1
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Melo SF, Nondonfaz A, Aqil A, Pierrard A, Hulin A, Delierneux C, Ditkowski B, Gustin M, Legrand M, Tullemans BME, Brouns SLN, Nchimi A, Carrus R, Dejosé A, Heemskerk JWM, Kuijpers MJE, Ritter J, Steinseifer U, Clauser JC, Jérôme C, Lancellotti P, Oury C. Design, manufacturing and testing of a green non-isocyanate polyurethane prosthetic heart valve. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2149-2164. [PMID: 38487997 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01911j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The sole effective treatment for most patients with heart valve disease is valve replacement by implantation of mechanical or biological prostheses. However, mechanical valves represent high risk of thromboembolism, and biological prostheses are prone to early degeneration. In this work, we aim to determine the potential of novel environmentally-friendly non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) for manufacturing synthetic prosthetic heart valves. Polyhydroxyurethane (PHU) NIPUs are synthesized via an isocyanate-free route, tested in vitro, and used to produce aortic valves. PHU elastomers reinforced with a polyester mesh show mechanical properties similar to native valve leaflets. These NIPUs do not cause hemolysis. Interestingly, both platelet adhesion and contact activation-induced coagulation are strongly reduced on NIPU surfaces, indicating low thrombogenicity. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells maintain normal growth and shape after indirect contact with NIPUs. Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) allows modeling of the ideal valve design, with minimal shear stress on the leaflets. Injection-molded valves are tested in a pulse duplicator and show ISO-compliant hydrodynamic performance, comparable to clinically-used bioprostheses. Poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF)-NIPU patches do not show any evidence of calcification over a period of 8 weeks. NIPUs are promising sustainable biomaterials for the manufacturing of improved prosthetic valves with low thrombogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia F Melo
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Alicia Nondonfaz
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Abdelhafid Aqil
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 août 13, B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anna Pierrard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 août 13, B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexia Hulin
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Céline Delierneux
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bartosz Ditkowski
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Maxime Gustin
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Maxime Legrand
- Sirris, Liège Science Park, Rue du Bois Saint-Jean 12, 4102 Seraing, Belgium
| | - Bibian M E Tullemans
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne L N Brouns
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain Nchimi
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Raoul Carrus
- Sirris, Liège Science Park, Rue du Bois Saint-Jean 12, 4102 Seraing, Belgium
| | - Astrid Dejosé
- Sirris, Liège Science Park, Rue du Bois Saint-Jean 12, 4102 Seraing, Belgium
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Ritter
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Steinseifer
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Johanna C Clauser
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 août 13, B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Cécile Oury
- Laboratory of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Rayung M, Ghani NA, Hasanudin N. A review on vegetable oil-based non isocyanate polyurethane: towards a greener and sustainable production route. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9273-9299. [PMID: 38505386 PMCID: PMC10949916 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08684d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from conventional polyurethane (PU) to non isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) is driven mainly by safety concerns, environmental considerations, and sustainability issues associated with the current PU technology. NIPU has emerged as a promising alternative, addressing limitations related to traditional PU production. There has been increasing interest in bio-based NIPU aligning with the aspiration for green materials and processes. One important biomass resource for the development of bio-based NIPU is vegetable oil, an abundant, renewable, and relatively low cost feedstock. As such, this review aims to provide insight into the progression of NIPU derived from vegetable oils. This article highlights the synthetic and green approach to NIPU production, emphasizing the method involving the polyaddition reaction of cyclic carbonates and amines. The review includes case studies on vegetable oil-based NIPU and perspectives on their properties. Further, discussions on the potential applications and commercial importance of PU and NIPU are included. Finally, we offer perspectives on possible research directions and the future prospects of NIPU, contributing to the ongoing evolution of PU technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwah Rayung
- School of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pahang Kampus Jengka 26400 Bandar Tun Razak Pahang Malaysia
| | - Noraini Abd Ghani
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
- Fundamental and Applied Science Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Hasanudin
- Terra Mineral Lab Sdn Bhd Level 16, Perak Techno Trade Centre Bandar Meru Jaya, Off Jalan Jelapan Ipoh 30020 Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
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3
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Pierrard A, Melo SF, Thijssen Q, Van Vlierberghe S, Lancellotti P, Oury C, Detrembleur C, Jérôme C. Design of 3D-Photoprintable, Bio-, and Hemocompatible Nonisocyanate Polyurethane Elastomers for Biomedical Implants. