
| | - Karla A. Sandoval-Navarro
- Hospital Central Norte Pemex, Campo Matillas 52, San Antonio, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02720, Mexico;
| | - Erika J. Damián-Magaña
- Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Paseo de las Jacarandas S/N, La Raza, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02990, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Arenas
- Sección de Micología, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
- Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo (UVIGO), 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Claudia Erika Fuentes-Venado
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (R.P.-A.); (C.E.F.-V.); (P.B.Z.-S.)
- Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Hospital General de Zona No 197, Texcoco 56108, Mexico
| | - Paola Berenice Zárate-Segura
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (R.P.-A.); (C.E.F.-V.); (P.B.Z.-S.)
| | - Erick Martínez-Herrera
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (R.P.-A.); (C.E.F.-V.); (P.B.Z.-S.)
- Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo (UVIGO), 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.-C.); (E.M.-H.); Tel.: +34-600536114 (C.R.-C.)
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira
- Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo (UVIGO), 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Hospital do Vithas, 36206 Vigo, Spain
- Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus of Vigo, As Lagoas, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.-C.); (E.M.-H.); Tel.: +34-600536114 (C.R.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lima MA, Freitas DFS, Oliveira RVC, Fichman V, Varon AG, Freitas AD, Lamas CC, Andrade HB, Veloso VG, Almeida-Paes R, Almeida-Silva F, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, de Macedo PM, Valle ACF, Silva MTT, Araújo AQC, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC. Meningeal Sporotrichosis Due to Sporothrix brasiliensis: A 21-Year Cohort Study from a Brazilian Reference Center. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:17. [PMID: 36675837 PMCID: PMC9863964 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningeal sporotrichosis is rare and occurs predominantly in immunosuppressed individuals. This retrospective study explored clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of patients with disseminated sporotrichosis who underwent lumbar puncture (LP) at a Brazilian reference center from 1999 to 2020. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models were used to estimate overall survival and hazard ratios. Among 57 enrolled patients, 17 had meningitis. Fifteen (88.2%) had HIV infection, and in 6 of them, neurological manifestations occurred because of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). The most frequent symptom was headache (88.2%). Meningeal symptoms at first LP were absent in 7/17 (41.2%) patients. Sporothrix was diagnosed in cerebrospinal fluid either by culture or by polymerase chain reaction in seven and four patients, respectively. All but one patient received prolonged courses of amphotericin B formulations, and seven received posaconazole, but relapses were frequent. Lethality among patients with meningitis was 64.7%, with a higher chance of death compared to those without meningitis (HR = 3.87; IC95% = 1.23;12.17). Meningeal sporotrichosis occurs mostly in people with HIV and can be associated with IRIS. Screening LP is indicated in patients with disseminated disease despite the absence of neurological complaints. Meningitis is associated with poor prognosis, and better treatment strategies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Lima
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Neurology Section, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Dayvison F. S. Freitas
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel V. C. Oliveira
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Vivian Fichman
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa G. Varon
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa D. Freitas
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C. Lamas
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo B. Andrade
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G. Veloso
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Almeida-Silva
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila M. de Macedo
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. F. Valle
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus T. T. Silva
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Q. C. Araújo
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Deolindo Couto Institute of Neurology (INDC), The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yan T, An L, Chen F. Recombinant phage displaying ToAP2D peptide with antifungal activity against Sporothrix globosa. