1
|
Keith M, Koller M, Lackner M. Carbon Recycling of High Value Bioplastics: A Route to a Zero-Waste Future. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1621. [PMID: 38931972 PMCID: PMC11207349 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, 98% of all plastics are fossil-based and non-biodegradable, and globally, only 9% are recycled. Microplastic and nanoplastic pollution is just beginning to be understood. As the global demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics continues to rise, biobased and biodegradable plastics have emerged as a promising solution. This review article delves into the pivotal concept of carbon recycling as a pathway towards achieving a zero-waste future through the production and utilization of high-value bioplastics. The review comprehensively explores the current state of bioplastics (biobased and/or biodegradable materials), emphasizing the importance of carbon-neutral and circular approaches in their lifecycle. Today, bioplastics are chiefly used in low-value applications, such as packaging and single-use items. This article sheds light on value-added applications, like longer-lasting components and products, and demanding properties, for which bioplastics are increasingly being deployed. Based on the waste hierarchy paradigm-reduce, reuse, recycle-different use cases and end-of-life scenarios for materials will be described, including technological options for recycling, from mechanical to chemical methods. A special emphasis on common bioplastics-TPS, PLA, PHAs-as well as a discussion of composites, is provided. While it is acknowledged that the current plastics (waste) crisis stems largely from mismanagement, it needs to be stated that a radical solution must come from the core material side, including the intrinsic properties of the polymers and their formulations. The manner in which the cascaded use of bioplastics, labeling, legislation, recycling technologies, and consumer awareness can contribute to a zero-waste future for plastics is the core topics of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Keith
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Martin Koller
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Go!PHA, Oudebrugsteeg 9, 1012 JN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Valizadeh S, Valizadeh B, Seo MW, Choi YJ, Lee J, Chen WH, Lin KYA, Park YK. Recent advances in liquid fuel production from plastic waste via pyrolysis: Emphasis on polyolefins and polystyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118154. [PMID: 38218520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The management of plastic waste (PW) has become an indispensable worldwide issue because of the enhanced accumulation and environmental impacts of these waste materials. Thermo-catalytic pyrolysis has been proposed as an emerging technology for the valorization of PW into value-added liquid fuels. This review provides a comprehensive investigation of the latest advances in thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of PW for liquid fuel generation, by emphasizing polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. To this end, the current strategies of PW management are summarized. The various parameters affecting the thermal pyrolysis of PW (e.g., temperature, residence time, heating rate, pyrolysis medium, and plastic type) are discussed, highlighting their significant influence on feed reactivity, product yield, and carbon number distribution of the pyrolysis process. Optimizing these parameters in the pyrolysis process can ensure highly efficient energy recovery from PW. In comparison with non-catalytic PW pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis of PW is considered by discussing mechanisms, reaction pathways, and the performance of various catalysts. It is established that the introduction of either acid or base catalysts shifts PW pyrolysis from the conventional free radical mechanism towards the carbonium ion mechanism, altering its kinetics and pathways. This review also provides an overview of PW pyrolysis practicality for scaling up by describing techno-economic challenges and opportunities, environmental considerations, and presenting future outlooks in this field. Overall, via investigation of the recent research findings, this paper offers valuable insights into the potential of thermo-catalytic pyrolysis as an emerging strategy for PW management and the production of liquid fuels, while also highlighting avenues for further exploration and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Behzad Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Myung Won Seo
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Yong Jun Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea; School of Civil, Architectural Engineering, and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anusha JR, Citarasu T, Uma G, Vimal S, Kamaraj C, Kumar V, Muzammil K, Mani Sankar M. Recent advances in nanotechnology-based modifications of micro/nano PET plastics for green energy applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141417. [PMID: 38340992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) plastic is an omnipresent synthetic polymer in our lives, which causes negative impacts on the ecosystem. It is crucial to take mandatory action to control the usage and sustainable disposal of PET plastics. Recycling plastics using nanotechnology offers potential solutions to the challenges associated with traditional plastic recycling methods. Nano-based degradation techniques improve the degradation process through the influence of catalysts. It also plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of recycling processes and modifying them into value-added products. The modified PET waste plastics can be utilized to manufacture batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, and so on. The waste PET modification methods have massive potential for research, which can play major role in removing post-consumer plastic waste. The present review discusses the effects of micro/nano plastics in terrestrial and marine ecosystems and its impacts on plants and animals. Briefly, the degradation and bio-degradation methods in recent research were explored. The depolymerization methods used for the production of monomers from PET waste plastics were discussed in detail. Carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and graphene nanosheets synthesized from PET waste plastics were delineated. The reuse of nanotechnologically modified PET waste plastics for potential green energy storage products, such as batteries, supercapacitors, and sensors were presented in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Anusha
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, 629 502, India
| | - T Citarasu
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, 629 502, India
| | - G Uma
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, 629 502, India
| | - S Vimal
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu - 603203, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Mani Sankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamilnadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poonia K, Singh P, Ahamad T, Le QV, Phan Quang HH, Thakur S, Mishra AK, Selvasembian R, Hussain CM, Nguyen VH, Raizada P. Sustainability, performance, and production perspectives of waste-derived functional carbon nanomaterials towards a sustainable environment: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141419. [PMID: 38360410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The survival of humanity is severely threatened by the massive accumulation of waste in the ecosystem. One plausible solution for the management and upcycling of waste is conversing waste at the molecular level and deriving carbon-based nanomaterial. The field of carbon nanomaterials with distinctive properties, such as exceptionally large surface areas, good thermal and chemical stability, and improved propagation of charge carriers, remains a significant area of research. The study demonstrates recent developments in high-value carbon-based photocatalysts synthesis from various waste precursors, including zoonotic, phytogenic, polyolefinic, electronic, and biomedical, highlighting the progression as photocatalysts and adsorbents for wastewater treatment and water splitting applications. This review highpoints the benefits of using waste as a precursor to support sustainability and circular economy and the risks associated with their use. Finally, we support that a sustainable society will eventually be realized by exploring present obstacles and potential steps for creating superior carbon-based nanomaterials in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Poonia
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh- 8, 173229, India
| | - Pardeep Singh
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh- 8, 173229, India
| | - Tansir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Huy Hoang Phan Quang
- Faculty of Biology and Environment, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Road, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Van-Huy Nguyen
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pankaj Raizada