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1810-1824. [PMID: 38360581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) have adjustable mechanical properties, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, including in the biomedical field. Historically, these PUs have been synthesized from isocyanates, which are toxic compounds to handle. This has encouraged the search for safer and more environmentally friendly synthetic routes, leading today to the production of nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). Among these NIPUs, polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) bear additional hydroxyl groups, which are particularly attractive for derivatizing and adjusting their physicochemical properties. In this paper, polyether-based NIPU elastomers with variable stiffness are designed by functionalizing the hydroxyl groups of a poly(propylene glycol)-PHU by a cyclic carbonate carrying a pendant unsaturation, enabling them to be post-photo-cross-linked with polythiols (thiol-ene). Elastomers with remarkable mechanical properties whose stiffness can be adjusted are obtained. Thanks to the unique viscous properties of these PHU derivatives and their short gel times observed by rheology experiments, formulations for light-based three-dimensional (3D) printing have been developed. Objects were 3D-printed by digital light processing with a resolution down to the micrometer scale, demonstrating their ability to target various designs of prime importance for personalized medicine. In vitro biocompatibility tests have confirmed the noncytotoxicity of these materials for human fibroblasts. In vitro hemocompatibility tests have revealed that they do not induce hemolytic effects, they do not increase platelet adhesion, nor activate coagulation, demonstrating their potential for future applications in the cardiovascular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pierrard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 août 13, Building B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sofia F Melo
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences - Laboratory of Cardiology, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, Quartier Hôpital, Building B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, Quartier Hôpital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Quinten Thijssen
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences - Laboratory of Cardiology, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, Quartier Hôpital, Building B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Liège, University of Liège Hospital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Cécile Oury
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences - Laboratory of Cardiology, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, Quartier Hôpital, Building B34, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 août 13, Building B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 août 13, Building B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Pęczek E, Pamuła R, Białowiec A. Recycled Waste as Polyurethane Additives or Fillers: Mini-Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1013. [PMID: 38473487 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The intensive development of the polyurethanes industry and limited resources (also due to the current geopolitical situation) of the raw materials used so far force the search for new solutions to maintain high economic development. Implementing the principles of a circular economy is an approach aimed at reducing the consumption of natural resources in PU production. This is understood as a method of recovery, including recycling, in which waste is processed into PU, and then re-used and placed on the market in the form of finished sustainable products. The effective use of waste is one of the attributes of the modern economy. Around the world, new ways to process or use recycled materials for polyurethane production are investigated. That is why innovative research is so important, in which development may change the existing thinking about the form of waste recovery. The paper presents the possibilities of recycling waste (such as biochar, bagasse, waste lignin, residual algal cellulose, residual pineapple cellulose, walnut shells, silanized walnut shells, basalt waste, eggshells, chicken feathers, turkey feathers, fiber, fly ash, wood flour, buffing dust, thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, ground corncake, Tetra Pak®, coffee grounds, pine seed shells, yerba mate, the bark of Western Red Cedar, coconut husk ash, cuttlebone, glass fibers and mussel shell) as additives or fillers in the formulation of polyurethanes, which can partially or completely replace petrochemical raw materials. Numerous examples of waste applications of one-component polyurethanes have been given. A new unexplored niche for the research on waste recycling for the production of two components has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Pęczek
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Selena Industrial Technologies Sp. z o.o., Pieszycka 3, 58-200 Dzierżoniów, Poland
| | - Renata Pamuła
- Selena Industrial Technologies Sp. z o.o., Pieszycka 3, 58-200 Dzierżoniów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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5
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Donadini R, Boaretti C, Scopel L, Lorenzetti A, Modesti M. Deamination of Polyols from the Glycolysis of Polyurethane. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202301919. [PMID: 37844012 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Methylenedianiline (MDA) is a secondary, undesired, product of the glycolysis process of polyurethane (PU) scraps due to hydrolysis and pyrolysis side reactions. As an aromatic and carcinogen amine, MDA poses different problems in handling, transporting, and labelling recycled polyols derived from glycolysis, hindering the closure of PU recycling loop. Aiming to provide a solution to this issue, in this work different deaminating agents (DAs) were investigated with the purpose of analyzing their reactivity with MDA. A first part of the study was devoted to the analysis of MDA formation as a function of reaction time and catalyst concentration (potassium acetate) during glycolysis. It was observed that the amount of MDA increases almost linearly with the extent of PU depolymerization and catalyst content. Among the DAs analyzed 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether (2-EHGE), and acetic anhydride (Ac2 O) showed interesting performance, which allowed MDA content to be diminished below the limit for labelling prescription in 30 minutes. PU rigid foams were, therefore, synthesized from the corresponding recycled products and characterized in terms of thermal and mechanical performance. Ac2 O-deaminated polyols led to structurally unstable foams with poor compressive strength, while 2-EHGE-deaminated products allowed the production of foams with improved mechanical performance and unaltered thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Donadini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Carlo Boaretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Luca Scopel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lorenzetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Michele Modesti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
