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Hutyra A, Bańkosz M, Tyliszczak B. Technology for Automated Production of High-Performance Building Compounds for 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3829. [PMID: 39124496 PMCID: PMC11313314 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology in construction is a rapidly growing field that offers innovative opportunities for design and construction execution. A key component of this process is the automated production of high-performance construction mixtures that meet specific requirements for strength, fluidity, and setting speed. This overview article outlines the history and development of 3D printing technology in the construction industry, describes various printing technologies, and discusses the properties and requirements for construction mixes. Special attention is given to automated systems for batching and mixing ingredients, which increase the precision and efficiency of production. The different types of construction mixes used in 3D printing and the main technical and operational challenges associated with their application are also presented. The article's conclusions highlight the potential of this technology to revolutionize the construction industry by improving efficiency and reducing costs and project lead times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hutyra
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawla II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
- ATMAT Sp. z o.o., Władysława Siwka 17, 31-588 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bańkosz
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawla II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Bożena Tyliszczak
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawla II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
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2
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Witkowski H, Jarosławski J, Szkop A, Chilmon K, Kalinowski M, Jackiewicz-Rek W. The Potential Risk of Nanoparticulate Release from Photocatalytic Pavement Concrete Surface Due to a Simulated Abrasion Load-An Experimental Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3022. [PMID: 38930390 PMCID: PMC11205488 DOI: 10.3390/ma17123022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The risk of the releasing of nanometric particles from construction materials with nanometric components might be one of the biggest threats to further development of them. One of the possible ingress routes to human organisms is the respiratory system. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the risk of emission of nanometric particles during material usage. In the presented paper, abrasion of mortar samples with nanometric TiO2 was investigated. A special abrasion test setup was developed to reflect everyday abrasion of the concrete surface of pavements. In the study, three TiO2-modifed mortar series (and respective reference series) underwent the developed test protocol and the grains were mobilized from their surface due to the applied load analyzed (granulation, morphology, and chemical composition). For a comparative analysis, an abrasion parameter was developed. Based on the obtained results, the modification of cementitious composites with nanometric TiO2 contributed to a reduction in the emission of aerosols and, therefore, confirmed the compatibility between TiO2 and cement matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Witkowski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.K.); (W.J.-R.)
| | - Janusz Jarosławski
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Artur Szkop
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Karol Chilmon
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.K.); (W.J.-R.)
| | - Maciej Kalinowski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.K.); (W.J.-R.)
| | - Wioletta Jackiewicz-Rek
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.K.); (W.J.-R.)
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3
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Xin C, Yang Y, Yang M, Di J, Sun Y, Liang P, Wang Y. Multi-Scale Analysis of the Damage Evolution of Coal Gangue Coarse Aggregate Concrete after Freeze-Thaw Cycle Based on CT Technology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:975. [PMID: 38473447 DOI: 10.3390/ma17050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This study utilized X-ray computed tomography (CT) technology to analyze the meso-structure of concrete at different replacement rates, using a coal gangue coarse aggregate, after experiencing various freeze-thaw cycles (F-Ts). A predictive model for the degradation of the elastic modulus of Coal Gangue coarse aggregate Concrete (CGC), based on mesoscopic damage, was established to provide an interpretation of the macroscopic mechanical behavior of CGC after F-Ts damage at a mesoscopic scale. It was found that after F-Ts, the compressive strength of concrete, with coal gangue replacement rates of 30%, 60%, and 100%, respectively, decreased by 33.76%, 34.89%, and 42.05% compared with unfrozen specimens. The results indicate that an increase in the coal gangue replacement rate exacerbates the degradation of concrete performance during the F-Ts process. Furthermore, the established predictive formula for elastic modulus degradation closely matches the experimental data, offering a reliable theoretical basis for the durability design of CGC in F-Ts environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Xin
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Mengze Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Junzhen Di
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Yidan Sun
- College of Civil and Marine Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222000, China
| | - Pengfei Liang
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Yaohong Wang
- China Railway Fourth Bureau Group Road and Bridge Engineering Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
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4
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Bilal M, Degorska O, Szada D, Rybarczyk A, Zdarta A, Kaplon M, Zdarta J, Jesionowski T. Support Materials of Organic and Inorganic Origin as Platforms for Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilization: Comparison Study for High Stability and Activity Recovery. Molecules 2024; 29:710. [PMID: 38338454 PMCID: PMC10856027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the presented study, a variety of hybrid and single nanomaterials of various origins were tested as novel platforms for horseradish peroxidase immobilization. A thorough characterization was performed to establish the suitability of the support materials for immobilization, as well as the activity and stability retention of the biocatalysts, which were analyzed and discussed. The physicochemical characterization of the obtained systems proved successful enzyme deposition on all the presented materials. The immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on all the tested supports occurred with an efficiency above 70%. However, for multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hybrids made of chitosan, magnetic nanoparticles, and selenium ions, it reached up to 90%. For these materials, the immobilization