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh- 8, 173229, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thacharodi A, Hassan S, Meenatchi R, Bhat MA, Hussain N, Arockiaraj J, Ngo HH, Sharma A, Nguyen HT, Pugazhendhi A. Mitigating microplastic pollution: A critical review on the effects, remediation, and utilization strategies of microplastics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119988. [PMID: 38181686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics are found ubiquitous in the natural environment and are an increasing source of worry for global health. Rapid industrialization and inappropriate plastic waste management in our daily lives have resulted in an increase in the amount of microplastics in the ecosystem. Microplastics that are <150 μm in size could be easily ingested by living beings and cause considerable toxicity. Microplastics can aggregate in living organisms and cause acute, chronic, carcinogenic, developmental, and genotoxic damage. As a result, a sustainable approach to reducing, reusing, and recycling plastic waste is required to manage microplastic pollution in the environment. However, there is still a significant lack of effective methods for managing these pollutants. As a result, the purpose of this review is to convey information on microplastic toxicity and management practices that may aid in the reduction of microplastic pollution. This review further insights on how plastic trash could be converted as value-added products, reducing the load of accumulating plastic wastes in the environment, and leading to a beneficial endeavor for humanity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Thacharodi
- Dr. Thacharodi's Laboratories, Department of Research and Development, Puducherry, 605005, India
| | - Saqib Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - Ramu Meenatchi
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Mansoor Ahmad Bhat
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Naseer Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, NatProLab, Plant Innovation Lab, School of Engineering and Sciences, Queretaro, 76130, Mexico
| | - H T Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qian Q, Ren J. From plastic waste to potential wealth: Upcycling technologies, process synthesis, assessment and optimization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167897. [PMID: 37866600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Global plastics production has doubled since the beginning of 21st century. Efficient technology is called for plastics waste valorization. The current review provides an overview of the main waste plastic chemical upcycling technologies to produce value-added products. Various technologies including gasification and pyrolysis are under reviewed. However, several review literatures have paid attention to the details and experimental progress in these chemical upcycling techniques. In this review, we attempt to conclude the progress in a multi-scale systems-by-systems perspective. After a brief overview of the current state-of-the-art chemical upcycling techniques, larger-scale process synthesis, assessment, and optimization methodologies to address the sustainability and environmental issues are summarized. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment are selected as two powerful tools for process assessment. Three particular application scenarios of optimization methodologies including experimental design, process synthesis and supply chain management are consequently introduced. Very little work on review articles have summarized the plastic waste-to-wealth process in the systems engineering perspective. Review results show that (1) gasification and pyrolysis offer promising avenues for the conversion of plastic waste into valuable products. These technologies can be integrated with other subsystems to enhance the economic and environmental performance of the overall system. (2) Response surface methodology is commonly used in experimental design and parameter optimization. It allows researchers to systematically investigate the effects of various parameters and optimize process conditions to maximize desired outputs. (3) Superstructure optimization frameworks are valuable tools for process synthesis and pathway selection in plastic waste conversion. However, the potential superstructure is pre-defined. (4) Green supply chain and multi-objective supply chain frameworks can be applied to the design of plastic waste recycling networks, taking into account both economic and environmental considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Qian
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingzheng Ren
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nangan S, Natesan T, Sukmas W, Okhawilai M, Justice Babu K, Tsuppayakorn-Aek P, Bovornratanaraks T, Wongsalam T, Vimal V, Uyama H, Al-Enizi AM, Kansal L, Sehgal SS. Waste plastics derived nickel-palladium alloy filled carbon nanotubes for hydrogen evolution reaction. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139982. [PMID: 37648169 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composed of bimetallic nickel-palladium (NiPd) nanoparticles encapsulated in graphitic carbon shells (NdPd@CNT) are prepared by the chemical vapour deposition method using waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic carbon sources and NiPd-decorated carbon sheets (NiPd@C) catalyst. The characterization results reveal that the face-centered cubic crystalline (fcc)-structured NiPd bimetallic alloy nanoparticles are encased by thin carbon nanotubes. The bimetallic synergism of NiPd nanoparticles actuates the outer CNT layers and accelerates the electrical conductivity, stimulating the electrochemical activity toward an effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). By virtue of the collective individualities of highly conductive aligned carbon walls and bimetallic active sites, the NiPd@CNT-equipped HER delivers a minimum overpotential of 87 mV and a Tafel slope value of 95 mV dec-1. The existing intact contact between NiPd and CNT facilitates continuous electron and ion transportation and firm stability toward long-term hydrogen production in HER. Notably, the NiPd@CNT reported here produces excellent electrochemical activity with minimal charge transference resistance, substantiating the efficacy of NiPd@CNT for futuristic green hydrogen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Nangan
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thirumalaivasan Natesan
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMTAS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Wiwittawin Sukmas
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Manunya Okhawilai
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Polymeric Materials for Medical Practice Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Prutthipong Tsuppayakorn-Aek
- Extreme Conditions Physics Research Laboratory and Center of Excellence in Physics of Energy Materials (CE:PEM), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thiti Bovornratanaraks
- Extreme Conditions Physics Research Laboratory and Center of Excellence in Physics of Energy Materials (CE:PEM), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tawan Wongsalam
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Vrince Vimal
- Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, 248002, India
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Abdullah M Al-Enizi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lavish Kansal
- School Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Satbir S Sehgal
- Division of Research Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tiwari R, Azad N, Dutta D, Yadav BR, Kumar S. A critical review and future perspective of plastic waste recycling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163433. [PMID: 37061055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is increasing rapidly due to urbanisation and globalization. In recent decades, plastic usage increased, and the upward trend is expected to continue. Only 9% of the 7 billion tonnes of plastic produced were recycled in India until 2022. India generates 1.5 million tonnes of plastic waste (PW) every year and ranks among top ten plastic producer countries. Large amount of waste plastics could harm environment and human health. The current manuscript provides a comprehensive approach for mechanical and chemical recycling methods. The technical facets of mechanical recycling relating to collection, sorting, grading, and general management to create plastic products with additional value have been elaborated in this study. Another sustainable methods aligned with the chemical recycling using pyrolysis, gasification, hydrocracking, IH2 (Integrated Hydropyrolysis 2), and KDV (Katalytische Drucklose Verolung) techniques have also been highlighted with the critical process parameters for the sustainable conversion of plastic waste to valuable products. The review also adheres to less carbon-intensive plastic degrading strategies that take a biomimetic approach using the microorganism based biodegradation. The informative aspects covering the limitations and effectiveness of all PW technologies and its applications towards plastic waste management (PWM) are also emphasized. The existing practices in PW policy guidelines along with its economic and ecological aspects have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tiwari
- CSIR- National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Numanuddin Azad
- CSIR- National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Deblina Dutta
- CSIR- National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440020, India; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 240, India
| | - Bholu Ram Yadav