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Łukaszewska I, Bukowczan A, Raftopoulos KN, Pielichowski K. Examining the Water-Polymer Interactions in Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane/Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Hybrid Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:57. [PMID: 38201722 PMCID: PMC10780322 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) networks physically modified with octa(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyldimethylsiloxy)POSS (8OHPOSS, 0-10 wt%) were conditioned in environments of different relative humidities (up to 97%) to study water-polymer interactions. The equilibrium sorption isotherms are of Brunauer type III in a water activity range of 0-0.97 and are discussed in terms of the Guggenheim (GAB) sorption model. The study shows that the introduction of 8OHPOSS, even in a large amount (10 wt%), does not hinder the water affinity of the NIPU network despite the hydrophobic nature of POSS; this is attributable to the homogenous dispersion of POSS in the polymer matrix. The shift in the urethane-derived carbonyl bands toward lower wavenumbers with a simultaneous shift in the urethane N-H bending bands toward higher wavenumbers exposes the breakage of polymer-polymer hydrogen bonds upon water uptake due to the formation of stronger water-polymer hydrogen bonds. Upon water absorption, a notable decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) is observed for all studied materials. The progressive reduction in Tg with water uptake is driven by plasticization and slaving mechanisms. POSS moieties are thought to impact slaving indirectly by slightly affecting water uptake at very high hydration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Łukaszewska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (A.B.); (K.N.R.)
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Pielichowski
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (A.B.); (K.N.R.)
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Li Y, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Lu S, Fan D, Wang S, Liu J, Tang T, Li S. Synthesis and Characterization of Cardanol-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4683. [PMID: 38139934 PMCID: PMC10747684 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of NIPU by using cardanol as starting material. A cardanol formaldehyde oligomer was first prepared through the reaction of cardanol and formaldehyde, catalyzed by citric acid. The resulting oligomer was then subjected to epoxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid to obtain an epoxide compound, which was subsequently used to fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and form a cyclic carbonate. Using this cyclic carbonate, along with an amine, cardanol-based isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) was prepared. Different characterization methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were used to confirm the synthesis of the four intermediate products and NIPU in the reaction process. This study highlights the promise of bio-based NIPU as a sustainable alternative in a number of applications while offering insightful information on the synthesis and characterization of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; (Y.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; (Y.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Yuzhuo Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; (Y.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuai Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; (Y.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Donglei Fan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; (Y.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Song Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; (Y.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Sanxi Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; (Y.L.); (S.W.)
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8
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Mangal M, H S, Bose S, Banerjee T. Innovations in applications and prospects of non-isocyanate polyurethane bioplastics. Biopolymers 2023; 114:e23568. [PMID: 37846654 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, conventional plastics are necessary for a variety of aspects of modern daily life, including applications in the fields of healthcare, technology, and construction. However, they could also contain potentially hazardous compounds like isocyanates, whose degradation has a negative impact on both the environment and human health. Therefore, researchers are exploring alternatives to plastic which is sustainable and environmentally friendly without compromising its mechanical and physical features. This review study highlights the production of highly eco-friendly bioplastic as an efficient alternative to non-biodegradable conventional plastic. Bioplastics are produced from various renewable biomass sources such as plant debris, fatty acids, and oils. Poly-addition of di-isocyanates and polyols is a technique employed over decades to produce polyurethanes (PUs) bioplastics from renewable biomass feedstock. The toxicity of isocyanates is a major concern with the above-mentioned approach. Novel green synthetic approaches for polyurethanes without using isocyanates have been attracting greater interest in recent years to overcome the toxicity of isocyanate-containing raw materials. The polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines appears to be the most promising method to obtain non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). This method results in the creation of polymeric materials with distinctive and adaptable features with the elimination of harmful compounds. Consequently, non-isocyanate polyurethanes represent a new class of green polymeric materials. In this review study, we have discussed the possibility of creating novel NIPUs from renewable feedstocks in the context of the growing demand for efficient and ecologically friendly plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangal Mangal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Supriya H
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tamal Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
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9
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Scheelje FCM, Meier MAR. Non-isocyanate polyurethanes synthesized from terpenes using thiourea organocatalysis and thiol-ene-chemistry. Commun Chem 2023; 6:239. [PMID: 37925584 PMCID: PMC10625552 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of fossil resources as well as environmental concerns contribute to an increasing focus on finding more sustainable approaches for the synthesis of polymeric materials. In this work, a synthesis route towards non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) using renewable starting materials is presented. Based on the terpenes limonene and carvone as renewable resources, five-membered cyclic carbonates are synthesized and ring-opened with allylamine, using thiourea compounds as benign and efficient organocatalysts. Thus, five renewable AA monomers are obtained, bearing one or two urethane units. Taking advantage of the terminal double bonds of these AA monomers, step-growth thiol-ene polymerization is performed using different dithiols, to yield NIPUs with molecular weights of above 10 kDa under mild conditions. Variation of the dithiol and amine leads to polymers with different properties, with Mn of up to 31 kDa and Tg's ranging from 1 to 29 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Clara M Scheelje