yield exceeded 80%, resulting in high amounts of immobilized enzymes. The produced system showed the same optimal pH and temperature conditions as free enzymes; however, over a wider range of conditions, the immobilized enzymes showed activity of over 50%. Finally, a reusability study and storage stability tests showed that horseradish peroxidase immobilized on a hybrid made of chitosan, magnetic nanoparticles, and selenium ions retained around 80% of its initial activity after 10 repeated catalytic cycles and after 20 days of storage. Of all the tested materials, the most favorable for immobilization was the above-mentioned chitosan-based hybrid material. The selenium additive present in the discussed material gives it supplementary properties that increase the immobilization yield of the enzyme and improve enzyme stability. The obtained results confirm the applicability of these nanomaterials as useful platforms for enzyme immobilization in the contemplation of the structural stability of an enzyme and the high catalytic activity of fabricated biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, PL-80233 Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza, PL-80233 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (O.D.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (M.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Oliwia Degorska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (O.D.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (M.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Daria Szada
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (O.D.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (M.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Rybarczyk
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (O.D.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (M.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Agata Zdarta
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (O.D.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (M.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Michal Kaplon
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (O.D.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (M.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Jakub Zdarta
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (O.D.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (M.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (O.D.); (D.S.); (A.Z.); (M.K.); (T.J.)
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Mohtasham Moein M, Rahmati K, Saradar A, Moon J, Karakouzian M. A Critical Review Examining the Characteristics of Modified Concretes with Different Nanomaterials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:409. [PMID: 38255577 PMCID: PMC10817359 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The movement of the construction industry towards sustainable development has drawn attention to the revision of concrete. In addition to reducing pollution, the use of nano-materials should lead to the provision of higher quality concrete in terms of regulatory items (workability, resistance characteristics, durability characteristics, microstructure). The present study investigates 15 key characteristics of concrete modified with nano-CaCO3, nano-clay, nano-TiO2, and nano-SiO2. The results of the study showed that nanomaterials significantly have a positive effect on the hydration mechanism and the production of more C-S-H gel. The evaluation of resistance characteristics also indicates the promising results of these valuable materials. The durability characteristics of nano-containing concrete showed significant improvement despite high dispersion. Concrete in coastal areas (such as bridges or platforms), concrete exposed to radiation (such as hospitals), concrete exposed to impact load (such as nuclear power plants), and concrete containing recycled aggregate (such as bricks, tiles, ceramics) can be effectively improved by using nanomaterials. It is hoped that the current review paper can provide an effective image and idea for future applied studies by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Komeil Rahmati
- Department of Civil Engineering, Somesara Branch, Islamic Azad University, Somesara 4361947496, Iran;
| | - Ashkan Saradar
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht 419961377, Iran
| | - Jaeyun Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA;
| | - Moses Karakouzian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Cendrowski K, Federowicz K, Techman M, Chougan M, El-Khayatt AM, Saudi HA, Kędzierski T, Mijowska E, Strzałkowski J, Sibera D, Abd Elrahman M, Sikora P. Functional Bi 2O 3/Gd 2O 3 Silica-Coated Structures for Improvement of Early Age and Radiation Shielding Performance of Cement Pastes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:168. [PMID: 38251133 PMCID: PMC10819170 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a new approach towards the production of sol-gel silica-coated Bi2O3/Gd2O3 cement additives towards the improvement of early mechanical performance and radiation attenuation. Two types of silica coatings, which varied in synthesis method and morphology, were used to coat Bi2O3/Gd2O3 structures and evaluated as a cement filler in Portland cement pastes. Isothermal calorimetry studies and early strength evaluations confirmed that both proposed coating types can overcome retarded cement hydration process, attributed to Bi2O3 presence, resulting in improved one day compressive strength by 300% and 251% (depending on coating method) when compared to paste containing pristine Bi2O3 and Gd2O3 particles. Moreover, depending on the type of chosen coating type, various rheological performances of cement pastes can be achieved. Thanks to the proposed combination of materials, both gamma-rays and slow neutron attenuation in cement pastes can be simultaneously improved. The introduction of silica coating resulted in an increment of the gamma-ray and neutron shielding thanks to the increased probability of radiation interaction. Along with the positive early age effects of the synthesized structures, the 28 day mechanical performance of cement pastes was not suppressed, and was found to be comparable to that of the control specimen. As an outcome, silica-coated structures can be successfully used in radiation-shielding cement-based composites, e.g. with demanding early age performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Cendrowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland; (K.C.); (K.F.); (M.T.); (J.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Karol Federowicz
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland; (K.C.); (K.F.); (M.T.); (J.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Mateusz Techman
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland; (K.C.); (K.F.); (M.T.); (J.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Mehdi Chougan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK;
| | - Ahmed M. El-Khayatt
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
- Reactor Physics Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt
| | - H. A. Saudi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Women Branch, Nasr City 11754, Egypt;
| | - Tomasz Kędzierski
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland; (T.K.); (E.M.)