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1022651. [PMID: 36278206 PMCID: PMC9585229 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1022651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We designed and synthesized recombinant phage nanofibers displaying ToAP2D peptide and investigated their antifungal effect on Sporothrix and the corresponding mechanism. Antimicrobial peptide, ToAP2D, was used as the template. The effect of synthesized recombinant phages on the immune function of CD4+ T lymphocytes in mice was tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The therapeutic effect and safety of recombinant phage administration on Sporothrix-infected BALB/c mice were evaluated based on survival analysis, histopathological changes, and renal and liver functions. The successfully prepared recombinant phage displaying ToAP2D peptides significantly inhibited Sporothrix growth. According to the scanning electron microscopy results, the recombinant phage caused shrinkage and rupture of Sporothrix globosa, leading to leakage of the contents. The Hoechst/propidium iodide double staining test indicated that the recombinant phage could induce cell apoptosis of Sporothrix globosa. The apoptotic pathway might be due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in large quantities in cells, activating caspase dependence; this reduced inflammation, prolonged the survival time, and enhanced levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 in mice. We believe that recombinant phage inhibits Sporothrix growth by adjusting the immune response of mice, inducing Sporothrix apoptosis and improving animal survival. This study offers a new approach to preparing antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin An
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cognialli R, Bloss K, Weiss I, Caceres DH, Davis R, Queiroz-Telles F. A Lateral Flow Assay for the Immunodiagnosis of Human Cat-Transmitted Sporotrichosis. Mycoses 2022; 65:926-934. [PMID: 35943444 PMCID: PMC9546384 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis (CTS) caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis has emerged as an important zoonosis in Brazil and neighboring countries. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the performance of a lateral flow assay (LFA) for the detection of anti-Sporothrix antibodies in human sera. METHODS A LFA for the detection of anti-Sporothrix antibodies (Anti-Sporo LFA) in human sera, developed by IMMY, was evaluated using 300 human sera collected prospectively at the Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná (HC-UFPR), in Curitiba, Brazil. These specimens included 100 sera from patients with CTS. CTS cases were classified as: 59 lymphocutaneous, 27 fixed cutaneous,13 ocular, and one mixed form. One-hundred specimens from patients with other mycoses, including cryptococcosis (n=32), candidemia (n=27), paracoccidioidomycosis (n=14), aspergillosis (n=10), histoplasmosis (n=9), fusariosis (n=4), lobomycosis (n=1), chromoblastomycosis (n=1), mucormycosis (n=1), and trichosporonosis (n=1). And 100 specimens from apparently healthy volunteers (AHV). RESULTS The Anti-Sporo LFA showed a global sensitivity of 83% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 74%-90%), a global specificity of 82% (95% CI = 76%-87%), and accuracy of 82% (95% CI = 77%-86%). By clinical form sensitivity was as follows: Mixed form 100%, ocular 92%, lymphocutaneous 83%, and fixed cutaneous 78%. False-positive results were observed in 11 specimens from people with other mycoses and 26 specimens from AHV. CONCLUSION-DISCUSSION This study presents the results of the evaluation of the first lateral flow assay for the detection of anti-Sporothrix antibodies in human sera. The findings here show evidence that IMMY´s Anti-Sporo LFA is a promising tool for the rapid diagnosis of CTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regielly Cognialli
- Mycology Unit, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Internal Medicine and Health Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Konner Bloss
- Immuno-Mycologics (IMMY), Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Izabella Weiss
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Diego H Caceres
- Immuno-Mycologics (IMMY), Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Rachelle Davis
- Immuno-Mycologics (IMMY), Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Public Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mora-Montes HM. Special Issue “Sporothrix and Sporotrichosis 2.0”. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080821. [PMID: 36012809 PMCID: PMC9409946 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sporothrix brasiliensis and Feline Sporotrichosis in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1998–2018). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070749. [PMID: 35887504 PMCID: PMC9325134 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline sporotrichosis is enzootic in different regions of Brazil, especially in Rio de Janeiro. This study compared the genotype profiles of Sporothrix sp. isolated from cats in Rio de Janeiro between 1998 and 2018 and evaluated their association with clinical and epidemiological characteristics. One hundred nineteen Sporothrix sp. isolates from a cohort of cats with sporotrichosis seen at INI/Fiocruz were included. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from the medical records of the animals. T3B PCR fingerprinting was used for molecular identification of the Sporothrix species. All isolates were characterized as Sporothrix brasiliensis, with the observation of low intraspecific variation in 31 isolates (31.3%). The interval between lesion onset and first medical visit at INI/Fiocruz, as well as treatment duration until clinical cure, was longer in cats from the first decade of the epizootic. In addition, the frequency of the variables “good general status” and “presence of lymphadenomegaly” was higher among cats whose strains did not exhibit intraspecific variation. So far, S. brasiliensis has been the only species identified in feline cases of sporotrichosis since the beginning of the epizootic in Rio de Janeiro at INI/Fiocruz.