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael A R Meier
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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10
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Kim J, Kim Y, Lee J, Shin M, Son D. Wearable Liquid Metal Composite with Skin-Adhesive Chitosan-Alginate-Chitosan Hydrogel for Stable Electromyogram Signal Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3692. [PMID: 37765548 PMCID: PMC10536051 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In wearable bioelectronics, various studies have focused on enhancing prosthetic control accuracy by improving the quality of physiological signals. The fabrication of conductive composites through the addition of metal fillers is one way to achieve stretchability, conductivity, and biocompatibility. However, it is difficult to measure stable biological signals using these soft electronics during physical activities because of the slipping issues of the devices, which results in the inaccurate placement of the device at the target part of the body. To address these limitations, it is necessary to reduce the stiffness of the conductive materials and enhance the adhesion between the device and the skin. In this study, we measured the electromyography (EMG) signals by applying a three-layered hydrogel structure composed of chitosan-alginate-chitosan (CAC) to a stretchable electrode fabricated using a composite of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene and eutectic gallium-indium. We observed stable adhesion of the CAC hydrogel to the skin, which aided in keeping the electrode attached to the skin during the subject movement. Finally, we fabricated a multichannel array of CAC-coated composite electrodes (CACCE) to demonstrate the accurate classification of the EMG signals based on hand movements and channel placement, which was followed by the movement of the robot arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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11
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Hernández-Ramos F, Alriols MG, Antxustegi MM, Labidi J, Erdocia X. Valorisation of crude glycerol in the production of liquefied lignin bio-polyols for polyurethane formulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125855. [PMID: 37460069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Bio-polyols, produced by liquefying lignin with polyhydric alcohols, offer a promising alternative to conventional polyols for polyurethane production. To enhance the sustainability on the production of these bio-polyols, this study proposes the use of crude glycerol and microwave-assisted liquefaction as substitutes for conventional methods and commercial glycerol. This approach reduces the energy requirements of the reaction while also adding value to this by-product. The synthesis of bio-polyols with suitable properties to produce elastic and rigid polyurethane was carried out using previously optimised reaction conditions. Organosolv lignins obtained from Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus radiata were employed, using polyethylene glycol and crude glycerol as solvents and sulphuric acid as a catalyst. Several parameters of the bio-polyols were analysed, including hydroxyl number (IOH), acid number (An), and functionality (f), suggesting that the bio-polyols were suitable for polyurethane synthesis. Bio-polyols formulated to produce rigid polyurethanes exhibited IOH values of 554 and 383 (mg KOH/g), An values of 1.91 and 4.21 (mg KOH/g), and functionalities of 4.16 and 3.14 for Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus radiata lignin. In the case of bio-polyols for elastic polyurethanes, the values were 228 and 173 (mg KOH/g) (IOH), 20.94 and 25.09 (mg KOH/g) (An), and functionalities of 3.51 and 2.08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Hernández-Ramos
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group (BioRP), Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - María González Alriols
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group (BioRP), Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M Mirari Antxustegi
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group (BioRP), Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avda. Otaola 29, 20600 Eibar, Spain
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group (BioRP), Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Xabier Erdocia
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group (BioRP), Department of Applied Mathematics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Rafael Moreno "Pichichi" 3, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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12
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Velickova Nikova E, Temkov M, Rocha JM. Occurrence of meso/micro/nano plastics and plastic additives in food from food packaging. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 103:41-99. [PMID: 36863841 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the occurrence of plastic constituents in food due to the contact with different types of plastic packaging, films and coatings. The type of mechanisms occurring during the contamination of food by different packaging materials are described, as well as how the type of food and packaging may influences the extent of contamination. The main types of contaminants phenomena are considered and comprehensively discussed, along with the regulations in force for the use of plastic food packaging. In addition, the types of migration phenomena and factors that may influence such migration are comprehensively highlighted. Moreover, migration components related to the packaging polymers (monomers and oligomers) and the packaging additives are individually discussed in terms of chemical structure, adverse effects on foodstuffs, health, migration factors, as well as regulated residual values of such components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Velickova Nikova
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, RN, Macedonia
| | - Mishela Temkov
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, RN, Macedonia
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Akamatsu T, Shele M, Matsune A, Kashiki Y, Liang F, Okazoe T, Tsuda A. Photo-on-Demand In Situ Synthesis of N-Substituted Trichloroacetamides with Tetrachloroethylene and Their Conversions to Ureas, Carbamates, and Polyurethanes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2669-2684. [PMID: 36687089 PMCID: PMC9851034 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