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland; (T.K.); (E.M.)
| | - Jarosław Strzałkowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland; (K.C.); (K.F.); (M.T.); (J.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Daniel Sibera
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland; (K.C.); (K.F.); (M.T.); (J.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Mohamed Abd Elrahman
- Structural Engineering Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt;
| | - Pawel Sikora
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland; (K.C.); (K.F.); (M.T.); (J.S.); (D.S.)
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O’Rear EA, Onthong S, Pongprayoon T. Mechanical Strength and Conductivity of Cementitious Composites with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: To Functionalize or Not? NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:80. [PMID: 38202536 PMCID: PMC10781069 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of carbon nanotubes into cementitious composites increases their compressive and flexural strength, as well as their electrical and thermal conductivity. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) covalently functionalized with hydroxyl and carboxyl moieties are thought to offer superior performance over bare nanotubes, based on the chemistry of cement binder and nanotubes. Anionic carboxylate can bind to cationic calcium in the hydration products, while hydroxyl groups participate in hydrogen bonding to anionic and nonionic oxygen atoms. Results in the literature for mechanical properties vary widely for both bare and modified filler, so any added benefits with functionalization are not clearly evident. This mini-review seeks to resolve the issue using an analysis of reports where direct comparisons of cementitious composites with plain and functionalized nanotubes were made at the same concentrations, with the same methods of preparation and under the same conditions of testing. A focus on observations related to the mechanisms underlying the enhancement of mechanical strength and conductivity helps to clarify the benefits of using functionalized MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A. O’Rear
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
- Institute for Applied Surfactant Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Suthisa Onthong
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
- Center of Eco-Materials and Cleaner Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Thirawudh Pongprayoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
- Center of Eco-Materials and Cleaner Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
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Hao Y, Shi C, Bi Z, Lai Z, She A, Yao W. Recent Advances in Properties and Applications of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Smart Cement-Based Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2552. [PMID: 37048847 PMCID: PMC10094798 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Under the strategies of low-carbon and environmental protection, promoting green technology innovation to achieve carbon neutrality in the construction field has become a universal goal. As the building material with the highest consumption, concrete has gradually begun to transform into a multi-functional and intelligent product. Therefore, the research on carbon fiber-reinforced cement-based composites (CFRCs) is of relative interest. It mainly uses carbon fibers (CFs) with high elasticity, strength, and conductivity to disperse evenly into the concrete as a functional filler, to achieve the intelligent integration of concrete structures and function innovatively. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of CFRC is not only related to the content of CFs and environmental factors but also largely depends on the uniform dispersion and the interfacial bonding strength of CFs in cement paste. This work systematically presents a review of the current research status of the enhancement and modification mechanism of CFRC and the evaluation methods of CF dispersion. Moreover, it further discusses the improvement effects of different strengthening mechanisms on the mechanical properties, durability, and smart properties (thermoelectric effect, electrothermal effect, strain-sensitive effect) of CFRC, as well as the application feasibility of CFRC in structural real-time health monitoring, thermal energy harvesting, intelligent deformation adjustment, and other fields. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the problems and challenges faced in the efficient and large-scale applications of CFRCs in civil engineering structures, and accordingly promotes some proposals for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Cheng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zhenxiao Bi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Ziqiang Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Anming She
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wu Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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Effects of Al 2O 3, SiO 2 nanoparticles, and g-C 3N 4 nanosheets on biocement production from agricultural wastes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2720. [PMID: 36792676 PMCID: PMC9932060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental issues are brought up concerning the production of Portland cement. As a result, biocement serves as a reliable substitute for Portland cement in green construction projects. This study created a brand-new technique to create high-quality biocement from agricultural wastes. The technique is based on nanomaterials that improve and accelerate the "Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP)" process, which improves the quality of the biocement produced. The mixture was further mixed with the addition of 5 mg/l of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4 NSs), alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs), or silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs). The cement: sand ratio was 1:3, the ash: cement ratio was 1:9, and water: cement ratio was 1:2. Cubes molds were prepared, and then cast and compacted. Subsequent de-molding, all specimens were cured in nutrient broth-urea (NBU) media until testing at 28 days. The medium was replenished at an interval of 7 days. The results show that the addition of 5 mg/l of g-C3N4 NSs with corncob ash delivered the highest "Compressive Strength" and the highest "Flexural Strength" of biocement mortar cubes of 18 and 7.6 megapascal (MPa), respectively; and an acceptable "Water Absorption" (5.42%) compared to all other treatments. This treatment delivered a "Compressive Strength", "Flexural Strength", and "Water Absorption" reduction of 1.67, 1.26, and 1.21 times the control (standard Portland cement). It was concluded that adding 5 mg/l of g-C3N4 NSs to the cementitious mixture enhances its properties, where the resulting biocement is a promising substitute for conventional Portland cement. Adding nanomaterials to cement reduces its permeability to ions, increasing its strength and durability. The use of these nanomaterials can enhance the performance of concrete infrastructures. The use of nanoparticles is an effective solution to reduce the environmental impact associated with concrete production.