Collapse
|
17
|
Legabão BC, Fernandes JA, de Oliveira Barbosa GF, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Svidzinski TI. The zoonosis sporotrichosis can be successfully treated by photodynamic therapy: A scoping review. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106341. [PMID: 35131203 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a worldwide zoonosis, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in human and feline cases reported in Brazil. Despite this, the antifungal treatment for sporotrichosis is still limited, and thus, research into new therapeutic modalities must be encouraged. Recently, photodynamic therapy has been introduced as a treatment for sporotrichosis. This work presents an overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies that have used photodynamic therapy in the context of photoinactivation of Sporothrix species. Until now, as far as the authors are aware, this is the first scope review specifically on photodynamic therapy for the treatment of sporotrichosis. A systematic electronic search was conducted in two databases: Web of Science and PubMed. Seven original articles published from 2010 to July 2021 were selected, six of which met the proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria and were considered in this scoping review. Concerning the photoinactivation of Sporothrix spp. the results have been promising as studies, in both animals and humans, have reported significant clinical and mycological effects. The most used photosensitizers were methylene blue and its derivatives, and aminolevulinic acid and its methyl derivative, methyl aminolevulinic acid. In conclusion, photodynamic therapy has great potential in treatment of sporotrichosis, as its fungicidal effect both in vitro and in vivo has clearly been demonstrated. Photodynamic therapy could be used in conjunction with classic antifungal agents to optimize treatment outcomes.
Collapse
|
18
|
Human sporotrichosis: recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Dermatology for the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic management. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:757-777. [PMID: 36155712 PMCID: PMC9582924 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in the zoonotic epidemic of sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis, which started in the late 1990s in Rio de Janeiro and is now found in almost all Brazilian states, has been equally advancing in neighboring countries of Brazil. Changes in the clinical-epidemiological profile, advances in the laboratory diagnosis of the disease, and therapeutic difficulties have been observed throughout these almost 25 years of the epidemic, although there is no national consensus. The last international guideline dates from 2007. OBJECTIVES Update the clinical classification, diagnostic methods and recommendations on the therapeutic management of patients with sporotrichosis. METHODS Twelve experts in human sporotrichosis were selected from different Brazilian regions, and divided into three work groups: clinical, diagnosis and treatment. The bibliographic research was carried out on the EBSCOHost platform. Meetings took place via electronic mail and remote/face-to-face and hybrid settings, resulting in a questionnaire which pointed out 13 divergences, resolved based on the opinion of the majority of the participants. RESULTS The clinical classification and laboratory diagnosis were updated. Therapeutic recommendations were made for the different clinical forms. CONCLUSION Publication of the first national recommendation, carried out by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology, aimed at the Brazilian scientific community, especially dermatologists, infectologists, pediatricians, family medicine personnel, and laboratory professionals who work in the management of human sporotrichosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Schechtman RC, Falcão EMM, Carard M, García MSC, Mercado DS, Hay RJ. Sporotrichosis: hyperendemic by zoonotic transmission, with atypical presentations, hypersensitivity reactions and greater severity. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:1-13. [PMID: 34893422 PMCID: PMC8799859 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, an alarming increase in the number of sporotrichosis cases has been reported in southern and southeastern Brazil, especially in the state of Rio de Janeiro, has been considered a long-term hyperendemic condition associated with feline transmission. According to phenotypic classifications, the Sporothrix species recovered from cats were classified as S. brasiliensis in 96.5% of the studied cases. This finding has also been demonstrated in humans, which confirms the zoonotic transmission associated with this predominant species in Brazil. The zoonotic transmission of the fungus and its important virulence in the context of the hyperendemic situation in Rio de Janeiro have changed the approach to the disease, which in its classic form was restricted to certain professional groups and very specific regions in the Brazilian territory, into a public health challenge of scientific interest. Its atypical manifestations and hypersensitivity reactions are increasingly frequent, constituting a new sporotrichosis aspect, which deserves attention from the medical community, as well as from other health professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Casz Schechtman