N-substituted trichloroacetamides (NTCAs), which serve as blocked isocyanates, were synthesized in ∼97% yields by in situ photo-on-demand trichloroacetylation of amines with tetrachloroethylene (TCE). The reactions were performed by photo-irradiation of TCE solutions containing an amine under O2 bubbling over 70 °C with a low-pressure mercury lamp. TCE underwent photochemical oxidation to afford trichloroacetyl chloride having high toxicity and corrosivity, which then reacts in situ with the amine to afford NTCA. Compared with conventional NTCA synthesis with hexachloroacetone, the present reaction has the advantage of being widely applicable to a variety of amines, even those with low nucleophilicity such as amides, fluorinated amines, and amine HCl salts. NTCAs could be converted to the corresponding N-substituted ureas and carbamates through base-catalyzed condensation with amines and alcohols, respectively, with the elimination of CHCl3. The reaction may proceed by the initial formation of isocyanate and its subsequent addition reaction with the amine or alcohol. This photochemical reaction also enables the synthesis of fluorinated NTCAs, which accelerate the reactions, and realizes the synthesis of novel fluorinated chemicals including polyurethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Akamatsu
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Muge Shele
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Matsune
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kashiki
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Fengying Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Okazoe
- Materials
Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., 1-1 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa230-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tsuda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
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14
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Recent Progress of Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foam and Their Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020254. [PMID: 36679134 PMCID: PMC9866265 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are a significant group of polymeric foam materials. Thanks to their outstanding mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, they are implemented successfully in a wide range of applications. Conventionally, PUFs are obtained in polyaddition reactions between polyols, diisoycyanate, and water to get a CO2 foaming agent. The toxicity of isocyanate has attracted considerable attention from both scientists and industry professionals to explore cleaner synthesis routes for polyurethanes excluding the use of isocyanate. The polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines in the presence of an external blowing agent or by self-blowing appears to be the most promising route to substitute the conventional PUFs process and to produce isocyanate-free polyurethane foams (NIPUFs). Especially for polyhydroxyurethane foams (PHUFs), the use of a blowing agent is essential to regenerate the gas responsible for the creation of the cells that are the basis of the foam. In this review, we report on the use of different blowing agents, such as Poly(methylhydrogensiloxane) (PHMS) and liquid fluorohydrocarbons for the preparation of NIPUFs. Furthermore, the preparation of NIPUFs using the self-blowing technique to produce gas without external blowing agents is assessed. Finally, various biologically derived NIPUFs are presented, including self-blown NIPUFs and NIPUFs with an external blowing agent.
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15
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Mouren A, Avérous L. Sustainable cycloaliphatic polyurethanes: from synthesis to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:277-317. [PMID: 36520183 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00509c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a versatile and major polymer family, mainly produced via polyaddition between polyols and polyisocyanates. A large variety of fossil-based building blocks is commonly used to develop a wide range of macromolecular architectures with specific properties. Due to environmental concerns, legislation, rarefaction of some petrol fractions and price fluctuation, sustainable feedstocks are attracting significant attention, e.g., plastic waste and biobased resources from biomass. Consequently, various sustainable building blocks are available to develop new renewable macromolecular architectures such as aromatics, linear aliphatics and cycloaliphatics. Meanwhile, the relationship between the chemical structures of these building blocks and properties of the final PUs can be determined. For instance, aromatic building blocks are remarkable to endow materials with rigidity, hydrophobicity, fire resistance, chemical and thermal stability, whereas acyclic aliphatics endow them with oxidation and UV light resistance, flexibility and transparency. Cycloaliphatics are very interesting as they combine most of the advantages of linear aliphatic and aromatic compounds. This original and unique review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis of sustainable cycloaliphatic PUs using various renewable products such as biobased terpenes, carbohydrates, fatty acids and cholesterol and/or plastic waste. Herein, we summarize the chemical modification of the main sustainable cycloaliphatic feedstocks, synthesis of PUs using these building blocks and their corresponding properties and subsequently present their major applications in hot-topic fields, including building, transportation, packaging and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Mouren
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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16
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Bio-Based Polymer Developments from Tall Oil Fatty Acids by Exploiting Michael Addition. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194068. [PMID: 36236017 PMCID: PMC9571392 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, previously developed acetoacetates of two tall-oil-based and two commercial polyols were used to obtain polymers by the Michael reaction. The development of polymer formulations with varying cross-link density was enabled by different bio-based monomers in combination with different acrylates—bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. New polymer materials are based on the same polyols that are suitable for polyurethanes. The new polymers have qualities comparable to polyurethanes and are obtained without the drawbacks that come with polyurethane extractions, such as the use of hazardous isocyanates or reactions under harsh conditions in the case of non-isocyanate polyurethanes. Dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and universal strength testing equipment were used to investigate the physical and thermal characteristics of the created polymers. Polymers with a wide range of thermal and mechanical properties were obtained (glass transition temperature from 21 to 63 °C; tensile modulus (Young’s) from 8 MPa to 2710 MPa and tensile strength from 4 to 52 MPa). The synthesized polymers are thermally stable up to 300 °C. The suggested method may be used to make two-component polymer foams, coatings, resins, and composite matrices.