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Syamsunur D, Wei L, Ahmed Memon Z, Surol S, Md Yusoff NI. Concrete Performance Attenuation of Mix Nano-SiO 2 and Nano-CaCO 3 under High Temperature: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7073. [PMID: 36295142 PMCID: PMC9606914 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fire and extreme heat environmental changes can have an impact on concrete performance, and as climate change increases, new concrete structures are being developed. Nano-silica and nano-calcium carbonate have shown excellent performances in modifying concrete due to their large specific surface areas. This review describes the changes in concrete modified with nano-silica (NS) and nano-calcium carbonate (NC), which accelerate the hydration reaction with the cementitious materials to produce more C-S-H, resulting in a denser microstructure and improved mechanical properties and durability of the concrete. The mechanical property decay and visualization of deformation of mixed NS and NC concrete were tested by exposure to high temperatures to investigate the practical application of mixed composite nanomaterials (NC+NS) to concrete. The nano-modified concrete had better overall properties and was heated at 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C to relatively improve the mechanical properties of the nano concrete structures. The review concluded that high temperatures of 800 °C to 1000 °C severely damaged the structure of the concrete, reducing the mechanical properties by around 60%, and the dense nano concrete structures were more susceptible to cracking and damage. The high temperature resistance of NS and NC-modified nano concrete was relatively higher than that of normal concrete, with NC concrete being more resistant to damage at high temperatures than the NS samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deprizon Syamsunur
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Bina Darma Palembang, Kota Palembang 30111, South Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Zubair Ahmed Memon
- College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salihah Surol
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izzi Md Yusoff
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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Dudek D, Janus M. Photoactive Cements: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5407. [PMID: 35955340 PMCID: PMC9369819 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a short overview of modified cements with photocatalytic activity. First, the types and three main methods of obtaining photoactive cements are presented. The most frequently used modification method is the incorporation of a photocatalyst into the total mass of the cement. The second group analyzed is cements obtained by applying a thin layer of photoactive materials, e.g., paints, enamels, or TiO2 suspensions, using various techniques. The third group is cement mortars with a thick layer of photoactive concrete on the top. In addition, methods for determining the photoactivity of cement composites, mechanical properties, and physicochemical parameters of such materials are briefly presented. Finally, examples of investments with the use of photoactive cements and development prospects are shown.
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Influence of a Novel Carbon-Based Nano-Material on the Thermal Conductivity of Mortar. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14138189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of research work to assess the thermal conductivity of mortar incorporating a novel carbon-based nano-material (CBN). The data from the laboratory tests served as the starting point in training an artificial neural network (ANN) based on the Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation algorithm that was used to predict the values of the thermal conductivity at later ages. The used CBNs were essential precursors of multi-walled carbon nano-tubes but different from their counterparts in the fact that they were capped at the ends. This configuration should result in lower surface tension and should prevent the bundling even without the use of surfactants and sonication. The obtained results show that the mortar mixes with CBN exhibit higher values for the thermal coefficient at early ages compared to the reference mix, even at very low percentages of CBN by weight of cement. The ANN is able to accurately predict the experimental results both at 28 days and at later ages. The obtained results should serve as the starting point for further investigations into the microstructure of cement-based materials enhanced with CBNs.
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13
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Liu Q, Wang P, Wang Z, Lyu X, Wang J. Synthesis of nanoparticles from slag and their enhancement effect on hydration properties of CaO/CaSO4-activated slag binder. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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14
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A Review of the Combined Effect of Fibers and Nano Materials on the Technical Performance of Mortar and Concrete. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, both nanomaterials and fibers have tremendous application in various industries, and they are a significant research area in the construction industry particularly. Thus, it is critical to have a comprehensive review to show the simultaneous impact of fibers and nanomaterials on the technical performance of different types of main construction materials such as mortar and concrete. The current work accomplishes this by providing a comprehensive review of the relevant literature on various nanomaterials and fibers through using a literate experimental database of conducted studies that have at least a type of fiber with one nanomaterial in the same mix. Accordingly, the collected data were analyzed, and they were compared to their control mixes in which no fiber and nanomaterials were used. The study majorly focuses on the effects of fibers and nanomaterials on fresh and hardened properties of produced mixes in terms of density, workability, mechanical and durability performance with consideration of microstructure and electrical resistivity as well. The study outcome provides a systematic knowledge and thorough guide to selecting and combining different fibers with nanoparticles to improve concrete/mortar performance effectively, in which not only the optimum percentage for the use of both fiber and nanomaterials are identified, but also is helpful to promote further research.