- CSIR- National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440020, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR- National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440020, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nanda S, Sarker TR, Kang K, Li D, Dalai AK. Perspectives on Thermochemical Recycling of End-of-Life Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4563. [PMID: 37444877 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to its resistance to natural degradation and decomposition, plastic debris perseveres in the environment for centuries. As a lucrative material for packing industries and consumer products, plastics have become one of the major components of municipal solid waste today. The recycling of plastics is becoming difficult due to a lack of resource recovery facilities and a lack of efficient technologies to separate plastics from mixed solid waste streams. This has made oceans the hotspot for the dispersion and accumulation of plastic residues beyond landfills. This article reviews the sources, geographical occurrence, characteristics and recyclability of different types of plastic waste. This article presents a comprehensive summary of promising thermochemical technologies, such as pyrolysis, liquefaction and gasification, for the conversion of single-use plastic wastes to clean fuels. The operating principles, drivers and barriers for plastic-to-fuel technologies via pyrolysis (non-catalytic, catalytic, microwave and plasma), as well as liquefaction and gasification, are thoroughly discussed. Thermochemical co-processing of plastics with other organic waste biomass to produce high-quality fuel and energy products is also elaborated upon. Through this state-of-the-art review, it is suggested that, by investing in the research and development of thermochemical recycling technologies, one of the most pragmatic issues today, i.e., plastics waste management, can be sustainably addressed with a greater worldwide impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonil Nanda
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Tumpa R Sarker
- Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Kang Kang
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Dongbing Li
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315104, China
| | - Ajay K Dalai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang SH. Plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162719. [PMID: 36933741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Turning plastic waste into plastic oil by pyrolysis is one of the promising techniques to eradicate plastic waste pollution and accelerate the circular economy of plastic materials. Plastic waste is an attractive pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production owing to its favorable chemical properties of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and heating value other than its abundant availability. Despite the exponential growth of scientific output from 2015 to 2022, a vast majority of the current review articles cover the pyrolysis of plastic waste into a series of fuels and value-added products, and up-to-date reviews exclusively on plastic oil production from pyrolysis are relatively scarce. In light of this void in the current review articles, this review attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production. A particular emphasis is placed on the common types of plastic as primary sources of plastic pollution, the characteristics (proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, hydrogen/carbon ratio, heating value, and degradation temperature) of various plastic wastes and their potential as pyrolysis feedstock, and the pyrolysis systems (reactor type and heating method) and conditions (temperature, heating rate, residence time, pressure, particle size, reaction atmosphere, catalyst and its operation modes, and single and mixed plastic wastes) used in plastic waste pyrolysis for plastic oil production. The characteristics of plastic oil from pyrolysis in terms of physical properties and chemical composition are also outlined and discussed. The major challenges and future prospects for the large-scale production of plastic oil from pyrolysis are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Hua Chang
- Waste Management and Resource Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Irfan M, Saleem R, Shoukat B, Hussain H, Shukrullah S, Naz MY, Rahman S, Ghanim AAJ, Nawalany G, Jakubowski T. Production of combustible fuels and carbon nanotubes from plastic wastes using an in-situ catalytic microwave pyrolysis process. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9057. [PMID: 37270598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study performed in-situ microwave pyrolysis of plastic waste into hydrogen, liquid fuel and carbon nanotubes in the presence of Zeolite Socony Mobil ZSM-5 catalyst. In the presented microwave pyrolysis of plastics, activated carbon was used as a heat susceptor. The microwave power of 1 kW was employed to decompose high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) wastes at moderate temperatures of 400-450 °C. The effect of plastic composition, catalyst loading and plastic type on liquid, gas and solid carbon products was quantified. This in-situ CMP reaction resulted in heavy hydrocarbons, hydrogen gas and carbon nanotubes as a solid residue. A relatively better hydrogen yield of 129.6 mmol/g as a green fuel was possible in this process. FTIR and gas chromatography analysis revealed that liquid product consisted of C13+ fraction hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, alkanes, and aromatics. TEM micrographs showed tubular-like structural morphology of the solid residue, which was identified as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) during X-ray diffraction analysis. The outer diameter of CNTs ranged from 30 to 93 nm from HDPE, 25-93 nm from PP and 30-54 nm for HDPE-PP mixure. The presented CMP process took just 2-4 min to completely pyrolyze the plastic feedstock into valuable products, leaving no polymeric residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudi Arabia, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rishmail Saleem
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Shoukat
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Hussain
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudi Arabia, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Grzegorz Nawalany
- Department of Rural Building, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jakubowski
- Department of Machine Operation, Ergonomics and Production Processes, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gangaraju D, Shanmugharaj AM, Sridhar V. Graphene Oxide Facilitates Transformation of Waste PET into MOF Nanorods in Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112479. [PMID: 37299279 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although though ionic liquids (IL) are rapidly emerging as highly efficient reagents for the depolymerization of waste plastics, their high cost and adverse impact on the environment make the overall process not only expensive but also environmentally harmful. In this manuscript, we report that graphene oxide (GO) facilitates the transformation of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to Ni-MOF (metal organic framework) nanorods anchored on reduced graphene oxide (Ni-MOF@rGO) through NMP (N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone)-based coordination in ionic liquids. Morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed mesoporous three-dimensional structures of micrometer-long Ni-MOF nanorods anchored on reduced graphene substrates (Ni-MOF@rGO ), whereas structural studies using XRD and Raman spectra demonstrated the crystallinity of Ni-MOF nanorods. Chemical analysis of Ni-MOF@rGO carried out using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that nickel moieties exist in an electroactive OH-Ni-OH state, which was further confirmed by nanoscale elemental maps recorded using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The applicability of Ni-MOF@rGO as an electro-catalyst in a urea-enhanced water oxidation reaction (UOR) is reported. Furthermore, the ability of our newly developed NMP-based IL to grow MOF nanocubes on carbon nanotubes and MOF nano-islands on carbon fibers is also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Gangaraju
- Centre for Energy and Alternative Fuels, Department of Chemistry, VELS Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai 600117, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Andikkadu Masilamani Shanmugharaj
- Centre for Energy and Alternative Fuels, Department of Chemistry, VELS Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai 600117, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vadahanambi Sridhar
- Global Core Research Centre for Ships and Offshore Plants (GCRC-SOP), Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Plastic and Waste Tire Pyrolysis Focused on Hydrogen Production—A Review. HYDROGEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrogen3040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we compare hydrogen production from waste by pyrolysis and bioprocesses. In contrast, the pyrolysis feed was limited to plastic and tire waste unlikely to be utilized by biological decomposition methods. Recent risks of pyrolysis, such as pollutant emissions during the heat decomposition of polymers, and high energy demands were described and compared to thresholds of bioprocesses such as dark fermentation. Many pyrolysis reactors have been adapted for plastic pyrolysis after successful investigation experiences involving waste tires. Pyrolysis can transform these wastes into other petroleum products for reuse or for energy carriers, such as hydrogen. Plastic and tire pyrolysis is part of an alternative synthesis method for smart polymers, including semi-conductive polymers. Pyrolysis is less expensive than gasification and requires a lower energy demand, with lower emissions of hazardous pollutants. Short-time utilization of these wastes, without the emission of metals into the environment, can be solved using pyrolysis. Plastic wastes after pyrolysis produce up to 20 times more hydrogen than dark fermentation from 1 kg of waste. The research summarizes recent achievements in plastic and tire waste pyrolysis development.