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Marciela Carard
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Salomé Cajas García
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diana Stohmann Mercado
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roderick James Hay
- International Foundation of Dermatology, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Antifungal Activity of a Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet 1,064-Nanometer Laser against Sporothrix globosa by Inducing Apoptosis and Pyroptosis via the NLRP3/Caspase-1 Signaling Pathway: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0136421. [PMID: 34908455 PMCID: PMC8672895 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01364-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a deep fungal infection caused by Sporothrix species. Currently, itraconazole is the main treatment, but fungal resistance, adverse effects, and drug interactions remain major concerns, especially in patients with immune dysfunction. Therefore, an alternative treatment is greatly in demand. This animal study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) 1,064-nm laser treatment on Sporothrix globosa and to explore whether it happens through regulation of the Nod-like receptor thermoprotein domain-related protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1 pyroptosis and apoptosis pathway. After laser irradiation, a series of studies, including assays of viability (using the cell counting kit-8 [CCK-8]), morphological structure changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidative stress, cell cycle progression, and metacaspase activation, were conducted to estimate the effect of Nd:YAG 1,064-nm laser treatment on Sporothrix globosa cell apoptosis in vitro. For in vivo studies, mice were infected with S. globosa and then treated with laser or itraconazole, and their footpad skin lesions and the changes in the histology of tissue samples were compared. In addition, changes in the levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and caspase-3 were assessed by immunohistochemistry, while the levels of interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in peripheral blood were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The in vitro growth of S. globosa was inhibited and apoptosis was observed after laser treatment. According to the in vivo studies, the efficacy of the laser treatment was similar to that of itraconazole. Moreover, the NLRP3/caspase-1 pyroptosis pathway was activated, with a Th1/Th17 cell response, and the expression of caspase-3 was also upregulated. Nd:YAG 1,064-nm laser treatment can effectively inhibit the growth of S. globosa by activating fungal apoptosis and pyroptosis through the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway. Therefore, Nd:YAG 1,064-nm laser irradiation is an alternative for sporotrichosis therapy. IMPORTANCE Nd:YAG 1,064-nm laser irradiation is a useful alternative for the treatment of sporotrichosis, especially in patients with liver dysfunction, pregnant women, and children, for whom the administration of antifungal drugs is not suitable. It may improve the overall treatment effect by shortening the duration of antifungal treatment and reducing tissue inflammation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yan T, Li F, Li J, Chen F. Antifungal Activity of ToAP2D Peptide Against Sporothrix globosa. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:761518. [PMID: 34746111 PMCID: PMC8566951 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.761518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving clinical efficacy and reducing treatment time have been the focus of sporotrichosis therapy. Antimicrobial peptides ToAP2A, ToAP2C, and ToAP2D were synthesized on the basis of ToAP2 (AP02759), a peptide derived from the antimicrobial peptide database by the database filtering technology, and their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. Compared with template peptide ToAP2, the modified peptides had much shorter length, lower molecular weight but significantly greater stability, which in return resulted in increases in the aliphatic index, hydrophilicity, and protein binding ability. Here, we show that the three derived peptides inhibit the growth of Sporothrix globosa, among which ToAP2D had the strongest anti-fungal activity. ToAP2D showed good serum stability without acute toxicity. The ToAP2D treatment inhibited the growth of S. globosa and enhanced apoptosis, which was evidenced by the upregulation of apoptosis-related protein caspase-3. The scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed deformation and rupture of S. globosa. The levels of mitochondrial membrane potential were decreased and that of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in S. globosa upon ToAP2D treatment. Moreover, ToAP2D activated metacaspase. In the in vivo study, we further demonstrated that ToAP2D inhibited the S. globosa infection of mice footpads, and its efficiency was nearly comparable to itraconazole. In summary, our results suggest that antimicrobial peptide ToAP2D has the potential for sporotrichosis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fuqiu Li
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinran Li