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Recent Developments and Challenges of 3D-Printed Construction: A Review of Research Fronts. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, scattered experiences of the application of additive manufacturing in the construction of buildings using 3D printing with robots or automated equipment have emerged around the world. These use a variety of procedures and suggest relevant advantages for the construction industry. In order to identify the different processes and features in development in this field and to guide future research and applications, this article presents a review of the literature on the main aspects involved in the use of 3D printing in the construction sector. The review includes state-of-the-art material mixtures, printing technologies, and potential uses, as well as a novel analysis of building strategies, management systems, and benefits stated about this new approach for construction. It reveals progressive experimentation regarding diverse features, with challenges related to the consolidation of procedures and this technology’s readiness to participate in the building market.
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16
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Effect of Nano-SiO 2 on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Concrete under High Temperature Conditions. MATERIALS 2021; 15:ma15010166. [PMID: 35009312 PMCID: PMC8745793 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to determine how the admixture of nanosilica affects the structure and mechanical performance of cement concrete exposed to high temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800 °C). The structural tests were carried out on the cement paste and concrete using the methods of thermogravimetric analysis, mercury porosimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that despite the growth of the cement matrix’s total porosity with an increasing amount of nanosilica, the resistance to high temperature improves. Such behavior is the result of not only the thermal characteristics of nanosilica itself but also of the porosity structure in the cement matrix and using the effective method of dispersing the nanostructures in concrete. The nanosilica densifies the structure of the concrete, limiting the number of the pores with diameters from 0.3 to 300 μm, which leads to limitation of the microcracks, particularly in the coarse aggregate-cement matrix contact zone. This phenomenon, in turn, diminishes the cracking of the specimens containing nanosilica at high temperatures and improves the mechanical strength.
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Kočí V, Kočí J, Fořt J, Fiala L, Šál J, Hager I, Černý R. Utilization of Crushed Pavement Blocks in Concrete: Assessment of Functional Properties and Environmental Impacts. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237361. [PMID: 34885513 PMCID: PMC8658445 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Production of concrete is connected to extensive energy demands, greenhouse gases production or primary sources depletion. Reflecting current economical, social, or environmental trends, there is strong pressure on mitigation these requirements and impacts. The exploitation of secondary- or waste materials in production processes has therefore a great potential which is not related solely to binders but also to fillers. In this light, this paper aims at thorough investigations of concrete mixtures with crushed concrete pavements as partial or full replacement of natural coarse aggregates. The research combines experimental techniques to quantify the influence of the substitution on basic physical, mechanical, and heat/moisture transport/storage parameters. The experimental data obtained are further exploited as input data for computational prediction of coupled heat and moisture transport to assess the influence of the aggregates substitution on hygrothermal performance of the built-in concretes. In the last step, the environmental impacts are assessed. Since the changes in the hygrothermal performance were found to be insignificant (i), the compressive strength were improved by up to 25% (ii) and most of the environmental impact indicators were decreased (iii) at the same time, the findings of the research presented predeterminate such a reuse strategy to wider application and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kočí
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7/2077, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.F.); (L.F.); (R.Č.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-2-2435-7125
| | - Jan Kočí
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7/2077, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.F.); (L.F.); (R.Č.)
| | - Jan Fořt
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7/2077, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.F.); (L.F.); (R.Č.)
| | - Lukáš Fiala
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7/2077, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.F.); (L.F.); (R.Č.)
| | - Jiří Šál
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Izabela Hager
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Robert Černý
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7/2077, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.F.); (L.F.); (R.Č.)