Collapse
|
14
|
Cook E, Velis CA, Cottom JW. Scaling up resource recovery of plastics in the emergent circular economy to prevent plastic pollution: Assessment of risks to health and safety in the Global South. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1680-1707. [PMID: 35875954 PMCID: PMC9606178 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the coming decades, a large additional mass of plastic waste will become available for recycling, as efforts increase to reduce plastic pollution and facilitate a circular economy. New infrastructure will need to be developed, yet the processes and systems chosen should not result in adverse effects on human health and the environment. Here, we present a rapid review and critical semi-quantitative assessment of the potential risks posed by eight approaches to recovering value during the resource recovery phase from post-consumer plastic packaging waste collected and separated with the purported intention of recycling. The focus is on the Global South, where there are more chances that high risk processes could be run below standards of safe operation. Results indicate that under non-idealised operational conditions, mechanical reprocessing is the least impactful on the environment and therefore most appropriate for implementation in developing countries. Processes known as 'chemical recycling' are hard to assess due to lack of real-world process data. Given their lack of maturity and potential for risk to human health and the environment (handling of potentially hazardous substances under pressure and heat), it is unlikely they will make a useful addition to the circular economy in the Global South in the near future. Inevitably, increasing circular economy activity will require expansion towards targeting flexible, multi-material and multilayer products, for which mechanical recycling has well-established limitations. Our comparative risk overview indicates major barriers to changing resource recovery mode from the already dominant mechanical recycling mode towards other nascent or energetic recovery approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ed Cook
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Costas A Velis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shan T, Wang K, Bian H, Fan F, Xiao Y, Pan Y, Tian X, Wang C. Study on pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of waste plastics with spent FCC catalyst. INT J CHEM KINET 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tilun Shan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Kongshuo Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Huiguang Bian
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing of Polymer Materials Qingdao Shandong Province China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Fangshuo Fan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Yi Pan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Xiaolong Tian
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing of Polymer Materials Qingdao Shandong Province China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Chuansheng Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing of Polymer Materials Qingdao Shandong Province China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong Province China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Akgül A, Palmeiro-Sanchez T, Lange H, Magalhaes D, Moore S, Paiva A, Kazanç F, Trubetskaya A. Characterization of tars from recycling of PHA bioplastic and synthetic plastics using fast pyrolysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129696. [PMID: 36104917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pyrolysis products of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), carbon fiber reinforced composite (CFRC), and block co-polymers (PS-b-P2VP and PS-b-P4VP). The studied PHA samples were produced at temperatures of 15 and 50 oC (PHA15 and PHA50), and commercially obtained from GlasPort Bio (PHAc). Initially, PHA samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to determine the molecular weight, and structure of the polymers. Thermal techniques such as thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed for PHA, CFRC, and block co-polymers to investigate the degradation temperature range and thermal stability of samples. Fast pyrolysis (500 oC, ∼102 °C s-1) experiments were conducted for all samples in a wire mesh reactor to investigate tar products and char yields. The tar compositions were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and statistical modeling was performed. The char yields of block co-polymers and PHA samples (<2 wt. %) were unequivocally less than that of the PET sample (~10.7 wt. %). All PHA compounds contained a large fraction of ethyl cyclopropane carboxylate (~ 38-58 %), whereas PAH15 and PHA50 additionally showed a large quantity of 2-butenoic acid (~8-12 %). The PHAc sample indicated the presence of considerably high amount of methyl ester (~15 %), butyl citrate (~12.9 %), and tributyl ester (~17 %). The compositional analyses of the liquid fraction of the PET and block co-polymers have shown carcinogenic and toxic properties. Pyrolysis removed matrices in the CRFC composites which is an indication of potential recovery of the original fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alican Akgül
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Heiko Lange
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Duarte Magalhaes
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Dept. of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Sean Moore
- Department of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Ireland
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Feyza Kazanç
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Anna Trubetskaya
- Department of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Osman AI, Elgarahy AM, Mehta N, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Al-Fatesh AS, Rooney DW. Facile Synthesis and Life Cycle Assessment of Highly Active Magnetic Sorbent Composite Derived from Mixed Plastic and Biomass Waste for Water Remediation. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:12433-12447. [PMID: 36161095 PMCID: PMC9490754 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plastic and biomass waste pose a serious environmental risk; thus, herein, we mixed biomass waste with plastic bottle waste (PET) to produce char composite materials for producing a magnetic char composite for better separation when used in water treatment applications. This study also calculated the life cycle environmental impacts of the preparation of adsorbent material for 11 different indicator categories. For 1 functional unit (1 kg of pomace leaves as feedstock), abiotic depletion of fossil fuels and global warming potential were quantified as 7.17 MJ and 0.63 kg CO2 equiv for production of magnetic char composite materials. The magnetic char composite material (MPBC) was then used to remove crystal violet dye from its aqueous solution under various operational parameters. The kinetics and isotherm statistical theories showed that the sorption of CV dye onto MPBC was governed by pseudo-second-order, and Langmuir models, respectively. The quantitative assessment of sorption capacity clarifies that the produced MPBC exhibited an admirable ability of 256.41 mg g-1. Meanwhile, the recyclability of 92.4% of MPBC was demonstrated after 5 adsorption/desorption cycles. Findings from this study will inspire more sustainable and cost-effective production of magnetic sorbents, including those derived from combined plastic and biomass waste streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Osman
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Ahmed