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17
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Synthesis of Novel Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane/Functionalized Boron Nitride Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193934. [PMID: 36235882 PMCID: PMC9573660 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(hydroxyurethanes) (PHUs) have been suggested as isocyanate-free, low-toxicity alternatives to polyurethanes (PUs). However, PHUs present low mechanical properties due to the presence of side reactions that limit the production of high-molar mass polymers. Here, we present the synthesis under mild conditions and atmospheric pressure of bi-cyclic carbonate monomer for the production of PHU nanocomposites with good physical properties. The kinetics of the bi-cyclic carbonate synthesis and its complete conversion to urethane were followed by FTIR. The addition of functionalized boron nitrate (f-BN) with sucrose crystals improved the thermal degradation temperature as well as the glass transition by approximately 20 °C and 10 °C, respectively. The storage modulus of PHU films gradually increases with the concentration of f-BN in the composite.
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18
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Maquilón C, Brandolese A, Alter C, Hövelmann CH, Della Monica F, Kleij AW. Renewable Beta-Elemene Based Cyclic Carbonates for the Preparation of Oligo(hydroxyurethane)s. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201123. [PMID: 35757910 PMCID: PMC9541927 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of β-elemene into new β-elemene dicarbonates through epoxidation and halide salt-catalyzed CO2 cycloaddition reactions is reported. Step-growth polyaddition of this dicarbonate to five different, commercial diamines was investigated under neat conditions at 150 °C yielding non-isocyanate-based low molecular weight oligo(hydroxyurethane)s with 1.3≤Mn ≤6.3 kDa and 1.3≤Ð≤2.1, and with glass transition temperatures ranging from -59 to 84 °C. The preparation of one selected polyhydroxyurethane material, obtained in the presence of Jeffamine® D-2010 was scaled-up to 43 g. The latter, when combined in a formulation using Irgacure® 2100 and Laromer® LR 9000 allowed the preparation of coatings that were analyzed with several techniques showing the potential of these biobased oligourethanes towards the preparation of commercially relevant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maquilón
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | | | | | - Francesco Della Monica
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
- Current affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della VitaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia J. H. Dunant 321100VareseItaly
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Pg. Lluis Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
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19
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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20
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Kirchberg A, Esfahani MK, Röpert M, Wilhelm M, Meier MAR. Sustainable Synthesis of Non‐Isocyanate Polyurethanes based on Renewable 2,3‐Butanediol. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kirchberg
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Masood Khabazian Esfahani
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Marie‐Christin Röpert
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Institute of Biological and Chemical System‐Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS‐FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
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21
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Cong K, Liu Z, He J, Yang R. Preparation and performance of polyether elastomer with a combination of polyurethane and polytriazole. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Xie K, Tang D, Zhang G. A Non‐isocyanate Strategy towards Polyurethane Vitrimers from Alkylene Bisurea and Epoxide through Eutectic‐Assisted Melting. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangzhou Xie
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510640 PR China
| | - Donglin Tang
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510640 PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates (South, China University of Technology) Guangzhou 510640 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (South China University of Technology) Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510640 PR China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510640 PR China
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23
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Synthesis and Characterizations of Eco-Friendly Organosolv Lignin-Based Polyurethane Coating Films for the Coating Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030416. [PMID: 35160406 PMCID: PMC8839005 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different formulations of bio-based polyurethane (PU), varying the weight ratio between Organosolv lignin and a commercial isocyanate, were synthesized. The coating formulations were characterized by SEM, pyrolysis-GC/MS, FTIR spectroscopy and FTIR mapping, which confirmed the successful formation of urethane bonds between commercial isocyanate and hydroxyl groups deriving from lignin. The coatings were applied on beech wood samples to measure color and contact angles, and eventually FTIR mapping of the coated wood samples was performed. FTIR mapping is an interesting tool to monitor the distribution of PU chemical bonds on the coating surface and to evaluate the homogeneity of the applied coating films. Increasing the lignin content of the PU coatings results in more red-yellow and darker tones, while the commercial PU coating is transparent. For a higher lignin concentration, the solid content as well as the weight gain of the applied coatings increase. A higher percentage of lignin in the prepared PU formulations leads to superficial cracks and therefore higher coating permeability compared to the commercial PU, but the prepared lignin-based PU coating still makes a raw wood surface significantly more hydrophobic. Apparently, additives such as film-formers with low surface tension to counteract cracks’ formation are necessary to improve the performance of lignin-based PU coatings.