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis Refractory to First-Line Treatment. Case Rep Dermatol Med 2021; 2021:9453701. [PMID: 34659843 PMCID: PMC8514908 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9453701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection endemic in Latin America and has been attributed to the thermodimorphic fungus of the genus Sporothrix. Transmission to humans occurs during a traumatic injury with soil or organic material; additionally, lesions caused by infected cats play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. The classic treatment of sporotrichosis is performed with itraconazole or potassium iodide; second-line medications, such as amphotericin B and terbinafine, can alternatively be used in cases of first-line drug failure. In the present study, a patient with lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in the right upper limb exhibited intolerance to itraconazole and potassium iodide, additionally during the period of use; these drugs did not control skin lesions. In this patient, amphotericin B deoxycholate and its liposomal version were used in this patient; and complete recovery of the lesions was observed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Martínez-Herrera E, Arenas R, Hernández-Castro R, Frías-De-León MG, Rodríguez-Cerdeira C. Uncommon Clinical Presentations of Sporotrichosis: A Two-Case Report. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101249. [PMID: 34684198 PMCID: PMC8541424 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous endemic mycosis caused by species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. The most common clinical form of the disease is lymphocutaneous, while the fixed cutaneous and disseminated cutaneous forms are rare. Moreover, it is more prevalent in immunocompetent individuals. In this study, we present two cases of sporotrichosis with uncommon clinical forms: fixed cutaneous (Case 1) and disseminated cutaneous (Case 2). Both cases were diagnosed in immunocompetent males from endemic regions in Mexico, who had at least 1 year of evolution without improvement in response to prior nonspecific treatments. The diagnosis of sporotrichosis caused by S. schenckii sensu stricto was established through the isolation of the pathogen and its identification through the amplification of a 331 bp fragment of the gene encoding calmodulin. In both cases, improvement was observed after treatment with potassium iodide. Cases 1 and 2 illustrate the rarity of these clinical forms in individuals residing in endemic areas; hence, it is important to ensure a high index of clinical suspicion for the diagnosis of mycosis, as the differential diagnoses vary widely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Martínez-Herrera
- Research Unit, Regional Hospital of High Specialty of Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; (E.M.-H.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Roberto Arenas
- Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Mycology, General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Department of Ecology of Pathogens, General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - María Guadalupe Frías-De-León
- Research Unit, Regional Hospital of High Specialty of Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; (E.M.-H.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira
- Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Vithas Ntra. Sra. de Fátima and University of Vigo, 36206 Vigo, Spain
- Campus of Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-600-536-114
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The spread of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis due to Sporothrix brasiliensis in Brazil towards the Northeast region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009693. [PMID: 34460830 PMCID: PMC8432896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporotrichosis is a worldwide subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix spp. In the past, this infection was associated with armadillo hunting, horticulturists, miners, and gardeners, being considered an implantation mycosis acquired by plant debris injury. Nevertheless, since the late nineties, it has been considered a zoonotic disease in Brazil. Here we report a case series of 121 patients with cat-transmitted sporotrichosis seen in Northeast Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Patient's demographic, clinical data, and length of treatment were recorded. In addition, a mycological examination and further PCR confirmation of species identification were performed. One hundred and twenty two patients were diagnosed with subcutaneous sporotrichosis from October 2016 to December 2019, while PCR revealed that 71 of them were due to S. brasiliensis. The majority of the individuals were female (n = 86; 70.5%). Patient's age ranged from 5 to 87 years old. The clinical forms found were lymphocutaneous (58.2%) and fixed cutaneous (39.4%). Interestingly, 115 patients reported previous contact with cats diagnosed with sporotrichosis. Patients were successfully treated with itraconazole and potassium iodide. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study adds important contributions for the investigation of the spread of cat-transmitted subcutaneous sporotrichosis in Brazil, specifically towards the Northeast region of a continental-size country. It will also help clinicians to be aware of the existence and importance to accurately diagnose sporotrichosis and treat patients with this infectious disease in the lowest income region of Brazil.
