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Liu Y, Ren H, Li K. Litsea cubeba essential oil: Extraction, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and applications in the food industry. J Food Sci 2024; 89:4583-4603. [PMID: 39013008 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. (Lauraceae) is a valuable industrial crop that produces essential oil. The essential oil extracted from L. cubeba (LCEO) has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and high antioxidant properties, with great potential for increased usage in the food industry. This literature review summarizes the extraction techniques, content and chemical composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of LCEO, with a focus on its usage in the food industry, which is an area of substantial recent research. The chemical composition of LCEO, which is affected by various factors, plays a key role in determining its bioactivity and usage in food. The potent antimicrobial activity of LCEO against various foodborne pathogens gives it potential for use in food packaging and preservation to extend shelf life. Future research challenges include the elucidation of the role and mechanism of individual chemical components of LCEO in inhibiting specific foodborne microorganisms; cultivar development to produce germplasm that yields essential oils of the desired chemical composition; and the development of commercial products that can be used in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Huanhuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Kehu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
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2
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Meghana MC, Nandhini C, Benny L, George L, Varghese A. A road map on synthetic strategies and applications of biodegradable polymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022; 80:1-50. [PMID: 36530484 PMCID: PMC9735231 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have emerged as fascinating materials due to their non-toxicity, environmentally benign nature and good mechanical strength. The toxic effects of non-biodegradable plastics paved way for the development of sustainable and biodegradable polymers. The engineering of biodegradable polymers employing various strategies like radical ring opening polymerization, enzymatic ring opening polymerization, anionic ring opening polymerization, photo-initiated radical polymerization, chemoenzymatic method, enzymatic polymerization, ring opening polymerization and coordinative ring opening polymerization have been discussed in this review. The application of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles in the biomedical field and cosmetic industry is considered to be an emerging field of interest. However, this review mainly highlights the applications of selected biodegradable polymers like polylactic acid, poly(ε-caprolactone), polyethylene glycol, polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and polytrimethyl carbonate in various fields like agriculture, biomedical, biosensing, food packaging, automobiles, wastewater treatment, textile and hygiene, cosmetics and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Meghana
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029 India
| | - C. Nandhini
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029 India
| | - Libina Benny
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029 India
| | - Louis George
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029 India
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3
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Bahú JO, Melo de Andrade LR, Crivellin S, Khouri NG, Sousa SO, Fernandes LMI, Souza SDA, Concha LSC, Schiavon MIRB, Benites CI, Severino P, Souto EB, Concha VOC. Rotary Jet Spinning (RJS): A Key Process to Produce Biopolymeric Wound Dressings. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112500. [PMID: 36432691 PMCID: PMC9699276 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wounds result from different causes (e.g., trauma, surgeries, and diabetic ulcers), requiring even extended periods of intensive care for healing, according to the patient's organism and treatment. Currently, wound dressings generated by polymeric fibers at micro and nanometric scales are promising for healing the injured area. They offer great surface area and porosity, mimicking the fibrous extracellular matrix structure, facilitating cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, and accelerating the wound healing process. Such properties resulted in countless applications of these materials in biomedical and tissue engineering, also as drug delivery systems for bioactive molecules to help tissue regeneration. The techniques used to engineer these fibers include spinning methods (electro-, rotary jet-), airbrushing, and 3D printing. These techniques have important advantages, such as easy-handle procedure and process parameters variability (type of polymer), but encounter some scalability problems. RJS is described as a simple and low-cost technique resulting in high efficiency and yield for fiber production, also capable of bioactive agents' incorporation to improve the healing potential of RJS wound dressings. This review addresses the use of RJS to produce polymeric fibers, describing the concept, type of configuration, comparison to other spinning techniques, most commonly used polymers, and the relevant parameters that influence the manufacture of the fibers, for the ultimate use in the development of wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana O. Bahú
- INCT—BIOFABRIS, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, nº. 500, Campinas 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.O.B.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Lucas R. Melo de Andrade
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sara Crivellin
- INCT—BIOFABRIS, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, nº. 500, Campinas 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadia G. Khouri