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García VJ, Márquez CO, Zúñiga-Suárez AR, Zúñiga-Torres BC, Ríos-Gónzalez PJ. Mechanical and electrical properties of MWCNTs - high early strength cement - mortars composite: Dispersion of CNTs and effect of chemical admixtures. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200924. [PMID: 34076183 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to study (1) the dispersion of MWCNTs in an aqueous system by three commercial admixtures (CAds) for concrete, and (2) the effect of CAds and MWCNTs on indirect tensile strength and electrical conductivity of MWCNTs-high early strength (HE) cement-mortar composites. To achieve the objectives, we dispersed MWCNTs in an aqueous system with (1) hydroxylated polymers-based water reducing plasticizer (HPs), a nonionic compound, (2) Naphthalene based superplasticizer (SNF), an anionic compound, and (3) calcium chloride-based accelerating agent (CC) a neutral amphoteric salt. We prepared a total of 242 samples grouped in three sets: (1) Plain mortar [PM] (water + HE cement + Sand), (2) [PM+CAd], and (3) [PM+CAd+MWCNTs]. The three CAds dispersed MWCNTs in an aqueous solution. The CC and HPs admixtures have a two-time bigger dispersing power than the SNF. They demand half of SNF's ultrasound energy for optimal dispersion. Although the SNF (anionic) based superplasticizer resulted incompatible with the HE cement, it improved the indirect tensile strength of [PM+SNF+MWCNTs] composite. In contrast, the CC (amphoteric) based accelerating agent was compatible with the HE cement; the CC adsorption on the MWCNTs surface favors an improvement in the electrical conductivity of [PM+CAd+MWCNTs] composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor J García
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 110150, Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Calle París, Loja, 110150 Provincia de Loja, Ecuador.,Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Facultad de Ingeniería, Av. Antonio José de Sucre, Riobamba, 060150 Riobamba, Provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador
| | - Carmen O Márquez
- Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Facultad de Ingeniería, Av. Antonio José de Sucre, Riobamba, 060150 Riobamba, Provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador.,Universidad de Los Andes, La Hechicera, Mérida, 5115, Estado Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Alonso R Zúñiga-Suárez
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 110150, Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Calle París, Loja, 110150 Provincia de Loja, Ecuador
| | - Berenice C Zúñiga-Torres
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 110150, Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Calle París, Loja, 110150 Provincia de Loja, Ecuador
| | - Pedro J Ríos-Gónzalez
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 110150, Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Calle París, Loja, 110150 Provincia de Loja, Ecuador
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An Overview on the Rheology, Mechanical Properties, Durability, 3D Printing, and Microstructural Performance of Nanomaterials in Cementitious Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112950. [PMID: 34070728 PMCID: PMC8198580 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The most active research area is nanotechnology in cementitious composites, which has a wide range of applications and has achieved popularity over the last three decades. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as possible materials to be used in the field of civil engineering. Previous research has concentrated on evaluating the effect of different NPs in cementitious materials to alter material characteristics. In order to provide a broad understanding of how nanomaterials (NMs) can be used, this paper critically evaluates previous research on the influence of rheology, mechanical properties, durability, 3D printing, and microstructural performance on cementitious materials. The flow properties of fresh cementitious composites can be measured using rheology and slump. Mechanical properties such as compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength reveal hardened properties. The necessary tests for determining a NM’s durability in concrete are shrinkage, pore structure and porosity, and permeability. The advent of modern 3D printing technologies is suitable for structural printing, such as contour crafting and binder jetting. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has opened up new avenues for the building and construction industry to become more digital. Regardless of the material science, a range of problems must be tackled, including developing smart cementitious composites suitable for 3D structural printing. According to the scanning electron microscopy results, the addition of NMs to cementitious materials results in a denser and improved microstructure with more hydration products. This paper provides valuable information and details about the rheology, mechanical properties, durability, 3D printing, and microstructural performance of cementitious materials with NMs and encourages further research.
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20
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Sun D, Wang Z, Ma R, Wang A, Zhang G. Autoclave-free ultra-early strength concrete preparation using an early strength agent and microstructure properties. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17369-17376. [PMID: 35479700 PMCID: PMC9033140 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01611c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, nano calcium silicate hydrate was used as an early strength agent to promote the compressive strength of concrete at 1 day. The strength development and the microstructure of standard concrete (SC), autoclave-free ultra-early strength concrete (ESC) and autoclaved concrete (AC) were comparatively studied. The development of hydration products, morphology and pore-structure with ages were investigated via XRD, TG, microhardness, SEM and NMR tests to reveal the mechanism of early strength of ESC. The results showed that the compressive strength of ESC at day 1 achieved 60% of the designed strength, as strong as 45.6 MPa, and only 3% less than that of SC after 90 days. While the compressive strength of AC was significant increased over 90% of ultimate at 1 day, then slightly raised after that. The hydration products did not changed between ESC and SC, but the content of C-S-H gel, Ca(OH)2 and non-evaporated water of ESC was higher in the same specific age. New hydration products such as hydrogarnet and tobermorite were found in AC under autoclave conditions. The microhardness of the paste and ITZ of ESC were also higher than those of SC. The porosity of ESC at 1 day was larger than that of SC, which was contributed by gel pores (1-10 nm). However, AC with higher ratio of large pores than ESC and SC exhibited the largest porosity. The results proved that nano calcium silicate hydrate as an early strength agent significantly increased the early strength of concrete under autoclave-free conditions. Nano calcium silicate hydrate particles supplied additional nucleus in pores and ITZ, accelerated the formation of C-S-H gel, hardened hydration products, and improved the porosity structure. However, with autoclave curing, the hydration products in AC formed with larger size and higher crystallization, which benefited for early strength. However, the large porosity with large size pores might cause damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daosheng Sun