Collapse
|
25
|
Toriello C, Brunner-Mendoza C, Ruiz-Baca E, Duarte-Escalante E, Pérez-Mejía A, Del Rocío Reyes-Montes M. Sporotrichosis in Mexico. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:49-62. [PMID: 33125684 PMCID: PMC7966611 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the species of the Sporothrix genus, and it is considered one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in Mexico. This mycosis has become a relevant fungal infection in the last two decades. Today, much is known of its epidemiology and distribution, and its taxonomy has undergone revisions. New clinical species have been identified and classified through molecular tools, and they now include Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix luriei. In this article, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. The results show that the most common clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in Mexico is the lymphocutaneous form, with a higher incidence in the 0-15 age range, mainly in males, and for which trauma with plants is the most frequent source of infection. In Mexico, the laboratory diagnosis of sporotrichosis is mainly carried out using conventional methods, but in recent years, several researchers have used molecular methods to identify the Sporothrix species. The treatment of choice depends mainly on the clinical form of the disease, the host's immunological status, and the species of Sporothrix involved. Despite the significance of this mycosis in Mexico, public information about sporotrichosis is scarce, and it is not considered reportable according to Mexico's epidemiological national system, the "Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica." Due to the lack of data in Mexico regarding the epidemiology of this disease, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico, between 1914 and 2019, that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conchita Toriello
- Departamento de Microbiología-Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Carolina Brunner-Mendoza
- Departamento de Microbiología-Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Mexico
| | - Esperanza Duarte-Escalante
- Departamento de Microbiología-Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amelia Pérez-Mejía
- Departamento de Microbiología-Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Del Rocío Reyes-Montes
- Departamento de Microbiología-Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zu J, Yao L, Song Y, Cui Y, Guan M, Chen R, Zhen Y, Li S. Th2 Biased Immunity With Altered B Cell Profiles in Circulation of Patients With Sporotrichosis Caused by Sporothrix globosa. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570888. [PMID: 33281813 PMCID: PMC7691245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycotic infection, and Sporothrixglobosa is one of the causative agents with a worldwide distribution, notably in Asia. However, the immune profile in human sporotrichosis caused by S. globosa still remains obscure. Here, we demonstrated enhanced Th2 response in circulation with significant increases in Th2 frequency, Th2/Tregs as well as IL-4 seretion in patients. Elevated IL-17A+Th17 percentage was accompanied with reduced IL-17A level in serum, which may imply a dysfunction of this CD4+T subset in S. globosa infection. In addition, Th2 percentage, the ratios of Th2/Tregs and Th17/Tregs were all raised in patients with fixed cutaneous form, while only Th2/Tregs displayed increment in lymphocutaneous form. Meanwhile, the percentage of double negative B cells was significantly increased and positively correlated with Th2 and Tregs in whole patients. Except naïve B cells, all memory B cells together with Th2 cells increased in patients with short duration (less than 6 months), which may suggest a collaboration of T cells with altered B cell profile in human sporotrichosis caused by S. globosa. In consistent with the changes of IFN-γ+Th1, IL-4+Th2 and IL-17A+Th17 in patients with short duration, the percentages of these effector T cells all expanded when cocultured with S. globosa yeast cells in vitro. These data shed light on the potential involvement of peripheral T and B cell immunity against this mycotic infection and indicated that different immune responses existed in different stages of sporotrichosis; meanwhile different immune profile may contribute to different clinical manifestations of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiao Zu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengqi Guan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruili Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Corrêa-Moreira D, De Luca PM, Romeo O, C Menezes R, Paes RA, Oliveira RZ, de Moraes AM, de L Neto RG, Moraes Borba CD, E de Oliveira MM. Tregs in the immune response of BALB/c mice experimentally infected with species of the Sporothrix genus. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1217-1225. [PMID: 33026880 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sporotrichosis occurs through contact with contaminated soil and plant. However, the incidence of sporotrichosis as a zoonotic epidemic has increased, particularly in Rio de Janeiro. Aim: In this work, we decided to evaluate some T-cell phenotypes involved in the immune response. Materials & methods: We used flow cytometry to quantify TCD4+ and TCD8+ and Treg from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Sporothrix species with different levels of virulence and pathogenicity. Results: It was demonstrated the predominance of TCD4+ over the TCD8+ cells in both groups, inoculated with all the species, and percentages of Treg observed in infected immunocompetent mice. Conclusion: This regulatory phenotype can be associated with a protective immunity in the initial periods of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry & Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula M De Luca