I. Osman. . Fax: +44 2890 97 4687. Tel.: +44 2890 97 4412
| | - Ahmed M. Elgarahy
- Environmental
Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Egyptian
Propylene and Polypropylene Company (EPPC), Port-Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Neha Mehta
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb
- Department
of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Ahmed S. Al-Fatesh
- Chemical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - David W. Rooney
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Physicochemical assessment of waxy products directly recovered from plastic waste pyrolysis: review and synthesis of characterization techniques. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Jeon JM, Park SJ, Son YS, Yang YH, Yoon JJ. Bioconversion of Mixed Alkanes to Polyhydroxyalkanoate by Pseudomonas resinovornas: Upcycling of Pyrolysis Oil from Waste-Plastic. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132624. [PMID: 35808670 PMCID: PMC9268961 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable plastic that can be used to replace petroleum-based plastic. In addition, as a medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHA), it can be used to provide elastomeric properties in specific applications. Because of these characteristics, recently, there has been much research on mcl-PHA production using inexpensive biomass materials as substrates. In this study, mcl-PHA producers were screened using alkanes (n-octane, n-decane, and n-dodecane) as sources of carbon. The amount of PHA produced by Pseudomonas resinovorans using sole n-octane, n-decane, or n-dodecane was 0.48 g/L, 0.27 g/L, or 0.07 g/L, respectively, while that produced using mixed alkane was 0.74 g/L. As a larger amount of PHA was produced using mixed alkane compared with sole alkane, a statistical mixture analysis was used to determine the optimal ratio of alkanes in the mixture. The optimal ratio predicted by the analysis was a medium with 9.15% n-octane, 6.44% n-decane, and 4.29% n-dodecane. In addition, through several concentration-specific experiments, the optimum concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus for cell growth and maximum PHA production were determined as 0.05% and 1.0%, respectively. Finally, under the determined optimal conditions, 2.1 g/L of mcl-PHA and 60% PHA content were obtained using P. resinovorans in a 7 L fermenter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Jeon
- Green & Sustainable Materials Research and Development Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, Korea; (J.-M.J.); (S.-J.P.); (Y.-S.S.)
| | - So-Jin Park
- Green & Sustainable Materials Research and Development Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, Korea; (J.-M.J.); (S.-J.P.); (Y.-S.S.)
- School of Industrial technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Ye-Seung Son
- Green & Sustainable Materials Research and Development Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, Korea; (J.-M.J.); (S.-J.P.); (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Jun Yoon
- Green & Sustainable Materials Research and Development Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, Korea; (J.-M.J.); (S.-J.P.); (Y.-S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-589-8266
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Investigation of Oil and Facility Characteristics of Plastic Waste Pyrolysis for the Advanced Waste Recycling Policy. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternative chemical and fuel oil produced from plastic waste may play a key role in national sustainable development. The Korean government has promoted several waste recycling policies including waste to energy. Here, we focus on the investigation of the oil and facility characteristics of plastic waste pyrolysis. Four pyrolysis facilities, which had different pyrolysis processes and produced various oil properties, were chosen in order to develop an advanced waste recycling policy. Pyrolysis oil recovery efficiency and chemical characteristics were influenced by feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. In terms of pyrolysis gases, the gas quantity was different due to the pyrolyzer operation conditions, but the characteristics of gas composition were not especially distinguished. In addition, air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the pyrolysis process were analyzed to evaluate the environmental effects on the surrounding area. The air pollutant concentration varied, but those from the process were adequately controlled. From the aforementioned results, several improvements have been deduced to manage the pyrolysis oil facility and product in advanced policy decisions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang RX, Jan K, Chen CT, Chen WT, Wu KCW. Thermochemical Conversion of Plastic Waste into Fuels, Chemicals, and Value-Added Materials: A Critical Review and Outlooks. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200171. [PMID: 35349769 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is an emerging environmental issue for our society. Critical action to tackle this problem is to upcycle plastic waste as valuable feedstock. Thermochemical conversion of plastic waste has received growing attention. Although thermochemical conversion is promising for handling mixed plastic waste, it typically occurs at high temperatures (300-800 °C). Catalysts can play a critical role in improving the energy efficiency of thermochemical conversion, promoting targeted reactions, and improving product selectivity. This Review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art of catalytic thermochemical conversions of various types of plastic waste. First, general trends and recent development of catalytic thermochemical conversions including pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal processes, and chemolysis of plastic waste into fuels, chemicals, and value-added materials were reviewed. Second, the status quo for the commercial implementation of thermochemical conversion of plastic waste was summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of catalytic thermochemical conversion of plastic waste including the design of sustainable and robust catalysts were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Xuan Yang
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1 Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd., Taipei, 106344, Taiwan
| | - Kalsoom Jan
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
| | - Ching-Tien Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chen
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Preparation and Characterization of Insulating Panels from Recycled Polylaminate (Tetra Pak) Materials. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eco-sustainability and the reuse of materials are highly topical issues. In fact, in recent years, much study and research has been developed on this aspect, making the eco-sustainability of materials a real need. Polylaminate containers, more commonly called Tetra Pak containers, represent the most used packaging in the world. This work proposes a new strategy for the reuse of discarded polylaminate containers in order to create panels that can be used in construction and in particular as insulating panels. The proposed thermal method has been optimized in terms of operating variables such as time, temperature, pressure, number of polylaminate sheets. The results obtained show that the proposed thermal method is suitable for obtaining panels with characteristics suitable for use in green building. The advantage of the thermal method is that it does not use chemical or other binders and moreover uses only and exclusively sheets of recycled polylaminate.