- INCT—BIOFABRIS, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, nº. 500, Campinas 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara O. Sousa
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Nicolau St., Jd. Pitangueiras, Diadema 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza M. I. Fernandes
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Nicolau St., Jd. Pitangueiras, Diadema 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel D. A. Souza
- INCT—BIOFABRIS, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, nº. 500, Campinas 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luz S. Cárdenas Concha
- Graduate School, Sciences and Engineering, National University of Trujillo, Av. Juan Pablo II S/N Urb. San Andrés, Trujillo 13011, La Libertad, Peru
| | - Maria I. R. B. Schiavon
- INCT—BIOFABRIS, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, nº. 500, Campinas 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibelem I. Benites
- Federal Laboratory of Agricultural and Livestock Defense (LFDA-SP), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), Campinas 70043-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Technology and Research Institute (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave., Farolândia, nº 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto (FFUP), Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.O.B.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Viktor O. Cárdenas Concha
- INCT—BIOFABRIS, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, nº. 500, Campinas 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Nicolau St., Jd. Pitangueiras, Diadema 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Influence of Chitin Nanocrystals on the Crystallinity and Mechanical Properties of Poly(hydroxybutyrate) Biopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030562. [PMID: 35160551 PMCID: PMC8840629 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the use of pilot-scale produced polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) biopolymer and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) in two different concentrated (1 and 5 wt.%) nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were compounded using a twin-screw extruder and calendered into sheets. The crystallization was studied using polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, the thermal properties were studied using thermogravimetric analysis, the viscosity was studied using a shear rheometer, the mechanical properties were studied using conventional tensile testing, and the morphology of the prepared material was studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of ChNCs significantly affected the crystallization of PHB, resulting in slower crystallization, lower overall crystallinity, and smaller crystal size. Furthermore, the addition of ChNCs resulted in increased viscosity in the final formulations. The calendering process resulted in slightly aligned sheets and the nanocomposites with 5 wt.% ChNCs evaluated along the machine direction showed the highest mechanical properties, the strength increased from 24 to 33 MPa, while the transversal direction with lower initial strength at 14 MPa was improved to 21 MPa.
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Corsaro C, Neri G, Santoro A, Fazio E. Acrylate and Methacrylate Polymers' Applications: Second Life with Inexpensive and Sustainable Recycling Approaches. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:282. [PMID: 35009430 PMCID: PMC8746205 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are widely employed in several fields thanks to their wide versatility and the easy derivatization routes. However, a wide range of commercial polymers suffer from limited use on a large scale due to their inert nature. Nowadays, acrylate and methacrylate polymers, which are respectively derivatives of acrylic or methacrylic acid, are among the most proposed materials for their useful characteristics like good biocompatibility, capping ability toward metal clusters, low price, potentially recyclability and reusability. Here, we discuss the advantages and challenges of this class of smart polymers focusing our attention on their current technological applications in medical, electronic, food packaging and environmental remediation fields. Furthermore, we deal with the main issue of their recyclability, considering that the current commercial bioplastics are not yet able to meet the global needs as much as to totally replace fossil-fuel-based products. Finally, the most accredited strategies to reach recyclable composites based on acrylic polymers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Corsaro
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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Stamm A, Öhlin J, Mosbech C, Olsén P, Guo B, Söderberg E, Biundo A, Fogelström L, Bhattacharyya S, Bornscheuer UT, Malmström E, Syrén PO. Pinene-Based Oxidative Synthetic Toolbox for Scalable Polyester Synthesis. JACS AU 2021; 1:1949-1960. [PMID: 34849510 PMCID: PMC8620555 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Generation of renewable polymers is a long-standing goal toward reaching a more sustainable society, but building blocks in biomass can be incompatible with desired polymerization type, hampering the full implementation potential of biomaterials. Herein, we show how conceptually simple oxidative transformations can be used to unlock the inherent reactivity of terpene synthons in generating polyesters by two different mechanisms starting from the same α-pinene substrate. In the first pathway, α-pinene was oxidized into the bicyclic verbanone-based lactone and subsequently polymerized into star-shaped polymers via ring-opening polymerization, resulting in a biobased semicrystalline polyester with tunable glass transition and melting temperatures. In a second pathway, polyesters were synthesized via polycondensation, utilizing the diol 1-(1'-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2'-hydroxy-ethyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclobutane (HHDC) synthesized by oxidative cleavage of the double bond of α-pinene, together with unsaturated biobased diesters such as dimethyl maleate (DMM) and dimethyl itaconate (DMI). The resulting families of terpene-based polyesters were thereafter successfully cross-linked by either transetherification, utilizing the terminal hydroxyl groups of the synthesized verbanone-based materials, or by UV irradiation, utilizing the unsaturation provided by the DMM or DMI moieties within the HHDC-based copolymers. This work highlights the potential to apply an oxidative toolbox to valorize inert terpene metabolites enabling generation of biosourced polyesters and coatings thereof by complementary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Stamm