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24
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Lapčík L, Vašina M, Lapčíková B, Murtaja Y. Effect of Conditioning on PU Foam Matrix Materials Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:195. [PMID: 35009340 PMCID: PMC8746296 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article deals with the characterization of the thermal-induced aging of soft polyurethane (PU) foams. There are studied thermal and mechanical properties by means of thermal analysis, tensile, compression and dynamic mechanical vibration testing. It was found in this study, that the increasing relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere leads to the initiation of the degradation processes. This is reflected in the observed decreased mechanical stiffness. It is attributed to the plasticization of the PU foams wall material. It is in agreement with the observed increase of the permanent deformation accompanied simultaneously with the decrease of Young's modulus of elasticity. The latter phenomenon is studied by the novel non-destructive forced oscillations vibration-damping testing, which is confirmed by observed lower mechanical stiffness thus indicating the loss of the elasticity induced by samples conditioning. In parallel, observed decreasing of the matrix hardness is confirming the loss of elastic mechanical performance as well. The effect of conditioning leads to the significant loss of the PU foam's thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Lapčík
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nam. TGM 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic;
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Vašina
- Department of Hydromechanics and Hydraulic Equipment, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, Poruba, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Lapčíková
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nam. TGM 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic;
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Yousef Murtaja
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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25
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Ozimek J, Pielichowski K. Recent Advances in Polyurethane/POSS Hybrids for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010040. [PMID: 35011280 PMCID: PMC8746980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced organic-inorganic materials-composites, nanocomposites, and hybrids with various compositions offer unique properties required for biomedical applications. One of the most promising inorganic (nano)additives are polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS); their biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and phase separation ability that modifies the material porosity are fundamental properties required in modern biomedical applications. When incorporated, chemically or physically, into polyurethane matrices, they substantially change polymer properties, including mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and bioactivity. Hence, this review is dedicated to POSS-PU composites that have recently been developed for applications in the biomedical field. First, different modes of POSS incorporation into PU structure have been presented, then recent developments of PU/POSS hybrids as bio-active composites for scaffolds, cardiovascular stents, valves, and membranes, as well as in bio-imaging and cancer treatment, have been described. Finally, characterization and methods of modification routes of polyurethane-based materials with silsesquioxanes were presented.
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26
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El Khezraji S, Thakur S, Raihane M, López-Manchado MA, Belachemi L, Verdejo R, Lahcini M. Use of Novel Non-Toxic Bismuth Catalyst for the Preparation of Flexible Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244460. [PMID: 34961011 PMCID: PMC8704569 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam products are one of the largest markets for polyurethane (PU) and are heavily used in many sectors. However, current PU formulations use highly toxic and environmentally unfriendly production processes. Meanwhile, the increasing environmental concerns and regulations are intensifying the research into green and non-toxic products. In this study, we synthesized flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) using different weight percentages (0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1%) of a non-toxic bismuth catalyst. The bismuth-catalyzed foams presented a well evolved cellular structure with an open cell morphology. The properties of the bismuth-catalyzed flexible PUF, such as the mechanical, morphological, kinetic and thermal behaviors, were optimized and compared with a conventional tin-catalyzed PUF. The bismuth-catalyst revealed a higher isocyanate conversion efficiency than the stannous octoate catalyst. When comparing samples with similar densities, the bismuth-catalyzed foams present better mechanical behavior than the tin-catalyzed sample with similar thermal stability. The high solubility of bismuth triflate in water, together with its high Lewis acidity, have been shown to benefit the production of PU foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El Khezraji
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
| | - Suman Thakur
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
| | - Mustapha Raihane
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Miguel Angel López-Manchado
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
| | - Larbi Belachemi
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (M.L.)
| | - Mohammed Lahcini
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
- Chemical & Biochemical Sciences (CBS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (M.L.)