Collapse
|
24
|
Application of Slow Pyrolysis to Convert Waste Plastics from a Compost-Reject Stream into Py-Char. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that the degradation of plastics in the environment is a serious problem. This study investigated and reported on the feasibility of removing end-of-life plastics from circulating in the environment. The specific example focuses on non-recyclable plastics found in a waste diversion program for compostable materials, known as the Green Bin Program. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the types of polymers in this stream, as well as to determine if it could be successfully turned into char without separation of its components. The measurements show that polyethylene (72 wt.%), polypropylene (14 wt.%) and polyethylene terephthalate (12 wt.%) are the main constituents of this stream, with minor contributions from polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), Nitrile rubber and Nylon. Samples of the as-received waste containing plastics and fibrous material were subjected to a slow pyrolysis process. The yield of the char product depended on the conditions of the pyrolysis and a strong synergistic effect was noted when both the plastic and fibrous materials were co-pyrolyzed. The study of variable pyrolysis conditions, along with DTA-TGA-MS studies on the mechanism of the char formation, indicate that the positive effect results from enhanced interaction of plastics with air, in the presence of fibrous material, during the initial/pre-treatment step.
Collapse
|
25
|
Characterization of the Different Oils Obtained through the Catalytic In Situ Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Film from Municipal Solid Waste. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12084043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the thermal and catalytic decomposition of plastic wastes by pyrolysis is one of the best alternatives to convert these wastes into quality fuel oils, thus replenishing some petroleum resources. This work studied the catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene film waste from the remaining organic fraction on different catalysts under dynamic operating conditions in a batch reactor. These catalysts have been characterized through isotherms of adsorption-desorption with N2 and X-ray powder diffraction for structural characterization to see the differences in their use. The results obtained have been compared with the pyrolysis of the same material without a catalyst. Special attention has been paid to the similarities and differences with thermal pyrolysis. The characterization of the liquid fraction, including physical and chemical properties, has been carried out. The liquid yield varies from 37 to 43%; it has good calorific values of 46–48 MJ/kg, an average density of 0.82 g/cm3, and a fairly low viscosity compared to the product without the catalyst. Other properties like the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity or pH were also determined and found to be similar to conventional fuels. Oils are mainly composed of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The general distribution of carbons is C7 to C31. Finally, a detailed analysis of the composition of liquid products shows they present heavy naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fractions in different proportions in the function of the catalyst used.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ribeiro RS, Vieira O, Fernandes R, Roman FF, Diaz de Tuesta JL, Silva AMT, Gomes HT. Synthesis of low-density polyethylene derived carbon nanotubes for activation of persulfate and degradation of water organic micropollutants in continuous mode. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114622. [PMID: 35124314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic derived carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were tested as catalysts in persulfate activation for the first time. Four catalysts were prepared by wetness impregnation and co-precipitation (using Al2O3, Ni, Fe and/or Al) and implemented to grow CNTs by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as carbon feedstock. A catalyst screening was performed in batch mode and the best performing CNTs (CNT@Ni+Fe/Al2O3-cp) led to a high venlafaxine mass removal rate (3.17 mg g-1 h-1) in ultrapure water after 90 min (even with a mixture of micropollutants). Its degradation increased when the matrix was replaced by drinking water and negligibly affected in surface water. A composite polymeric membrane was then fabricated with CNT@Ni+Fe/Al2O3-cp and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a high venlafaxine mass removal rate in surface water being also observed in 24 h of continuous operation. Therefore, the results herein reported open a window of opportunity for the valorisation of plastic wastes in this catalytic application performed in continuous mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui S Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Octávia Vieira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Fernandes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda F Roman
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Jose L Diaz de Tuesta
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder T Gomes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Polymers and plastics are crucial materials in many sectors of our economy, due to their numerous advantages. They also have some disadvantages, among the most important are problems with the recycling and disposal of used plastics. The recovery of waste plastics is increasing every year, but over 27% of plastics are landfilled. The rest is recycled, where, unfortunately, incineration is still the most common management method. From an economic perspective, waste management methods that lead to added-value products are most preferred—as in the case of material and chemical recycling. Since chemical recycling can be used for difficult wastes (poorly selected, contaminated), it seems to be the most effective way of managing these materials. Moreover, as a result this of kind of recycling, it is possible to obtain commercially valuable products, such as fractions for fuel composition and monomers for the reproduction of polymers. This review focuses on various liquefaction technologies as a prospective recycling method for three types of plastic waste: PE, PP and PS.