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Öhlin
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Mosbech
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boyang Guo
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Tomtebodavägen
23, Box 1031, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Söderberg
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Tomtebodavägen
23, Box 1031, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Antonino Biundo
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Tomtebodavägen
23, Box 1031, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Linda Fogelström
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
| | | | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department
of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University
of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eva Malmström
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Syrén
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Tomtebodavägen
23, Box 1031, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
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Mantia FPL, Titone V, Milazzo A, Ceraulo M, Botta L. Morphology, Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Isotropic and Anisotropic PP/rPET/GnP Nanocomposite Samples. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113058. [PMID: 34835822 PMCID: PMC8625529 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) on the morphology, rheological, and mechanical properties of isotropic and anisotropic polypropylene (PP)/recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET)-based nanocomposite are reported. All the samples were prepared by melt mixing. PP/rPET and PP/rPET/GnP isotropic sheets were prepared by compression molding, whereas the anisotropic fibers were spun using a drawing module of a capillary viscometer. The results obtained showed that the viscosity of the blend is reduced by the presence of GnP due to the lubricating effect of the graphene platelets. However, the Cox–Merz rule is not respected. Compared to the PP/rPET blend, the GnP led to a slight increase in the elastic modulus. However, it causes a slight decrease in elongation at break. Morphological analysis revealed a poor adhesion between the PP and PET phases. Moreover, GnPs distribute around the droplets of the PET phase with a honey-like appearance. Finally, the effect of the orientation on both systems gives rise not only to fibers with higher modulus values, but also with high deformability and a fibrillar morphology of the dispersed PET phase. A fragile-ductile transition driven by the orientation was observed in both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.B.)
- INSTM, Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50125 Florence, Italy; (V.T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Titone
- INSTM, Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50125 Florence, Italy; (V.T.); (M.C.)
- Irritec S.p.A., Via Industriale sn, 98070 Rocca di Caprileone, Italy
| | - Alessandro Milazzo
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Manuela Ceraulo
- INSTM, Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50125 Florence, Italy; (V.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Luigi Botta
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.B.)
- INSTM, Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50125 Florence, Italy; (V.T.); (M.C.)
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Folentarska A, Łagiewka J, Krystyjan M, Ciesielski W. Biodegradable Binary and Ternary Complexes from Renewable Raw Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172925. [PMID: 34502965 PMCID: PMC8433750 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the interactions between polysaccharides with different electrical charges (anionic and neutral starches) and proteins and fats in food ingredients. Another objective is to understand the mechanisms of these systems and the interdependence between their properties and intermolecular interactions. At present, there are not many studies on ternary blends composed of natural food polymers: polysaccharides of different electrical charge (anionic and neutral starches), proteins and lipids. Additionally, there are no reports concerning what type of interactions between polysaccharide, proteins and lipids exist simultaneously when the components are mixed in different orders. This paper intends to fill this gap. It also presents the application of natural biopolymers in the food and non-food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Folentarska
- Faculty of Exact, Natural and Technical Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland; (A.F.); (J.Ł.)
| | - Jakub Łagiewka
- Faculty of Exact, Natural and Technical Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland; (A.F.); (J.Ł.)
| | - Magdalena Krystyjan
- Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 122 Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Ciesielski
- Faculty of Exact, Natural and Technical Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland; (A.F.); (J.Ł.)
- Correspondence: or
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