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Lee DN, Gwon K, Nam Y, Lee SJ, Tran NM, Yoo H. Polyurethane Foam Incorporated with Nanosized Copper-Based Metal-Organic Framework: Its Antibacterial Properties and Biocompatibility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13622. [PMID: 34948419 PMCID: PMC8705956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane foams (PUFs) have attracted attention as biomaterials because of their low adhesion to the wound area and suitability as biodegradable or bioactive materials. The composition of the building blocks for PUFs can be controlled with additives, which provide excellent anti-drug resistance and biocompatibility. Herein, nanosized Cu-BTC (copper(II)-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) was incorporated into a PUF via the crosslinking reaction of castor oil and chitosan with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, to enhance therapeutic efficiency through the modification of the surface of PUF. The physical and thermal properties of the nanosized Cu-BTC-incorporated PUF (PUF@Cu-BTC), e.g., swelling ratio, phase transition, thermal gravity loss, and cell morphology, were compared with those of the control PUF. The bactericidal activities of PUF@Cu-BTC and control PUF were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PUF@Cu-BTC exhibited selective and significant antibacterial activity toward the tested bacteria and lower cytotoxicity for mouse embryonic fibroblasts compared with the control PUF at a dose of 2 mg mL-1. The Cu(II) ions release test showed that PUF@Cu-BTC was stable in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 24 h. The selective bactericidal activity and low cytotoxicity of PUF@Cu-BTC ensure it is a candidate for therapeutic applications for the drug delivery, treatment of skin disease, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Nam Lee
- Ingenium College of Liberal Arts (Chemistry), Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (K.G.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Kihak Gwon
- Ingenium College of Liberal Arts (Chemistry), Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (K.G.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Yunhee Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.N.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Su Jung Lee
- Ingenium College of Liberal Arts (Chemistry), Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (K.G.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Ngoc Minh Tran
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.N.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Hyojong Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.N.); (N.M.T.)
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Gomez-Lopez A, Elizalde F, Calvo I, Sardon H. Trends in non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) development. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12254-12265. [PMID: 34709246 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transition towards safer and more sustainable production of polymers has led to a growing body of academic research into non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) as potential replacements for conventional, isocyanate-based polyurethane materials. This perspective article focuses on the opportunities and current limitations of NIPUs produced by the reaction between biobased cyclic carbonates with amines, which offers an interesting pathway to renewable NIPUs. While it was initially thought that due to the similarities in the chemical structure, NIPUs could be used to directly replace conventional polyurethanes (PU), this has proven to be more challenging to achieve in practice. As a result, and in spite of the vast amount of academic research into this topic, the market size of NIPUs remains negligible. In this perspective, we will emphasize the main limitations of NIPUs in comparison to conventional PUs and the most significant advances made by others and us to overcome these limitations. Finally, we provide our personal view of where research should be directed to promote the transition from the academic to the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Gomez-Lopez
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Fermin Elizalde
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Iñigo Calvo
- ORIBAY Group Automotive S.L. R&D Department, Portuetxe bidea 18, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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A Brief Introduction to the Polyurethanes According to the Principles of Green Chemistry. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are most often called “green” when they contain natural, renewable additives in their network or chemical structure, such as mono- and polysaccharides, oils (mainly vegetable oils), polyphenols (e.g., lignins, tannins), or various compounds derived from agro-waste white biotechnology (Principle 7). This usually results in these polyurethanes obtained from less hazardous substrates (Principle 4). Appropriate modification of polyurethanes makes them susceptible to degradation, and the use of appropriate processes allows for their recycling (Principle 10). However, this fulfilment of other principles also predisposes them to be green. As in the production of other polymer materials, the synthesis of polyurethanes is carried out with the use of catalysts (such as biocatalysts) (Principle 9) with full control of the course of the reaction (Principle 11), which allows maximization of the atomic economy (Principle 2) and an increase in energy efficiency (Principle 6) while minimizing the risk of production waste (Principle 1). Moreover, traditional substrates in the synthesis of polyurethanes can be replaced with less toxic ones (e.g., in non-isocyanate polyurethanes), which, at the same time, leads to a non-toxic product (Principle 3, Principle 5). In general, there is no need for blocking compounds to provide intermediates in the synthesis of polyurethanes (Principle 8). Reasonable storage of substrates, their transport, and the synthesis of polyurethanes guarantee the safety and the prevention of uncontrolled reactions (Principle 12). This publication is a summary of the achievements of scientists and technologists who are constantly working to create ideal polyurethanes that do not pollute the environment, and their synthesis and use are consistent with the principles of sustainable economy.
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