Collapse
|
28
|
Using Plastic Waste in a Circular Economy Approach to Improve the Properties of Bituminous Binders. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to use wax to modify a binder employed in the paving industry. This wax can be obtained either directly or as a by-product from plastic waste′s thermal cracking (pyrolysis). The study characterizes this sustainable material and the binders resulting from blending it with conventional or modified bitumen with other additives applied in the manufacture of bituminous mixtures. Different tests were used: thermogravimetric and spectroscopic analysis; consistency tests; testing of dynamic viscosity at various temperatures; and assessment of the rheologic properties of binders. As a result, several crucial findings were reached: this sustainable wax promotes changes in the viscosity of the binders, their handling temperatures can be reduced, and it contributes to some goals of the U.N. 2030 Agenda. In summary, this work allowed us to conclude that the positive effects of a suitable modification of the bituminous binders, which incorporated this wax and other additives, led to improved consistency and rheological behaviour, having provided, for example, lower temperature susceptibility and higher permanent deformation resistance.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li N, Liu H, Cheng Z, Yan B, Chen G, Wang S. Conversion of plastic waste into fuels: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127460. [PMID: 34653868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes have posed serious threats to the environment, including decrease of soil nutrient effectiveness and agricultural production as well as emerge of ecological instability. Fuel conversion from plastic waste is regarded as a promising strategy for its disposal and energy utilization. Plastic wastes can be converted into target fuels by adjusting cracking of chemical bonds. Currently, numerous technologies regarding fuel conversion from plastic wastes have been reported, including conventional pyrolysis, novel heat treatment and advanced oxidation. However, systematic summary and comparative analysis of different technologies are still scarcely reported. In this review, fuel conversion from plastic wastes was summarized comprehensively, highlighting novel heat treatment and advanced oxidation technologies reported in recent years. Furthermore, the superiority and drawbacks of each technology were analyzed, and future prospects of technology application were proposed. With lower reaction temperature and higher-value fuel, novel heat treatment of plastics is more popular than traditional one. Advanced oxidation can be controlled to convert plastics into fuels under room temperature and pressure, guiding the new normal in energy utilization of plastic wastes. This review aims to provide inspiration for energy utilization of solid waste, addressing the issues of white pollution and energy shortage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hengxin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanjun Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kusenberg M, Eschenbacher A, Djokic MR, Zayoud A, Ragaert K, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:83-115. [PMID: 34871884 PMCID: PMC8769047 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis followed by a minimal amount of upgrading and steam cracking is expected to be the dominant chemical recycling technology in the coming decade. However, there are substantial safety and operational risks when using plastic waste pyrolysis oils instead of conventional fossil-based feedstocks. This is due to the fact that plastic waste pyrolysis oils contain a vast amount of contaminants which are the main drivers for corrosion, fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning in industrial steam cracking plants. Contaminants are therefore crucial to evaluate the steam cracking feasibility of these alternative feedstocks. Indeed, current plastic waste pyrolysis oils exceed typical feedstock specifications for numerous known contaminants, e.g. nitrogen (∼1650 vs. 100 ppm max.), oxygen (∼1250 vs. 100 ppm max.), chlorine (∼1460vs. 3 ppm max.), iron (∼33 vs. 0.001 ppm max.), sodium (∼0.8 vs. 0.125 ppm max.)and calcium (∼17vs. 0.5 ppm max.). Pyrolysis oils produced from post-consumer plastic waste can only meet the current specifications set for industrial steam cracker feedstocks if they are upgraded, with hydrogen based technologies being the most effective, in combination with an effective pre-treatment of the plastic waste such as dehalogenation. Moreover, steam crackers are reliant on a stable and predictable feedstock quality and quantity representing a challenge with plastic waste being largely influenced by consumer behavior, seasonal changes and local sorting efficiencies. Nevertheless, with standardization of sorting plants this is expected to become less problematic in the coming decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Value-Added Pyrolysis of Waste Sourced High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mixtures. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15030997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Fischer-Tropsch paraffin mixture, heavy residue of waste polyethylene pyrolysis, shredded and crashed agricultural polyethylene waste and their combinations were pyrolysed both thermally and catalytically in a two-stage reactor system. During the experimental work, yields and compositions of pyrolysis products were studied as function of feedstock composition and catalyst placement. It was found that the average molecular weight of feedstocks and the presence of ZSM-5 catalyst also have significant effects on the product yields and the compositions. Feedstocks with high concentration of Fischer-Tropsch paraffin and real waste polyethylene resulted in deeper fragmentation in both thermal and thermo-catalytic pyrolysis. Due to the deeper fragmentation, they seemed to be suitable feedstocks for the production of C6–C9 and C10–C14 hydrocarbons. Meanwhile, for production of C15–C21 hydrocarbons, the use of a higher concentration of heavy residue of waste polyethylene pyrolysis in the feedstocks is recommended. From the point of view of liquid hydrocarbon and isomer production, the placement of the catalyst into the 1st reactor proved to be more advantageous. When the catalyst was placed into the 2nd reactor, the product formation shifted to the more volatiles, isomers took part in secondary cracking reactions and aromatics formed in higher concentrations.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chemical Recycling of Plastic Marine Litter: First Analytical Characterization of The Pyrolysis Oil and of Its Fractions and Comparison with a Commercial Marine Gasoil. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A detailed molecular fingerprint of raw pyrolysis oil from plastic wastes is a new research area. The present study focuses for the first time on the chemical recycling of plastic marine litter; we aim to chemically characterize the obtained raw pyrolysis oil and its distillates (virgin naphtha and marine gasoil) via GC-MS and FT-IR. For all samples, more than 30% of the detected compounds were identified. 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene, a marker of PP pyrolysis, is the most represented peak in the chemical signature of all the marine litter pyrolysis samples, and it differentiates commercial and pyrolysis marine gasoil. The presence of naphthalenes is stronger in commercial gasoil, compared to its pyrolysis analog, while the opposite holds for olefins. The overlap between the two molecular fingerprints is impressive, even if saturated hydrocarbons are more common in commercial gasoil, and unsaturated compounds are more common in the gasoil derived from pyrolysis. A technical comparison between the commercial marine gasoil and the one obtained from the marine litter pyrolysis is also attempted. Gasoil derived from marine litter fully complies with the ISO8217 standards for distillate marine fuel. On the other hand, the virgin naphtha is particularly rich in BTX, ethylbenzene, styrene, and alpha olefins, which are all important recoverable platform chemicals for industrial upcycling.