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 China .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Rui Ma
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 China .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 China .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Gaozhan Zhang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 China .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 China
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21
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Ramírez C, Belmonte M, Miranzo P, Osendi MI. Applications of Ceramic/Graphene Composites and Hybrids. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2071. [PMID: 33924114 PMCID: PMC8074343 DOI: 10.3390/ma14082071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Research activity on ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids has increased dramatically in the last decade. In this review, we provide an overview of recent contributions involving ceramics, graphene, and graphene-related materials (GRM, i.e., graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoplatelets) with a primary focus on applications. We have adopted a broad scope of the term ceramics, therefore including some applications of GRM with certain metal oxides and cement-based matrices in the review. Applications of ceramic/graphene hybrids and composites cover many different areas, in particular, energy production and storage (batteries, supercapacitors, solar and fuel cells), energy harvesting, sensors and biosensors, electromagnetic interference shielding, biomaterials, thermal management (heat dissipation and heat conduction functions), engineering components, catalysts, etc. A section on ceramic/GRM composites processed by additive manufacturing methods is included due to their industrial potential and waste reduction capability. All these applications of ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids are listed and mentioned in the present review, ending with the authors' outlook of those that seem most promising, based on the research efforts carried out in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ramírez
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC. Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (P.M.)
| | | | | | - Maria Isabel Osendi
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC. Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (P.M.)
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Chyliński F, Bobrowicz J, Łukowski P. Undissolved Ilmenite Mud from TiO 2 Production-Waste or a Valuable Addition to Portland Cement Composites? MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163555. [PMID: 32806651 PMCID: PMC7475969 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method of utilising ilmenite MUD created during the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2) according to the sulphate method as an additive for Portland cement composites. After the production process, undissolved MUD was additionally rinsed with water and filtrated in the factory to make it more useful (R-MUD) for implementation and also to turn back some of the by-products of the production of TiO2. R-MUD is less hazardous waste than MUD. It has a lower concentration of sulphuric acid and some heavy metals. The rinsing process raised the concentration of SiO2, which is a valuable part of R-MUD because of its potential pozzolanic activity. This means that the R-MUD might be a reactive substitute of part of Portland cement in building composites. The article presents the results of research on the pozzolanic activity of R-MUD and other materials with proved pozzolanic activity, such as silica fume, fly ash and natural pozzolana (trass). Tests were performed using thermal analysis techniques. The tests showed that the pozzolanic activity or R-MUD after three days is at the same level as silica fume and after 28 days it is twice as high as the activity of fly ash. Beyond the 180th day of curing, R-MUD had the same level of activity as fly ash. The summary is supplemented by calorimetric tests, which confirm the high reactivity of R-MUD compared to other commonly used concrete additives, already in the initial hydration period. In summary, heat of hydration after 72 h of Portland cement with R-MUD is at the same level as the heat of hydration of Portland cement with silica fume and also pure Portland cement grout. The results confirm that the process of formation of micro-silica contained in R-MUD react with calcium hydroxide to form the C-S-H phase, which is responsible for the microstructure of cement composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Chyliński
- Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5796-438
| | - Jan Bobrowicz
- Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Paweł Łukowski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland;
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Abstract
The thermocatalytic, photocatalytic and photothermo-catalytic oxidation of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 2-propanol, ethanol and toluene, was investigated over brookite TiO2-CeO2 composites. The multi-catalytic approach based on the synergistic effect between solar photocatalysis and thermocatalysis led to the considerable decrease in the conversion temperatures of the organic compounds. In particular, in the photothermo-catalytic runs, for the most active samples (TiO2-3 wt% CeO2 and TiO2-5 wt% CeO2), the temperature at which 90% of VOC conversion occurred was about 60 °C, 40 °C and 20 °C lower than in the thermocatalytic tests for 2-propanol, ethanol and toluene, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of cerium oxide to brookite TiO2 favored the total oxidation to CO2 already in the photocatalytic tests at room temperature. The presence of small amounts of cerium oxide allowed to obtain efficient brookite-based composites facilitating the space charge separation and increasing the lifetime of the photogenerated holes and electrons as confirmed by the characterization measurements. The possibility to concurrently utilize the photocatalytic properties of brookite and the redox properties of CeO2, both activated in the photothermal tests, is an attractive approach easily applicable to purify air from VOCs.