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Orazio Romeo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rodrigo C Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Paes
- Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosely Z Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aurea Ml de Moraes
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry & Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo G de L Neto
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cintia de Moraes Borba
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry & Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manoel Marques E de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grisolia JC, Santos LA, Coelho LML, Silva RR, de Camargo ZP, Velloso TRG, Coelho LFL, Chavasco JK, Malaquias LCC. Seroepidemiological survey on sporotrichosis-infection in rural areas of the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:41-47. [PMID: 32406049 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by traumatic inoculation into the skin by fungi species of the genus Sporothrix. The disease has different clinical manifestations (cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, and disseminated), and can also progress to a systemic infection. Despite having a worldwide distribution, sporotrichosis is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries. In Brazil, reports of the disease are higher frequent, where cases of the disease were found in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Curitiba, Pernambuco, and Paraiba, among others. Certain groups of people may be more exposed to the causative agent of disease, such as residents of rural areas. Thus, this work aimed to carry out a seroepidemiological survey of the prevalence of sporotrichosis in four rural locations in the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In this study, we used an indirect ELISA test in the survey on the prevalence of sporotrichosis. Data obtained in this study evaluated a population of 631 individuals and showed a prevalence of 44.69%. The distribution of seroprevalence of sporotrichosis with respect to age groups and gender showed no significant statistical difference. Thus, we found a high seroprevalence of sporotrichosis-infection in rural regions of southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with no difference in prevalence in relation to gender and age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Caravita Grisolia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas a Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Lauana Aparecida Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Letícia Maria Leomil Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas a Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Felipe Leomil Coelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700 - Centro, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kleber Chavasco
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700 - Centro, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cosme Cotta Malaquias
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700 - Centro, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Singulani JL, Scorzoni L, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, Assato PA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Applications of Invertebrate Animal Models to Dimorphic Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040118. [PMID: 30347646 PMCID: PMC6308930 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimorphic fungi can be found in the yeast form during infection and as hyphae in the environment and are responsible for a large number of infections worldwide. Invertebrate animals have been shown to be convenient models in the study of fungal infections. These models have the advantages of being low cost, have no ethical issues, and an ease of experimentation, time-efficiency, and the possibility of using a large number of animals per experiment compared to mammalian models. Invertebrate animal models such as Galleria mellonella, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Acanthamoebacastellanii have been used to study dimorphic fungal infections in the context of virulence, innate immune response, and the efficacy and toxicity of antifungal agents. In this review, we first summarize the features of these models. In this aspect, the growth temperature, genome sequence, availability of different strains, and body characteristics should be considered in the model choice. Finally, we discuss the contribution and advances of these models, with respect to dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix spp., and Talaromyces marneffei (Penicillium marneffei).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junya L Singulani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Patricia A Assato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mora-Montes HM. Special Issue " Sporothrix and Sporotrichosis". J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040116. [PMID: 30321990 PMCID: PMC6308924 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a neglected, deep-seated fungal infection traditionally associated with Sporothrixschenckii, a dimorphic organism that was first described more than a century ago in human andrat specimens [1].[...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P.; Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| |
Collapse
|