Collapse
|
33
|
Medici F. Recovery of Waste Materials: Technological Research and Industrial Scale-Up. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020685. [PMID: 35057407 PMCID: PMC8779088 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Medici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering, "Sapienza" University of Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nanda S, Patra BR, Patel R, Bakos J, Dalai AK. Innovations in applications and prospects of bioplastics and biopolymers: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:379-395. [PMID: 34867134 PMCID: PMC8629338 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-biodegradable plastics are continually amassing landfills and oceans worldwide while creating severe environmental issues and hazards to animal and human health. Plastic pollution has resulted in the death of millions of seabirds and aquatic animals. The worldwide production of plastics in 2020 has increased by 36% since 2010. This has generated significant interest in bioplastics to supplement global plastic demands. Bioplastics have several advantages over conventional plastics in terms of biodegradability, low carbon footprint, energy efficiency, versatility, unique mechanical and thermal characteristics, and societal acceptance. Bioplastics have huge potential to replace petroleum-based plastics in a wide range of industries from automobiles to biomedical applications. Here we review bioplastic polymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoate, polylactic acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, polyamide 11, and polyhydroxyurethanes; and cellulose-based, starch-based, protein-based and lipid-based biopolymers. We discuss economic benefits, market scenarios, chemistry and applications of bioplastic polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonil Nanda
- Titan Clean Energy Projects Corporation, Craik, SK Canada
| | - Biswa R. Patra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Jamie Bakos
- Titan Clean Energy Projects Corporation, Craik, SK Canada
| | - Ajay K. Dalai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Transforming Plastic Waste into Porous Carbon for Capturing Carbon Dioxide: A Review. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14248421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plastic waste generation has increased dramatically every day. Indiscriminate disposal of plastic wastes can lead to several negative impacts on the environment, such as a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution. Therefore, it is wise to think of other alternatives to reduce plastic wastes without affecting the environment, including converting them into valuable products using effective methods such as pyrolysis. Products from the pyrolysis process encompassing of liquid, gas, and solid residues (char) can be turned into beneficial products, as the liquid product can be used as a commercial fuel and char can function as an excellent adsorbent. The char produced from plastic wastes could be modified to enhance carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption performance. Therefore, this review attempts to compile relevant knowledge on the potential of adsorbents derived from waste plastic to capture CO2. This review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The plastic-waste-derived activated carbon, as an adsorbent, could provide a promising method to solve the two environmental issues (CO2 emission and solid management) simultaneously. In addition, the future perspective on char derived from waste plastics is highlighted.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gebre SH, Sendeku MG, Bahri M. Recent Trends in the Pyrolysis of Non-Degradable Waste Plastics. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1202-1226. [PMID: 34873881 PMCID: PMC8649616 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste plastics are non-degradable constituents that can stay in the environment for centuries. Their large land space consumption is unsafe to humans and animals. Concomitantly, the continuous engineering of plastics, which causes depletion of petroleum, poses another problem since they are petroleum-based materials. Therefore, energy recovering trough pyrolysis is an innovative and sustainable solution since it can be practiced without liberating toxic gases into the atmosphere. The most commonly used plastics, such as HDPE, LDPE (high- and low-density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene), and, to some extent, PC (polycarbonate), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), and PET (polyethylene terephthalate), are used for fuel oil recovery through this process. The oils which are generated from the wastes showed caloric values almost comparable with conventional fuels. The main aim of the present review is to highlight and summarize the trends of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic into valuable fuel products through manipulating the operational parameters that influence the quality or quantity of the recovered results. The properties and product distribution of the pyrolytic fuels and the depolymerization reaction mechanisms of each plastic and their byproduct composition are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marshet Getaye Sendeku
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceCAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P.R. China
| | - Mohamed Bahri
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hydrocarbon Fractions from Thermolysis of Waste Plastics as Components of Engine Fuels. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are one of the basic construction materials with a wide range of various applications. One of their disadvantages is the problem of managing the waste they generate. Chemical recycling offers the possibility of liquefying polymeric waste and using it as fuel components. Existing technologies giving good quality products are expensive. The HT technology developed and described by the authors is cheaper and enables a high quality product to be obtained. The authors have shown that the quality of the received fuel components is influenced not only by the polymer waste processing technology, but also by the feedstock composition. The presented thermolysis technology not only enables more advanced recycling, but also gives the possibility of partial improvement of the product quality. A product with the best physico-chemical properties was obtained from a blend of PE:PP:PS used in the ratio 60:30:10. It was proved that diesel and petrol blends composed of a 5% v/v share of petrol and diesel fractions, obtained from thermolysis of plastics, meet the normative requirements of fuel quality standards.
Collapse
|
38
|
Hájek J, Hönig V, Obergruber M, Jenčík J, Vráblík A, Černý R, Pšenička M, Herink T. Advanced Biofuels Based on Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis for Applications in Gasoline Engines. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113134. [PMID: 34200359 PMCID: PMC8201014 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the article is to determine the properties of fuel mixtures of Fischer-Tropsch naphtha fraction with traditional gasoline (petrol) to be able to integrate the production of advanced alternative fuel based on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis into existing fuel markets. The density, octane number, vapor pressure, cloud point, water content, sulphur content, refractive index, ASTM color, heat of combustion, and fuel composition were measured using the gas chromatography method PIONA. It was found that fuel properties of Fischer-Tropsch naphtha fraction is not much comparable to conventional gasoline (petrol) due to the high n-alkane content. This research work recommends the creation of a low-percentage mixture of 3 vol.% of FT naphtha fraction with traditional gasoline to minimize negative effects-similar to the current legislative limit of 5 vol.% of bioethanol in E5 gasoline. FT naphtha fraction as a biocomponent does not contain sulphur or polyaromatic hydrocarbons nor benzene. Waste materials can be processed by FT synthesis. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can be considered a universal fuel-the naphtha fraction cut can be declared as a biocomponent for gasoline fuel without any further necessary catalytic upgrading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Hájek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.O.); (J.J.)
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Vladimír Hönig
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.O.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michal Obergruber
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.O.); (J.J.)
| | - Jan Jenčík
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.O.); (J.J.)
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Aleš Vráblík
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Radek Černý
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Martin Pšenička
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| | - Tomáš Herink
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (M.P.); (T.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jenčík J, Hönig V, Obergruber M, Hájek J, Vráblík A, Černý R, Schlehöfer D, Herink T. Advanced Biofuels Based on Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis for Applications in Diesel Engines. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3077. [PMID: 34199859 PMCID: PMC8200061 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the evaluation of the fuel properties of Fischer-Tropsch diesel blends with conventional diesel. Incorporating this advanced fuel into conventional diesel production will enable the use of waste materials and non-food materials as resources, while contributing to a reduction in dependence on crude oil. To evaluate the suitability of using Fischer-Tropsch diesel, cetane number, cetane index, CFPP, density, flash point, heat of combustion, lubricity, viscosity, distillation curve, and fuel composition ratios using multidimensional GC × GC-TOFMS for different blends were measured. It was found that the fuel properties of the blended fuel are comparable to conventional diesel and even outperform conventional fuel in some parameters. All measurements were performed according to current standards, thus ensuring the repeatability of measurements for other research groups or the private sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jenčík
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (M.O.); (J.H.)
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Vladimír Hönig
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (M.O.); (J.H.)
| | - Michal Obergruber
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (M.O.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiří Hájek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (M.O.); (J.H.)
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Aleš Vráblík
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Radek Černý
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Dominik Schlehöfer
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Tomáš Herink
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., 436 01 Litvínov, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (R.Č.); (D.S.); (T.H.)
| |
Collapse
|