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Influence of TiO2 Nanoparticles Addition on the Hydrophilicity of Cementitious Composites Surfaces. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the use of TiO2 nanoparticles in the production of cementitious composites, worldwide already known, represents an area of interest for the development of materials with self-cleaning capacity; antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal properties; and to contribute to the reduction of environmental pollution. This paper aims to analyze the influence that TiO2 nanoparticles have on the cementitious matrix regarding hydrophilicity, this being one of the two main parameters of the self-cleaning mechanism. Experimental tests, conducted by using the indirect method of measuring the surface water absorption, indicated that an addition of 3%-6% (relative to the amount of cement) of TiO2 nanoparticles is effective in terms of increasing the surface hydrophilicity of the cementitious composites. An excess of TiO2 nanoparticles in the composite matrix (10% TiO2 nanoparticles relative to the amount of cement) not only does not improve surface performance in terms of hydrophilicity, but also reduces them. However, in practice on a case-by-case basis, an analysis is required regarding the optimal amount of nanoparticles used as an addition in the mix-design of the cementitious materials that are intended to induce the quality of self-cleaning process, depending on the intended use, climate, degree and duration of sunlight, and so on.
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Influences and Mechanisms of Nano-C-S-H Gel Addition on Fresh Properties of the Cement-Based Materials with Sucrose as Retarder. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102345. [PMID: 32443707 PMCID: PMC7288182 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Influences and mechanisms of chemically synthesized nano-C-S-H gel addition on fresh properties of the cement-based materials with sucrose as a retarder were investigated in this study. The results showed that the flow value of the fresh cement paste was gradually but slightly reduced with increasing nano-C-S-H gel addition due to its fibrous but well-dispersed characteristic in both water and cement paste. The semi-adiabatic calorimetry testing results verified that incorporation of nano-C-S-H gel could greatly mitigate the retarding effect of sucrose on cement hydration. The total organic carbon (TOC) indicated that the addition of the nano-C-S-H gel helps to reduce adsorption of the sucrose molecules into the protective layer, thus the semi-permeability of the protective layer was less reduced and that is why the addition of the nano-C-S-H gel can mitigate the retardation caused by the sucrose. Through XRD analysis, it was found that the CH crystals are more prone to grow along the (0001) plane with larger size in the paste with nano-C-S-H addition before the induction period starts, because the C-S-H nanoparticles can form 3D network to slow down the diffusion rate of the released ions and eliminate the convection in the paste, thus suppress the 3D nucleation and growth of the CH crystals. The XRD analysis also indicated a refinement of the ettringite crystals in the paste with sucrose addition, but introduction of nano-C-S-H gel did not show further refinement, which was also verified by the SEM observation.
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Study of TiO2-Modified Sol Coating Material in the Protection of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coating materials can effectively protect stone-built cultural heritage and, as such, research into coating materials has gained comprehensive attention from researchers. The aim of this work is to prepare a TiO2-modified sol coating material (TSCM) and study its protective effects on stone-built cultural heritage. TSCM and pure TiO2 sol (p-sol, unmodified; for comparison) were applied evenly over the entire surface of stone samples. The prepared stone samples included untreated stone, stone treated with pure sol, and stone treated with TSCM. The protective effects of TSCM were evaluated by water absorption, water vapor permeability, acid resistance, and weather resistance experiments. The results show that stone treated with TSCM has excellent water absorption and water vapor permeability, strong acid resistance, and good weather resistance, compared with untreated stone or stone treated with p-sol. The acid resistance of stone treated by TSCM was 1.75 times higher than that treated with traditional coating materials. The weather resistance cycle number of stone treated by TSCM was four times higher than that treated with organic protective materials. These findings are expected to provide useful suggestions for the protection of stone-built cultural heritage.
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Influence of Glass Silica Waste Nano Powder on the Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of Alkali-Activated Mortars. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020324. [PMID: 32075038 PMCID: PMC7075184 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of millions of tons of glass bottle waste produced each year is far from optimal. In the present work, ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) was substituted in fly ash-based alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) for the purpose of preparing glass bottle waste nano-powder (BGWNP). The AAMs mixed with BGWNP were subsequently subjected to assessment in terms of their energy consumption, economic viability, and mechanical and chemical qualities. Besides affording AAMs better mechanical qualities and making them more durable, waste recycling was also observed to diminish the emissions of carbon dioxide. A more than 6% decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, an over 16% increase in compressive strength, better durability and lower water absorption were demonstrated by AAM consisting of 5% BGWNP as a GBFS substitute. By contrast, lower strength was exhibited by AAM comprising 10% BGWNP. The conclusion reached was that the AAMs produced with BGWNP attenuated the effects of global warming and thus were environmentally advantageous. This could mean that glass waste, inadequate for reuse in glass manufacturing, could be given a second life rather than being disposed of in landfills, which is significant as concrete remains the most commonplace synthetic material throughout the world.
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